Lesson 1

Language and
Oral
Communication
-Ms. Fuentes
Instructor
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What is communication?

is a process of sharing and conveying messages

or information from one person to another
within and across channels, contexts, media, and
cultures (McCornack, 2014).

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1. ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
 ED I U M
M te form which
Immediiaate es pllaace
NOISE/ FEEDBACK
message tatak INTERFERENCE
CHANNEL
Immediate form which message
takes place

RECEIVER
CONTEXT
The context of any

SENDER communication act is the

environment surrounding it.
1. 3.
2. 4.

5.

6.
2. FIVE MAJOR
FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Intrapersonal Communication
● Interpersonal Communication
● Dyadic Communication
● Small Group Communication
● Public Communication
● Mass Communication

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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Intrapersonal Communication

can be defined as communication with one's self,

and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination
and visualization, and even recall and memory
(McLean, 2005 ).

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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Intrapersonal Communication

 is the process of exchange of information, ideas

and feelings between two or more people through
verbal or non-verbal methods. It often includes
face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of
voice, facial expressions, body language and
gestures.
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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Dyadic Communication

 is the form of verbal communication held face-to-

face.
This is the communication between two individuals
related to their mutual ideas, behaviour, thoughts,
perceptions, likes, dislikes etc.

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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Small Group Communication

refers to interactions among three or more people

who are connected through a common purpose,
mutual influence, and a shared identity. 

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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Public Communication

happens when a person stands in front of the audience

and engage in dialogue to deliver a message. 
Public communication requires: public speaker - the
person that talks and shares the information; gives the
presentation.

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FIVE MAJOR FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
● Mass Communication

 the process of imparting and exchanging

information through mass media to large
segments of the population.

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3. ASPECTS OF
COMMUNICATION
ASPECTS OF
COMMUNICATION
Verbal or Linguistic Aspect
● Aspect that makes use of words.
● Can be oral or written, formal or informal

Non-verbal or extra linguistic aspect

● Aspect that does not make use of words.

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3.1 THREE
ELEMENTS OF NON-
VERBAL ASPECT
THREE ELEMENTS OF NON-
VERBAL ASPECT
Nonlinguistic
● Kinesics - language of the body
● Proxemics - language of space
● Chronemics - language of time
● Haptics - language of touch
● Olfactics - language of smell
● Artefactual - language of objects
● Physical appearance
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THREE ELEMENTS OF NON-
VERBAL ASPECT

Paralinguistic
● Volume - Loudness or softness of the voice.
● Speed of voice - The pace with which something is spoken.
● Intonation - Rise and Fall in voice.
● Tone of voice - Feelings added while speaking.

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THREE ELEMENTS OF NON-
VERBAL ASPECT
Paralinguistic
● Pronunciation - The manner in which a word is uttered.
● Articulation - Clarity in the voice.
● Pause - A break taken while speaking.
● Punctuation Marks –
The use of conventional symbols and spacing in communication.

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THREE ELEMENTS OF NON-
VERBAL ASPECT

●Metalinguistic –
The abstract element that takes place in the mind of
communicators – their awareness of the component units
of language – sound, words, phrases and sentences.

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 message
sender
encoder
medium

feedback
channel

receiver
decoder
FIVE MAJOR
FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Dyadic Communication
Small Group Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication

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A conversation between
two friends.

Dyadic Communication
An exchange of letters
or emails.

Dyadic Communication
A private professional
conversation, such as a
consultation with a
lawyer.
Dyadic Communication
Me petting my cat, and
my cat starting to purr.
Dyadic Communication
Touched by conscience

Intrapersonal Communication
Decide what to wear for
the day

Intrapersonal Communication
Announcing to the
whole class

Public Communication
News casting on T.V

Mass Communication
Court Hearing

Mass Communication
A priest celebrates a
mass

Public Communication
4. THE SPEECH
CHAIN
THE SPEECH CHAIN
●Step 1: The Speaker Decides What to Say
●Step 2: The Message Is Put into Word Form
●Step 3: The Brain Triggers the Speech Mechanism
●Step 4: Sound Waves Are Created
●Step 5: The Listener's Hearing Mechanisms
●Step 6: The listener’s brain transforms, analyzes and interprets the
message
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5. BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION
BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION
• The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.
• Emotional barriers and taboos.
• Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
• Differences in perception and viewpoint.
• Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
• Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
• Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
• Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear
what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY
• Language Barriers
• Psychological Barriers
• Physiological Barriers
• Physical Barriers
• Attitudinal Barrier

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY
• Language Barriers
• Psychological Barriers
• Physiological Barriers
• Physical Barriers
• Attitudinal Barrier

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY

• Language Barriers
the inability to communicate using a language is
known as language barrier to communication

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY

• Psychological Barriers
related with the limitations of the human body and
the human mind (memory, attention, and
perception)

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY

• Physiological Barriers
occur due to the physical condition of sender or
receiver which might even be physical disabilities.

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY

• Physical Barriers
the environmental and natural condition that act as
a barrier in communication in sending message
from sender to receiver.

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BARRIER TO
COMMUNICATION BY
CATERGORY

• Attitudinal Barriers
pervasive negative perceptions and value systems
that focus on a person's disability rather than their
ability and other valued characteristics.

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 “
How to overcome
communication
barriers?

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Barriers to communication can be
overcome by:
● checking whether it is a good time and
place to communicate with the person
● being clear and using language that the
person understands
● communicating one thing at a time
● respecting a person’s desire to not
communicate
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Barriers to communication can be
overcome by:

● checking that the person has understood you

correctly
● communicating in a location that is free of
distractions
● acknowledging any emotional responses the
person has to what you have said.

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 “
Don’t make any
judgements about what
someone may be
experiencing, always ask!

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