Engineering Survey Requirements

ENGINEERING SURVEY
for Infrastructure Projects
Department of Public Works and Highways

Outline
• Roles of Engineering Surveys in the Project Life Cycle
• Coordinate Systems
• Philippine Reference System
• Survey Accuracy
• Common Engineering Survey Equipment

Outline
• Road Surveys
• Bridge Site Surveys
• Flood Control Surveys
• Vertical Structures Surveys

Project
DESIGN PHASES Identification
Preliminary
Design Design
Design Supplemental
Development
Engineering Design Stage
Stage
Stage
Execute
Control
Design Design
Revised
Data Plan
Plan
Close-out

DESIGN DATA COMPONENTS
Topographic Plan Survey Report
Right-of-Way/ Hydrographic
Parcellary Plan Survey Plan
Survey Data P – Political
E – Economical
S – Social
Traffic Data Soil Report T – Technological
E – Environmental
L – Legal
Design
Data External Factors
Hydrologic Data
(PESTEL)

ENGINEERING ROLES IN PROJECT PHASES
Feasibility Studies
Rough Estimation
and Alignment
Design Development
Final Design and Detailed
Quantity Estimation
Engineering Baseline on the project horizontal and

Project Execution
Surveys vertical alignment execution
Baseline on quality for safe and

Quality Control
economic design
Close-out/ Acceptance
Baseline on deviation of the project design to
the executed project

COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Cartesian Coordinates
 Angular Coordinates
Planar Coordinates – Northing/Easting/Elevation Global Coordinates – Latitude/Longitude

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM
• Executive Order No. 45 series of 1993
• Network of GCPs established using GNSS

PHILIPPINE DATUM
LUZON DATUM OF 1911
• Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866
Datum Origin:
Fort Balanacan, Marinduque Island
Latitude: 13°33'41"N
Longitude: 121°52'03"E
Reference Direction (from South) to
Station Baltazar:
α0= 009°12'37.000"
Geoid- Spheroid Separation= 0

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM
Ellipsoid Clarke’s Ellipsoid of 1866
Projection Transverse Mercator, in zones of two degrees net
width
Point of origin Intersection of the equator and the central
meridian of each zone, with a northing of 0m and
an easting of 500,000 m.
Scale factor at 0.99995
central meridian
Extents of zones
Zone Central Meridian Limits
I 117° E 116° 00’ to 118° 30’
II 119° E 117° 30’ to 120° 30’
III 121° E 119° 30’ to 122° 30’
IV 123° E 121° 30’ to 124° 30’
V 125° E 123° 30’ to 127° 00’

SURVEY ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS
Traverse
Accuracy 1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order
Azimuth
closure not 1.7” √N 3.0” √N 4.5” √N
to exceed
Where N is the number of segments

Vertical Survey Accuracy

Accuracy 2nd Order 3rd Order
Differential levelling
check between fixed
8.4mm√K 12mm √K
elevations of loop
closures not to exceed
Where K is the distance benchmarks in kilometers

Horizontal Survey Accuracy

Accuracy Order Relative Precision Precision(cm/km)
First Order 1:100,000 ±1
Second Order 1:50,000 ±2
Third Order 1:20,000 ±5

OLD SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
ALTIMETER SEXTANT ALIDADE WITH PLANE TABLE

measure the altitude of an object measure angles, primarily for drawing lines of sight on a distant
above a fixed level. altitude of celestial bodies. object and for measuring angles

TELESCOPE SURVEYORS’ LEVEL SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR

observation of remote measure the height of measure and lay off
objects by collecting distant points in relation to angles, and establish line
electromagnetic radiation a bench mark. of sight

THEODOLITE ENGINEERS’ TRANSIT

measures both
measures both
the horizontal and
the horizontal and
vertical angles
vertical angles

CURRENT COMMON SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
TOTAL STATION DIGITAL LEVEL
Measures horizontal and Measures horizontal

vertical angles and its distance and vertical
sloping distance elevation

GNSS RECEIVER
Calculates a position from a computed
ranges of all visible GNSS Satellites
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Direct acquisition of 3D • Accuracy depends on satellite
Coordinates availability, atmospheric
• No base to rover visibility effect, satellite geometry and
requirements multipath
• Day and Night Data Collection • Less precise than TS and DL
• High accuracy on horizontal • Satellite Dependent
position using static method
• Fast data acquisition

ACTIVE GNSS SYSTEM

CURRENT SURVEY INSTRUMENTS FOR TOPO
What’s the advantage of today’s survey
equipment?
ELECTRONIC NOTEBOOK/CONTROLLER
• Digital display
• Coded system
• Computer-based system
• Stores survey data
• Exports on many type of file readable to
current survey and design software
• View DEM data
• Incorporates pictures in surveys
• Tracks survey points
• Automated
• User-friendly

ECHO-SOUNDER TOTAL STATION/GNSS
EQUIPMENT

DRONE LIDAR DRONE CAMERA
Captures 3D position Captures orthophoto

data on site on site

NOTES TO REMEMBER
• Topographic surveys for infra projects makes use of coordinate system

rather than the bearing distance system.
• The use of Electronic Controller provided the advancement in survey
procedure and processing.

ROAD
SURVEYS

Outline
• Survey procedures for road projects
• Reconnaissance
• Route Selection
• Control Surveys
• Topographic Surveys
• Office Planning
• Construction surveying

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
New Road Construction

Final
Route Preliminary Office
Reconnaissance Location
Selection Survey Planning
Survey
Based on DGCS 2015 – Volume 2B

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR ROAD PROJECTS
New Road Construction
Reconnaissance
Route Control Topographic Office
Selection Surveys Surveys Planning
• Road Opening
• Road Upgrading (Gravel to Concrete or Asphalt)
• Road Realignment (Diversion Road, Alignment Shifting, etc.)

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY PROJECTS
Road Rehabilitation
Preliminary Office Final Location

Survey Planning Survey
Based on DGCS 2015 – Volume 2B

Road Rehabilitation
Control Topographic Office

Surveys Surveys Planning
• Widening/Off-carriageway project
• Additional road component (shoulders, sidewalk, bike lanes, etc.)
• Road Slip

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning
• Office Reconnaissance
- Checking of available maps of the area
• Site Reconnaissance (Optional)

- Checking of verifiable features on
possible alignments or within the area

• Readily Available Maps

• Maps from Mapping Agencies (NAMRIA) &

Philippine Geoportal (www.geoportal.ph)

• Other available maps like LIDAR

• Other available maps like IFSAR

Reconnaissance
Route Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning
Selection
• Right-of-way
CONSIDERATIONS
• Land Use
• Length
• Alignment and Grade VERIFY ON SITE
• Waterway Crossings
• Construction Cost
• Benefit to Users

Reconnaissance Route Selection

Control Topographic Surveys Office Planning
Surveys
NAMRIA
GROUND
GPS CONTROL
CONTROL
POINTS
• 3km interval
Static Method • Horizontal Accuracy: Third-order
accuracy (1:20000 or 5cm/km)
• Vertical Accuracy: Second Order
Accuracy 8.4 mm√K


Surveys
GPS CONTROL BENCHMARKS

(BMs)
• 500m interval
• Horizontal Accuracy: Third-order accuracy
(1:20000 or 5cm/km) or Azimuth Error of
Closure: 4.5”√N
• Vertical Accuracy: Second Order Accuracy
8.4 mm√K

Surveys
GPS CONTROL
INTERMEDIATE
BENCHMARKS
(IBMs)
BENCHMARKS
(BMs) • 250m interval
• Horizontal Accuracy: Third-order accuracy
(1:20000 or 5cm/km) or Azimuth Error of
Closure: 4.5”√N
• Vertical Accuracy: Second Order Accuracy
8.4 mm√K

Surveys
• How to compute an survey error?
GPS CLOSED TRAVERSE BM

CONTROL


Surveys
• How to compute an survey error? Error is displayed

on data controller
NAMRIA
GPS
Control
CONTROL
Point


Surveys
Dimension of Monuments:
TD
NGL EH GPS Control:
• TD = 40 cm
L • BD = 45 cm
• L = 100 cm
• EH = 20 cm
BD


Surveys
TD
NGL EH Bench Marks (BMs):
• TD = 30 cm
L • BD = 35 cm
• L = 100 cm
• EH = 20 cm
BD


Surveys
TD
NGL EH Intermediate Bench Marks (BMs):
• TD = 20 cm
L • BD = 30 cm
• L = 80 cm
• EH = 20 cm
BD

Sample Monument Erections
GPS-2
Sta 3+000
GPS-1 Sta 0+000 BM-4

IBM-6
BM-5
BM-3
BM-2
IBM-5
Monument BM-1 IBM-4
Inscriptions IBM-3
IBM-2
DPWH – R10 IBM-1

GPS 1
JUNE 2017
N = 1073496.664
E = 518890.250
EL = 30.826

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys

Topographic Office Planning
Surveys
Using Total Station
Methods of TS Measurement:
GPS • Reflectorless
CONTROL • Using prism
BACKSIGH
side
s ho
BMs ts side sh
T
ots side shots
IBMs


Surveys
Using GNSS Equipment Methods of GNSS Measurement:
• Single Point Measurement
• Auto Topo
Internal Radio: Appx 3-10 kms

Rover
External Radio: Up to 30 kms Rover
Rover Survey
Survey
Survey Points
Points
POSITION BASE Points
GPS
BMs IBMs
CONTROL


Surveys
Points to be taken during Topo Surveys:
Width of Topo Survey:
1. Topographic points that will represent the terrain. AT LEAST WITHIN THE
2. Structures that will affect your project. LIMIT OF RIGHT-OF-WAY
Rule of No.1 Rule of No.2

1. There were no strict rules in the spacing of 1. Determine non-elevation and elevation
topo points representing a terrain. structures
2. As a rule of thumb: Get a points at least 2- 2. Determine structures that needs to be
5 meters on flat surface or at any represented by feature lines and
changing elevation appx 50 – 100 mm. breaklines on plan.
3. Shot permanent structures only.


Surveys
Right-of-Way Limit:
“National roads shall have a right-of-way of not less than twenty (20) meters, provided that
a right-of-way of at least sixty (60) meters shall be reserved for roads constructed to
unpatented public land and at least one hundred twenty (120) meters reserved through
naturally forested areas of aesthetic or scientific value” – Executive Order No. 254

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys

Office
Planning
Software used in Office Planning:
STANDARD DPWH SOFTWARE
FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN
- Especially designed for horizontal
projects
- Compatible with coded surveying
- Dynamic drawing adjustment
- 3D Viewing


Office
Planning
Basic Components of AutoCAD Civil 3D on Highway Design:
- Survey Points - Cross-section sheets
- Surface - Quantity
- Alignment - Reports
- Profile - Paper View
- Assembly
- Corridor


Office
Planning
Survey Points:
P - Point
Number - Unique Point Number
E - Easting - Must be in PRS92
N - Northing
Z - Elevation - Must be in MSL
D - - Field Code
Description
nt of Public Works and Highways


Office
Planning
Surface: - Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
- Most commonly known as contours
Triangular Irregular
Network (TIN) Model
Contour Model
- Basic requirement on
highway plan and shall
be spaced at every 1
meter on minor
contours and 5 meters
on major contours


Office
Planning
- also known as Horizontal
Alignment:Alignment
- the first to be established after finalization of the DTM
- can be created using survey points, best fit alignments or drawing
objects
• Centerline Alignment
• Offset Alignment
• Curb Alignment


Office
Planning
Alignment:
• Make the alignment close as possible to existing terrain within the established standards.
• The centerline alignment created during the survey works are only preliminary lines.
Factors that affect horizontal alignment:
1. Radius of Curve (R)
2. Length of Curve (Lc)
3. Superelevation (e) See DGCS Volume 4 – Highway Design
4. Widening
5. Spiral Transition


Office
Planning
Alignment:
• Final centerline alignment created during the design shall be the basis for the parcellary
surveys.


Office
Planning
Profile: - also known as Vertical Alignment
• Make the grade close as possible to existing terrain within the established standards.
Factors that affect vertical alignment:

1. Gradient See DGCS Volume 4 – Highway Design
2. Vertical Curve


Office
Planning
Survey requirements for Road Plan
• Title of Plan  Basic Requirement on all plans
 Project from Google Map, Bing Map,
• Location Plan showing city, municipality ArcGIS Base Maps (Large Scale
and barangay Projection)
 Municipal Map, Google Map (Projecting
• Vicinity Map only the barangay within the project)
 Tabulated information of Project
• Technical Description of Controlling Controls
Points


Office
Planning
• Legends, Symbols and Abbreviations  Point Style (Marker), Description Keys
or Survey Codes used and other
legends used in the plan.
• Project Area plotted in grid coordinate  Project grid coordinates in drawing
system
• Match line Stationing  Automated in Civil3D during Plan
Production in generating drawing views


Office
Planning
• North Arrow Direction  Upon uploading the coordinates in the
drawing, it is automatically oriented in
north direction
• Contours  Surface generated displaying the
border, contours with major and minor
contours at every 5 m and 1 m
respectively.
• Traverse line/baseline with azimuth and  Generated on label styles on alignment
distance (in plan and tabular form)


Office
Planning
• Elements of curves, in tabular form  Alignment Properties
• Reference Points, in tabular form  NAMRIA Control Point
 Structures surveyed that may affect the
• All natural and manmade features project execution
• Existing RCPC, RCBC (if any) project execution
 Existing ground profile
• Profile of existing ground  Bridge structures surveyed
• Name of bridge with station limit, OWL
and MEFL on Profile


Office
Planning
• Detailed Cross-sections with  Reflect labels for cross sections
coordinates
• Structures reflected on the cross  Project structures on cross-sections
sections sheets


Office
Planning
Assembly - also known as Typical Cross
Sections
Corridor - digital model of the road
Cross-section sheets - typical cross-sections at every stations
- area, volume or linear meters of items of work in the
Quantity project
- valuable information regarding with the design
Design Reports components
Paper Layout - a ready to print plan view

BRIDGE SITE
SURVEYS

Outline
• Reconnaissance
• Route Selection
• Control Surveys
• Office Planning

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
New Bridge Construction
Reconnaissance
Control Topographic Hydrographic Office
(Bridge Site
Selection) Surveys Surveys Surveys Planning
• New Bridge
• New Bridge Alignment

Bridge Rehabilitation

Surveys Surveys Surveys Planning
• Bridge site surveys shall only be require on bridge

rehabilitation projects where final elevation of the
existing bridge or bridge approach will be totally
disturbed.

Reconnaissance
Topographic Hydrographic
(Bridge Site Control Surveys Office Planning
Surveys Surveys
Selection)
General Considerations:
• Narrowest neck of the waterway
• Well defined and highly resistant banks
• Stable and permanent channel
• Foundation and geological considerations
• Destruction of scour, erosion and drifts
• Sharp curve shall be avoided at the approaches
• Skewed crossing must be avoided as much as possible
• In rolling country, the grade approaching the bridge must be ascending

Reconnaissance
Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Hydrographic Surveys Plan Projection
(Bridge Site Selection)
NAMRIA
GROUND
BENCHMARK
CONTROL
POINTS
• One (1) on each bank

Accuracy 8.4 mm√K

Reconnaissance
Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Hydrographic Surveys Office Planning

on data controller
NAMRIA
GPS
Control
CONTROL
Point

Reconnaissance
TD
• TD = 30 cm
L • BD = 35 cm
• L = 100 cm
• EH = 20 cm
BD

Reconnaissance
Using Total Station
MEFL
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
TOPO point OWL
TOPO point
1. Topographic points that will represent the terrain.
2. Structures that will affect your project.

Reconnaissance
Using GNSS Equipment

Methods of GNSS Measurement:
• Auto Topo
Internal Battery: Appx 3-10 kms

Rover
External Battery: Up to 30 kms Rover
Rover Survey
Survey
Survey Points
Points
BMs

Reconnaissance
Width of Survey
ROW 100 m
BACKSIGH
BMs BRIDGE & APPROACHES

T
100 m ROW


Reconnaissance
Shallow River Using Total Station or GNSS Equipment
POSITION BASE
BMs

Reconnaissance
Deep water river using echo-sounder
POSITION BASE
BMs

Reconnaissance
Width of Survey
For proposed bridges: 200 m (min) and 20 m
cross-sections at every 20 m interval
BRIDGE & APPROACHES
Cross-sections shall be extended at
least 20 m from the top of the bank
20 m 200 m

Reconnaissance
Survey requirements for Bridge Plans

• Title of Plan  Basic Requirement on all plans
 Project from Google Map, Bing Map,
• Location Plan showing city, municipality ArcGIS Base Maps (Large Scale
and barangay Projection)
 Municipal Map, Google Map (Projecting
• Vicinity Map only the barangay within the project)
 Tabulated information of Project
• Technical Description of Controlling Controls
Points

Reconnaissance

• Legends, Symbols and Abbreviations  Point Style (Marker), Description Keys
or Survey Codes used and other
legends used in the plan.
• Project Area plotted in grid coordinate  Project grid coordinates in drawing
system
• Match line Stationing  Automated in Civil3D during Plan
Production in generating drawing views

Reconnaissance

drawing, it is automatically oriented in
north direction
• Contours  Surface generated displaying the
respectively.
• Traverse line/baseline with azimuth and  Generated on label styles on alignment

Reconnaissance

 Consult the bridge designer on the
• General Plan of the Bridge & general plan, direction of flow shall be
approaches showing OWL, MEFL, noted during the survey works
station limit and name of the bridge
and direction of flow  Create alignment for riverbed, left bank
• Longitudinal profile of the riverbed, left and right bank; and extract thereafter
and right bank

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
Construction Surveying
Location of Project Controls Bridge Stakeout Elevation Monitoring
• Locate the project controls on site as reflected on the horizontal plan.

(Survey reports may be used as an aid to relocation)
Project • Check for possible destruction, movement or dilapidation of the
Controls monument.
• Check for similarity of the inscriptions and coordinates as reflected on
the plan.
• The project controls will be used on as-stake survey and as-built survey.

FLOOD CONTROL
SURVEYS

Outline
• Reconnaissance
• Route Selection
• Control Surveys
• Office Planning

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR FC PROJECTS
New Construction
Reconnaissance
(Bridge Site
Selection) Surveys Surveys Surveys Planning
• Revetment/Flood Control
• Urban Drainage

Reconnaissance Control Surveys
Surveys Surveys
Office Planning
• Readily Available Maps

Surveys Surveys
Office Planning
• Maps from Mapping Agencies (NAMRIA) &

Philippine Geoportal (www.geoportal.ph)

Surveys Surveys
Office Planning
• Other available maps like LIDAR

Reconnaissance
Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Hydrographic Surveys Plan Projection
NAMRIA
GROUND
BENCHMARK
CONTROL
POINTS

Accuracy 8.4 mm√K

Reconnaissance

on data controller
NAMRIA
GPS
Control
CONTROL
Point

Reconnaissance
TD
• TD = 30 cm
L • BD = 35 cm
• L = 100 cm
• EH = 20 cm
BD

Reconnaissance
Using Total Station
MEFL
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
OWL
TOPO point
TOPO point

Reconnaissance Control Surveys Office Planning
Surveys Surveys
Using GNSS Equipment

Methods of GNSS Measurement:
• Auto Topo
Internal Battery: Appx 3-10 kms

Rover
External Battery: Up to 30 kms Rover
Rover Survey
Survey
Survey Points
Points
BMs

Reconnaissance
Width of Survey
50 meters beyond the proposed work.
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
50 m 50 m


Reconnaissance
Length of Survey
50 meters beyond the proposed work along alignment
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
50 m 50 m


Reconnaissance Control Surveys Office Planning
Surveys Surveys
Width of Survey
20 meters beyond the proposed work.
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
20 m 20 m


Reconnaissance
Shallow River Using Total Station or GNSS Equipment
POSITION BASE
BMs

Reconnaissance
Deep water river using echo-sounder
POSITION BASE
BMs

Reconnaissance

• Contours drawing, it is automatically oriented in
• Traverse line/baseline with azimuth and north direction
distance (in plan and tabular form)  Surface generated displaying the
respectively.
 Generated on label styles on alignment

Reconnaissance

 Consult the bridge designer on the
• General Plan of the FC showing OWL, general plan, direction of flow shall be
MEFL, station limit and name of the noted during the survey works
bridge and direction of flow
• Longitudinal profile of the riverbed, left  Create alignment for riverbed, left bank
and right bank and right bank; and extract thereafter

VERTICAL
STRUCTURES
SURVEYS

SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR VERTICAL PROJECTS
New Construction
Control Relocation Topographic Office

Surveys Surveys Surveys Planning

Control Surveys Relocation Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning
NAMRIA
GROUND
BENCHMARK
CONTROL
POINTS

Static Method
• Horizontal Accuracy: Third-order
Accuracy 8.4 mm√K

C1 C2
Using Total Station
BACKSIGH
BMs
T
C3 C4

Using Total Station and/or Digital Level

Methods of TS Measurement:
GPS • Reflectorless
CONTROL • Using prism
BACKSIGH
side
s ho
BMs ts side sh
T
ots side shots
IBMs
C4


• Reference Points, in tabular form
• All natural and manmade features

• North Arrow Direction
• Contours
• Traverse line/baseline with azimuth and
• Lot Area

END OF PRESENTATION

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ENGINEERING SURVEY

for Infrastructure Projects

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Engineering Baseline on the project horizontal and

Baseline on quality for safe and

Department of Public Works and Highways

Planar Coordinates – Northing/Easting/Elevation Global Coordinates – Latitude/Longitude

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Vertical Survey Accuracy

Department of Public Works and Highways

Horizontal Survey Accuracy

Department of Public Works and Highways

ALTIMETER SEXTANT ALIDADE WITH PLANE TABLE

Department of Public Works and Highways

TELESCOPE SURVEYORS’ LEVEL SEMICIRCUMFERENTOR

Department of Public Works and Highways

THEODOLITE ENGINEERS’ TRANSIT

Department of Public Works and Highways

TOTAL STATION DIGITAL LEVEL

Measures horizontal and Measures horizontal

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

DRONE LIDAR DRONE CAMERA

Captures 3D position Captures orthophoto

Department of Public Works and Highways

• Topographic surveys for infra projects makes use of coordinate system

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Public Works and Highways

New Road Construction

Based on DGCS 2015 – Volume 2B

Department of Public Works and Highways

New Road Construction

Department of Public Works and Highways

Preliminary Office Final Location

Based on DGCS 2015 – Volume 2B

Department of Public Works and Highways

Control Topographic Office

Department of Public Works and Highways

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning

• Site Reconnaissance (Optional)

Department of Public Works and Highways

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning

• Readily Available Maps

Department of Public Works and Highways

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning

• Maps from Mapping Agencies (NAMRIA) &

Department of Public Works and Highways

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning

• Other available maps like LIDAR

Department of Public Works and Highways

Reconnaissance Route Selection Control Surveys Topographic Surveys Office Planning

• Other available maps like IFSAR