INTRODUCTION

TO
POWER PROTECTION
BY
ENGR. GARBA B.M
1.0 PREAMBLE
Protection in all areas of life:
Computer: Antivirus, UPS
Invention: Patent
Vehicle: Alarm/Tracking System,
Lubricant, Coolant
Building: Fire Alarm/Extinguisher, Burglar
proof,
Iron doors, etc
Man: Clothing/Harsh weather,
Germs, etc
Country: Police, Army
 Bank Account: PIN, Password
2.0 WHAT IS POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION?

Detection of fault in power system

Isolate the faulty section
Limit the damage that the fault might
have caused.
3.0 CAUSES OF FAULTS IN POWER SYSTEM

• Incorrect design
•Poor installation
•Interference with the system
•Deterioration of equipments
•Environmental factors
4.0 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROTECTION SYSTEM

• Speed: Should respond fast so as to

minimise damage and danger
• Discrimination: only affected part.
• Reliability
• Cost effectiveness
5.0 EQUIPMENTS FOR PROTECTION SYSTEMS
(Protective Gears)
These are:
• Current Transformers
CT
• Voltage transformers Relay

• Relays VT

• Shunt trip coils TU

CIRCUIT
• Tripping unit BREAKER Trip
Coil
• Circuit Breaker
6.0 PROTECTION SCHEME
Coordinated group of relays to protect against
different types of faults.
• Earth Protection
• Over current Protection
• Distance Protection
• Overvoltage Protection
• Under voltage Protection
• Differential protection
• Reverse Power Protection
• Circulating Current Protection
• Overload, etc
7.0 SOME EQUIPMENTS/CIRCUITS THAT
REQUIRE PROTECTION

• Generators
• Transformers
• Busbars
• Power Lines/Cables
• Motors, etc
8.0 GENERATOR FAULTS
Possible faults that require protection scheme
include:
• Phase to phase
• Phase to Earth
• Reverse Power
• Circulating current
• Overload
• Over voltage
• Over speeding
•Over/Under frequency
• Loss of excitation
• Loss of Synchronism
• Low oil pressure
• High temperature
• Rotor/Stator Insulation Failure
9.0 GENERATOR PROTECTION
Protection scheme include:
• Over current
• Earth fault
Relay • Restricted earth fault
• Differential
• Under/over voltage
G
• Over/under frequency
10.0 TRANSFORMER FAULTS

• Phase to phase
• Phase to Earth
•High winding temperature
• Buchholz gas
• Overvoltage
11.0 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Protection scheme include:

T/F
• Over current
Relay
• Earth fault
• Differential
• Buchholz gas
• Restricted earth fault
• Fuses
12.0 BUSBAR FAULTS

• Phase to phase
• Phase to Earth
• High temperature
•Insulator failure
• Generally safe
•Flash over
•Insulation failure
•More likely with outdoor switchgear
•Need to sectionalize the system
13.0 BUSBAR PROTECTION

Protection Scheme:
• Differential

Relay
14.0 POWER LINE /CABLE FAULTS

• Phase to Earth
• Phase to Phase
15.0 POWER LINE PROTECTION

• Distance (Main Protection)

• Over current/Earth (Back-up)

Relay
Z QLength
Setting impedance
ZL JVL /IL
Fault impedance
ZF JVF /IF
Operates:
ZF <ZL
16.0 MOTOR FAULTS
• Short Circuit
• Earth Fault Internal

• Bearing Failure
• Overload
• Phase unbalance
• Under Voltage External

• Single Phasing
• Reverse Phase sequence
17.0 MOTOR PROTECTION

• Thermal Overload
Relay • Under Voltage
• Over current
M
• Difficult to standardise as it covers wide range
• Fuses – small ones
• < 30HP – Thermal overload
– + Under voltage release
• For important ones – Thermal relays used
• >150HP – Differential protection is included