Chapter VIII

COMMUNICATIO
N
Group 3 Members: (MMPA Class-14)
Mr. Romeo L Manuel Jr.
Ms. Mae J Magto
Ms. Rose Ann K Mi-ing
Mr. Alfonso Anthony D Navarro
Mr. Vilmor B Ocbina
Mr. Roland B Padua
Ms. Aliyah R Pangaibat
Ms Marby Mae C Pano
 01

TOPICS
02 The Nature and Function of Communication

Methods of Interpersonal Communication

03

04 Effective Interpersonal Communication

Organizational Communication

05

06 Information Technology & Communication

Communication Issues in Today’s Organization

The Nature and
Function of
Communication
Researcher: Mr Vilmor B Ocbina
COMMUNICATION

Is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one

person to another. It involves a sender transmitting an idea,
information, or feeling to a receiver. Effective communication
occurs only if the receiver understands the exact information or
idea that the sender intended to transmit.
Communication comes in various form
From the simple nodding of your head
Stretching of hands
Raising your eyebrows up
To your daily conversations with your friends over the phone, constant
exchange of text messages and regular browsing in social networking
sites

These are but some examples of how humans communicate their

thoughts, feelings, ideas, and insight.
Nature of Communication-it is process of
communication
1.) One way communication - refers to a communication process in which
information flows from a sender to a receiver without any feedback or response
from the receiver. In this type of communication, the sender is the only one who
transmits the message, and the receiver is passive and does not provide any
response or feedback.
Examples : Radio broadcasts, television advertisements, and public speeches.

Sender Message Receiver

Nature of Communication-it is process of
communication
2.) Two-way communication - involves Message
feedback from the receiver to the sender.
This allows the sender to know the
message was received accurately by the
receiver.
Sender Receiver
Example: Phone conversations.

Feedback
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication - Uses spoken language to communicate
a message or information. It involves production of sounds,
words, phrases, and sentences through speech.

Non-Verbal Communication - It refers to the conscious or

subconscious transmission and reception of messages of
information using the body. It includes body gestures, facial
expressions, postures and tone.
 Basis Verbal communication Non-Verbal communication
1. Verbal communication uses oral or Non-verbal communication not uses
Use of word
written words. any oral or written words.
2. Non -verbal communications many
Verbal communication two types: oral
Types various types: visual, audio, audio-
and written.
visual, silent, etc.
3. Understand Easy to understand. Difficult to understand.
4. Verbal communications highly Non-verbal communication highly
Structured
structured. structured lacks in formal structure.
5. Distortion of Less possibility of distortion of High possibility of distortion of
Information information. information.
6. Non-verbal communication
Verbal communication begins and ends
Continuity continues until the purpose
with words.
achieved.
7.
Verbal communication gives a less and Non-verbal communication gives a
Feedback
delayed feedback . lot of feedback .
The Methods of
Interpersonal
Communication
Researcher: Ms Aliyah R Pangaibat
What is Interpersonal Communication?
• Interpersonal communication involves the information, ideas, and
feelings being exchanged verbally or non-verbally between two or more
people. Face-to-face communication often involves hearing, seeing, and
feeling body language, facial expressions, and gestures.
• In other terms, Interpersonal communication is exchanging information,
meaning, feelings, and opinions between two or more people via verbal
and non-verbal means. Although we mentioned “face-to-face”
communication previously, today’s technology compels us to expand its
definition to include media such as phone calls and online messaging.
How to Build Interpersonal Communication Skills
Building interpersonal communication skills can help you improve your
relationships, increase your ability to collaborate effectively with others, and
enhance your overall success in life. Here are some tips to help you develop them:
1. Practice active listening: One of the most important aspects of interpersonal
communication is active listening. This involves fully concentrating on what
the other person is saying, without interrupting or judging them. You can
practice active listening by maintaining eye contact, nodding, and asking
questions to clarify their message.
2. Use clear and concise language: Communication is most effective when it is
clear and concise. Use simple language and avoid jargon or technical terms
that others may not understand.
3. Be aware of nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication, such
as body language and facial expressions, can also convey messages. Be
aware of your own nonverbal cues and try to read others' body language
to better understand their message.
4. Show empathy: Empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings
of others. When communicating with others, try to put yourself in their
shoes and show understanding and compassion for their perspective.
5. Build rapport: Building rapport involves finding common ground and
establishing a connection with others. This can help to build trust and
enhance communication. Look for common interests or experiences, and
use humor or other forms of positive reinforcement to build a positive
relationship.
6. Be open to feedback: Be open to constructive criticism and feedback from
others, and use it as an opportunity to learn and grow. 14
Interpersonal Communication Tips for Remote Workers
As more people are working remotely, developing interpersonal communication skills
becomes even more important to maintain relationships and collaboration. Here are some
tips for remote workers to enhance their interpersonal communication skills:
1. Use video conferencing: Use video conferencing as much as possible instead of just
relying on phone calls or emails. This will help to establish a better connection with
your colleagues by seeing their facial expressions and body language.
2. Schedule regular check-ins: Make an effort to schedule regular check-ins with your
colleagues to stay connected and up-to-date on projects. This can be a quick call or a
virtual coffee break to chat about work and life.
3. Practice active listening: When on a call or video conference, practice active listening
by giving your full attention to the speaker, asking questions, and clarifying their
message. This will help to build better communication and understanding.
15
4. Use appropriate tone and language: When communicating in writing,
use an appropriate tone and language to convey your message clearly.
5. Use collaboration tools: Use collaboration tools like shared documents
or project management tools to keep everyone on the same page and
avoid misunderstandings.
6. Be flexible: As remote work can be more fluid than a traditional office
environment, be flexible with communication methods and schedules to
accommodate different time zones or work styles.

By practicing these interpersonal communication skills, remote workers

can build strong relationships and collaboration with their colleagues, even
if they are not in the same physical space.
16
Interpersonal Communication Examples
Here are some common examples of interpersonal communication. You will notice how they
reference the different interpersonal communication types.
• Emails: This example is a ubiquitous form of interpersonal communication in our era of
increased online usage. Unfortunately, we can't always communicate nuance and tone, leading
to misunderstandings. Consequently, you need good written communication skills.
• Phone calls: Yes, people still use their smartphones for actual speaking! However, since most
phone calls lack visual cues, you should have strong verbal communication skills.
• Presentations: You know what this involves if you've ever heard a lecture or been in a business
meeting. Presentations typically incorporate every type of interpersonal communication. The
speaker needs good verbal skills, uses gestures and expressions effectively, refers to written
texts and other visual aids, and understands how the audience feels and receives the message.
• Texting: You knew we’d touch upon this one, right? Texting is less formal and structured than
emails, so the communicator should grasp casual conversation skills.

17
Interpersonal Communication Uses
We inevitably employ interpersonal communication in many different situations and contexts,
whether at work or home. We use this vital skill to:
• Impart and gather information
• Influence the attitudes and behaviors of others
• Create contacts, make friends, and maintain relationships
• Make sense of our world and better understand our experiences in it
• Express our personal needs and understand the needs of others
• Make decisions and solve problems
• Set social and professional boundaries
• Provide and receive needed emotional support
• Anticipate and predict people’s behavior
• Regulate the balance of power in a workplace or social circle
18
Effective
Interpersonal
Communication
Researcher: Mr Romeo L Manuel
Ms Marby Mae C Pano
Effective Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication consists of any exchanges between people –
this can be face-to-face but can also exist online or over the phone. The
messages people get across to each other can be verbal and nonverbal – we
communicate not only through what we say but also through things like
body language, tone of voice, facial expressions and gestures.
The Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
We have one more set of breakdowns to cover. Whenever you
communicate with people, you should keep in mind these four
principles. If you do, your interpersonal communication technique will
improve, and your messages will be more effective.
The Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
• It’s Unavoidable: Unless you’re a hermit living in a cave, you will
inevitably interact with others in one manner or another. Even if you’re a
shut-in, thanks to something like a quarantine, you will still have the
opportunity for interpersonal communication (e.g., phone, Skype,
texting).
The Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
It’s Irreversible: You may be familiar with the phrase “I can’t unsee that.”
You can't take back what you have written or said. Even if you make
amends with an apology or try to walk back your comments, people don't
forget words easily. And remember, Internet content is forever.
The Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
Complicated. Because there are so many aspects of interpersonal
communication beyond what is actually being said, it’s complicated by
nature. Often, things can be interpreted in many different ways – and it can
be especially hard for some neurodivergent people to pick up on subtle
cues. Similarly, many neurotypical people are not aware of different
communication styles, and this can also cause different interpretations.
The Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
Contextual. It can be difficult to control how our communications are
received due to the other factors involved. Who is receiving the
communication, where are they, and why have they perceived it a certain
way? Most of this is down to context.
The Importance of Interpersonal Communication
• Interpersonal communication is also a vital part of being a team player or a
group leader, things that recruiters are always looking for.

• If you have solid interpersonal communication skills, you can clearly express
your intentions and thoughts, enriching your professional relationships and
personal life.

• So many conflicts stem from simple misunderstandings. Strong interpersonal

communication skills help reduce the likelihood of these misunderstandings,
which subsequently lowers the risk of arguments, hurt feelings, grudges, and
problems with morale.
Organizational
Communication
Researcher: Ms Mae J Magto
What is Organizational Communication?
Organizational communication refers
to the communication that takes place
between people who are working
towards common goals within an
organization. It consists of the
interactions that take place for the
purpose of working together towards
these goals or conducting business in
general.
Organizational Communication 2-Way
Approach
• Conventional approach focuses on communication within
organizations
• Communication as organization — meaning organizations are
a result of the communication of those within them
ERA on development of Organizational
Communication
• The Era of Preparation (1900 to 1940) much of the groundwork was laid for
the discipline that we know today. Scholars emphasized the importance of
communication in organizations. The primary focus during this time was on
public address, business writing, managerial communication, and
persuasion.
• The Era of Identification and Consolidation (1940-1970) saw the beginnings
of business and industrial communication, with certain group and
organizational relationships being recognized as important.
• The Era of Maturity and Innovation (1970-present), empirical research
increased, “accompanied by innovative efforts to develop concepts,
theoretical premises, and philosophical critiques” .
Organizational Communication today
Modern organizational communication research has been summarized
into eight major traditions:
1) Communication channels,
2) Communication climate,
3) Network analysis,
4) Superior-subordinate communication,
5) the information-processing perspective,
6) the rhetorical perspective,
7) the cultural perspective, and
8) the political perspective
5 Different Perspective in Understanding
Organizational Communication
• Classical Management Perspective
• Human Relation Perspective
• Human Resources Perspective
• Systems Perspective
• Cultural Perspective
CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

Frederick Taylor Henri Fayol Max Weber

Taylor believed that all workers were
motivated by money, so he promoted
the idea of "a fair day's pay for a fair
day's work." In other words, if a worker
didn't achieve enough in a day, he
didn't deserve to be paid as much as
another worker who was highly
productive.
Fayol's administrative management
theory can be described as an approach
to management and increasing
productivity by emphasizing
organizational structure and human
behavior. Fayol's theory is grounded in
the five functions that represent
management: planning, organizing,
command, coordination, and control.
The Max Weber Theory of Bureaucracy
proposes that all business tasks must be
divided among the employees. The basis
for the division of tasks should be
competencies and functional
specializations. In this way, the workers
will be well aware of their role and
worth in the organization and what is
expected of them.
HUMAN RELATION PERSPECTIVE
• The human relations approach focuses on how organizational
members relate to one another, and how individuals’ needs
influence their performance in organizations.

“Theory X managers do not trust their employees because they think workers
are inherently unmotivated and lazy. While, Theory Y managers (those that
take a human relations perspective to employees) assume that workers are
self motivated, seek responsibility, and want to achieve success.”
HUMAN RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE
The Human Resources perspective picks up where human relations left off.
The primary criticism of human relations was that it still focused on
productivity, trying to achieve worker productivity simply by making
workers happy. The idea that a happy employee would be a productive
employee makes initial sense.

Human Resources attempts to truly embrace participation by all

organizational members, viewing each person as a valuable human
resource. Employees are valuable resources that should be fully involved to
manifest their abilities and productivity. Using this approach, organizations
began to encourage employee participation in decision making.
SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
• Equifinality means that a system (organization) can reach its goals from
different paths.
• Negative entropy is the ability of an organization to overcome the
possibility of becoming run down.
• Requisite variety means that organizations must be responsive to their
external environment and adjust when needed.
• Homeostasis points to an organization’s need for stability in a turbulent
environment.
• Complexity states that the more an organization grows and interacts,
the more elaborate it becomes
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Cultural Perspective states that organizations maintain:
1) Shared values and beliefs,
2) Common practices, skills, and actions,
3) Customarily observed rules,
4) Objects and artifacts; and
5) Mutually understood meanings.
 Information
Technology and
Communication
Researcher: Mr Alfonso Anthony D Navarro
Mr Roland B Padua
42
43
44
45
Communication
Issues in Today’s
Organization
Researcher: Ms Rose Ann K Mi-ing
1. Time Zones
 With the rapid uptake of remote work, modern companies
have seized the opportunity to bring the best professionals
into their teams, hiring talent from all around the globe.

 Benefits to having employees working in different time zones

a) increased response
b) Increased client satisfaction, and
c) ultimately the company’s profit
1. Time Zones
 As a result of not being able to communicate in real-time, co-
workers from different time zones may find themselves stuck
on different projects or tasks. This may lead to serious delays
or missed deadlines, which have a negative impact on a
business.
 Some projects require more frequent updates than others,
which may be difficult to coordinate due to differing time
zones.
1. Time Zones
 Besides regular check-in calls, it’s also recommended to have
a weekly or daily online team calendar in which employees
update their task status at the end of the day. This way, it’s
easier for beyond-the-border colleagues to know the exact
status of projects and where they should pick up from.

 It’s also recommended to have a weekly or daily online team

calendar in which employees update their task status at the
end of the day. This way, it’s easier for beyond-the-border
colleagues to know the exact status of projects and where they
should pick up from.
2. Language Barriers and Cultural Differences
 Misinterpretations of words and gestures can create animosity
and conflicts that negatively impact team cohesion.

 Reluctancy to collaborate due to poor interpersonal

relationships among co-workers because of cultural
differences can cost businesses greatly. Which is why
fostering cross-cultural communication through intercultural
training is absolutely necessary within a multicultural
company.

50
3. Finding the right communication tools and technologies
 Finding the right communication technology represents a
pressing communication challenge. Using the wrong one can
lead to delayed response times and the loss of precious
information.

 This is a vital element that can influence a business’s

success.

51
4. Lack of Standardized Communication Structure
 Implementing an effective communication process within an
organization involves testing and adjusting a couple of
variables.
 On one hand, it demands finding the right tools and mix for
different tasks and projects.
 On the other hand, it requires a more strategic approach.
Equally implying setting a clear and effective communication
plan between upper management and employees across all
levels.

52
5. Lack of Effective Communication Processes Overall
 Every business is different, thus every internal
communication plan will reflect that.

 An important takeaway is that there should be included

actions for every communication level – lateral, downward,
and upward communication.

53
Inconsistent Communication Channels
 Having inconsistent communication channels, which means
random switches between tools, is a communication challenge
many of today’s employees frequently deal with.

 Instead of investing valuable time in their tasks, employees are

more likely to waste time when searching for the information
needed across all the communication channels available.

 Therefore, businesses can face a severe workforce

productivity drop by not keeping consistency in how internal
communication is organized.
54
Inconsistent Communication Channels
i. Lack of or Low Employee Engagement
 As long as, on their part, there is no interest in listening,
your efforts to facilitate effective communication in the
workplace will be in vain.

 Finding the right messages to motivate your employees is

essential. It is, indeed, one of the hardest communication
challenges to overcome, but is likely to totally transform
your business for the better.

55
Inconsistent Communication Channels
ii. Lack of Feedback
 Offering feedback is considered a communication challenge
by many, especially when related to negative feedback.

 Although it’s never pleasant to give someone bad news,

feedback is required for personal and professional
evolution. After all, without knowing that something needs
improvement, how can anyone refine their skills?

56
Inconsistent Communication Channels
iii. Information Overload
 overwhelming them with irrelevant information, flooding
their inboxes and interrupting their workflow and focus is
not ideal.
 Unnecessary meetings or e-mails cause distractions, which
affects productivity, and should be avoided at all costs.
Before calling a meeting or sending an email, carefully
consider if all the topics covered are relevant to the
extended team.

57
Inconsistent Communication Channels
iv. Lack of Collaboration
 Regardless of potential animosity and past or current
conflicts, projects are quickly derailed if the people involved
do not put their personal feelings aside. Since this clearly
presents potential risks for a company, preventive measures
should be taken.
 Some businesses try to foster collaboration and cultivate a
fruitful communication flow between co-workers through
various problem-solving activities such as team buildings.

58
Inconsistent Communication Channels
v. Poor Onboarding Communications
 Especially in the case of remote working, onboarding has
evolved into a heavier process, becoming a challenge that
can cause ineffective workplace communication.
 The downside of working remotely is that it reduces the
shared experiences among team members. Hence, forging
strong interpersonal relationships becomes harder,
especially for newly integrated people.
 Effective workplace communication in the context of remote
work can easily be disturbed by technical glitches.
59
Inconsistent Communication Channels
vi. Poor Cross Team Coordination
 Poor cross-team coordination happens when one or more
parties fail to convey all key components of their shared
tasks completely.

 Poor interdepartmental coordination is a communication

challenge that businesses should manage carefully as it
could prevent a business from fulfilling its goals.

60
Inconsistent Communication Channels
vii. Poor Communication Skills
 For extroverts, for example, communication comes as
naturally as breathing. On the other hand, for introverts, it
may raise challenges sometimes.

 Truth be told, the secret to communicating effectively is

trying.

61
Inconsistent Communication Channels
viii. Information Silos
 Be it an email, presentation, notes etc, it refers to situations
when information is concealed or simply lost. Information
silos clearly present communication challenges as they can
lead to delays, duplicate work, and so on.

62
 Most Common Communication Challenges Across
Different Channels

1. Messages and Video Calls

 Messages are possibly the most popular means of
communication nowadays because they deliver information
quickly and do not need an immediate reply.

 Video calls, on the other hand, strengthen the closeness

between people. Even though, people seem somehow
reluctant to them.

63
2. Face-to-face Communication
 Influencing factors for successful face-to-face
communication’s success are usually:
a) Attitude
b) Listening skills, and
c) Emotional barriers

64
 The communication challenge examples
presented above are the most common and, at the
same time, the most impactful for businesses
nowadays.

65
THANK
YOU!!