Lec-HV-01 Hybrid Basic Electricity

Lecture-01
ី |
ិ ៖ រថយន្ត ហាយព្រ៊ដ
មុខវជ្ជា
HYBRID ELECTRIC HYBRID ELECTRIC
VEHICLE VEHICLE
Leans So Khuong
មេរៀនទី០១៖ មូលដ្ឋា នគ្រឹះអគ្គស
ិ នី| Faculty of Automotive Engineering
Basic Knowledge of Electricity National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia
គ្រោងមេរៀនសម្រាប់ឆមាសទី1| Lesson planfor 1st Semester
សៀវភៅពុម|្ព Textbook [under progress]
Only scanned or hard copy will Provided
មាតិកាមេរៀន|Lesson Outline

• l Relationship between voltage, current and resistance

• 2 Direct current and alternating current
• 3 Properties of resistance
• 4 Automotive electrical circuit
• 5 Utilization of circuit testers
6
• We hope that you will acquire the correct knowledge about the
basics of electricity and utilize it in your actual work.
7
1 Relationship between voltage, current and resistance
Many electric devices

• headlamps
• wipers
It is not possible to maintain a car without knowledge of

electricity.
you will need to acquire the correct knowledge about the basics
of electricity and utilize it in your actual work.
8
1. What is Electricity?
2. What is Current?
3. What is Voltage?
4. What is Resistant?
5. What are conductor, insulators, and semi conductor?
6. What is electromagnism?
7. What is Electromagnetic induction?
9
(1) The basics of electricity are voltage, current, and resistance.
Current
W
ate Water pressure
r flo Water Level
w
Battery
Fig.1
Fig.2
10
W
ate
r flo
w Water pressure
Valve Water Level
Fig.3
Fig.4
11
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Resistant (Ω)
Make it
higher
Fully open
Fig.5
12
Resistant
Make it smaller
Battery
Battery
Fig.7
Lamp
Battery
Voltage
Make it higher
Fig.6
Fig.8
13
Series connection.
Fig.9
Io = I1=I2=I3
Water
source Vo= V1+V2+V3
Fig.11
Ro= R1+R2+R3
Fig.12
Fig.10 14
Series connection.
Ro= R1+R2+R3
Fig.13
15
Parallel connection.
Light radio
Power
supply
wiper
Fig.14
16
Water Parallel connection.

source
Io = I1+I2+I3
Vo= V1=V2=V3
Fig.16
1/Ro= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Fig.15
Fig.17
17
Change in resistance due to the shape of the conductor
Parallel connection.
1/Ro= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Fig.18
18
Change in resistance due to the shape of the conductor
• Easiness of current flow) changes depending on the shape

• If the wire is thick, the resistance is small so current can easily flow,
• If the wire is long, the resistance becomes large and electricity is generated. The flow becomes difficult to flow.
Relationship between thickness and resistance Relationship between wire length and resistance
Resistant (Large) Resistant (Small) Resistant (Small) Resistant (Lagre)

Fig.19
19
Switch
Power
Switch
supply Power
supply
Light
Light
Fig.20 Fig.21
20
The electric circuit for turning on the light is in an actual automobile.
In automobiles, the configuration is basically as shown in Fig. 1-22 in consideration of safety and efficiency in
mounting on vehicles.
Fusible Link
Relay
Head Lamp Power supply
Switch
Fuse
Fig.22 21
(1) Power supply
A power source for operating electric circuits, in automobiles
(2) Fusible links and fuses

Fusible links and fuses in electrical circuits
It is a device that shuts off and protects the circuit.
① Fusible link
A fusible link is between the power supply and each electrical device.
It is inserted in series with the part where a large current flows,
A wire harness with a smaller cross-sectional area is used.
This prevents the wire harness from burning out and causing a fire. Fusible links have a larger capacity
(30A or more) than fuses and are color-coded by size.
There are also link type and cartridge type.
Currently, the cartridge type is the mainstream.
22
Ah!!
Bo!!
Fig.23
23
② Fuse
• Generally, the fuse is installed between the fuseable link and each electric device
as shown in Fig. 1-24.
• When a current exceeding a certain value flows through the circuit of each electric
device, it blows and the electric devices are protected.
• Therefore, it is made of a material that is more easily blown by an excessive
current than a fusible link.
24
Fuse
Fusible Link Housing Housing

Air cond
Head Lamp
Element
Wiper
Element Terminal
Radio Blade Type fuse
Fig.24 Fig.25
• Fuses are smaller (30A or less) than fusible links and are color coded by size.
• There are also glass tube type and blade type, but most of them are blade type (Fig. 1-25)
25
Fuse characteristics of fusible links and fuses
Fusible links and fuses do not blow instantly when a current exceeding the indicated current value
flows. For example, in the case of fuses, they are manufactured based on the standards shown in
the table below.
Performance of blade type fuse
Test current Fusing time

(A) minimum Maximum
350% of rated current 0.08 seconds 0.5 seconds
200 of rated current 0.25 seconds 5 seconds
135% of rated current 0.75 seconds 1800 seconds
100% of rated current 100 hours _____
26
③ Precautions when replacing fusible links and fuses
If an excessive current flows and the fusible link or fuse blows, it is necessary to first check for a
short circuit in the circuit or an abnormality in the electrical components and repair it before
replacing it.
27
(3) Relay
① Role of relay
• In the case of an electric device that requires a relatively large current, such as a head lamp, if an
electric circuit that is directly connected to the switch and light from the power supply is used, the
switch and wire harness can withstand the large current as shown in Fig. L-26. You have to use the
one with a large capacity.
• However, with a relay like the one shown in Fig. 1-27, if a small current is turned on and off with a
switch, a large current flowing indirectly through the light can be turned on and off.
• By using relays in this way, it is possible to reduce the capacity of switches and wire harnesses to
switches.
• Especially in the case of head lamps, the wire harness to the light switch and the light switch can be
simplified.
28
Relay
Power
supply
Large current small current Large current
Power
supply
Fig.26
Fig.27
29
② Relay operation
• The relay consists of a coil and movable contacts as shown in Fig. L-28.
• When the switch is turned on, a current flows through 1-2 of the relay and the coil is magnetized.
Then, the contacts are pulled by the magnetic force and closed, so 3-4 conducts and a large current
flows through the light.
• When the switch is turned off, the 1-2 current of the relay is cut off and the coil loses its magnetic
force. Then, the contact is pulled back by the force of the spring and turned off, so the current of
3-4 is cut off.
30
Small current
Large current
Movable contact
Battery
Coil Spring
Relay
Switch
Fig.28
31
(4) Earth (body earth)
• In automobiles, the e-pole of each electric device and the e-pole terminal of the battery are
connected to the body, which is called the body. It is called earth.
• Body Earth has the role of reducing the amount of wire harness by using the steel plate of the
body as a part of the circuit as shown in Fig. L-29.
32
Fig.29
33
Name Symbol
Lamp
Battery
Capacitor Fuse
Resistance
Switch
Resistor
Ground
inductor
Intersection of lead
(when connecting)
Transformer
Intersection of lead
(when not connected)
34
Photo Diode
Voltmeter
Light Emitting
Ampere meter Diode (LED)
Alternator
Transistor
Motor
Photo
transistor
Diode
AND Gate
Zener Diode Nor Gate
35
(2) Electrical circuit diagram and electrical equipment
Using the symbols on the electrical circuit diagram, the lighting circuit mentioned earlier is represented as shown in
Figure 1-3O. Since a relay is composed of a coil and a switch, it is generally represented as shown in the figure.
Fig.30
36
Display
Pointer
Adjustment
screw Zero adjustment knob
Red probe connect port

Black probe connect port
probe connector
(Red/Black)
Functional switch
Fig.31 Circuit tester
37
Functional
switch Meter
probe
R
Black side
Red side
switch
Fig.33 Voltage measurement

Fig.32 Checking the continuity of the probe
38
Meter
R
Black side
Red side
switch
Fig.34 Current Measurement
39
Resistance measurement
Resistance
Battery
Fig.35 Resistance (Ohm) measurement
40
Tester
Fusible link
Relay
Battery
Fuse
Switch
Light
Tester
Fig.36 Effect of internal resistance Fig.37 when switch is OFF (Open)
41
Fusible link Fusible link
Relay
Fuse
Relay
Fuse
Battery
Battery
Switch
Switch
Light
Light Fig.39 when poor contact is disturbed
Fig.38 when switch is ON (Close)
42
43
អរគុណ
ប្រសិនបើមានចម្ងលក
់ ុ ្នងមេរៀននេះ សូមទាក់ទង៖
User name: leangsokhuong@npic.edu.kh
Tel: 077580559/081243224

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Lecture-01

• l Relationship between voltage, current and resistance

Many electric devices

It is not possible to maintain a car without knowledge of

Water Parallel connection.

• Easiness of current flow) changes depending on the shape

Resistant (Large) Resistant (Small) Resistant (Small) Resistant (Lagre)

(2) Fusible links and fuses

Currently, the cartridge type is the mainstream.

Fusible Link Housing Housing

Radio Blade Type fuse

Fuse characteristics of fusible links and fuses

Performance of blade type fuse

Test current Fusing time

③ Precautions when replacing fusible links and fuses

Large current small current Large current

Red probe connect port

Fig.33 Voltage measurement

Fig.34 Current Measurement

Fig.35 Resistance (Ohm) measurement

Fig.36 Effect of internal resistance Fig.37 when switch is OFF (Open)

Fusible link Fusible link

User name: leangsokhuong@npic.edu.kh

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