CHAPTER 1

STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID AND GASES

LECTURE 1
PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 1
MATTER
Matter is a substance that can change from one state to another state due to change in
temperature and pressure.
Matter can exist as a solid liquid or gas. These three form of matter are called states of
matter
Example:
1.On freezing water become ice (solid)
2.On melting ice become water(liquid)
3.On boiling water became water vapour (gas)

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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VAPOUR
A vapour is a gas that exist at room temperature and pressure
Vapour can be given of by liquid even when the liquid is not boiling

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 KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY
It states that:
“All matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant random motion”
So it describe
The state of matter
Explain difference in properties of solids, liquid and gas
Explain the change of state

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THE SOLID STATE
 The particles of solid are held strong together by very
strong force of attraction. They cannot vibrate about
freely
According to kpt, the particles of solid are closely
packed in an order array.
 They only have enough kinetic energy to vibrate and
rotate about their fix position. For this reason solid has
a fixed shape
 A solid cannot be compressed since its particles are
very close to each other. Therefore solid is
incompressible and has a fix volume.

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THE LIQUID STATE
 In liquid there is more space between particles.
 According to kpt, the force of attraction between
particles of a liquid are weaker than those in solids.
 The particles are arranged in a disorderly manner and
can move freely by sliding over one another rather than
fixed position. Therefore the do not have a fixed
shape.
 The particles of liquid are packed quietly close together,
so liquid is incompressible and has a fixed volume

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THE GASEOUS STATE
 Particles of gas has a lot more space between them as
compared to particles of solid and liquid
 According to kpt, the particles of gases the force of
attraction between particles of a liquid are weaker
than those in solids and liquid.
 The particles can move rapidly in any direction so they
do not have fixed position nor have fixed shape.
 Since there is a large space between the particles of
gas which allows it to easily compressed so it has a no
fixed volume.

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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CHANGE OF STATE OF A SUBSTANCE
When matter is heated or cooled the heat taken or given out causes the kinetic energy to change
due to which substance change its state

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MELTING
 When a substance change from solid to liquid is called
melting
 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid.
This energy is converted into kinetic energy then the
particles starts to vibrate faster about their fixed
position
 When the temperature is high enough the vibration of
the particle become sufficient to overcome the force of
attraction between them.
 The particle is slide over one another and the
substance is now a liquid.
 The temperature at which solid becomes liquid is
called melting point

PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 11

HEATING CURVE
Plot graph of temperature against time for
naphthalene (a white solid that has a very strong
smell, used in mothball to keep insects away from
clothes).
 The graph is known as heating curve of naphthalene.
 A heating curve shows how the temperature
changes as it heated to its melting point.

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PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 13
FREEZING
 When a substance changes from liquid to solid is
called freezing
 Energy is extracted from particles of the liquid, the
particle lose kinetic energy and began to move very
slowly
 Due to energy extraction the temperature is low
enough that the particle cannot move about freely.
 Particle starts to settle and only vibrate about fixed
position and the substance is now solid.
 The temperature at which liquid become a solid is
called freezing point.

PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 14

COOLING CURVE
Plot graph of temperature against time for
naphthalene solution.
The graph is known as cooling curve of naphthalene.
A heating curve shows how the temperature changes
as it cooled to its freezing point.

PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 15

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PREPARED BY SYED ALI UR REHMAN 16