Chapter Seven

Faraday’s Law of Induction

7-1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Coils of wire
7-1-1 Faraday’s Law of Induction Magnet
 Currents are set up in a circuit even though no N S
batteries are connected to the circuits. We call
such currents are called induced currents.
Galvonometer

 The emf induced in a circuit is directly Fig. 7-1 An induced current is produced
when a magnet is inserted into a coil.
proportional to the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux through the circuit, known as + ¿
−
Faraday’s law of induction, can be written as i tch
Sw
Ga
lv
an
om
ete
is the magnetic flux through the circuit. r
Fig. 7-2 An induced current is produced
in one loop when a current is sent
through the neighboring loop.
 If the circuit is a coil consisting of turns of loop, the total induced emf in the
coil is given by

 The general means by which we can change the magnetic flux through a coil:
(1) Change the magnitude of the magnetic field within a coil.
(2) Change the area enclosed by the coil.
(3) Change the angle between and the normal to the loop.
(4) Any combination of the above.

 If the resistance in the circuit is , the induced current can be expressed as

7-1-2 Lenz’s Law
 In 1834, German physicist Heinrich Lenz (1804-1865)
proposed a law to help determine the direction of the S S
induced current, known as Lenz’s law:
The induced current in a loop is in such a direction that the N N
magnetic field due to the induced current opposes the
change in magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the
loop.
Fig.7-3 (a) and Fig.7-3 (b)
 Lenz’s law is a consequence of the law of conservation of show how Lenz’s law works.
energy.
 Lenz’s law in a more generalized way: The effects (mechanical effect,
electrical effect, and etc) always oppose the causes (mechanical cause,
electrical cause, and etc).
Example 7-1 Fig. 7-4 shows the schematic drawing of an AC generator. A
rectangular loop having an area of that is placed in a uniform magnetic field
rotates about its central axis with an angular speed of . Calculate the emf in the
loop.
Solution Assume at , the normal direction to the loop plane 𝑩E 𝑖 Slip ring
has the same direction as , then at any time, the angle 𝜔
between the normal to the loop and is , the flux through the
loop at time is E 𝑖
Metal brush
𝛷=𝐵𝑆 cos 𝜃=¿ 𝐵𝑆 cos𝜔𝑡 ¿ Fig. 7-4 Example 7-1
The emf in the loop is

Let , the above equation changes into

An emf varies in sinusoidal function is called an alternating emf, its corresponding

current is called an alternating current, abbreviated AC.
7-2 Motional and Induced Electromotive Force
7-2-1 Motional Electromotive Force
 Each electron in the rod experiences a magnetic force
×𝑏 ×× 𝑩×
 We use to represent the nonelectrostatic field. 𝑭E
×′ ×××
𝑭 𝒗
×× 𝑭 ××
❑
𝑭 B
E𝑖 =∫ ( 𝒗 × 𝑩) ∙ d 𝒍 ×𝑎 ×××
𝑎𝑏 Fig. 7-5 Motional emf

 , the work done by is positive, while the work done by is negative, the total
work done by the two components is zero.
Example 7-2 A conducting rod of length rotates with a constant angular speed
about a pivot at one end . A uniform magnetic field is directed perpendicular to
the plane of rotation, as shown in Fig. 7-6. Find the motional emf induced
between the ends of the rod.
Solution Consider a segment of the rod of length having a
𝑩 d𝑙 𝜔
velocity . 𝑃
The emf induced in this segment is 𝑂𝑙𝒗
Summing the emfs induced across all segments, which are in
series, gives the total emf between the ends of the rod: Fig. 7-6 Example 7-2

The direction of the emf is from to , that is, is positively charged, and is negatively
charged.
Example 7-3 As shown in Fig. 7-7, a metal rod of length is placed
perpendicular to a long straight wire carrying a current . The rod and the long
wire are in the same plane with the distance between the wire and the nearest
end of the rod as . If the rod moves with constant speed parallel to the long
wire, find the motional emf induced between the ends of the rod.
Solution In the plane where the rod and the wire are lying, the
magnitude of the magnetic field at position is
𝒗
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐼 d 𝑙 𝑥
𝐵= (Direction: inward) 𝑎 𝑙
2𝜋𝑥
The magnitude of the emf of the differential length element is
Fig. 7-7 Example 7-3

Summing yields

The direction of is along the negative axis.

7-2-2 Induced Electromotive Force
 Maxwell proposed that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field,
which is called an induced electric field.
 An induced electric field is a non-conservative field, quite different from the
electrostatic field produced by stationary charges.
 The definition of an emf:

 Substituting this equation into Faraday’s law of induction yields

 The magnetic flux is due to the change in the magnetic field while the shape of
the loop does not change, we have
 So we have

Example 7-4 A uniform magnetic field exists in a cylindrical space whose central
axis is parallel to as shown in Fig. 7-8. A conducting rod perpendicular to is placed
in the field. The time rate of change in the magnetic field is constant. Find the
induced emf between the two ends of the rod.

Solution Construct an isosceles triangular loop with the rod

as its base and calculate the induced emf in this loop.
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ 𝑅
∮ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍= ∫ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍 + ∫ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍+ ∫ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍= ∫ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍 𝑂
𝑙 𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑂
The area of the isosceles triangle is, .
𝐴𝐵
𝐴 𝑙 𝐵

√
❑ ❑ 2 Fig. 7-8 Example 7-4
d𝐵 d𝐵 1 𝑙
E 𝐴𝐵= ∫ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍=∮ 𝑬 k ∙ d 𝒍 =− 𝑆⊿ 𝑂𝐴𝐵=− 2
𝑙 𝑅 −( )
𝐴𝐵 𝑙 dt dt 2 2
7-2-3 Eddy Currents

𝑩 𝑩
𝑭B 𝑭B
Fig. 7-9 Eddy current Fig. 7-10 Eddy current

 Eddy currents are circulating currents induced within conductors by a changing

magnetic field through the conductor.

 Eddy currents are sometimes undesirable because they lead to energy loss,
bringing mechanical energy into internal energy.
7-3 Self-Induction and Mutual-Induction
7-3-1 Self-Induction
 An induced emf appears in any coil in which the current is changing. This process
is called self-induction, and the emf is called a self-induced emf.
 The magnetic flux through the coil itself is consequently proportional to the
current through the coil, that is, , is called the self-inductance, which
depends on the geometry of the coil and the magnetic substance.
 According to Faraday’s law of induction, we have

The SI unit of inductance is the henry (), which is 1 volt-second per

ampere:
Example 7-5 Find the inductance of a uniformly wound solenoid having turns
and length. Assume that is much longer than the radius of the windings and
that the core of the solenoid is air.
Solution The magnetic field in a long ideal solenoid is given by:

The magnetic flux through the solenoid is

Here, is the cross-sectional area of the solenoid and the volume of the
solenoid. is the turns per unit length. So the inductance of an ideal solenoid is
7-3-2 Mutual-Induction
 If the current in one coil changes, the magnetic flux due to
this current penetrating the nearby coil changes as well and
𝐼1 2𝐼
an induced emf appears consequently. This process is 1 2
called mutual induction, and the induced emf is called the
mutual-induced emf.
 As shown in Fig. 7-11, two coils 1, and 2 carry currents
and , respectively. The magnetic flux through coil 2 due to
the field produced by current in coil 1 is labeled . We have Fig. 7-11 Mutual induction

𝛷 21=𝑀 21 𝐼 1 is called the mutual inductance

Similarly, we have 𝑀 12=𝑀 21=𝑀
7-4 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
 According to Ohm’s law for a closed circuit, we have
S R
or,
EE 𝐿=− 𝐿 𝑑𝐼 I
L 𝑑𝑡
Multiplying this equation by a factor , yields Fig. 7-12 circuit

Integrating the above equation over this time range

yields

 The energy due to the induced current is , that is transferred from the energy stored
in the magnetic field.
 1 2
𝑊 m= 𝐿 𝐼
2
 For simplicity, we take an ideal long solenoid as an example whose inductance is
given by . The magnetic field of an ideal long solenoid carrying a current is . So
we have

 We can define energy density as the energy stored in unit volume of a magnetic
field:

In the uniform isotropic magnetic materials, , So we have:

7-5 Displacement Current; Maxwell’s Equations
7-5-1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
 First we consider surface , the current through it
is , according to Ampère’s law, we have I
AB
 Then we consider surface , no conduction Fig. 7-13 (a) Displacement current
current through it, so . According to Ampère’s
law, we have 𝑆2
𝑆1
𝐼 𝐿
Ampère’s law does not hold water for a time- A B
varying current! Fig. 7-13 (b) Displacement current.
  Maxwell solved this problem by postulating an additional term on the right
side of Ampere’s law, which is called the displacement current

 Let us use displacement current to discuss the current 𝑆1 𝑆2

through surface as in Fig. 7-13(c).
𝐿
I

d 𝛷E d ( 𝐸 𝑆2 ) d ( 𝜎 0 𝑆 2 ) d 𝑞
𝐼 d =𝜀0
d𝑡
=𝜀0
d𝑡
=
d𝑡
=
d𝑡 Fig. 7-13(c)A B
Displacement current

It is exactly the conduction current through . With the additional displacement current,
the continuity of current is satisfied in the time-varying current!

 The Ampère’s law for a time-varying current is modified by Maxwell as

7-5-2 Maxwell’s Equations
For simplicity, we present Maxwell’s equations as applied to free space, that is, in
the absence of any dielectrics or magnetic substances. The four equations are
Thank you!