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q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics E dA 0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism B dA 0
d B
Faraday’s Law of Induction E dl dt
Ampere’s Law B dl 0 I
The Equations of Electromagnetism
q
1
E dA 0
2
B dA 0 ?
...there’s no
magnetic monopole....!!
The Equations of Electromagnetism
4 B dl 0 I .......is
.......is the
the reverse
reverse
true..?
true..?
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...
B dl 0 I
...lets take a look at charge flowing into a capacitor...
B dl 0 I
E
.. if the loop encloses one B
plate of the capacitor..there
is a problem … I = 0
How?.
Maxwell solved this problem
by realizing that....
d
d
B dl 00 I 0000 dtdt
Therefore, Maxwell’s revision
of Ampere’s Law becomes....
B dl I EE
Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q 0 EA and I dt 0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I 0 dt ,
where this current , not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d 0 0
dt
and: B ds 0( I Id )
d
B ds 0 I 00 E
dt
Derivation of Displacement Current
dq d( EA )
For a capacitor, q 0 EA and I dt 0 dt .
d ( E )
Now, the electric flux is given by EA, so: I 0 dt ,
where this current, not being associated with charges, is
called the “Displacement Current”, Id.
d E
Hence: I d 0 0
dt
and: B dl 0( I Id )
d
B dl 0 I 00 E
dt
Maxwell’s Equations of
Electromagnetism
q
Gauss’ Law for Electrostatics
E dA 0
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
B dA 0
d
Faraday’s Law of Induction E dl
dt
B
d E
Ampere’s Law
B dl 0 I 00 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
Consider these equations in a vacuum.....
......no mass, no charges. no currents.....
q
E dA 0 E dA 0
B dA 0 B dA 0
d B d B
E dl dt E dl dt
d d E
B dl 0 I
0 0
dt
E
B dl 0 0 dt
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
in Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
E dA 0
B dA 0
d B
E dl dt
d E
B dl 0 0 dt
Electromagnetic Waves
d E d B
B dl 00 dt E dl dt
These two equations can be solved simultaneously.
d E d B
B dl 0 0 dt E dl dt
B
dE E
dB
dt
dt
Electromagnetic Waves
d E d B
B dl 0 0 dt E dl dt
v
B
dE E
dB
dt
dt
Special case..PLANE WAVES... E E y ( x ,t ) j B Bz ( x ,t )k
2 1 2
satisfy the wave equation 2 2
x 2 t
Maxwell’s Solution A sin( t )
Plane Electromagnetic Waves
Ey
Bz
c
x
E(x, t) = EP sin (kx-t) ĵ
B(x, t) = BP sin (kx-t) ẑ
F(x)
Static wave
F(x) = FP sin (kx + )
k = 2
k = wavenumber
x = wavelength
F(x)
Moving wave
F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t )
v
= 2 f
= angular frequency
x
f = frequency
v=/k
F
v Moving wave
x F(x, t) = FP sin (kx - t )