Lecture On Induction Machine: Lect. Rakesh Kumar Deptt. of Ee Bhsbiet

LECTURE ON INDUCTION MACHINE
 LECT. RAKESH KUMAR

DEPTT. OF EE
BHSBIET
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 1
The following points are to be
explained in this lecture:-
 Induction Motor Construction
 Basic Induction Motor Concepts
 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor.
 Power and Torque in Induction Motor.
 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
 Variations in Induction Motor Toque-Speed
Characteristics
 Starting of Induction Motors
 Speed Control of Induction Motor
 Some important features of IM
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 2
PART-I
3 PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 3
INTRODUCTION
Most AC motors are

induction motors. By induction motor,
Asynchronous
Induction motors are we mean that the
machines are those
favored due to their stator windings
machines which do
ruggedness and induces a current
not run at
simplicity. In fact, which flow in the
synchronous 90% of industrial rotor conductors,
speed. motors are induction like a transformer.
motors.
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 4
Overview of Three-Phase Induction
Motor
 Induction motors are used worldwide in many
residential, commercial, industrial, and utility
applications.
 Induction Motors transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 It can be part of a pump or fan, or connected to
some other form of mechanical equipment such
as a winder, conveyor, or mixer.
5
Cutaway view of a modern induction
motor
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 6
The induction machines may be
classified in many ways.
With rotary or
linear motion
Three phase
supply or single-
phase supply
With wound
or cage rotor
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 7
Construction
 The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor,
stator, and enclosure.
 The stator and the rotor are electrical circuits that
perform as electromagnets.
8
Construction
 An induction motor is composed of a
rotor, known as an armature, and a
stator containing windings connected to
a poly-phase energy source.
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 9
Construction (Rotor construction)
 The rotor is the rotating part of the
electromagnetic circuit.
 It can be found in two types:
◦ Squirrel cage
◦ Wound rotor
 However, the most common type of rotor is
the “squirrel cage” rotor.
10
Construction (Rotor construction)
 Induction motor types:

 Squirrel cage type:
 Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both end by end rings
 Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
 Wound rotor type:

 Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals
can be connected to external circuits through slip rings
and brushes.
 Easy to control speed, more expensive.
11
The main parts of any IM are:-
The
The stator
stator slotted
slotted magnetic
magnetic core
core
The stator electric winding
The
The rotor
rotor slotted
slotted magnetic
magnetic core
core
The rotor electric winding
The
The rotor
rotor shaft
shaft with
with bearings
bearings
The
The stator
stator frame
frame with
with bearings
bearings
The cooling system
The terminal box
BHSBIET LEHRAGAGA 12
STATOR OF IM
COILS IN THE ROTOR
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
A WOUND ROTOR WITH SLIP RINGS
SLIP RINGS
Constructional features of squirrel cage and wound type
motor
 Stator: The stator consists of stator frame,

core and stator winding.
o Stator frame:- It is the outer body of the

motor used to support stator core and
windings and also to protect the inner
parts of the machine. The frame may be
die-cast or fabricated.
 Stator core :- The stator core is assembled of
high grade, low electrical loss, silicon steel
punching.
o The thickness varies from 0.35 mm to 0.7 mm.
o The laminations are used to reduce eddy
current loss.
o The laminations are slotted on the inner
periphery and are insulated from each other.
The insulated stator conductors are placed in
these slots.
 Stator or field winding:-
The stators conductors are connected to
form a three phase winding. The three
phases of the winding can be connected in
either star or delta.
 ROTOR:-
o The rotor comprises of a cylindrical
laminated iron core with slots on outer
periphery.
o The rotor conductor are placed in these
slots.
o The laminated cylindrical core is mounted
directly on the shaft or a spider carried by
the shaft.
There are basically 2 types of rotor construction.
Wound rotor - It has 3 phase

Squirrel Cage – No windings and windings, usually Y connected, and
no slip rings the winding ends are connected via
slip rings
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR:-
 In cage construction, rotor conductors, in
the form of bars made of copper, or
aluminium are placed in rotor slots parallel
to the rotor shaft.
 The rotor bars are short circuited by end
rings of same material at each end.

 The rotor slots are not parallel to the motor
shaft but are skewed to reduce magnetic

locking of stator and rotor and also to
reduce humming noise while running.
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR OF IM
Squirrel cage rotor — a schematic
Wound rotor:-
 The rotor is wound with an insulated winding
similar to that of the stator.
 The rotor winding is always 3 phase winding. The
winding may be star or delta connected, but star
connections are usually preferred.
 The three terminals of star connections are brought
outside the rotor and connected to three slip rings.
 The carbon brushes are pressed on the slip rings.
External resistors can be inserted in series with the
rotor winding for speed and starting torque control.
WOUND ROTOR OF IM
Differences between squirrel cage IM
and slip ring IM
SQUIRREL CAGE IM
STARTING
ITS WINDING CAN TORQUE
CANNOT BE
SIMPLE IN ADJUST ITSELF TO ONLY
RELIABLE AND CHEAP MAINTENANCE FREE
CONSTRUCTION NUMBER OF STATOR
CONTROLL
POLES
ED
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
•Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based

upon the application of Faraday’s Law and the
Lorentz Force on a conductor.
 If a short circuited conductor is placed
within a rotating magnetic field, an emf is
induced in the conductor due to EMI.
 Due to this emf, current starts flowing in

the conductor and sets up its own magnetic
field.
 Due to the interaction of these two field, a

torque is produced and conductor tends to
move
How rotor rotates?
 A three phase IM stator have a three phase
distributed winding.
 When we give supply to stator then a
rotating magnetic field produces which

rotates at synchronous speed.
 The rotating flux cuts the rotor conductors
and emf produced in them.

 Because these conductors are short
circuited so current is produced in

conductors so rotor m.m.f is produced
which produces synchronously rotating
rotor poles.
PRODUCTION OF TORQUE
Stator equivalent circuit
Final equivalent circuit of IM
SLIP
 The difference between the synchronous

speed and rotor speed can be expressed as a
percentage of synchronous speed, known as
the slip
s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm),

N = rotor speed (rpm)
SLIP RINGS AND BRUSHES IN IM
• At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%).
• At full load, the slip for large motors rarely

exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load,
it rarely exceeds 5%.
• The slip is 100% for locked rotor.
Frequency induced in the rotor
 The frequency induced in the rotor depends
on the slip:
fR= frequency of voltage and current in the

rotor
f = frequency of the supply and stator field
s = slip
Torque- slip curve
Harmonics in Induction Machines
 Time Harmonics:
o These affects torque and cause

considerable heating in the machine and are
hence a cause for concern.
o These harmonics are called time harmonics

since they are generated by a source that
varies non sinusoidally in time.
 Space Harmonics:
o The space harmonics, are a result of non-

sinusoidal distribution of the coils in the
machine and slotting.
o These have their effects on the speed,

torque and current of the machine.
Effects of harmonics on loaded machine
Active Power Flow
 AIR GAP POWER:-
Air gap power is the power transferred from
stator to rotor across the air gap.
Pg = 3I22 (r2 / s)
 Shaft power :-
Shaft power is the output power i.e. available
at the shaft.
Psh = Pg – rotor ohmic loss – friction and windage loss
 OPERATING TORQUE:-
Torque from light load to full load conditions.
 STARTING TORQUE:-
Torque at start when slip = 1
 BREAKDOWN TORQUE:-
Maximum torque that motor can develop. If
motor is loaded beyond this torque, the motor
will decelerate and come to stand still.
SPEED-TORQUE CHARACTERISTIC
Comments on the IM Torque Speed Curve
 Induced Torque is zero at synchronous
speed.
 The graph is nearly linear between no load
and full load (at near synchronous speeds).

 Max torque is known as pull out torque or
breakdown torque
 Starting torque is very large.
 Torque for a given slip value would change
to the square of the applied voltage.

 If the rotor were driven faster than
synchronous speed, the motor would then

become a generator.
Braking an Induction Motor(Plugging)
 Plugging is a braking action to bring the rotor
to a quick stop. Plugging is obtained by
interchanging any two stator leads.
 With this the phase sequence is reversed and
the direction of rotating magnetic field

becomes opposite to that of the rotor
rotation.
 The electromagnetic torque now acts
opposite to rotor rotation and produces

braking action
Variations in Induction Motor Torque-Speed
Characterictics
Types of starters used in IM
 D.O.L Starter
 Star- delta starter
 Auto-transformer starter
Star-delta starter
Auto-transformer starter
Speed control methods:-
 Pole changing
 Stator voltage control
 Supply frequency control
 Rotor resistance control
 Slip energy recovery
Pole changing method:
 We know that ns=120f/p . By changing the value of p speed
can be changed.
 By providing the stator with independent windings each
wound for different member of poles. This results in two
speed motor.
 The stator is provided with one winding or with two
independent windings, but coils of each winding can be re-
connected to produce a different number of poles in the ratio
of 2:1.
 Two independent windings on the stator, each being designed
to give different no. of poles in the ratio of 2:1 can give four
different no. of poles in the ratio of 3:2:1.5:1 and thus, a four
speed induction motor can be obtained.
POLE CHANGING METHOD:
Pole Changing: Various
connections
1.
2.
3.
Stator voltage control:-
 The speed can be controlled by varying the
supply voltage until the torque required by the
load is developed at the desired speed.
 The torque developed is proportional to the
square of the supply voltage and current is
proportional to the voltage.
 Therefore, voltage is reduced to reduce speed
for the same current, the torque developed by
the motor is reduced.
 This method is suitable where load torque
decreases with speed e.g. fan load.
Speed-torque curves: voltage
variation
Variable frequency control:
 The variable frequency supply is obtained by the
following converter.
◦ Voltage source inverter
◦ Current source inverter
◦ Cycloconverter
 An inverter converts a fixed voltage d.c. to a
fixed ( or variable ) voltage a.c. with variable

frequency.
 A Cycloconverter converts a fixed voltage and
fixed frequency a.c. to a variable voltage and

variable frequency a.c.
Torque-speed curves with V/f
constant
Torque-speed curves with E/f held
constant
Rotor resistance control
 This method is applicable to slip ring
induction motor only.
 The speed of motor can be controlled by
connecting external resistance in the rotor

circuit.
 The starting torque increases with increase in
resistance, the pull out speed of the motor

decreases but the maximum torque remains
constant, the speed can be controlled from
the rated speed to lower speed.
Speed-torque curves : rotor
resistance variation
Effect of changing rotor-circuit
resistance(torque-slip curve)
Slip energy recovery a scheme
 The basic principle of slip power recovery is
to connect an external source of emf of slip
frequency of the rotor circuit.
 This method is known as scheribus scheme.
 A portion of rotor a.c. power is converted
into d.c by a diode bridge.
 The output of the rectifier is connected to

the d.c. terminals of the inverter, which
inverts this d.c. power to a.c. power and
feeds it back to the a.c source. It provides
the speed control synchronous speed.
Some important features of IM
Leakage reactance
 Leakage reactance is the impedance due to
the leakage flux.
 More the leakage reactance more
magnetizing current is required to obtain

working m.m.f .
 It also decreases the power factor and gives
more losses in motor.
 COGGING:-
When number of slots of rotor and stator are
equal, then a magnetic interlocking takes
place and motor does not start. It occurs
during starting of motor.
 CRAWLING:-
In this phenomenon motor starts to run

stably at speed lower than rated speed due to
presence of harmonics. It occurs during
running of motor.
LOSSES IN AN IM
 FIXED LOSSES- These loses are composed of
◦ Core loss
◦ Bearing friction loss
◦ Brush friction loss in slip ring IM only
◦ Windage loss
 VARIABLE LOSSES-These losses are composed of
◦ Stator ohmic loss
◦ Rotor ohmic loss
◦ Brush contact loss only for slip ring IM
◦ Stray load loss
The relationship between
the input electric power and the output
mechanical power of this motor is shown :
elow
ROTATIONAL LOSSES
 The higher the speed of an induction motor,
the higher the friction, windage, and stray
losses.
 On the other hand, the higher the speed of
the motor (up to nSYNC), the lower its core

losses.
 Therefore, these three categories of losses
are sometimes lumped together and called

rotational losses.
Difference between
SINGLE CAGE IM DOUBLE CAGE IM
 Low starting torque  High starting torque

 High operating slip  Low operating slip
 Low operating
 High operating
efficiency efficiency
Induction generator
 If a polyphase IM is given a voltage and
frequency for supply mains and rotate at
speed higher than a synchronous speed by a
prime mover, then rotor overtakes rotating
magnetic field as a result emf and currents in
rotor reverse their direction. This is called
induction generator.
Improving power factor of 3 phase IM
 3-phase IM has an air gap between stator and
rotor winding due to which motor needs high
magnetizing current for the production of
working magnetic flux.
 Power factor can be improved by following
methods.
◦ Reducing the air gap between stator and rotor
winding
◦ By use of static capacitor across stator terminal
◦ For wound motor, by use of auxiliary machines
Improving starting torque of a
3-phase IM
 Increasing rotor circuit resistance
Induction machine never reach
synchronous speed. Why?
PART-II
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MACHINE
Single Phase Induction
Permanent-split capacitor motor
One way to solve the
single phase problem is to
build a 2-phase motor,
deriving 2-phase power
from single phase. This
requires a motor with two
windings spaced apart 90o
electrical, fed with two
phases of current
displaced 90o in time. This
is called a permanent-
split capacitor motor in
Figure
Main and Auxiliary windings
1-Phase Induction Motor
 This type of motor suffers increased current
magnitude and backward time shift as the
motor comes up to speed, with torque
pulsations at full speed. The solution is to
keep the capacitor (impedance) small to
minimize losses. The losses are less than for
a shaded pole motor.
1-Phase Induction Motor
 This motor configuration works well up to
1/4 horsepower (200watt), though, usually
applied to smaller motors. The direction of
the motor is easily reversed by switching the
capacitor in series with the other winding.
This type of motor can be adapted for use as
a servo motor, described elsewhere is this
chapter
Capacitor-start induction motor
In Figure a larger capacitor may
be used to start a single phase
induction motor via the auxiliary
winding if it is switched out by a
centrifugal switch once the
motor is up to speed. Moreover,
the auxiliary winding may be
many more turns of heavier wire
than used in a resistance split-
phase motor to mitigate
excessive temperature rise. The
result is that more starting
torque is available for heavy
loads like air conditioning
compressors. This motor
configuration works so well that
it is available in multi-
horsepower (multi-kilowatt)
Capacitor-run motor induction motor
A variation of the capacitor-
start motor Figure is to start
the motor with a relatively
large capacitor for high
starting torque, but leave a
smaller value capacitor in
place after starting to
improve running
characteristics while not
drawing excessive current.
The additional complexity of
the capacitor-run motor is
justified for larger size
motors.
1-phase Capacitor start
Capacitor Start-Run Induction Motor
 A motor starting capacitor may be a double-
anode non-polar electrolytic capacitor which
could be two + to + (or - to -) series
connected polarized electrolytic capacitors.
Such AC rated electrolytic capacitors have
such high losses that they can only be used
for intermittent duty (1 second on, 60
seconds off) like motor starting. A capacitor
for motor running must not be of electrolytic
construction, but a lower loss polymer type.
Resistance split-phase motor
induction motor
If an auxiliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at
90o electrical to the main winding, it can start a single phase induction
motor. With lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will
experience less phase shift than the main winding. About 30o of phase
difference may be obtained. This coil produces a moderate starting
torque, which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch at 3/4 of
synchronous speed. This simple (no capacitor) arrangement serves well
for motors up to 1/3 horsepower (250 watts) driving easily started
loads.
Wound rotor induction motors
A wound rotor induction motor has a stator like the
squirrel cage induction motor, but a rotor with insulated
windings brought out via slip rings and brushes.
However, no power is applied to the slip rings. Their
sole purpose is to allow resistance to be placed in series
with the rotor windings while starting.
This resistance is
shorted out once
the motor is started
to make the rotor
look electrically like
the squirrel cage
counterpart.
Wound Rotor Induction M/C
 Why put resistance in series with the rotor?
Squirrel cage induction motors draw 500%
to over 1000% of full load current (FLC)
during starting. While this is not a severe
problem for small motors, it is for large
(10's of kW) motors. Placing resistance in
series with the rotor windings not only
decreases start current, locked rotor current
(LRC), but also increases the starting
torque, locked rotor torque (LRT).
 Figure shows that by increasing the rotor
resistance from R0 to R1 to R2, the
breakdown torque peak is shifted left to
zero speed. Note that this torque peak is
much higher than the starting torque
available with no rotor resistance (R0) Slip is
proportional to rotor resistance, and pullout
torque is proportional to slip. Thus, high
torque is produced while starting.
 The resistance decreases the torque available
at full running speed. But that resistance is
shorted out by the time the rotor is started. A
shorted rotor operates like a squirrel cage
rotor. Heat generated during starting is
mostly dissipated external to the motor in
the starting resistance. The complication and
maintenance associated with brushes and slip
rings is a disadvantage of the wound rotor as
compared to the simple squirrel cage rotor.
Wound Rotor Induction
 This motor is suited for starting high inertial
loads. A high starting resistance makes the
high pull out torque available at zero speed.
For comparison, a squirrel cage rotor only
exhibits pull out (peak) torque at 80% of its'
synchronous speed
Speed Control
 Motor speed may be varied by putting variable
resistance back into the rotor circuit. This reduces
rotor current and speed. The high starting torque
available at zero speed, the down shifted break
down torque, is not available at high speed. See R2
curve at 90% Ns, Resistors R0R1R2R3 increase in
value from zero. A higher resistance at R3 reduces
the speed further. Speed regulation is poor with
respect to changing torque loads. This speed
control technique is only useful over a range of 50%
to 100% of full speed. Speed control works well
with variable speed loads like elevators and
printing presses.
Speed Control
Shaded Pole Induction Motor
Main windings
and Shaded Pole
winding at the
Stator, while
shaded pole is
short circuited.
RELUCTANCE MOTOR
Stator
Same as: Split phase
or
Capacitor Start
Motor
RELUCTANCE MOTOR
Rotor
Same as: Squirrel cage motor
BUT, with
Uneven slots cut into
laminations to form Salient poles
Uneven slots assist in
starting
Rotor Slots generally ≠
Stator Slots
RELUCTANCE MOTOR
Starting
 As per induction motor with squirrel cage providing torque
 Centrifugal switch operating as per normal(75%)
 As motor is lightly loaded slip speed is small
 Rotor salient poles become magnetised and lock with RMF
Motor becomes
Synchronous
RELUCTANCE MOTOR
If rotor poles are a multiple of the stator poles
Motor will operate at sub-

multiples of synchronous speed
HYSTERESIS MOTOR
Rotor
 Outer section made up of hardened steel
HYSTERESIS MOTOR
Rotor
 Outer section made up of hardened steel
 This outer section supported on the shaft by a NON-MAGNETIC

“Arbour”
HYSTERESIS MOTOR
 Rotor has a very high Hysteresis loss
 The rotor tends to become magnetised
 A synchronous motor is born
PROBLEM
Synchronous motors have ZERO START TOURQUE!
A Shaded pole stator is used
UNIVERSAL MOTOR
Not the same as a series DC Motor
Fields are laminated for AC current
UNIVERSAL MOTOR
UNIVERSAL MOTOR
Limitation of single phase induction motor
in reference to 3 phase induction motor.
Following are the limitation of the of single phase

induction motor :
 Single phase motor is not self starting .
 Single phase induction motor has low power factor
as compared to three phase induction motor.

 For same rating single phase motor has big frame
size.
 Single phase motor has lower efficiency.
 Single phase motor has higher core and copper
losses.
1
Why in split phase motor ,starting winding is
connected through centrifugal switch?
 Centrifugal switch automatically disconnected the
starting winding at about to 80% of synchronous speed.
If centrifugal switch is not used then starting winding
remains in circuit which gives noisy performance.
2
Difference between single phase induction
motor and three phase induction motor .
 Single phase induction motor are different from three
phase induction motor in following aspects:
 Single phase motors are not self starting while three
phase induction motors self starting.

 For same load torque, 1-φinduction motor requires
more stator current and operates at a higher slip.

 For the same size ,1-φinduction motor output is less. It
has higher temperature rise and lower efficiency as

compared to three phase induction motor.
3
What are the advantage of capacitor start
capacitor run induction motor ?
 The advantage of capacitor start, capacitor run
induction motor are
◦ Improvement of over load capacity of the motor
◦ Higher efficiency
◦ Higher power factor
◦ Quieter operation of the motor
4
Why starting winding is required in single phase induction
motor?
 Single phase induction motor is not self starting . It

provided with starting winding in addition to main
winding to temporarily convert it into a two phase
motor at the time of starting . The two currents produce
a revolving flux and make the motor self starting.
5
What is the role of shading coil in shaded pole
motor?
 Due to the presence of shading coil in shaded
pole motor ,the shifting of magnetic axis
takes place when an alternating current is
passed through field winding .the rotor starts
rotating in the direction of this shift i.e. from
unshaded part to the shaded part.
6
In what direction will the rotor of shaded pole
motor rotate?
 Therotor of a shaded pole motor will
rotate in a direction from the
unshaded part to the shaded part.
7
How is the direction of rotation of a single phase induction
motor reversed?
 The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing

the line connections of either the main winding or the
starting winding .
8
Why single phase capacitor type induction motor
are superior in performance?
 The single phase capacitor type induction
motors has relatively good starting torque,
high power factor because the phase angle
between the running winding current and the
starting winding current is practically 90
electrical degree.
9
Why power factor of single phase motor is
lagging?
 The main reason of lagging power factor is high
magnetizing current which is lagging in nature .single
phase motor carries magnetizing current for both
forward and backward fields. Therefore ,this
magnetizing current is higher than 3 phase induction
motor.
0
What is the effect of increasing rotor
resistance in a single induction motor ?
 The increase in rotor resistance of a single
phase induction motor reduces its breakdown
torque , lower the efficiency and increases the
slip at which maximum torque occurs.
1
A single phase induction motor is provided with a main winding
and an auxiliary winding . Which of the two winding should be
more resistance and why?
The auxiliary winding should be more resistance to

give higher starting torque . As this winding stays in
the circuit at the time of starting only , so does not
affect the copper losses in the machine.
2
Repulsion motor
 Stator of repulsion motor consist of single phase
exciting winding and rotor have distributed d.c.
winding.
 The brushes are short circuited on themselves and not
connected to the supply circuit.

 Armature receives power from the stator by
transformer action .
3
Fig.(a) , θ=α Fig.(b),α=90 ̊ Fig.(c), α=180 ̊
Schematic diagram shown in fig.(a). when angle α is 90̊ then

there is no mutual induction between stator and rotor. So no
torque will be produced as shown in fig(b) .
When angle α=0 then magnetic axis of stator and rotor
coincides so mutual induction between stator and rotor will be
maximum as in fig(c).
4
What are the two position of brushes at starting in which
the repulsion motor does not develop the starting torque?
 The field axis and quadrature to field axis position of

the brushes are such in which repulsion motor does
not developed any starting torque.
5
How speed variation is affected in repulsion
motor?
 The speed variation is affected either by changing the
position of brushes or by varying the impressed voltage
6
What happens when the shaft torque of a repulsion
motor with two stator windings increases?
 With the increases in torque on a repulsion motor

stator current increases and power factor decreases.
7
Why laminated yoke is used in an a.c series
motor?
 Yoke , pole and armature cores of a.c series
motors are laminated so as to reduce eddy
current losses, and so efficiency is improved
and heating is reduced.
8
Why centrifugal switch is provided in
repulsion start induction motor?
 The centrifugal switch is provided to short circuit all
the commutator segments at about 75-80 percent of
synchronous speed. It is also used to lift the brushes
from the commutator in some motors.
9
Why is the normal full load slip of a single phase
induction motor higher than that of a three phase
induction motor?
 The normal full load slip of a single phase

induction motor is higher than that of a three
phase motor, owing to development of
backward rotating field . The power is to be
delivered to the backward field from the
power converted into mechanical power by
forward field.
0
What are the advantage of using a capacitor start
motor over a resistance start split phase motor?
 The capacitor start motor develops higher
starting torque than does an equally rated
resistance start split phase with a lower in rush
current.
1
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Lecture On Induction Machine: Lect. Rakesh Kumar Deptt. of Ee Bhsbiet

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Lecture On Induction Machine: Lect. Rakesh Kumar Deptt. of Ee Bhsbiet

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LECTURE ON INDUCTION MACHINE

 LECT. RAKESH KUMAR

3 PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE

Most AC motors are

 Induction motor types:

 Wound rotor type:

The stator electric winding

The rotor electric winding

The cooling system

The terminal box

 Stator: The stator consists of stator frame,

o Stator frame:- It is the outer body of the

Wound rotor - It has 3 phase

rings of same material at each end.

shaft but are skewed to reduce magnetic

•Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based

 Due to this emf, current starts flowing in

 Due to the interaction of these two field, a

rotating magnetic field produces which

and emf produced in them.

circuited so current is produced in

 The difference between the synchronous

s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm),

• At full load, the slip for large motors rarely

• The slip is 100% for locked rotor.

fR= frequency of voltage and current in the

o These affects torque and cause

o These harmonics are called time harmonics

o The space harmonics, are a result of non-

o These have their effects on the speed,

and full load (at near synchronous speeds).

to the square of the applied voltage.

synchronous speed, the motor would then

the direction of rotating magnetic field

opposite to rotor rotation and produces

fixed ( or variable ) voltage a.c. with variable

fixed frequency a.c. to a variable voltage and

connecting external resistance in the rotor

resistance, the pull out speed of the motor

 This method is known as scheribus scheme.

 The output of the rectifier is connected to

magnetizing current is required to obtain

more losses in motor.

In this phenomenon motor starts to run

the motor (up to nSYNC), the lower its core

are sometimes lumped together and called

 Low starting torque  High starting torque

 Increasing rotor circuit resistance

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

Motor will operate at sub-

 This outer section supported on the shaft by a NON-MAGNETIC

 The rotor tends to become magnetised

 A synchronous motor is born

Following are the limitation of the of single phase

 Single phase induction motor has low power factor

as compared to three phase induction motor.

 Single phase motor has higher core and copper

phase induction motors self starting.

more stator current and operates at a higher slip.

has higher temperature rise and lower efficiency as

 Single phase induction motor is not self starting . It

 The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing

The auxiliary winding should be more resistance to