BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 16
The Origin and Evolution
of Microbial Life:
Prokaryotes and Protists
Modules 16.18 – 16.21

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PROTISTS
16.18 The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a
community of prokaryotes

• Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

more than 2 billion years ago
– The nucleus and endomembrane system of
eukaryotes probably evolved from infoldings of
the plasma membrane of ancestral prokaryotes
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope

Ancestral prokaryote Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system Figure 16.18A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • Mitochondria and chloroplasts probably
evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes that took
up residence inside larger prokaryotic cells

Aerobic heterotrophic Mitochondrion Mitochondrion

prokaryote Photosynthetic Chloroplast
prokaryote

Some
cells

Ancestral host cell Photosynthetic

eukaryotic cell

Figure 16.18B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16.19 Protists—unicellular eukaryotes and their
close multicellular relatives—probably
represent multiple kingdoms

• Early protists were the ancestors of plants,

animals, and fungi
• The taxonomy
of protists is in
a state of flux

Figure 16.19

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16.20 Protozoa are protists that ingest their food

• They include
– flagellates

– amoebas

Figure 16.20A, B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 – apicomplexans

Red
blood
cell Apex

– ciliates Cilia
Cilia

Macronucleus

Macronucleus
Figure 16.20C, D

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Most protozoa live freely in water or moist soil

– Some live in humans and other animals and

cause disease

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16.21 Cellular slime molds have both unicellular
and multicellular stages

• Slime molds are Amoeboid

cells

protists that may

constitute a
distinct kingdom

Sluglike colony

Reproductive
structure

Figure 16.21
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings