DRAFTING

By: IST
FOUR COMMON TERMS
• Drawing
– International language
• Freehand drawing/sketching
– Paper and pencil
• Mechanical drawing
– With instruments such as T-sqaure, triangles
• Orthographic projection
– Exact shapes and observation
 METHODS OF DRAWING
LINES
A. Orthographic
• Also called as 3 VIEW DRAWING
• Planes of porjection
– Frontal Plane Front View
– Horizontal Plane Side View
– Profile Plane Top View
• Glassbox technique
– Extracting or extraction of TV, SV and FV
B. Pictorial
1. Isometric
– 3 Dimensional, 30 degrees, 30 x 60 degrees, triangle

2. Perspective
– Most realistic, visual observation
» Bird’s Eye View (becomes narrower)
» Man’s Eye View (horizontal plane)
» Worm’s Eye View (becomes bigger)

3. Oblique
– One side is parallel to another, 45 degrees
» Cavalier – actual measurement
» Cabinet – depth reduce to ½
» General – depth reduce to ¼
 TWO KIND OF DIMENSION
• Location Dimension – parts, size, shapes
• Detailed Dimension
 Overall – width, length, height
 Semi-detailed – minor measurements
• H – Hardness
• B – Softness
Grades of Pencil
•Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B
(softest)
•Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
•Hard – 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
(hardest)
Grades of Pencil used for
General Drafting
•HB – for lettering
•2H – for line work
•4H – for general

Note: for lettering, find the choices where HB is

included (ex. A. HB, B or 2H 4H
Minimum requirement for drafting
students
•4H – for repenciling F or H – for all
lettering and freehand work
•6H – for light construction lines
•2H – for visible object lines
 GEOMETRIC FIGURES
1.LINE
• Set of points
• Types of Lines
– Straight line – shortest distance
between two points
– Parallel line – will never meet
– Perpendicular line – intersecting lines
2. Kinds of Angles
• The simplest way to sort triangles is
by their angle size:
– Acute triangle is one in which all the angles
are acute (less than 90°).
– Obtuse triangle is one in which one of the
angles is obtuse (more than 90°).
– Right triangle is one in which one of the
angles is a right angle (exactly 90°).
• Another way to group triangles is by
looking at the lengths of their sides:
– Equilateral triangle is one in which all
three sides have the same length.
– Isoceles triangle is one in which two
sides have the same length.
– Scalene triangle is one in which all
three sides have different lengths
3. POLYGONS
To convert inches to meters, follow
the conversion table below.

1 inch 0.025 meter

2 inches 0.050 meter

3 inches 0.075 meter

4 inches 0.10 meter

• PROPORTION OF LETTERS
1. Normal letters – used when space is
adequate
2. Extended letters – used when space
is wider
3. Compressed letters – used when
space is limited
4. Lightface – with very thin stems
5. Boldface – having heavy stems
Guidelines
 Roman
(thick and thin lines)
 Gothic
(uniform width)
Italic Letters
(slant)
Script Letters
(cursive)
 Text Letters
(fancy style of letters)
TYPE OF LINES
•Break line (long – wavy, and short – pointy)

•Cutting plane line

Cutting plane line

• Visible line

• Hidden line
_________________
• Center line
________ __ ________ __ ________
• Extension line
__________ __________ 
• Dimension line
 

Fine line Figure

2.00 Arrowhead
• Types of Section
1. Full section – cuts entirely across
2. Half section – symmetrical
3. Broken-out section – partial used when
need exposure
4. Revolved section – show true shape
5. Removed or Detailed section – same as
revolved but not shown on view
6. Phantom section or Hidden section –
emphasized interior
• KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graphs – usually constructed by
placing two sets of figures in relation to each
other
2. Bar Graphs – excellent for comparing
quantities, values, and percentages
3. Volume Graphs – suitable when only two or
three items are to be compared
4. Pictorial graphs – made effectively by
using geometric or pictorial symbols
• KINDS OF CHARTS
1. Organizational Charts – useful in showing
the relationships and functions of different
departments
2. Pie Chart – useful in making percentage
comparisons
• KINDS OF MAPS
– Map is used to find directions easily
1.Geographic map – shows the boundaries of
countries
2.Topographic map – used to show in some
detail the top view of a section of a country
3.Relief map – shows the relative elevations of
the ground surfaces
4.Contour map – made when contour are
given with elevation
BLESSING NOTES
• Isometric – 3 dimensional, 30 degrees, 30
x 60 degrees
• Orthographic – 3 view, exact shape,
actual observation, planes of projection
• Geometric Construction – accurate
shape / angles / lines
• Pictorial – can be seen by naked eye
• Perspective – most realistic, visual
observation
• Glass box technique – extract
• Architectural delineation – detailed
dimension
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Oblique – one side is parallel to another,
45 degrees
• Cavalier – actual or same measurement
• Cabinet reduce to ½
• General – reduce to ¼
• Subtitle – 3/16 inch
• Good height of lettering 1/8
• Dimension line – ¼ (dimensioning)
• Extension line – 1/16 to 1/8 (dimensioning)
• Drafting – systematic representation
• Drawing – international language
• Mechanical – with instruments
• Freehand – paper and pencil
• medium of communication between
designers and clients – Drafting
• orthographic projection can be seen in an
object including its unnecessary views, 6
views
• horizontal lines – T-Square
• Vertical lines – triangles
• angle or an arc – Protractor
• Sketches – ruler
• Meter stick - height
• Arc and circle – Compass
• Divider – dividing lines
• French curve – curves except circles and
arcs
• Scale – reproduce, reduce or enlarge
• Protect rest of drawing, erasing shield
• Make pencil point sharp, pencil sharpener
• Indicate measurement – dimension line
• Center line – circle dimension, diameter
• Dark solid line, show visible edges –
visible line
• Composed of dashes, show invisible
edges – hidden line
• Has been cut away – long break line
• Cutting plane cut through – section line
• Gradual darkening – shading
• Never letter without Guidelines
• Most important part – Lettering
• Ascender, limit capital letters – Cap line
• All letter stands and rest – base line
• Waist line – limit height of lower case letter
• Drop line – descender, limit lower case
• Commonly used in college – Gothic
• Commonly used in college diploma – Old
English
• Compressed letters – space is limited
• Shifting of height (get the half of given height, ex:
from 6 mm to 3 mm)
• Bird’s eye view – becomes smaller
• Man’s eye view – plain horizontal
• Worm’s eye view – becomes bigger
• Radius – r
• I – narrowest
• W – widest
• S – normal
• Two equal sides – Isosceles
• Roman – thick and thin
• Uniform width – Gothic
• Slanting – Italic
• Cursive – Script
• Fancy – Text letters
• Alphabet of lines – specific meaning
• Drawing of lines – emphasize or de-
emphasized
• Smallest division – millimeter
• Metric - meter
• English – inch
• Grade for lettering – HB
• I inch = 2.54 centimeters
• 1 ft = 12 inches
• 1 yard = 36 inches
• 1 yard = 3 ft
• 1 meter = 36 inches
• Caliper – cylindrical objects
• Like sketching – freehand
• Emphasis – pleasing to the eye
• Proportion – relation to one another
• CAD – Computer Aided Designing
• NOT accepted type of dimension, None of
the options
• Create depth, add light and shadow
• If all letters spaced equally, used up too
much space
• drawing pencil is better than an ordinary
writing pencil except, There are different
kinds of drawing pencils for specific
work
• good to follow when making lettering
except, When using lower case letter
only two horizontal guidelines are used
• center of holes – Center lines
• increases in the enrollment of first year high
school students this school year, bar graph
• horizontal lines – It is drawn from left to
right
• one-point perspective, All horizontal line
point towards the one vanishing point
• orthographic projection it contains – 3
views
• zero point of a line graph – origin
• percentage comparison – Pie graph
• descriptions of tangent lines except, The
point of intersection is the radius.
• Boxing method – isometric (for
clarification, ito po yung tama, hindi po
oblique )
• After 2-dimensional drawing are done, next
step is – Dimensioning
• Imaginary cut – Sectioning
• Manual drafting – lettering by hand
• Dimensiouns – Tolerancing
• Single-stroke letters – free and natural
fashion
• Lines at end of every letter except O in
Roman letters – Serifs
• Lettering box – tools made of plastic or
aluminum for lettering
• 3rd angle projection, Right side view, Left
side view, and bottom side view
• Additional plane of projection – Frontal
plane
• Superfluous dimensioning – repetition
• Section to be detailed – assembly of parts
• Approach – Dual dimensioning system
• Size of reinforcement bars – Top view,
Front view, Side view, and Isometric
• Parallel line – Lines of sight
• Commonly used in TLE drafting – Roman