‫قسم هندسة اإللكترونيات‬

‫جامعة المنوفية‬
‫واالتصاالت الكهربية‬
‫كلية الهندسة االلكترونية‬

‫‪Electronic Circuits‬‬
‫‪ECE 264‬‬
‫)‪Lecture (1‬‬
‫‪Assist. Prof. Hend Abd El-Azem Malhat‬‬
 Contents
Power amplifier
Tuned Amplifiers
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
High frequency amplifiers
Multi stages amplifier
Operational Amplifiers characteristics
Wave generation and shaping
 Grading
Total 100% (100 Mark)
Quizzes 10% (10 Mark)
Class work 20% (20 Mark)
Midterm exam 20% (20 Mark)
Lab 10% (10 Mark)
Final exam 40% (40 Mark)
Power amplifier

Lecture (1)
 Review

Bipolar Junction transistor

 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Characteristics
 The Emitter is common point
 VBB is the B-E junction is forward-bias and VCC is used for C-B junction
reverse bias (VCB= VCC –VBB).
 The input is IB , VBE, The output is IC , VCE

Output
VCE voltage

VBE
Input
voltage
 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Characteristics
 ∵The collector current is
IC = α IE + ICBO (4)

∴ IC - ICBO = α IE Output
VCE voltage
Dividing through By α VBE
Input
- =IE (6) voltage

From Eq.(1) ∵ IE= IC+ IB replacing in Eq.(6)

∴ - = IC+ IB

Collecting the terms involving IC gives

 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Characteristics
∴ IC (-1) = + IB
The collector current is VCE
Output
voltage
IC = + (7) V
Input BE
 When the B-E junction is open, and the reverse biased source
voltage is
connected.
 The current flow from C through B into the E is ICEO
(C to E current when B is Open) i.e. IB=0 ICEO
ICEO = (8)
VCC
∵α=1⟶1-α close to 0⟶1/1- α is large
Open
∴ ICEO >>>>
 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Characteristics
 By defining
β= >>>>1
 Then Eq.(7) is
IC =β + (7)

IC =β + (8)
ICEO
∵ <<< β
VCC
 The collector current is
Open
IC ≈ β (=0)
 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Input Characteristics

 IB variation versus VBE for different VCE

 IB and VBE is similar to forward-biased diode

 when VCE is increased, base-collector

depletion region is increased and the
recombination process of minority carriers is
decreased.
 IB ↑ VCE ↓ for constant VBE
 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Output Characteristics
 IC versus VCE plot with various IB
 C-E current gain is defined as
β= β is not constant
 β is nearly const. in active region, but
increase at higher VCE
 IC increase rapidly if VBC is increased.
 IB=0 (B open) the breakdown occurs at
BVCEO called sustaining voltage.
 Each curve is drawn at const. value VBE =0.7
 2. Common-Emitter (CE) Output Characteristics

VCB

 VCC =VCE =VCB +VBE (sum of reverse-biased

and forwarded-biased voltages) VCE

VBE
 ∵ VBE =0.7 0.7 V

∴ VCE ≈VCB +0.7 (9)

 Saturation region VCEsat range of 0.1 to 0.3 V

 Cutoff region is below IB=0 curve

 2. Common-Emitter Bias Circuit
 Use single source VCC

 RB, and RC chosen to have voltage drop across RB

greater than that across RC to keep reverse biased
CBJ.

 Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law

IC
VCC = IC RC +VCE (5) V CC
1
RC −
RC
 The collector current is

= VCE+ (6) 0 VCE

𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 VCC
𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
 2. Common-Emitter Bias Circuit
 The Base current is calculated from the input circuit
 Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law
VCC = IB RB +VBE (7)
∵VBE =0.7 V
VCC = IB RB +0.7
 The Base current is
= (8)
∵ =β
∴ VCE =VCC - IC RC (9)
 2. Design of Common-Emitter Bias Circuit

 The Base resistance is

 The Collector resistance is

=
 Graphical Analysis of The Small-Signal CE
Amplifier
 The AC signal source cause small variation in
=io
base current which gives large variation in the
collector current =in
=β vs+
- ~ vo
where RB >> RC v in
IC
 The load line Eq. (collector current) is V CC
1
RC −
RC
= VCE+
VCC VCE
0𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
 Graphical Analysis of The Small-Signal CE
Amplifier
 Assume the forwarded-biased BE junction voltage is VBE=0.65 V.

 The source voltage varies between -0.03 to +0.03 V. +𝟏𝟖 𝑽

 The input voltage will vary Vin=VBE=0.62 to 0.68 V

3  K Ω =io
 The base current varies from 20 μA to 40 μA 576  K Ω
vs =iin
vs+- 0.65  V
- 0.03 ~ vo
 Graphical Analysis of The Small-Signal CE Amplifier
Input Characteristics

 The input voltage will vary

Vin=VBE=0.62 to 0.68 V
ib
 The base current varies from 20 μA to
40 μA

 The base current

= = = 30 μA

vs
 IB is in-phase with
 Graphical Analysis of The Small-Signal CE Amplifier
Output Characteristics
 The load line is
= VCE+
=
 The Q point is the intersection of
the load line with base current
curve at =0.
’
 By locating the Q points the bias 𝑸
value of VCE=9V and IC =3 mA
are defined
𝑸
 The output current vary 2 mA to
4 mA
 VCE is out-phase with
VCC = 18 V
 Graphical Analysis of The Small-Signal CE Amplifier
 The current gain is
= = = = =100
 The voltage gain is
= = = = =-100 (-) phase inverting property.
 The Power gain is
= 00×100=10,000
 The input resistance is
rin = = = 3000 Ω
 The output resistance is
ro = = = 3000 Ω
 Effect of Q-point \location on AC Operation

 If the base current is small

 The Q-point is shifted
’
down the load line
𝑸
 The transistor enters the
cutoff region
VCC = 18 V
 Clipping occurs in the
half cycle
 Effect of Q-point \location on AC Operation

𝑸
𝑸
 If the base current is large
 The Q-point is shifted up
the load line
 The transistor enters the
saturation region VCC = 18 V
 Clipping occurs in the
half cycle
 Effect of Q-point \location on AC Operation

 If the input signal is large

 The Q-point is centered at
𝑸
the load line
 The transistor enters the
cutoff and saturation
regions VCC = 18 V

 Clipping occurs in both

cycles
 Linearity
 The degree of which the output waveform has the same shape of the

input waveform depend on the transistor linearity.

 To be linear, any change in output voltage must be directly proportional

to the change in the input voltage.

 Distortion

 If the output characteristics 𝑸

are non-uniform spaced

curves the output waveform

will be distorted.
 The Effect of Load Resistance on AC Operation

 RL is connected in parallel with RC

 The AC-load impedance, rL

=io
rL= RC ⃦ RL
=iin RL
 The Q-point is the same as DC line +
vs-
~
 The output is calculated using the load v in
resistance , rL , New AC-load line is

used with slope (-1/ rL)

 The Effect of Load Resistance on AC Operation

= +
 The AC-load line slope is
(-1/ rL) AC-load line
 Is more steeper than the
DC-line 𝑸 ,

 The AC load line gives

smaller output variation
DC-load line
than the DC load line.

=+
Power Amplifiers
Power Amplifiers
 One method used to categorize amplifiers is by class.
 Basically, amplifier classes represent the amount the output signal
varies over one cycle of operation for a full cycle of input signal.
1. Class A: The output signal varies for a full 360° of the cycle.

 The Q-point is chosen to

avoid clipping (top, bottom,
or both).
Power Amplifiers
2. Class B: The output signal varies for a full 360° of the cycle.
 It provides an output signal varying over one-half the input signal cycle,
or for 180° of signal.
 The Q-point is at 0 V, with the output varying for a halfcycle.

 Two class B operations—one to provide

output on the positive half-cycle and another
on the negative-output half-cycle are
necessary.
 The combined half-cycles then provide an
output for a full 360° of operation.
 This connection is called push-pull operation.
Power Amplifiers
3. Class AB: The output signal varies for a full 360° of the cycle.
 The amplifier is biased at a dc level above the zero base
current level of class B and above one-half the supply voltage
level of class A; this bias condition is class AB.
 Class AB operation still requires a push-pull connection to
achieve a full output cycle.
 The output signal swing occurs between 180° and 360° and is
neither class A nor class B operation.
Power Amplifiers
4. Class C: The output of a class C amplifier is biased for operation
at less than 180° of the cycle
 It will operate only with a tuned (resonant) circuit, which
provides a full cycle of operation for the tuned or resonant
frequency.
5. Class D:
 The amplifier operation using pulse (digital) signals, which are
on for a short interval and off for a longer interval.
 Using sample-and-hold circuitry to recreate the output from
many pieces of input signal.
Power Amplifiers
 Amplifier Efficiency: is defined as the ratio of power output
to power input improves (gets higher) going from class A to
class D.
Class A-Amplifier
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
The simple fixed-bias circuit used to discuss the main features of a class A
series-fed amplifier.
The transistor used is a power transistor operating in the range of a few to
tens of watts (β=100).
The DC bias set by VCC and RB fixes the base current at:

 The collector current

 The load-line equation

 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 The Q-point set at this optimum bias point
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 Amplifier input and output signal variation
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 The input power to an amplifier is provided by the supply.
 With no input signal, the dc-current drawn is the collector bias
current, ICQ.
 The input power is

 Even with an ac signal applied, the average current drawn from the
supply remains the same.
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 The output voltage and current varying around the bias point
provide AC power to the load (RC) can be expressed in a number
of ways.
 Using rms signals
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 The AC power to the load (RC) Using peak signals
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 The AC power to the load (RC) Using peak-to-peak- signals
 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 Efficiency

 The maximum efficiency can be determined using the maximum

voltage and current swings.
 For the voltage swing it is

 For the current swing it is

 Series-fed Class A-Amplifier
 Using the maximum voltage swing, The maximum output power

 The maximum input power

 The maximum efficiency

 Example (1)
Calculate the input power, output power, and efficiency of the
amplifier circuit for an input voltage that results in a base
current of 10 mA peak.
Solution (1)