CE 319 F

Daene McKinney

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

Description of
Motion
 Fluid Motion
• Two ways to describe
fluid motion
– Lagrangian V
dx dy
i
dz
j k
• Follow particles around dt dt dt
– Eularian V  ui  vj  wk
• Watch fluid pass by a
point or an entire region
– Flow pattern
• Streamlines – velocity
is tangent to them
 Flow Patterns
• Uniform flow V  0
s

V
• Non-uniform flow 0
s

V
• Steady flow 0
t
V
• Unsteady flow 0
t
 Example (4.1)
• Valve at C is opened
slowly
• Classify the flow at B
while valve is opened
• Classify the flow at A
HW (4.2)
 Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

• Laminar • Turbulent
 Flow Rate
• Volume rate of flow
– Constant velocity over
cross-section
Q  VA
– Variable velocity
Q   VdA
A

• Mass flow rate

m   VdA    VdA  Q
A A
 Examples
• Prob. 4.17 Q  VA
Discharge in a 2-cm pipe is Q Q 0.03
0.03 m3/s. What is the average V    0.611 m / s
A  
velocity? d2 (0.25) 2
4 4

• Prob. 4.20 p 200000

A pipe whose diameter is 8 cm     2.378 kg / m 3
RT 287 * 293
transports air with a temp. of 20 oC
and pressure of 200 kPa abs. At 20 m   VA
m/s. What is the mass flow rate?  2
 2.378 * 20 * (0.08)  0.239 kg / s
4
 Flow Rate
• Only x-direction component of
velocity (u) contributes to flow
through cross-section

Q   VdA   udA   V cosdA

A A A
or
Q   V  dA
A
or
Q V  A
 Example (4.24)
r
v(r )  Vo (1  )
V R
• Find:
Vo

R
Q   VdA   Vo (1  r / R )2rdr
A 0
2 3 R
r r R2 R2
 2Vo (  )  2Vo (  )
2 3R 2 3
0
1
 Vo R 2
3
1
Vo R 2
V Q 1
 Vo  3 2 
Vo A R Vo 3
 Example (4.28)
• Find: Q, V , m

0.5 0.5
Q  2  VdA  2  20 ydy
0 0
2 0.5
y
 40  5 m3 / s
2
0
Q 5
V    5m / s
A 1
m  Q  1.2 * 5  6 kg / s
HW (4.30)
 Acceleration
• Acceleration = rate of change of
velocity
• Components:
– Normal – changing direction
– Tangential – changing speed

 
V  V ( s , t )e t
 
 dV dV  de t dV V V
a  et  V V 
dt dt dt dt s t

det V 
 en
dt r
 V V  V 2 
a  (V  )e t  en
s t r
 Acceleration
       
• Cartesian coordinates V  ui  vj  wk a  axi  a y j  az k

du u dx u dy u dz u u u u u
ax      . u  v w
dt x dt y dt z dt t x y z t
dv v dx v dy v dz v v v v v
ay      . u  v w
dt x dt y dt z dt t x y z t
dw w dx w dy w dz w w w w w
az      . u v w
dt x dt y dt z dt t x y z t

• HW (4.43) Convective Local

 Example (4.49)
t
Q  Qo  Q1  0.985  0.5t
to
V
 2m/ s
s
t
Qo  Q1
Q to 0.985  0.5(0.5)
V    3.4743 m / s
A  
d2 (0.5) 2
4 4
V  (Q / A)  Q1  0.5
aL      2.55 m / s 2
t t  2 
d to (0.5) 2 (1)
4 4
V
aC V  3.743 * 2  7.49 m / s 2
s
HW (4.50 & 4.51)
 Example
   2
Given : V  3ti  xzj  ty k

Find : Acceleration, a

u  3t ; v  xz; w  ty 2

u u u u
ax  u  v w  0(3t )  0( xz )  0(ty 2 )  3  3
x y z t
v v v v
ay  u  v  w   z (3t )  0( xz )  x(ty 2 )  0  3 zt  xy 2t
x y z t
w w w w
az  u v w  0(3t )  2ty ( xz )  0(ty 2 )  y 2  2 xyzt  y 2
x y z t
     2  2 
a  a x i  a y j  a z k  3i  (3tz  txy ) j  (2 xyzt  y )k