-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2007
Suhrid: You know I don't own a car yet, but I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
313
Suhrid: Should I ask for permission to leave?
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ņ’-´’A Åúø-í¬™«?)
Brihat: Of course. Every one has to.
(ÅçûË-éπü∆, á´-È®jØ√ Åúø-í¬-LqçüË)
Suhrid: But so many have left already.
(é¬F É°æp-öÀÍé î√™«-´’çC ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ éπü∆)
Brihat: I suppose so. But they must have all
taken permission.
(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’
ņ’-´’A BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’)
Suhrid: It doesn't appear so.
(Å™« éπE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
No; I don't intend to
Brihat: Why are you asking? Do you wish to
leave without permission?
(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ņ’-´’A BÆæ’-éÓ-
èπ◊çú≈ ¢Á∞«x-©E F éÓJé¬?)
Suhrid: No, I don't, but I want to know the
exact practice.
(Å™« ÅE é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ °æü¿l¥-ûË-N’ö ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E.)
Brihat: Follow the rule book. Isn't there a copy
of it in one of the racks?
(Å®·ûË rule book †’ §ƒöÀç. ü∆E v°æA
Ç rack ™ üËE-™†÷ ™‰ü∆?)
Suhrid: I don't think so. Will it be available with
any of our colleagues?
(Å™« ÅE ؈-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ´’†
Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu-í∫’©’ á´J ü¿í∫_-®ΩØ√o Öçô’çü∆?)
Brihat: I hope so. We'll find out from Nishant.
(؈™« ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. E¨»çû˝†’ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç.)
Suhrid: Do you want to ask him now?
(É°æ¤-úø-ûªEo Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?)
Brihat: I want to. I am sure he is in.
(ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åûª†’ office
ÖØ√o-úøØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Suhrid: But I am not. I think he has left early to
see the car he wants to buy.
(é¬F ؈™« ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ûª†’
é̆-¶ßË’ car îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ñ®ÓV éÌçîÁç
´·çü¿’-í¬ØË ¢Á∞«x-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.)
Brihat: What about you? (F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)
v°æ¨¡o: 1) Varma ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈
Verma ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊
®√≤ƒh®Ω’?
2) In time, on time
°æü∆-©èπ◊ ûËú≈
àN’öÀ?
3) í∫çí¬-†-CE ÉçTx-
≠ˇ™ ganges -•-ü¿’-
©’ River Ganga
Å--ØÌaéπü∆!
4) Out, late Ñ
È®çúø’ °æü∆-©èπ◊ v1, v2, v3, v4 ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Verma, Varma- -É™«çöÀ Ê°®Ωxèπ◊
– >.N-¨»™¸, íÓü¿÷®˝, éπKç-†-í∫-®˝->™«x
standard spelling àD
Öçúøü¿’–
´·êuçí¬ ÉN non-English names. à
äéπ\ spelling ´÷vûª¢Ë’ correct, N’í∫-û√N
ûª°æpE îÁ°æp™‰ç. ᙫ -Å-®·Ø√, Ç Ê°®Ω’-í∫©
´uéÀh É-≥ƒd-E-≥ƒd© ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ spell îËÆæ’éÓ-´îª’a.
2) In time Åçõ‰ í∫úø’´¤ ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈ ÅE,
Åçõ‰ ÆæJí¬_ í∫úø’´¤èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, é¬Ææh
í∫úø’´¤ ´·çü¿Í® ÅE.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Natural and free flowing
am sure to, soon. (Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ ≤ƒT-§ÚßË’) English con-
versation èπ◊ ´·êu ©éπ~-ù-¢Á ’i†
(Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ω’ ™‰ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, é¬E ûªy®Ω-™ØË
Öçô’ç-ü¿-ØËC éπ*aûªç.) short responses practice
Brihat: (Are) you going to take a loan to buy it? îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆. ´’J-éÌ-Eoç-öÀE Ñ
(ÅC éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω’ù-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o BÆæ’-éÓ- conversation ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çü∆ç.
¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Question ™E/ Å´-ûª© ´÷ö«x-úø’-
Suhrid: No; I don't intend to. Not certainly from ûª’-†o-¢√J sentences ™E helping 4) B: (Are) you going to take a loan?
any financial institution. If at all I do, I verbs (do, does, did, can, could, will, would,
S: No; I don't intend to (buy it)
may borrow a part of the amount from etc; am, is, are, was, were, etc) †’ ¢√úÕ ´’†ç
5) But I don't think you need to (borrow)
my cousin. short responses É¢Ìy-îªaE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
6) I have to (borrow)
(™‰ü¿’, Ø√é¬ ÖüËl¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. ÇJnéπ ÆæçÆæn© eg: Hemanth: Do you like this book?
†’ç* ´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’. ®Ω’ùç Åçô÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Observe the responses above.
(†’Oy °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?)
´÷ cousin ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* éÌçûª Å°æ¤p Vasanth: Of course, I do. v°æA response to
™ èπÿú≈, ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-ûª’Ø√oç,
infinitive †’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈– Åçõ‰, to ûª®√yûª
BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«)
Brihat: But I don't think you need to.
(Eïç-í¬ØË É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o)/
I Regular Doing Word †’ repeat
No. I don't (™‰ü¿’. Ø√éÀ-≠dç
®√¢√-Lq†
(é¬F Ç (Å°æ¤p BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË) Å´-Ææ®Ωç Fèπ◊ æ -™‰ü¿’)
(Question ™E 'Do' ØË response ™ ¢√úøû√ç) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈.
™‰ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.) °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ brackets ™ ´’†ç
repeat îËߪ’E I RDW ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ.
Sentence Response
(I RDW not repeated.
Only 'to' in the response)
1) Should I ask for... Everyone has to.
Suhrid: I have to, but that'll only be a small Short responses ™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ´’†ç
amount. response sentence
ÉîËa main verb
™E (°j 2) Do you want to I want to.
sentences main verb, like)
™ repeat †’ îËߪ’-éπ- ask him?
(BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË, é¬F ÅC *†o ¢Á·ûªh¢Ë’
Å´¤-ûª’çC) §Ú-´ôç. ÉC î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† 3) You know I don't but I am sure to.
Brihat: I think almost all of us in the company N≠æߪ’ç– Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† English conversation èπ◊ own a car yet, ...
will soon be owning cars. v§ƒùç. 4) Are you going to
Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 short respons- No; I don't intend to.
(´’† company ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Åçü¿-Jéà take a loan?
cars es ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. But I don't think you
ûªy®Ω™ Öçö«-ߪ’-†’-èπ◊çö«) 5) ... borrow
Suhrid: Yea, they will be. At least I hope so. Ñ lesson ™E conversation †’ èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ áEo- need to.
(Å´¤†’. Öçö«®·. éπFÆæç Å™« Å¢√-©E ≤ƒ®Ω’x O©-®·ûË ÅEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ω-í¬-ØÁjØ√ îªü¿-´çúÕ;
ØËØ√-P-Ææ’hØ√o.) ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’ûÓ Ææ£æ«-éπ-JçîË ¢√∞¡Ÿxçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xûÓ Ñ con- °j responses (èπ◊úÕ¢Áj°æ¤) ÅEoç-öÀ-™†÷ sentence
Brihat: The company's offering a liberal fuel versation practice îËߪ’çúÕ– O’™ äéπ®Ω’ Suhrid,
'to' ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÉD ´’†ç
allowance is very tempting. That cer- ´’®Ì-éπ®Ω’ Brihat í¬. practice îËߪ÷Lq† Å稡ç.
tainly is the reason for every one going Ñ lesson ™E responses ´·êu ©éπ~ùç: Ééπ\úø
in for a car. Lata: Don't you want to sing?
èπÿú≈ ´’†ç response ÉîËa questions/ state-
(Company ÉÆæ’h†o Öü∆-®Ω-¢Á’i† Éçüµ¿† ments ™E main verb †’ repeat îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈, (†’´¤y §ƒú≈-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü∆?)
¶µºûªuç ã ´’ç* Çéπ-®Ω{ù. v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x car clipped infinitive †’ ¢√úøû√ç.(infinitive Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø to sing ÅØË infinitive ™, to ´÷vûª¢Ë’
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅC ÅÆæ-©’-é¬-®Ωùç ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆– to go, to sing, to dance- to + 1st repeat îË≤ƒhç, response ™. sing, repeat
ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Regular Doing Word). Ñ short responses ™ îËߪ’ç)
tempt = Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç. infinitive ™ to ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úÕ, 1st Regular Doing
Sasi: a) I want to, but I have a cold.
The offer of a shirt free with every shirt you Words †’ ´C-™‰≤ƒhç. OöÀéÀ examples í¬–
(I want to sing infinitive
buy is tempting (
äéπ shirtéÌçõ‰ ´’®ÓöÀ Look at the following sentences from the
ÅE °æ‹Jh ņç)
™ b) I don't want to.
Ö*ûªç ÅØËC î√™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC.) dialogues above:
Suhrid: I do suppose so. Have you finished the (Ééπ\ú≈ sing, repeat îËߪ’ç)
1) S: Should I ask for ...?
report? B: Of course, everyone has to (ask) Éçé¬ Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 short responses èπÿú≈
(Å™« ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y report 2) S: Do you want to ask him? ÖØ√o®·: Subject (I/ we/ you, etc) + think so/
°æ‹Jh î˨»¢√?) B: I want to (ask) don't think so/ suppose so/ hope not
Brihat: I would have, but I still need some more
3) You know I don't' own a car yet, but I am ™«çöÀN.
information. I am sure to, tomorrow.
sure to (own), soon - M. SURESAN
He reached the station in time to catch the
train=
v°æ¨¡o: What kind of friend are you? v°æ¨¡o: -îª÷-Lç-ûª, -¶«-Lç-ûª, -ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’®√-©’, -vÊ°-N’èπ◊®√-©’.
What kind of friend you are? -¶µ‰-ü¿ç àN’öÀ? -O-J-E -Éç--Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
TrainÅçü¿’-éÓ--´ú≈-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† time èπ◊ é¬Ææh ´·çüË
2) It being a rainy day, we took rest ÅØË 2) Í®-úÕ-ßÁ÷ -N-†-ú≈-Eo -à-´’-Ø√-L?
Åûª†’ station îË®√úø’. ¢√éπuç tense form N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
3) Rupees éÀ RS -Å-E, Number ®√-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ
On time Åçõ‰ ņ’-èπ◊†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_.
ÉC passive voice ™ Öçü∆? NO. -Å-E °-úø-û√®Ω’. -áç-ü¿’éπ-E?
The meeting began on time. =
3) Do it now ¢√é¬u-EéÀ passive voice form
-ï-¢√--•’:
Correct í¬ time èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº´’®·çC. – -Èé.®Ω-NéÀ-¨®˝ π◊-´÷®˝, -*ç-ûª-©°æ‹-úÕ
Be in time for the function so that we can
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
Pregnant woman Åçõ‰ îª÷Lçûª. ¶«Lçûª
begin it on time =
-ï-¢√-•’: Question í¬ what kind of friend are
– -á.°ç-îª-©-ߪ’u, ®√-ïçÊ°-ô
function time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ, †’´¤y ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’.
you? ÅØËC correct. (†’´¤y ᙫçöÀ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’- ¶«Lç-ûªí¬ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo (period) †’
é¬Ææh Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ (Åçõ‰ é¬Ææh-´·çü¿’) Åéπ\úø
Öçúø’. úÕN? Å-ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ). Exclamation í¬ what Lactation, Period of Lactation Å-ØÌîª ’a.
kind of friend you are? ņôç correct, ¶«Lç-ûª†’ Lactating woman Å-ØÌa. ÉC -¢√u´-
3) English ¢√∞¡Ÿx í∫çí¬-†-CE °œL-*-†- B®Ω’
Ganges. Greek ™ †’ç* ´*a† Ê°®ΩC. é¬E
(Ç£æ…, àç ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úÕ-´ßª÷u †’´¤y! ÅØË £æ…-Jéπ English ™ ¶«Lç-ûªèπ◊ ÅA ü¿í∫_-J´÷ô.
É°æ¤púø’ Ganges •ü¿’©’ Ganga ņ-ô¢Ë’ ¶µ«´çûÓ). Å®·ûË áèπ◊\-´í¬ É™«çöÀ sentence Woman in her post natal period ÅØËC
exclamation í¬ ¢√-úø-û√ç- é¬-•öÀd what kind of ¶«Lç-ûªèπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô. Å®·ûË ÉC doctors ¢√úË
Ææ••’. The Ganga rises in the Himalayas.
friend you are? correct. ¢Ájü¿u °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ-™E °æü¿ç. Spoken English ™
É°æ¤púø’ English ™ èπÿú≈ Ganga ņ-ô¢Ë’
Correct. 2) It being a rainy day- tense, we took
DE Å®Ω’ü¿’.
rest verb, took tense- past
4) Out, late- verbs
ÉN 鬴¤– Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd out, ™ Ö†o ßÁ·éπ\ vÊ°N’-èπ◊-®√©’/ v°œßª·-®√©’/ vʰߪ’Æœ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™
preposition/ adverb Å´¤-ûª’çC, late- adjec- tense. (Ç®Ó-V ´®Ω{-°æ¤-®ÓV 鬴-ôç-´©x =It Love/ beloved -Åç-ö«®Ω’.
tive/ adverbÅ´¤-ûª’çC 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ V1, V2, V3 being a rainy day.) tense,
friend = ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’/ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-®√©’
DE -D-E -ûª®√y-ûª
clause verb tense took)
™«çöÀN -Öçúø´¤. (out î√-™« Å-®Ω’-ü¿’í¬, Ééπ\úø ´-îËa -™-E (Ééπ\úø 2) Listen to a radio
N´-Jç-îªúøç ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥-¢Á’i-† °æJ-Æœn-A™ verb †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC.
3) Å™« ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ´îËa-ÆœçC.
Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å°æ¤púø’ out-outed-outed Å-ØÌa) 3) Let it be done now.