Percentages

1. What is 30% of 150 45

2. What is 75% of 1200 900
3. What would you multiply 70 by to find 25% of it?
0.25
4. What would you multiply 160 by to find 82% of it?
0.82
5. 42 is 60% of what? 70
6. 0.7 is 2% of what? 35
31/05/22

P1.7 Efficiency

After this lesson you should know –

 What is meant by efficiency

 What is the maximum efficiency of any energy transfer
 How machines waste energy

 Higher – how energy transfers can be made more efficient

Something to think about…
Why do some electrical devices stay on for longer
than others?

Two models of mobile phones could use the same

battery, but one might last longer before running
out of power.

Can you explain why?

 Efficiency
Efficiency is a measure of how much of the input
energy to a device is transferred usefully.

The more useful output energy there is, the greater

the efficiency.
 Efficiency

No energy transfer can be 100% efficient

It is not possible to get more
output energy compared to
what you put in.

This would violate the law of

conservation of energy, as you
cannot create energy.
Example 1
A washing machine required 2000 J of
energy for a cycle. 400 J is wasted as sound
waves. Calculate the efficiency.
Example 2
A power drill is 45 % efficient. Calculate how
much useful energy is transferred from an
input of 500 J

(x500 00 )
) (x5
 Improving efficiency
Why devices waste energy
Friction between the moving
parts causes heating.
The resistance of a wire causes
the wire to get hot when a current In circuits, use wires with as little
passes through it.
Air resistance causes a force on a
moving object that opposes its
motion. Energy transferred from
the object to the surroundings by
this force is wasted.
Sound created by machinery
causes energy transfer to the
surroundings.
How to reduce the problem
Lubricate the moving
parts to reduce friction.
 
electrical resistance as possible.
 
Streamline the shapes
of moving objects to
reduce air resistance.
 
Cut out noise (e.g tighten loose
parts to reduce vibrations)
 Investigating efficiency
Method
1. Set up the equipment. Ensure the motor is clamped to the bench.

2. Use the motor to raise the smallest of masses by a known height.

3. Record the height, mass, and the energy reading on the joulemeter in
the table.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to raise

increasingly large masses by the
same height, and record your results.
 Investigating efficiency
Useful energy
output is the
gain in
gravitational
potential
energy Total energy
input read from
the joulemeter

𝐸𝑝 =𝑚 𝑔 h

The remaining energy is wasted by sound waves and heating

Order the following: most to least efficient
Hydrogen fuel cell car
Total input = 2000 J 2 40%
Useful kinetic energy = 800 J

Gasoline car
Total input = 500 J
Useful kinetic energy = 195 J
3 39%
Hybrid car
Total input = 100 J 1 68%
Useful kinetic energy = 68 J

Electric car
Total input = 400 J 4 33%
Useful kinetic energy = 132 J
 Key Points

No energy transfer can be 100% efficient because

some energy is always wasted as thermal energy