ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY

College of Electrical and Mechanical

Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

COURSE :ENGINEERING DRAWING

[Meng2011]
 CHAPTER 3
MULTI-VIEW DRAWING
 TOPICS
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION

CHOICE OF VIEWS

ONE VIEW, TWO VIEW AND THREE VIEW DRAWINGS

LAYING OUT DRAWINGS AND RELATION BETWEEN

HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH

LINE CONVENTION

PROJECTION OF CURVE ,INCLINDE, OBLIQUE AND

INTERSECTION AND TANGENTS
 3.1
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particular
view is projected.
Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called
principal planes or reference planes (RP).
 When the observer looks at the object from the front, the
view obtained is called the front view or elevation and is
seen on the vertical plane (VP)/ frontal plane (FP).

 When the observer looks at the object from above, the view
obtained is called top view or plan and is seen on the
horizontal plane (HP).
 When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from
his left-hand side or right-hand side, the view obtained is
called side view and is seen on the profile plane (PP).
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION

HORIZONTAL PLANE
LEFT PROFILE PLANE
FRONTAL PLANE

RIGHT PROFILE PLANE

FRONT
VIEW
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION

RIGHT PROFILE PLANE

FRONTAL PLANE

HORIZONTAL PLANE
LEFT PROFILE PLANE

FRONT
VIEW
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
First Angle Projection: the object is placed in the first
quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the
object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object.

 The object lies in between the observer and the planes

of projection.

Third Angle Projection: The Object is placed in the Third

Quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of
the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the object.

 The Plane of projection lie between the object and the

observer.
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1. First angle system
- European country
- ISO standard First Quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand

Third
Quadrant
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line


Folding
line
Folding
line


Folding
line
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Projection Symbols
First angle system Third angle system
 SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Projection Symbols

Suggested proportion

d 1.7d

2.2d
 3.2
CHOICE OF VIEWS
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
 Most commonly used views
 Front View
 Top View
 Right Side View
 Steps for Choice of views
 Orient the object to the best position
 Select the front view
 Select adjacent views
16
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.

The object should presents its features in actual size and

shape in orthographic views.
GOOD NO !

17
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Most descriptive view is typically designated as the Front View
The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a width.

First choice Second choice

Waste more space

Inappropriate GOOD

18
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The adjacent views that are projected from the selected front
view should appear in its natural position.

Inappropriate

19
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.

GOOD Inappropriate

20
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of hidden lines.

GOOD

Inappropriate

GOOD
Inappropriate
21
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the minimum number of views that can represent
the major features of the object.
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Easy to understand

Difficult to interprete.

Necessary 22
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.

POOR

Not enough space

for dimensioning.

23
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View

Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.

GOOD

24
 CHOICE OF VIEWS
Example : View selection

mislead to…

D
H W
F.V.

W D

F.V. & T.V. Three views F.V. & R.S.V.

Size description   
Shape description    25
 3.3
ONE VIEW, TWO VIEW AND
THREE VIEW DRAWINGS
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Thin objects can be described with only one view:
Depth is given in a note
eg. Flat part having a uniform thickness.

1 Thick

Unnecessary These 2 views provide only information

about the part thickness !
27
 ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Simple objects can be described with one views
eg. Cylindrical-shaped part.

Unnecessary

Repeat !

Unnecessary
28
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
There exists an identical view.

Repeat !

Unnecessary

29
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
30
 TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.

Unnecessary
31
 THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Complex objects require three views to describe its
shape
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Easy to understand

Difficult to interprete.

Necessary 32
 THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Complex objects require three views to describe its shape

33
 3.4
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
 LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
Hand Layout of a metric three-view drawing

35
 LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
Views should be visually balanced within the working space
STEP 1
5
Draw border (20mm
from left and 5 mm
from each 3 sides) and Border line
title block using light
construction lines 20

A4 5

28

5 36
 STEP 2
Determine space desired between the front and right-side views (C), and front
and Top views (C) say 20 or 30 mm. Add

To set equal distances to the paper

edge, subtract this total from the
sheet width (Ws=185), and height
(Hs=259) then divide the remaining
number by two.

A = (Ws - H)/2
B = (Hs - V)/2
37
STEP 3
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines

Dimension take
from the object

1st Angle
Projection

38
STEP 3
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines

Dimension take
from the object

3rd Angle
Projection

39
STEP 4
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.

1st Angle
Projection

40
STEP 4
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.

3rd Angle
Projection

41
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
1st Angle Projection
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
3rd Angle Projection
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
The three-view drawing is the standard used in engineering,
as normally other three principal views are mirror images.
The standard views – TOP, FRONT and RIGHT.
All objects have 3 dimensions
 Height : Distance
from top to bottom

 Width : Distance
from side to side Height

 Depth: Distance
from the front to Width
Depth
back
44
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH

 The width dimensions are aligned between the

front and top view using vertical projection lines.
 The height dimensions are aligned between the
front and side views, using horizontal projection
lines.
 The depth dimensions are aligned between top
and side views, using scale, miter line or compass.

45
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH

Top View

Depth
Width

Front View RS.View

Height
Height

Width Depth 46
 3.5.
LINE CONVENTION
 PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Correct
Join

No !
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.

Leave Leave
space space

Correct No !
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L T Correct

No !
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
 Make a hidden line “jump” a  Draw parallel hidden lines so
visible line when possible. that the dashes are staggered,
as in bricklaying.
 HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
 When two or three hidden
lines meet at a point, join the
dashes, as shown for the
bottom of this drilled hole.
 The same rule of joining the
dashes when two or three hidden
lines meet at a point applies for
the top of this countersunk hole..
 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.

Leave space Leave space

 CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space

Leave
space
 3.6.
PROJECTION OF CURVE
,INCLINDE, OBLIQUE AND
INTERSECTION AND TANGENTS
 PROJECTION OF CURVED EDGES
• Curved edges project as straight lines on the
plane to which they are perpendicular
• Curved edges project as curved lines on the
planes to which they are parallel or inclined
 PROJECTION OF NORMAL
SURFACES
Normal surfaces appear as an edge in two
opposite principal views, and appear a
surface in all other principal views.

59
 PROJECTION OF INCLINED SURFACES
• Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite
principal views, and appear foreshortened (not true size)
in all other principal views.

60
PROJECTION OF OBLIQUE SURFACES

• Oblique surfaces do not appear either as an

edge or true size in any principal view.

61
 PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES

• Where a curved surface is tangent to a plane

surface, no line should be shown where they join
PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES

• Where a plane surface intersects a curved

surface, an edge is formed
 PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES

• Where the plane surface is horizontal or

vertical, exceptions to these rules may occur
Example 1. Using the first angle projection system, draw the three principal view of the object whose pictorial drawings are given below.
 1ST ANGLE PROJECTION
80

60

75
Example 2. Using the first angle projection system, draw the three principal view of the object whose pictorial drawings are given
below.
 1ST ANGLE PROJECTION
60

40

50
 END
OF
CHAPTER
THREE