Anatomy and Physiology

Muskuloskeletal
Ns . Gd Arya Bagus A., S.Kep., M.Kep.

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 Chapter 7
Skeletal System
Gross Anatomy

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 Skeletal System

• Provides framework
• Without skeleton, muscles couldn’t move body
• Components
– Bones
– Cartilage
– Ligaments
– Tendons
• Relationships among bones and soft tissues

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 Skeleton

• Axial skeleton
– Skull
– Hyoid bone
– Vertebral column
– Thoracic (rib) cage
• Appendicular skeleton
– Limbs
– Girdles

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The Complete Skeleton

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 Anatomic Bone Features
• Terms • Projections
– Body: Main part – Process: Prominent
– Head: Enlarge end projection
– Neck: Constriction – Tubercle: Small rounded
between head and body bump
– Margin or border: Edge – Tuberosity: Knob
– Angle: Bend – Trochanter: Tuberosities
– Ramus: Branch off body on proximal femur
– Condyle: Smooth rounded – Epicondyle: Near or
articular surface above condyle
– Facet: Small flattened
articular surface 7-6
 Anatomic Bone Features
• Ridges
– Line or linea: Low ridge
– Crest or crista: Prominent
ridge
– Spine: Very high ridge
• Openings
– Foramen: Hole
– Canal or meatus: Tunnel
– Fissure: Cleft
– Sinus or Labyrinth:
Cavity
• Depressions
– Fossa: General term
for a depression
– Notch: Depression in
bone margin
– Fovea: Little pit
– Groove or sulcus:
Deeper, narrow
depression

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The Skull or Cranium
• Functions
– Protects brain
– Supports organs of
special senses
– Provides foundation
for structures that take
air, food , water into
body
• Superior view of skull
– Parietal bones
– Frontal bone
– Sagittal suture
– Coronal suture
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Posterior View of Skull

• Occipital bone
• Lambdoid suture
• Sutural bones
• External occipital
protuberance
– Ligamentum nuchae:
Helps keep head erect
– Nuchal lines: Neck
muscle attachment
points
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Lateral View of Skull
• Squamous suture
• External auditory
meatus
• Mastoid Process
• Temporal lines
• Sphenoid bone
• Zygomatic bones
• Maxilla
• Mandible

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Frontal View of Skull

• Frontal bone
• Zygomatic bones
• Maxillae
• Mandible
• Orbits
– Nasolacrimal canal
– Optic foramen

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Bones of Nasal Cavity

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Paranasal Sinuses

• Functions
– Decrease skull weight
– Resonating chambers
• Names
– Frontal
– Maxillary
– Ethmoidal
– Sphenoidal

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Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Jugular foramina
• Styloid processes
• Vomer bone
• Hard or bony palate

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Hyoid Bone

• Unpaired
• No direct bony
attachment to skull
• Attachment point for
some tongue muscles
• Attachment point for
neck muscles that
elevate larynx during
speech and swallowing

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 Vertebral Column

• Supports weight of head and trunk

• Protects the spinal cord
• Allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
• Provides site for muscle attachment
• Permits movement of head and trunk

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Vertebra
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral arch
• Pedicle
• Lamina
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Articular processes

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Intervertebral Disks

• Located between
adjacent vertebrae
• Functions
– Provide support
– Prevent vertebrae
rubbing
• Consist of
– Annulus fibrosus
– Nucleus pulposus

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Herniated or Ruptured Disk

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Spina Bifida

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Vertebral Column
• Regions
– Cervical (7 vertebrae)
– Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
– Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
– Sacral bone (1)
– Coccygeal bone (1)
• Major Curvatures (4)
• Abnormal curvatures
– Lordosis
– Kyphosis
– Scoliosis
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Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas
– First vertebra
• Axis
– Second vertebra
– Dens or odontoid
process
• Vertebral prominens

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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

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Sacrum and Coccyx

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Thoracic or Rib Cage
• Functions
– Protects vital organs
– Forms semi-rigid
chamber for respiration
• Parts
– Thoracic vertebrae
– Ribs (12 pair)
• True or Vertebrosternal
• False or
Vertebrochondral
• Floating or vertebral
– Sternum
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Sternum

• Breastbone
• Parts
– Manubrium
– Body
– Xiphoid process
• Sternal angle
– Important landmark for
counting ribs to locate
areas of the heart

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Appendicular Skeleton
• Girdles
– Pectoral or shoulder
– Pelvic
• Upper Limbs
– Arm
– Forearm
– Wrist
– Hand
• Lower Limbs
– Thigh
– Leg
– Foot

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Pectoral Girdle
• Scapula (2)
– Acromion process
• Forms protective cover
• Attachment for clavicle
• Attachment for muscles
– Coracoid process
• Attachment for muscles
– Glenoid cavity
• Articulates with
humerus
• Clavicle (2)

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Arm
• Humerus
– Head
• Anatomic and surgical
– Neck
– Tubercles
• Greater and lesser
– Intertubercular groove
– Deltoid tuberosity
– Capitulum
• Articulates with radius
– Trochlea
• Articulates with ulna
– Epicondyles
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Forearm

• Radius
– Thumb side
– Most commonly
fractured bone in 50+
years people
• Ulna
– Little finger side
– Trochlear notch
– Olecranon process
– Coronoid process

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 Wrist and Hand

• Wrist
– 8 carpal bones
• Hand
– 5 metacarpals (palm of hand)
– Phalanges
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Pelvis

• Coxae: Right and Left

– Ilium
– Ischium
• Sit down bone
– Pubis
• Pubic symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
• Sacrum
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Male and Female Pelvis

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Thigh
• Femur
– Head
– Neck
– Trochanters
• Greater and lesser
– Condyles
• Medial and lateral
– Epicondyles
• Medial and lateral
• Patella or kneecap

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Leg

• Tibia
– Larger and supports
most of weight
– Tibial tuberosity
– Condyles
– Medial malleolus
• Fibula
– Articulates with tibia
not femur
– Lateral malleolus

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Foot

• Tarsals (7)
• Metatarsals (5)
• Phalanges

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 Arches of the Foot

• Function
– Distribute weight of body between heel and ball of foot
• Three major arches
– Transverse arch
– Longitudinal arches: Medial and lateral 7-37