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Module 02 - Descriptive Statistics
Module 02 - Descriptive Statistics
Statistics for
Slides by
John
Business
Loucks and Economics (13e)
Anderson, St.
Sweeney,
Edward’sWilliams, Camm, Cochran
University
© 2017 Cengage Learning
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
1
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 2
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 3
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
4
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
5
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
𝑥=
∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑛
where: = tổng giá trị của n quan sát trong mẫu
n = tổng số quan sát trong mẫu
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
6
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
7
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Trong một thành phố, giá nhà thuê của 1 mẫu gồm 70 căn hộ được trình bày như sau.
545 715 530 690 535 700 560 700 540 715
540 540 540 625 525 545 675 545 550 550
565 550 625 550 550 560 535 560 565 580
550 570 590 572 575 575 600 580 670 565
700 585 680 570 590 600 649 600 600 580
670 615 550 545 625 635 575 650 580 610
610 675 590 535 700 535 545 535 530 540
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
8
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
= = 590.80
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
9
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Trung Vị (Median)
• Trung vị của một tập dữ liệu là giá trị đứng giữa khi các dữ liệu được xếp theo
thứ tự tăng dần (50% giá trị sẽ nhỏ hơn trung vị và 50% giá trị sẽ lớn hơn trung
vị).
• Khi tập dữ liệu có các giá trị quá lớn hoặc quá nhỏ, trung bình sẽ không còn phù
hợp để đại diện cho mẫu, giá trị trung vị sẽ phù hợp hơn.
• Giá trị trung vị rất phù hợp với việc đại diện cho giá trị trung tập đối vối các dữ
liệu về thu nhập hằng năm và tài sản.
• Chỉ cẩn một vài giá trị quá lớn trong tập dữ
liệu về thu nhập và tài sản sẽ làm lệch giá trị
trung bình; khi đó, nên dùng giá trị trung vị.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
10
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Median
• Đối với tập dữ liệu có số quan sát là lẻ:
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
11
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Median
• Đối với tập dữ liệu có số quan sát là chẵn:
26 18 27 12 14 27 30 19 8 Quan sát
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
12
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Median
• Example: Apartment Rents
Trung bình của điểm dữ liệu thứ 35 và 36 (70 quan sát tổng cộng):
Median = (575 + 575)/2 = 575
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
Yếu Vị (Mode)
• Yiếu vị của một tập dữ liệu là giá trị xuất hiện nhiều nhất.
• Một tập dữ liệu có thể có nhiều hơn 1 mode.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
14
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
MODE
• Example: Apartment Rents
550 xuất hiện với tần số dày đặc nhất (7 lần)
Mode = 550
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 16
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Weighted Mean
𝑥=
∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖
∑ 𝑤𝑖
where: xi = value of observation i
wi = weight for observation i
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
17
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Weighted Mean
• Example: Construction Wages
Ron Butler, một nhà thầu, đang tìm hiểu các chi phí mà anh ta cần khi xây
dựng một ngôi nhà. Nhằm mục đích tính toán chi phí cho các dự án nhà tương
lai, anh ta cần xem xét mức lương theo giờ của nhân công ($/hour). List dưới
đây thể hiện các loại chi phí nhân công mà anh phải trả, theo đó là mức lương
theo giờ và tổng số giờ công.
Worker Wage ($/hr) Total Hours
Carpenter 21.60 520
Electrician 28.72 230
Laborer 11.80 410
Painter 19.75 270
Plumber 24.16 160
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
18
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Weighted Mean
• Example: Construction Wages
Worker xi wi wi x i
Carpenter 21.60 520 11232.0
Electrician 28.72 230 6605.6
Laborer 11.80 410 4838.0
Painter 19.75 270 5332.5
Plumber 24.16 160 3865.6
1590 31873.7
= = = 20.0464 = $20.05
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
19
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Phân vị (Percentiles)
• Phân vị cung cấp thông tin về cách thức dữ liệu được phân tán trong một
khoảng từ giá trị nhỏ nhất đến giá trị lớn nhất.
• Các trường cao đẳng và đại học thường báo cáo kết quả kiểm tra đầu vào dưới
dạng phân vị.
• Phân vị thứ pth của một tập dữ liệu là giá trị có ít nhất p phần trăm các quan sát có
giá trị nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng, và có (100-p) phần trăm các quan sát có giá trị lớn hơn.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
20
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Phân vị (Percentiles)
• Sắp xếp dữ liệu theo thứ tự tăng dần.
Lp = (p/100)(n + 1)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
21
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
80th Percentile
• Example: Apartment Rents
Lp = (p/100)(n + 1) = (80/100)(70 + 1) = 56.8
(the 56th value plus .8 times the
difference between the 57th and 56th values)
80th Percentile = 635 + .8(649 – 635) = 646.2
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
22
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
80th Percentile
• Example: Apartment Rents
“At least 80% of the “At least 20% of the
items take on a items take on a
value of 646.2 or less.” value of 646.2 or more.”
56/70 = .8 or 80% 14/70 = .2 or 20%
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
23
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Tứ Phân Vị (Quartiles)
• Tứ Phân vị là các giá trị phân vị đặc biệt.
• First Quartile = 25th Percentile
• Second Quartile = 50th Percentile = Median
• Third Quartile = 75th Percentile
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
24
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
25
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Các đại lượng đo • Ngoài các đại lượng đo lường vị trí, ta cũng cần xem xét các đại
lượng đo lường độ biến thiên hay phân tán.
lường độ phân • Ví dụ, khi lựa chọn giữa nhà cung cấp A và B, ta không chỉ xét đến
thời gian giao hàng trung bình của họ, mà còn cả độ biến động
tán trong thời gian giao hàng.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 26
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Measures of Variability
• Range (Khoảng biến thiên)
• Coefficient of Variation
(hệ số biến thiên)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
27
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 32
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Range
• Example: Apartment Rents
Range = largest value - smallest value
Range = 715 - 525 = 190
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
29
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
30
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
31
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
• Độ lệch chuẩn được đo bằng đơn vị tương tự như đơn vị dữ liệu gốc, do đó,
nó dễ diễn tả hơn về ý nghĩa so với phương sai.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
32
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
s=
for a sample
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
33
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
34
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Chapter 3, Part B
Thống kê mô tả: Các đại lượng số
• Các đại lượng đo lường hình dáng phân phối, vị trí tương đối, và phát hiện các
giá trị bất thường
• Bộ tóm tắt 5 số và biểu đồ hộp
• Đại lượng đo lường mối quan hệ giữa hai biến
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
• Z-Scores
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
36
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 37
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
.35
Skewness = 0
.30
Relative Frequency
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
38
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
39
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
40
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
41
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
42
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
.25
.20
.15
.10
.05
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
43
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
z-Scores
• Z-score thường được gọi là đại lượng chuẩn hóa.
• Cho biết vị trị tương đối của xi với giá trị trung bình bằng bao nhiêu lần độ lệch chuẩn.
=
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
44
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
z-Scores
• z-score của một quan sát được hiểu là thước đo về vị trí tương đối của quan sát
đó trong tập dữ liệu.
• Một quan sát có giá trị nhỏ hơn mean sẽ có z-score < 0.
• Một quan sát có giá trị lớn hơn mean sẽ cóp z-score > 0.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
45
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
z-Scores
• Example: Apartment Rents
• z-Score of Smallest Value (525)
= = -1.20
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
46
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
47
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
48
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Empirical Rule
99.72%
95.44%
68.26%
m
z
m – 3s m – 1s m + 1s m + 3s
m – 2s m + 2s
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
49
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Empirical Rule
• Example: Apartment Rents
• The most extreme z-scores are -1.20 and 2.27.
• Using |z| > 3 as the criterion for an outlier, there are no outliers in this data
set.
Standardized Values for Apartment Rents
-1.20 -1.11 -1.11 -1.02 -1.02 -1.02 -1.02 -1.02 -0.93 -0.93
-0.93 -0.93 -0.93 -0.84 -0.84 -0.84 -0.84 -0.84 -0.75 -0.75
-0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.75 -0.56 -0.56 -0.56 -0.47 -0.47
-0.47 -0.38 -0.38 -0.34 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20
-0.20 -0.11 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.35
0.35 0.44 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.81 1.06 1.08 1.45 1.45
1.54 1.54 1.63 1.81 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 2.27 2.27
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
50
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
51
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
52
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Five-Number Summary
• Example: Apartment Rents
Lowest Value = 525 First Quartile = 545
Median = 575
Third Quartile = 625 Largest Value = 715
525 530 530 535 535 535 535 535 540 540
540 540 540 545 545 545 545 545 550 550
550 550 550 550 550 560 560 560 565 565
565 570 570 572 575 575 575 580 580 580
580 585 590 590 590 600 600 600 600 610
610 615 625 625 625 635 649 650 670 670
675 675 680 690 700 700 700 700 715 715
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otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
• Các giá trị quan trọng nhất là median và các tứ phân vị Q1 và Q3.
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otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Box Plot
• Example: Apartment Rents
• Một hộp được vẽ bởi cạnh của hộp nằm ở tứ phân vị thứ nhất Q1 và thứ 3 Q3.
• Một đường thẳng được vẽ trong hộp ở vị trí của trung vị median (Q2)
500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725
Q1 = 545 Q3 = 625
Q2 = 575
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otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
55
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Box Plot
• Example: Apartment Rents
• Râu của biểu đồ hộp (đường đứt nét) được vẽ từ các cạnh của hộp đến các giá
trị nhỏ nhất và lớn nhất trong giới hạn được tính toán.
500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725
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otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or 57
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
58
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Covariance
• Hiệp phương sai được tính như sau:
For samples: =
For populations: =
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otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
59
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
60
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Hệ số tương quan –
Correlation
Coefficient
• -1 < r < +1.
• Hệ số tương quan r càng gần -1
thể hiện một mối tương quan
ngược chiều mạnh.
• r càng gần +1 thể hiện một mối
tương quan thuận chiều mạnh.
• r càng gần 0, tương quan giữa 2
biến càng yếu.
62
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
63
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or
otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
= = = -7.08
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65
Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Data Dashboards: • Data dashboards không chỉ là các hình ảnh đồ thị.
• Với các nội dung bổ sung của phân tích số liệu, ví dụ như giá trị trung
Bổ sung các giá trị số để bình hay độ lệch chuẩn của KPIs, data dashboard sẽ được bổ sung rất
tăng tính hiệu quả của nhiều thông tin quan trọng.
trực quan hóa dữ liệu • Dashboards thường có tính tương tác cao hơn với người dùng số liệu.
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13e)
Data Dashboards:
Adding Numerical Measures to Improve Effectiveness
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