Chapter 11 : Database

Management
 Chapter 10 Objectives
Differentiate
Differentiatebetween
betweenaafile
fileprocessing
processingsystem
system
Define
Definethe
theterm,
term,database
database approach
approachand
andthe
thedatabase
databaseapproach
approach

Identify
Identifythe
thequalities
qualities Discuss
Discussthe
thefunctions
functions
of
ofvaluable
valuableinformation
information common
commontotomost
mostDBMSs
DBMSs

Describe
Describecharacteristics
characteristicsof
of
Explain
Explainwhy
whydata
dataisisimportant
important relational,
relational,object-oriented,
object-oriented,and
and
to
toan
anorganization
organization multidimensional
multidimensionaldatabases
databases

Discuss
Discussthetheterms
termscharacter,
character, Explain
Explainhow
howto
tointeract
interactwith
withWeb
Webdatabases
databases
field,
field,record,
record,and
andfile
file

Discuss
Discussthe
theresponsibilities
responsibilitiesof
of
Identify
Identifyfile
filemaintenance
maintenancetechniques
techniques database
databaseanalysts
analystsand
andadministrators
administrators

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Data and Information
• What is a database?

Collection of data
Database software
organized so
Database software also called database
you can access,
allows you to management system
retrieve, and
(DBMS)
use it
Create
Create forms
database and
Add, Sort reports
change, and
and delete retrieve
data data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Data and Information
• How are data and information related?
 Data is a collection of unprocessed items
 Information is data that is organized and meaningful
 Computers process data into information

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Data and Information
• What is data integrity?
 Degree to which data is Garbage in
correct
 Garbage in, garbage
out (GIGO)—computer
phrase that means you
Garbage out
cannot create correct
information from
incorrect data

Data integrity
is lost

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Data and Information
• What are the qualities of valuable information?

Accurate
Accurate
Verifiable
Verifiable
Timely
Timely
Organized
Organized
Accessible
Accessible
Useful
Useful

Cost-effective
Cost-effective

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 The Hierarchy of Data
• What is a hierarchy?
 Database contains files, file contains records, record
contains fields, field contains characters

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 The Hierarchy of Data
• What is a field?
 Combination of one or more
characters
 Smallest unit of data user accesses
 Field name uniquely identifies each
field
 Field size defines the maximum
number of characters a field can
contain
 Data type specifies kind of data field
contains

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 The Hierarchy of Data
• What are common data types?

Text Numeric AutoNumber

(also called numbers unique number automatically
alphanumeric)—letters, only assigned to each new record
numbers, or special
characters

Currency Date Memo

dollar and cent amounts or month, day, year, and lengthy text entries
numbers containing decimal sometimes time
values

Object
Yes/No Hyperlink (also called BLOB for binary large
(also called Boolean) Web address that links to object)—photograph, audio, video,
—only the values document or Web page or document created in other
Yes or No (or True application such as word
or False) processing or spreadsheet

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 The Hierarchy of Data
• What is a record?

Group of
related fields

Key field, or primary key,

uniquely identifies each record

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 The Hierarchy of Data
• What is a data file?
 Collection of related records stored on disk

Member ID First Name Last Name Address City State

2295 Milton Brewer 54 Lucy Court Shelbyville IN

2928 Shannon Murray 33099 Clark Street Montgomery AL
3876 Louella Drake 33 Timmons Place Cincinnati OH
3928 Adelbert Ruiz 99 Tenth Street Carmel IN
4872 Elena Gupta 2 East Penn Drive Pittsboro IN

records key fields

field

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• What is file maintenance?
 Procedures that keep data current

Adding records Changing records

Deleting records

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• Why do you add records?
 Add new record when you obtain new data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• Why do you change records?
 Correct inaccurate data
 Update old data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• Why do you delete records?
 When record no longer is needed
 Some programs remove record immediately,
others flag record

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• What is validation?
 Process of comparing data with a set of rules
to find out if data is correct
 Reduce data entry errors and enhance data
integrity before program writes data on disk

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Maintaining Data
• What are the types of validity checks?
Check Digit Alphabetic/ Completeness
number(s) or Numeric Check Check
character(s) ensures correct verifies that a
appended to or type of data required field
inserted into a entered contains data
primary key value
to confirm Consistency
Range Check
accuracy of Check
determines
primary key value tests for logical
whether number is
within specified relationship
range between two or
more fields

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 File Processing Versus
Databases
• What is a file processing system?
Each
Records in
department or
one file may
area within May have
not relate to
organization weaknesses
records in any
has own set of
other file
files

Data Isolated data

redundancy— —data stored
same fields in separate
stored in files so it is
multiple files difficult to
access

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 File Processing Versus
Databases
• What is the database approach?
 Many programs and users can share data in database
 Secures data so only authorized users can access
certain data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 File Processing Versus Databases
• What are the strengths of the database approach?

Reduced
data
redundancy Improved
data
integrity
Shared
data
Easier
access
Reduced
development
time

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 File Processing Versus
•How do a Databases
database
application and a
file processing
application differ
in the way they
store data?

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
•What are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is a data dictionary?
 Contains data about each file in database and each
field within those files

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is a query?
 Request for specific
data from a
database
 Query language
consists of simple,
English-like
statements that
allow users to
specify data to
display, print, or
store

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is a form?
 Window on screen that provides areas for entering or
changing data in database
 Used to retrieve and
maintain data in a
database
 Form that sends
data across network
or Internet is called
e-form, short for
electronic form

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is a report generator?
 Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve
data into report design, then display or print
reports
 Also called
report writer

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is data security?
Access privileges
DBMS provides
means to ensure define activities
only authorized that specific user
users can access or group of users
data can perform

Read-only
Full-update
privileges -
privileges
user can
-user can
view data,
view and
but cannot
change data
change it

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What are backup and log?
 Backup is a copy of the
entire database
 Log is a listing of activities
that change database
contents
 DBMS places three items
in log: before image,
actual change, and after
image

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Management Systems
• What is a recovery utility?
Uses logs and/or
backups to restore
Rollforward—DBMS
database when it is
uses log to re-enter
damaged or destroyed
changes made to data-
base since last save or
backup Rollback—DBMS uses
Also called forward log to undo any changes
recovery
made to database during a
certain period of time
Also called backward
recovery

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is a data model?

 Rules and standards that
define how database
organizes data
 Defines how users view
organization of data
 Four popular data models
 Relational
 Object-oriented
 Object-relational
 Multidimensional

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is a relational database?

 Stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns
 Each row has primary key
 Each column has unique name
 Stores data relationships
 Uses specialized terminology

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is a
relationship?
 Connection within
data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is an object-oriented database (OODB)?

Object is item that contains data, as

Stores data in well as actions that read or process
objects data

Can store more types of data

Advantages Can access data faster
Programmers can reuse objects

Often uses object query language (OQL)

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

•What are examples of applications appropriate for an

object-oriented database?
Multimedia databases Groupware databases
Store documents such as
Store images, audio clips, schedules, calendars,
and/or video clips manuals, memos, and
Computer-aided design reports
(CAD) databases
Hypertext databases
Store data about
Contain text links
engineering, architectural,
to other documents
and scientific designs
Hypermedia databases Web databases

Contain text, graphics,

Link to e-form on Web page
video, and sound

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is a multidimensional database?

Stores data in
dimensions

Multiple dimensions, also

called hypercube, allow users
to analyze any view of data

Can consolidate data much

faster than relational database

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

• What is a data warehouse?

Huge database system that stores and manages data
required to analyze historical and current transactions

Quick and efficient Often uses a process called

way to access large data mining to find patterns
amounts of data and relationships among data

Uses multidimensional Data mart is smaller

databases version of data warehouse

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Web Databases
• What is a Web database?
 Database you access through the Web by filling in a form
on a Web page
 Usually resides on
a database server,
a computer that
stores and provides
access to a
database

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Administration
What are guidelines for developing a database?

1. Determine the purpose of the database

2. Design the tables 3. Design the records and

 Design tables on paper first fields for each table
 Each table should contain  Be sure every record has a unique
data about one subject primary key
 Use separate fields for logically
distinct items
 Do not create fields for information
4. Determine the that can be derived from entries in
other fields
relationships among  Allow enough space for each field
the tables or files  Set default values for frequently
entered data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Database Administration
•What is the role of the database analyst and
administrator?
Database analyst (DA) Database administrator
 Focuses on meaning (DBA)
and usage of data  Creates and maintains
 Decides proper data dictionary, manages
placement of fields, database security,
defines relationships, monitors database
and identifies users’ performance, and checks
access privileges backup and recovery
procedures

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends