GROUP 2

1. T’sepo T’senoli
2. Boitumelo Tale
3. Malichaba Sekonyela
4. Karabo Shobele
5. Mamasupha Matsepe
6. Reitumetse Mabeta
7. Mabatho Mphaka
Learning outcomes
• Explain the risk factors of malnutrition
• Explain the clinical Signs of malnutrition
• Identify nutritional variations throughout the life cycle
RISK FACTORS OF MALNUTRITION
• Short and long term health problems :
Short term health problems
 Dehydration
 Lethargy
Long term health problems
 Kwashiorkor
 marasmus

• Slow recovery from wounds and illness

• A high risk of infection
CLINICAL SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION
• Reduced food intake or assimilation
• Low body mass index(BMI)
• Reduced muscle mass
• Weight loss
• Disease burden/inflammation
• Poor skin turgor
• Dry skin
• Dehydration
• Hair loss
• Sadness
• Fatigue and weakness
• Less than 115mm mid upper arm circumference
 CONT…
• Diarrhea and vomiting
• Oedema
NUTRITIONAL VARIATIONS
THROUGHOUT LIFE CYCLE
• In infancy: the focus is on providing the nutrients needed for growth
and development.
Infants need nutrients like iron, calcium and vitamin D. They also need
breast milk or formula as their main source of nutrition.

• In childhood: the focus shifts to meeting the child’s changing needs as

they grow and develop.
Children need to consume more energy dense food as they become
more active and they may start to develop food preferences.
CONTI .....
• In adolescence: this is the time of rapid growth and development so
adolescents have higher calorie and nutrient needs than other stages of
life.
They need more protein, calcium, iron and other nutrients to support their
growth. They also need adequate energy to fuel their active lifestyles.

• In young adulthood: nutrients remain high but may not be as high as

during adolescence.
There still need energy dense foods but there may be a shift towards
healthier food choices.
CONT....
• In older adults: they may have reduced calorie intake but they still need to meet
their nutrient needs. This is because basic body processes requires less energy
when there is decline in physical activity and loss of muscles.
This can be more challenging as some older adults have difficulty in chewing or
swallowing. Some may have conditions like heart disease or diabetes that impact
their nutritional needs.

• School aged child

School aged children require a balanced diet including approximately 1600 to 2200
kcal/day. They can eat three meals a day and one or two nutritious snack. They
need a protein rich food to sustain the prolonged physical an mental effort
required at school.