Garlz darvini

1809-1882

darvini, ingliseli naturalisti, albaT, erT-erTi

yvelaze cnobilia im moRvaweTagan, romelTa gvarebi
samudamod SemorCa adamianTa mexsierebas.
darvini warCinebul da mdidar ojaxSi daibada. sa-
Sualo warmatebis mqone studentis arCevani soflis
mRvdlis an eqimis misTvis erTob mosawyen da uintereso
profesiebs Soris meryeobda. myari finansuri mdgo-
mareobis gamo, mas ar sWirdeboda SemosavlisTvis muSa­
avtoris Sesaxeb
oba, darvins hqonda Tavisufleba _ sakuTari ganaTleba da talanti survilisamebr
gamoeyenebina. Carlzis mamis, warmatebuli eqimis survili _ Svilic mis profesias
gahyoloda, uSedego gamodga. Carlzi operaciebze daswrebisas cudad xdeboda da
xSirad gulic ki misdioda.
darvinis mama darwmunda, rom Carlzs medicina ar ainteresebda da urCia kemb­
rijSi RmrTismetyvelebas daufleboda. darvinma winadadeba miiRo. mas surda sof-
lis mRvdeli gamosuliyo, magram amasTanave, emuSava zoologiaSi, rogorc moyva­rul
naturalists. 1831 wels Carlzma daasrula kembrijis universitetis Teologiis
fakulteti bakalavris xarisxiT.
darvinis interesi mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da geologiuri naSTebis mimarT
SeamCnia misma botanikis profesorma da 1831 wels patagoniaSi kvleviT eqspedi­ciaSi
mimaval gem `biglze~ Tavis students adgili mouZebna. kapitans gemze esaWiroebo-
da naturalisti, romelic sadilobisas misi kompanionic iqneboda. 5 wlis Semdeg
darvini mis mier mopovebuli mdidari sakoleqcio masaliT inglisSi dabrunda da
aRarsad wasula. mogzaurobisas SeZenilma tropikulma daavadebam igi TiTqmis in-
validad aqcia.
darvinisTvis cnobili iyo misi papis, erTob saintereso pirovnebis, erazm dar-
vinis naSromi `zoonomia, anu organuli sicocxlis kanonebi~, agreTve cnobili
frangi zoologis, Jan-batist lamarkis mier manamde gamoTqmuli evoluciuri mo-
sazrebebi. 1838 wels igi gaecno Tomas malTusis naSroms _`ese mosaxleobis buneb­
rivi principis Sesaxeb~, romelmac misi didi interesi gamoiwvia.
darvinma, romelic ukve muSaobda cocxali organizmebis cvalebadobis sakiT­x-
ebze, 1842 wels evoluciuri koncefciis Savi monaxazi gaakeTa. TandaTan mivida
daskvnamde, rom organizmebi dedamiwaze evoluciis Sedegad warmoiSvnen da mud-
mivad icvlebian, xolo dedamiwaze mobinadre yvela mcenaresa da cxovels odes-
Rac saerTo winapari hyavda.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

1859 wlis 24 noembers darvinma gamoaqveyna wigni _ `saxeobaTa warmoSoba buneb­

rivi gadarCevis gziT anu ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena arsebobisaTvis brZo-
laSi~. SesaniSnavad argumentirebuli da mraval magaliTze agebuli naSromi orga­
nuli samyaros istoriuli ganviTarebis mizezebsa da kanonzomierebebze, biolo-
giis axali eris dasawyisia.
darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, axali saxeobis Camoyalibeba xdeba memkvidreobi-
Tobisa da cvalebadobis safuZvelze da evoluciis mTavari warmmarTveli faqto-
ria bunebrivi gadarCeva, rac arsebobisaTvis brZolis Sedegia.
wigni maSinve bestselerad iqca da avtoris sicocxleSi xuTjer gamoica.
umokles droSi igi yvela evropul enaze iTargmna. gamoqveynebidan pirvel wlebSi
darvinis es naSromi umwvaves kamaTs iwvevda, Tumca axalma aRmoCenebma (kerZod,
genetikaSi, paleontologiaSi, SedarebiT morfologiaSi) zurgi gaumagra evolu-
ciur TvalTaxedvas da dRes darvinis Teoria Tanamedrove biologiis ZiriTadi
filosofiuri safuZvelia. metic, am Sromam udidesi gavlena moaxdina zogadad
Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebaze da dasabami misca sociologiis zogierT
mimarTulebasac ki.
Tavisi ideebi darvinma gaaRrmava da ganaviTara ufro gvian gamocemul Txzu­
lebebSi. naSromSi _ `Sinauri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis Secvla~ gan­
xilulia kulturul mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa jiSebis xelovnuri gadarCe-
viT gamoyvanis kanonzomierebebi. adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis sakiTxebi
man detalurad ganixila monografiebSi: `adamianis warmoSoba da sqesobrivi ga-
darCeva~ da `emociebis gamoxatva adamiansa da cxovelebSi~.
darvini dakrZalulia uestminsteris saabatoSi, inglisis panTeonSi.

* * *

avtoris Sesaxeb

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 saxeobaTa warmoSobisa da arsebobisaTvis
brZolaSi upiratesobis mqone saxeobebis
gadarGenis Sesaxeb

Sinaarsi

cvalebadobis mizezebi; Gvevisa da organoebis gavarjiSebis an gauvarjiSeblobis moq-

medeba; korelaciuri cvlileba (variacia); memkvidreobiToba; Sinaur nairsaxeobaTa zogadi
xasiaTi; sirTuleebi saxeobebisa da nairsaxeobis garGevisas; Sinauri nairsaxeobebis war-
moSoba erTi an ramdenime saxeobisgan; Sinauri mtredebis jiSebi, maTi warmoSoba da gan-
masxvavebeli niSnebi; gadarGevis uZvelesi principebi da maTi Sedegebi; meToduri da gauc-
nobierebeli gadarGeva; Sinauri formebis warmoSoba ucnobia; adamianis mier Seqmnili
gadarGevisTvis xelsayreli garemoebebi.

Sesavali

gem `biglze~ mogzaurobisas Gemi, rogorc naturalistis, yuradReba miipyro samxreT

amerikaSi binadari organizmebis ganawilebis Taviseburebam da am kontinentze odesRac
da amJamad mcxovreb organizmTa Soris geologiurma kavSirebma. GavTvale, rom SesaZloa,
am faqtebma naTeli mohfinos saxeobaTa warmoSobas _ saidumloTa saidumlos, rogorc mas
erT-erTma udidesma filosofosma uwoda. Sin dabrunebuls amave wels gamiGnda azri, rom
Tu damatebiT faqtebs yuradRebiTa da guldasmiT Sevagrovebdi da Seviswavlidi, SeiZle-
ba kidec Cavwvdomodi am urTules sakiTxs. xuTwliani muSaobis Semdeg Tavs ufleba miveci
mokle Ganawerebic gamekeTebina. isini 1844 wels narkvevis saxiT Gamovayalibe da im perio­
didan dRemde guldasmiT vcdilob mizani bolomde ganvaxorcielo. imedi maqvs, mkiTxveli
momitevebs piraduli xasiaTis informaciis miwodebas, magram mindoda meGvenebina, rom am
gadawyvetilebamde naGqarevad ar mivsulvar.
axla Gemi naSromi TiTqmis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, Tumca misTvis saboloo saxis mice-
mamde kidev ori an sami weli mainc aris saWiro. radgan janmrTeloba TandaTan miuaresdeba,
maGqareben, rom gamzadebuli masala mainc davbeWdo. am gadawyvetilebamde ufro im faqtma
mibiZga, rom batoni uolesi, romelic axla malais arqipelagis bunebriv istorias Seiswav-
lis, saxeobaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb swored im daskvnebamde mivida, romlebic me mqonda Ga-

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

moyalibebuli. SarSan am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi statia gamomigzavna da mTxova, rom

ser Garlz laielisaTvis gadameca. am ukanasknelma ki, Tavis mxriv, igi lines sazogadoebas
gadaugzavna. ser G. laielma da doqtorma hukerma, romlebic 1844 wels gaecnen Gems naSroms,
pativi damdes da mirGies, rom baton uolesis SesaniSnav statiasTan erTad ramdenime nawy­
veti mec gamomeqveynebina.
nawyveti, romelsac axla vaqveyneb, namdvilad ar iqneba srulyofili: mas arc gamoye­
nebul naSromTa sia axlavs Tan da arc im mecnierTa gvarebis GamonaTvali, romelTa naaz-
revis gavleniTac Gamovayalibe ramdenime mosazreba. didi mokrZalebiT gamovTqvam imeds,
rom mkiTxveli Gems sizustes endoba. Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ramdenime uzus-
tobac gaparuliyo. aqve isic unda giTxraT, rom arasodes davyrdnobilvar mxolod avto-
ritetTa mier gamoTqmul azrebs da aqedan gamomdinare, nawyvetSi moyvanilia mxolod is
zogadi daskvnebi, romlebic Gemi dakvirvebebis Sedegia da Tan ramdenime faqti davurTe
sailustraciod. ra Tqma unda, momavalSi aucilebelia Gems xelT arsebuli yvela faqtis
Tavmoyra da bibliografiisa da mecnierTa gvarebis siis srulyofa. amas aucileblad gava-
keTeb, radgan kargad vici, rom WeSmariti Sedegi mxolod maSin miiRweva, Tu srulyofilad
GamovayalibebT yvela mosazrebas da ormxriv arguments, risi gakeTebac amjerad sruliad
SeuZ­lebelia.
metad vwuxvar, rom ver vuxdi gulwrfel madlobas yvela im mecniers, romlebmac,
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani piradad arc ki micnobda, Zal-Rone ar daiSures
Gems dasaxmareblad. Tumca ki, arafriT ar SemiZlia ar movixseno aq doqtori hukeri, ro-
melic, ager ukve 15 welia, udides daxmarebas miwevs Tavisi usazRvro codniTa da SesaniS-
navi msjelobiT.
rac Seexeba saxeobaTa warmoSobas, mosalodnelia, rom naturalisti, romelic fiq­
robs organuli arsebebis erTmaneTTan siaxloveze, maT embriologiur kavSirebze, geog­
rafiul gavrcelebaze, geologiur Tanmimdevrobasa da sxva amgvar faqtebze, TavisTavad
mivides daskvnamde, rom saxeobebi ar Seqmnila erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, isini rome-
lime saxeobidan warmoiSvnen, rogorc nairsaxeobebi. amasTanave, ragind Zlieri safuZvel-
ic unda hqondes amgvar daskvnas, igi mainc ar GaiTvleba damakmayofileblad, sanam ar
iqneba dasabuTebuli, rogor icvlebodnen dedamiwaze mcxovrebi uricxvi saxeobebi, sanam
agebulebis da Seguebulobis iseT daxvewilobas miaRwevdnen, romelic dRes Gvens gaoce-
bas iwvevs. naturalistebi xSirad cvalebadobis erT-erT mizezad garemo pirobebs, maga­
liTad klimats, sakvebs da a.S. asaxeleben, rac, erTi mxriv, SesaZloa, WeSmaritebac iyo,
magram mxolod nawilobriv, radgan araswori iqneboda garemopirobebiT agvexsna, magali-
Tad, kodalas agebuleba, romelic Tavisi fexebiT, kudiT, niskartiTa da eniT ase SesaniS-
navad aris Seguebuli xis qerqidan mwerebis gamoyvanas. fiTrs, romelic sakvebs zogierTi
xidan Rebulobs, aqvs Tesli, romelsac frinvelebi avrceleben da gansxvavebulsqesiani
yvavili, romelic mwerebis daxmarebiT imtvereba, aseve absurdulia is azri, rom para­
zitis agebuleba SeiZleba aixsnas garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT, GveviT an Tavad mcenaris
miswrafebiT.

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Carlz darvini

Gemi azriT, avtori naSromisa `samyaros Seqmnis kvali~ ityoda, rom TaobaTa gansaz-
Rvruli raodenobis Semdeg romeliRac frinvelma gamoGeka kodala an romeliRac mce-
naridan warmoiSva fiTri, da Semdeg TandaTanobiT moxda maTi srulyofili saxiT Gamo-
yalibeba. Tumca es varaudi GemTvis amomwurav pasuxs ar warmoadgens, radgan organul
arsebaTa urTierTSegueba (koadaptacia) da maTi Segueba garemos fizikur pirobebTan
auxsneli rGeba.
swored amitom, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cvalebadobisa da Seguebis sakiTxebSi
Rrmad garkvevas. Gemi dakvirvebebis sawyis etapze miviGnevdi, rom am burusiT moculi
problemebis gadasawyvetad saukeTeso saSualeba iqneboda Sinaur cxovelebsa da
kulturul mcenareebze dakvirveba. da sabednierod, imedi ar gamcruebia. aRmovaGine, rom
moSinaurebis Sesaxeb Gveni codnis arasrulyofilebis miuxedavad, igi mainc saukeTeso da
yvelaze saimedo pasuxebs gvawvdis am da sxva Tavsatexi sakiTxebis asaxsnelad. marTalia,
mecnierTa didi nawili, rogorc wesi, amgvar kvlevas did yuradRebas ar uTmobs, magram
minda gabedulad gamovTqva Gemi azri misi didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
amgvari mosazrebebis gamo, pirvel Tavs swored moSinaurebis pirobebSi cvalebadobis
Seswavlas vuZRvni. amgvarad, Gven davrwmundebiT, rom memkvidreobiTi cvlilebis darad
da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac, mniSvnelovania adamianis unari, susti cvlilebebis mimdev-
robiTi gadarGevis Sedegad daagrovos garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi. Semdeg gadavalT bune-
baSi arsebul saxeobaTa cvalebadobaze, Tumca am sakiTxs metad mokled Sevexebi, radgan
misi jerovnad Gamoyalibeba mxolod araerTi faqtis moSveliebiT aris SesaZlebeli. imas
mainc SevZlebT, rom cvalebadobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli garemo pirobebi ganvixiloT.
Semdeg TavSi SevexebiT arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakiTxs, romelic dedamiwaze mcxovreb
yvela organul arsebas Soris mimdinareobs maTi ricxovnobis geometriuli progre­siiT
zrdis gamo. es gaxlavT aRniSnuli malTusis doqtrina, romelic vrceldeba rogorc mcena-
reTa, ise cxovelTa samyaroze. es imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli saxeobis farglebSi imaze meti
arseba ibadeba, ramdenic gadarGenas SeZlebda. aqedan gamomdinare, mimdinareobs mudmivi
brZola gadarGenisaTvis. igulisxmeba, rom Tu romelime arseba gansxvavdeba saxeobis sxva
warmomadgenlebisgan da Tundac umniSvnelo upiratesobis mimniWebeli Tvisebis matarebe-
lia, cxovrebis rTul da zogjer gansxvavebul pirobebSi mas gadarGenis ufro meti Sesa-
Zlebloba eqneba. maSasadame, moxdeba misi bunebrivi gadarGeva. memkvidreobiTobis mkacri
principidan gamomdinare, gadarGeuli saxesxvaoba gamravldeba axali, saxecvlili formiT.
bunebrivi gadarGevis am fundamentur sakiTxs meoTxe TavSi ganvixilavT _ naTeli gaxdeba,
rom bunebrivi gadarGevis Sedegad TiTqmis gardauvalia sicocxlis naklebad srulyofili
formebis gadaSeneba, rasac Gems mier moxseniebul e.w. niSan-TvisebaTa gansxvavebamde mi-
vyavarT. momaval TavSi ganvixilavT cvalebadobis rTul da SedarebiT ucnob kanonebsa da
korelaciur cvlilebebs. Semdeg oTx TavSi ki am Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaGino da mniSvnelo-
van sirTuleebs SeviswavliT, saxeldobr gavarkvevT, rogor Gamoyalibda martivi organo an
martivi arseba daxve­wili agebulebis maRalganviTarebul individad. agreTve SeviswavliT
instinqtis sakiTxs anu cxovelebis gonebriv SesaZleblobebsa da hibridizacias, anu saxe-

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

obaTa Sejvarebisas maTi gamravlebis unarsa an uunarobas, dasasrul, SevexebiT geolo-

giuri aRnusxvis arasrulyofilebas. Semdeg TavSi ganvixilavT organul arsebaTa geolo-
giur Tanmimdevrobas droSi, meTerTmete da meTormete TavebSi ki _ saxeobaTa geografiul
ganawilebas sivrceSi, mecamete Tavi eZRvneba maTi klasifikaciisa da urTierTnaTesaobis
sakiTxebs, rogorc zrdasrul, ise embrionul mdgomareobaSi. bolo TavSi ki mokled Seva-
jamebT mTel naSroms da SemogTavazebT ramdenime saboloo SeniSvnas.
sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom saxeobaTa da nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobis sakiTxi jer kidev
auxsnelia, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Gven mwir codnas im arsebaTa urTierTobebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic Gvens garSemo cxovroben. vis SeuZlia axsnas, ratom xdeba, rom erTi saxeoba mra-
valferovani da mravalricxovania, maSin rodesac masTan sul axlos mdgomi meore saxeoba
iSviaTia da erTgvarovani? diax, amgvari movlenebis axsna metad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac
isini gansazRvraven dedamiwis TiToeuli binadaris ara marto amJamindel yofas, aramed maT
momavals warmatebasac. kidev ufro mwiria Gveni codna dedamiwis uricxv binadarTa urT-
ierTgavlenis Sesaxeb mravali warsuli geologiuri epoqebis ganmavlobaSi. marTalia, jer
kidev bevri ram rGeba amoucnobi, magram gulmodgine Seswavlisa da yovelgvar emociurobas
moklebuli msjelobis Semdeg, ukve ueWveli xeba im mosazrebebis simcdare, romelsac mec-
nierTa umetesoba iziarebs da erT dros mec veTanxmebodi. saxeldobr, es gaxlavT Tvalsaz-
risi TiToeuli saxeobis damoukideblad Seqmnis Sesaxeb. sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom
saxeobebi uclelni ar arian da rom saxeoba, romelic ekuTnis erTsa da imave gvars, iseve,
rogorc erTi saxeobis aRiarebuli nairsaxeobebi _ erTi saxeobidan momdinareoben. garda
amisa, darwmunebuli var, rom bunebrivi gadarGeva iyo cvalebadobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani,
magram ara erTaderTi saSualeba.

Tavi I

cvalebadoba moSinaurebis dros

cvalebadobis mizezebi; Gvevisa da organoebis gavarjiSebis an gauvarjiSeblobis

moqmedeba; korelaciuri cvlilebebi; memkvidreobiToba; Sinaur nairsaxeobaTa
zogadi Tvisebebi; sirTuleebi saxeobebisa da nairsaxeobebis garGevisas; erTi an
ramdenime saxeobisgan Sinauri nairsaxeobebis warmoSoba; Sinauri mtredis jiSebi,
maTi warmoSoba da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi; gadarGevis uZvelesi principebi da maTi
Sedegebi; meToduri da gaucnobierebeli gadarGeva; Sinauri jiSebis warmoSoba uc-
nobia; adamianis mier warmoebuli gadarGevis xelSemwyobi pirobebi.

rodesac uZvelesi Sinauri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis erTi da imave nair-

saxeobis an qvenairsaxeobis individebs vadarebT, yvelaze metad gvakvirvebs is faqti, rom

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Carlz darvini

isini, rogorc wesi, ufro metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, vidre nebismieri saxeobis
individebi bunebriv pirobebSi.
rodesac davfiqrdebiT, ramdenad mravalferovania adamianis mier Seqmnili mcenaree-
bisa da cxovelebis jiSebi, romlebic xelovnurad gamohyavdaT da cvlidnen saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, gansxvavebuli klimatisa da movlis pirobebSi, Semdeg daskvnamde mivalT:
Gveni Sinauri formebi warmoiSvnen maT winamorbed saxeobebTan SedarebiT mravalferovan
da sakmaod gansxvavebul sasicocxlo pirobebSi. aseve, Gemi azriT, WeSmaritebis marcvali
devs endriu naitis (Andrew Knight) mosazrebebSic, romlis Tanaxmadac cvalebadoba, SesaZ­
loa, nawilobriv sakvebis xelmisawvdomobiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom cocxa-
li arseba axal, gansxvavebul pirobebSi ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi unda arsebobdes,
raTa cvalebadoba SesamGnevi gaxdes. Tu cvalebadobam erTxel mainc iGina Tavi, rogorc
wesi, gagrZeldeba mravali Taobis manZilze. ar arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac cvalebado-
bas erTxel ukve daqvemdebarebul individs kulturul saxeobad gadaqcevis periodSi es
procesi Seewyvitos. Gveni uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebi, magaliTad xorbali, kvlav
iZleva axal nairsaxeobebs, Sinaur cxovelebs ki swrafi gaumjobesebisa da saxecvlilebis
unari SeswevT.
didi kamaTi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze, sicocxlis ra etapze iGens Tavs cvlilebis
mizezebi _ embrionis ganviTarebis adreul Tu gviandel stadiaSi, Tu sulac Gasaxvis
momentisTanave. jefri hilaris (Geoffroy St. Hilaire) mier Gatarebulma kvlevam gviGvena,
rom embrionis ganviTarebaSi nebismieri arabunebrivi Gareva simaxinjes iwvevs, rac Tavis
mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara erT-erTi variacia. me ki Rrmad mwams, rom cvalebadobis
ZiriTad mizezad SeiZleba miviGnioT zemomqedeba mamrisa da mdedris reproduqciul
sistemebze Gasaxvis aqtamde. amas mafiqrebinebs is, rom, gakultureba an SezRuduli
pirobebi Zlier gavlenas axdens reproduqciul sistemaze, radgan es sistema yvelaze
metad mgrZnobiarea cvlilebebis mimarT. cxovelis moSinaureba advili saqmea, magram
Zalze Znelia aiZulo igi, gamravldes garkveul SezRudul pirobebSi, maSinac ki,
rodesac mamri da mdedri erTad binadroben. meore mxriv, vin moTvlis ramdeni cxoveli
ar mravldeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Gveulebriv, SeuzRudav pirobebSi uwevs arseboba
Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi! aseT SemTxvevebs SecdomiT darRveul instinqtebs miaweren.
magram, ramdeni mcenarea, romelic garegnulad didi da Zlieri izrdeba, magram Tesli ar
gamoaqvs. zogierT SemTx­vevaSi aRmoGnda, rom Zalze mcire cvlilebebic ki, magaliTad,
wylis nakleboba an siWarbe mcenaris zrdis romelime konkretul periodSi ganapirobebs
mis mier Teslis gamotanas an argamotanas. aq ver moviyvan Gem mier Segrovebul uamrav
amgvar faqts, magram imis sailustraciod, ramdenad uGveuloa SezRudul pirobebSi
cxovelis gamravlebis ganmapirobebeli reproduqciis kanonebi, me mxolod aRv­niSnav,
rom mtacebeli cxovelebi, Tundac tropikebidan Gamoyvanilebi am qveyanaSi (inglisSi)
Tavisuflad mrvldebian, (ga­monakliss warmoadgenen mtacebeli plantigradebi _ (Zu­
Zumwovrebi, romlebic moZraobisas terfs eyrdnobian. magaliTad, adamiani, enoti, daT­
vi, kurdReli) da daTvisebrTa ojaxi), ma­Sin, rodesac mtacebeli frinvelebi Zalian

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

iSviaTad deben ganayofierebul kvercxebs. mravali egzotikuri mcenaris damtverva

SezRudul pirobebSi Zalze Znelia, iseve, rogorc steriluri hibridebis. ar unda gag­
vikvirdes is faqti, rom Sinauri cxovelebi da mcenareebi, odnav avadmyofuradac rom
gamoiyurebodnen, SezRudul pirobebSi Tavisuflad mravldebian; maSin, roca, bunebrivi
pirobebidan Zalian patara asakSi ayvanil cxovels, romelic sakmaod advilad moSinaurda
da, erTi SexedviT janmrTeladac gamoiyureba, iseTi dazianebuli aqvs reproduqciuli
sistema, rom Gasaxvis aqtis Gatarebis Zalac ki ar Seswevs, xolo ganayofiereba Tu mainc
moxda, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom naSi­eri mSoblebisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba.
steriloba mcenareebisaTvis momakvdinebelia, magram isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom cva-
lebadobisa da sterilurobis gamomwvevi mizezebi erTi da igivea da Gvens baRebSi arsebuli
aTasnairi saxeobis wyaroc cvalebadobaa. aqve SeiZleba davamatoT, rom zogierTi organizmi
Zlier SezRudul pirobebSic ki uproblemod mravldeba (kurdReli da qrcvini galiaSi). es
imaze metyvelebs, rom maTi reproduqciuli sistema ar dazianebula. aseve, zogi cxoveli da
mcenare Tavisuflad uZlebs moSinaurebas an gakulturebas da Zalze umniSvnelod; _ odnav
imaze metad icvleba, vidre bunebriv pirobebSi.
aqve SeiZleba moviyvanoT mutanti mcenareebis (normisgan gadaxrili) (sporting plants)
grZeli GamonaTvali. am terminiT mebaReebi aRniSnaven kvirts an amonayars, romelic uecrad
axal da xSirad mSoblisgan sruliad gansxvavebul niSan-Tvisebas avlens. aseTi kvirtebis
gamravleba SesaZloa damynobis saSualebiT an TesliT. amgvari SemTxvevebi metad iSviaTia
bunebriv pirobebSi, magram Zalian xSiria gakulturebisas. am SemTxvevidan aSkarad Gans, rom
gadasxvaferda Tavad amonayari da kvirti, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ mtveri da kver-
cxujredi, Tumca fiziologTa umravlesoba miiGnevs, rom Gamoyalibebis adreul stadiaSi
kvirtsa da kvercxujreds Soris arsebiTi sxvaoba ar aris. aqedan gamomdinare, `mutanti
mcenareebi~ adasturebs Gems Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom cvalebadoba SeiZleba mieweros
kvercxujreds an mcenaris mtvers, an orives erTad, rac gamowveulia maT mSobel mcenareze
zemoqmedebiT gamravlebis aqtis win. es SemTxvevebi met-naklebad adasturebs varauds, rom
cvalebadoba yovelTvis mxolod gamravlebis aqts ar ukavSirdeba, rogorc es mraval mec-
niers miaGnia.
erTi da imave xilis sxvadasxva nergi an cxovelis erTi nayaris sxvadasxva naSieri
zogjer erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom nayarica da mSoble-
bic, rogorc miuleri (Muller) aRniSnavs, erTi da imave garemoSi arseboben. es garemoebebi
aaSkaravebs imas, rom garemo pirobebs SedarebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs gamravlebis,
zrdis an memkvidreobiTobis kanonebTan SedarebiT. garemo pirobebi rom pirdapir gavle-
nas axdendes, maSin yvela axalSobili erTnairad gansxvavebuli iqneboda. msjeloba imaze,
ramdenad mniSvnelovania cvalebadobaze sicxis, nestis, sinaTlis da a.S. gavlena, yvelaze
advili sakiTxia. Gemi azriT, cxovelebisTvis es faqtorebi nakleb, xolo mcenareebisTvis
ki bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania. am TvalsazrisiT, metad saintereso da faseulia baqma-
nis (Buckman) bolo dros Gatarebuli cdebi. rodesac erTi da imave pirobebSi myof indi-
videbze es pirobebi erTgvar gavlenas axdens, naTeli xdeba, rom cvlileba swored maTi

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zemoqmede­biT aris gamowveuli; Tumca aRmoGnda, rom erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulma piro-

bebmac ki SeiZleba erTnairi struqturuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvios. miuxedavad yovelive
zemoTqmulisa, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom umniSvnelo cvalebadoba SeiZleba mieweros pi-
robebis pirdapir gavlenas, magaliTad, didi zoma _ sakvebis did raodenobas, Seferiloba _
gansakuTrebul sakvebs da sinaTles, bewvis sisqe _ klimats da a.S. qcevasac aseve gadamwyve-
ti mniSvneloba eniWeba, rodesac, davuSvaT, yvavilobis periodSi mcenareebi erTi klimati-
dan meoreSi gadaaqvT. cxovelebSi es gavlena bevrad ufro TvalsaGinoa, magaliTad, Sinaur
ixvebSi, gareul ixvebTan SedarebiT frTis Zvlebis wonis Sefardeba GonGxis wonasTan nak-
lebia, xolo fexis Zvlebis Sefardeba GonGxis wonasTan _ meti. Gemi azriT, es gamowveulia
imiT, rom Si­nauri ixvi bevrad ufro naklebs dafrinavs da mets dadis, vidre misi gareuli
winapari. Zroxebsa da Txebs jiqani ufro metad im qveynebSi aqvT ganviTarebuli, sadac maT
wvelian, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs sxeulis raime nawilis gavarjiSebis gavlenaze. erT
Sinaur cxovelsac ver davasaxelebT, Gamoyrili yurebi rom ar hqondes, es faqti ki imi-
Taa ganpirobebuli, rom maT ar eSiniaT raime safrTxisa da amitom ar sWirdebaT yuris
kunTebis daZabva.
uamravi kanoni aregulirebs cvalebadobas. zogierTi maTgani Zalze bundovania da ami-
tom mokled iqneba warmodgenili. aq mxolod Sevexebi imas, rasac SesaZlebelia zrdis kore-
lacia vuwodoT. nebismieri cvlileba, iqneba es embrionis Tu larvis doneze, aucileblad
gamoiwvevs cvlilebebs zrdasrul individSi. Zalze sainteresoa sxeulis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis simaxinjeebs Soris korelacia; amis mravali magaliTi moyvanili aqvs isidor je-
fri st. hilaris aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil SesaniSnav naSromSi. mecnierebi, romle-
bic jiSebis gamoyvanaze muSaoben, miiGneven, rom grZeli kidurebis mqone arsebas yovelTvis
wagrZelebuli Tavi aqvs. korelaciis zogierTi SemTxveva pirdapir gasaocaria: magaliTad,
cisferTvaleba TeTri katebi ZiriTadad yruebi arian anu feri da sxva niSnebi erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia; am faqtis damadasturebeli naTeli magaliTi Tavad cxovelebsa da mcena-
reebSi uamravia. hiuzingeris (Heusinger) mier mopovebuli masalidan vgebulobT, rom Te-
Tri feris cxvrebsa da Rorebze, maT Seferil an Wrel TanamoZmeebTan SedarebiT, Sxamebi
gansxavebulad moqmedebs. ubewvo ZaRlebs cudi kbilebi aqvs, grZel da uxeSbewvian cxove-
lebs _ grZeli rqebi; bumbuliT dafaruli fexebis mqone mtredebs fexis TiTebi SeerTebu-
lia; mokleniskarta mtredebs patara fexebi aqvT, grZelniskartianebs ki _ didi. maSasadame,
Tu adamiani gaagrZelebs gadarGevas da romelime Tvisebas ganaviTarebs, TavisTavad moxde-
ba kidev raime sxva niSnis gamokveTac, rac korelaciis idumalebiT moculi kanonebiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
cvalebadobis kanonebi Zalze rTuli da mravalferovania, amitom mizanSewonili iqne-
boda zogierT uZveles kulturul mcenareze gamoqveynebuli traqtatebis Seswavla. gasa-
ocaria, rom iseTi mcenareebi, rogoricaa giacinti, kartofili an sulac georgini (Dahlia)
da a.S. usasrulod gansxvavebul saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs iZleva, TiTqos yvela maT-
ganma erTmaneTTan piri Sekra da cdilobs winaprisagan aucileblad cotaTi mainc gansx-
vavdebodes.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

nebismieri cvalebadoba, romelic memkvidreobiT ar gadadis, GvenTvis interes­mok­

lebulia. Tumca memkvidreobiT gadacemul mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa raodenoba da nair­sa­
xeoba usasruloa. doqtor prosper lukasis (Prosper Lucas) ortomiani traqtati am sakiTxis
Sesaxeb yvelaze srulyofili da saukeTesoa. arc erT seleqcioners eWvi ar epareba mem­
kvidreobiTobis gavlenis upiratesobaSi. msgavsi warmoSobs msgavss da es fundamenturi
azria. am sakiTxs eWvqveS mxolod Teoritikosebi ayeneben. rodesac normidan esa Tu
is gadaxra sakmaod xSiria da igi mamaSic vlindeba da SvilSic, ver uarvyofT, rom igi
oriveSi maTze moqmedi erTi da imave mizeziT iyos gamowveuli. magram, rodesac iseTi
iSviaTi gadaxra, romlis gamovlenis sixSire, rogorc wesi, ramdenime milion adamianSi
erTia, da mamasac gamouvlindeba da mis Svilsac, iZulebulni viqnebiT, rom misi ganmeoreba
memkvidreobiTobas mivaweroT. uTuod yvelas gsmeniaT albinizmis an WarbTmiani sxeulis
Sesaxeb, rac erTi ojaxis ramdenime wevrs SeiZleba aRmoaGndes. Tu aseTi ucnauri da iSvia­
Ti gadaxrebi mamidan Svils memkvidreobiT gadaeca, maSin cxadia, rom SedarebiT xSiri da
Gve­ulebrivi Tvisebebi ueWvelad eqvemdebareba memkvidreobiT gadacemas. SesaZloa, uf­ro
swori midgoma am sakiTxisadmi amgvarad JRerdes _ yoveli Tvisebis memkvidreobiT gadace­
ma normaa, argadacema ki _ anomalia. memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi Rrmad Seswavlili ar
aris, amitomac danamdvilebiT veravin ityvis, ratom xdeba, rom erTi da igive Tavisebureba
rogorc erT, aseve gansxvavebuli saxeobis warmomadgenlebSi zogjer memkvidreobiT
gadadis da zogjer ki _ ara. ratom xdeba, rom bavSvi zogjer babuis an sxva kidev ufro
Soreuli winapris Tvisebebs gamoavlens; ratom xdeba, rom esa Tu is Tviseba erTi sqesidan
oriveze gadadis an, ufro xSirad (magram ara yovelTvis), mxolod imave sqess gadaecema.
Gven did mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT Sinaur cxovelebSi, kerZod, mamrebSi gamovleni­li
Taviseburebebis TiTqmis yovelTvis isev mamrebze gadacemis faqts. Gemi azriT, kidev uf­
ro mniSvnelovania, is ra asakSic gamouvlinda mamas esa Tu is Tviseba, imave asakSi vlindeba
xolme igi mis naSiereb­Sic, Tumca zogjer _ cota adrec ki. zog SemTxvevaSi sxvagvarad verc
moxdeba _ magali­Tad, msxvilfexa pirutyvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rqebis Taviseburebebi
maT naSierTac mxolod zrdasrulobisas gamouvlindebaT. Tumca abreSumis WiisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi SesaZloa Wupris an muxluxos stadiaSi gamovlindes. mag­
ram rodesac memkvidreobiT miRebul daavadebebs da sxva faqtebs vswavlob, vrwmundebi,
rom zemoTq­mu­li wesi kidev ufro farTo mniSvnelobas iZens _ igi maSinac ki moqmedebs,
rodesac ar arse­bobs mizezi. esa Tu is Tavisebureba konkretul asakSi vlindeba naSierebSi
iseve, rogorc maT winaprebSi, erTi SexedviT, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe. mimaGnia, rom
es wesi embriologiis kanonebis asaxsnelad metad mniSvnelovania. igi exeba ama Tu im
Taviseburebis pirvelad gamovlenas da ara mis warmomSob mizezs, romelsac SeiZleba
emoqmeda kvercxujredze an mamrobiTi sqesis romelime elementze _ daaxloebiT imis
analogiurad, rodesac moklerqiani Zroxisa da grZelrqiani xaris SejvarebiT miRebul
naSiers kidev ufro grZeli rqebi aqvs, rac aSkarad mamisagan miRebuli memkvidreobaa.
reversiis anu atavizmis Temaze gadasvlamde minda SevGerde mosazrebaze, romelsac
mravali naturalisti gamoTqvams: gavelurebis SemTxvevaSi Sinauri nairsaxeobebi, Tan-

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daTanobiT, magram ucvlelad ubrundebian TavianTi veluri winaprebis Tvisebebs. amaod

vcdilobdi aRmomeGina, ra faqtebi TamaSobdnen gadamwyvet rols am gabeduli azris Gam-
oyalibebaSi. uamravi sirTule meRobeboda gzaze misi WeSmaritebis dasamtkiceblad. Gven
SegviZlia Zalian mSvidad davaskvnaT, rom Sinauri cxovelebis mravali nairsaxeoba ver
SeZ­lebda bunebriv pirobebSi arsebobas. garda amisa, arc is viciT, rogor gamoiyurebod-
nen maTi veluri winaprebi, amitom verc imas davamtkicebT, ramdenad zustad vlindeba
atavizmi. amasTanave, aucilebeli gaxdeboda mxolod erTi romelime nairsaxeobis bune-
baSi sacdelad gayvana, raTa Tavidan agvecilebina urTierTSejvarebis Sedegebis gav-
lena. miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, aSkaraa, rom Sinauri nairsaxeobebi zog SemTxvevaSi
aucileblad ibruneben TavianTi winaprebis garkveul Tvisebebs. Tumca naklebia imis
albaToba, rom magaliTad, kombosto velur, arakultivirebul mwir niadagze vTesoT da
mravali Taobis Semdeg mniSv­nelovanwilad an mTlianad daubrundes Tavis Tavdapirvel,
velur saxes. am cdis warmatebiT dasruleba sakamaTo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad arcTu mniS-
vnelovania, radgan amgvar eqsperimentSi Gven Tavad vcvliT sasicocxlo pirobebs. sain-
teresoa, SevZlebdiT Tu ara gveGvenebina, ramdenad aqvs Sinaur nairsaxeobebs reversiis
Zala anu SeuZliaT Tu ara maT ukve SeZenili da gaTavisebuli Tvisebebis daviwyeba ara
Secvlil, aramed Gveul garemoSi, sadac Tavisufali Sejvarebis SesaZleblobas gamovr-
icxavdiT, Semdeg ki normidan yvela gadaxras erTmaneTTan SevajvarebdiT. magram amgvari
kvlevis araviTari saSualeba ar arsebobs. imis mtkiceba, rom ver gamoviyvanT muSa an do-
Ris cxens, grZel- an moklerqian msxvilfexa pirutyvs, sxvadasxva jiSis Sinaur frinvels
da sakvebad vargis bostneuls, iqneboda Gvens xelT arsebuli mTeli gamocdilebis ugul-
vebelyofa, Tumca imasac davamatebdi, rom rodesac Tavad bunebaSi sasicocxlo pirobebi
icvleba, nairsaxeobebi TavisTavad ganicdian cvlilebebs da niSan-TvisebaTa reversia
albaT mainc xorcieldeba, magram bunebrivi gadarGeva, romelsac SemdgomSi ganvixilavT,
Tavad gansazRvravs amgvarad warmoqmnili axali Tavisebeburebebis mqone nairsaxeo-
bebis gadarGenasa da maTi arsebobis gagrZelebas.
rodesac Sianuri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis memkvidrul nairsaxeobebs
an jiSebs vakvirdebiT da maT monaTesave saxeobebs vadarebT, vxedavT, rom TiToeul moSi­
naurebul jiSSi erTgvarovani Tvisebebi naklebia, vidre WeSmarit saxeobaSi. erTi da imave
saxeobis jiSebs xSirad axasiaTebs sxvadasxva simaxinjeebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebi-
an rogorc erTmaneTisgan, ise sakuTari gvaris sxva saxeobebisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi jiSebi
romelime nawiliT gansxvavdebian rogorc erTmaneTis, aseve bunebaSi mcxovrebi monaTesave
saxeobebisagan.
Gemi azriT, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Znelad moiZebneba Sinaur cxovelebsa da
kulturul mcenareebSi iseTi jiSebi, romlebsac zogierTi mecnieri nairsaxeobad, zogi
ki veluri saxeobebis STamomavlebad Tvlides. am or cnebas, kerZod, jiSebisa da saxeo-
bebis cnebebs Soris aSkarad gamokveTili sxvaoba rom iyos, eWvis sababic aRar iarsebebda.
araerTxel aRuniSnavT, rom Sinauri jiSebi erTmaneTisagan im TvisebebiT ar gansxvavdeba,
romlebiTac erTi gvaris saxeobebi gamoirGeva erTmaneTisgan. magram aqve unda mivuTi-

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

ToT, rom es azri ar aris mTlad swori. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavad naturaliste-
bs Soris arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Taobaze, romel Tvisebebs SeiZleba mieweros
gvaris Rirebulebebi da maTi es uTanxmoeba ZiriTadad empiriul gamocdilebas efuZneba.
ufro me­tic, gvaris warmoSobis Sesaxeb Gems mier SemdgomSi warmodgenili Sexeduleba
gviGvenebs, rom moSinaurebul cxovelebsa da mcenareebSi gvarisTvis damaxasiaTebel gan-
sxvavebebs verc ise xSirad wavawydebiT.
rodesac vcdilobT ganvsazRvroT struqturul gansxvavebaTa xarisxi axlomdgom Sin-
aur jiSebs Soris, vorWofobT, radgan ar viciT, isini erTi winapari saxeobisagan warmoiS-
vnen Tu ramdenimesagan.
am sakiTxis garkveva GvenTvis metad sasargeblo iqneboda. magaliTad, Tu SevZlebdiT
damtkicebas, rom mwevari, meZebari, terieri, spanieli da buldogi erTi saxeobisagan war-
moiSvnen, amas didi mniSvneloba eqneboda _ igi gagviqarwylebda eWvs imis Sesaxeb, rom mra-
val erTmaneTTan monaTesave saxeobas, magaliTad, dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mobinadre
meliebs, ar gaaGnia cvlilebis unari. me aseve ver davijereb, rom yvela Gveni ZaRli erTi
gareuli saxeobisagan warmoiSva; magram rac Seexeba sxva Sinaur cxovelebs, am Sexedulebis
sasargeblod sakmaod Zlieri varaudebic gamouTqvamT.
miGneulia, rom adamianma mosaSinaureblad iseTi cxovelebi da mcenareebi SearGia,
romelTac cvalebadobisadmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri midrekileba aqvT da amasTanave, gan­
sxvavebuli klimaturi pirobebis atana SeuZliaT. ra Tqma unda, udavoa is faqtic, rom
swored am Tvisebebis gamo esoden fasobs moSinaurebuli jiSebi. magram Gndeba Semdegi kiTx-
va: saidan unda scodnoda velur adamians, rodesac igi pirvelad aSinaurebda cxovels, rom
misi Semdgomi Taobebi nirs Seicvlida da Gvens klimats gauZlebda? im faqtebs, rom virs da
cicars susti cvalebadoba axasiaTebs, GrdiloeTis iremi sicxes, aqlemi ki sicives ver uZ-
lebs, maT moSinaurebaSi xeli ar SeuSlia. me ar meeWveba, rom bunebrivi pirobebidan aRebul
sxvadasxva klasisa da qveynis warmomadgenel mcenareebsa da cxovelebs Tu SevajvarebT da
imdenive Taobas miviRebT, ramdenic Gveni Sinauri jiSebis misaRebad iyo saWiro, aRniSnuli
mcenareebi da cxovelebi iseve gansxvavebulni iqnebian erTmaneTisagan, rogorc arsebuli
jiSebis winapari formebi. uZvelesi jiSebis SemTxvevaSi, albaT SeuZlebelia imis dadgena,
erTi Tu ramdenime saxeobisagan warmoiSvnen isini. is mkvlevarebi, romlebic ufro meore
varauds miiGneven sarwmunod, iSvelieben uZveles wyaroebs, kerZod ki egviptur Zeglebs _
iq, sadac jiSebis uamravi nairsaxeoba gvxvdeba da maTi nawili Zalian waagavs, an SesaZloa,
identuric kia dRes arsebuli cxovelebisa da mcenarebisa. es varaudi sworic rom iyos, ra-
sac mec daveTanxmebodi, igi mainc mxolod im faqtze miuTiTebs, rom dRevandel jiSTagan
zo­gierTi maSin anu oTxi an xuTi aTasi wlis win warmoiSva. magram batoni horneris (Horner)
Gatarebulma kvlevam gviGvena, rom jer kidev cameti an ToTxmeti aTasi wlis win nilosis
napirebze mcxovrebi adamianebi imdenad ganviTarebulni iyvnen, rom Tixisagan sxvadasxva
nivTebs amzadebdnen. vin Seecdeba Tqvas, ramdeni xniT adre cxovrobdnen egvipteSi dRevan-
deli tiera del fuegosa (argentina) da avstraliaSi mcxovrebi velurebis msgavsi adamian-
ebi, visac naxevrad moSinaurebuli ZaRlebi hyavda.

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mTeli es Tema, rogorc Gans, mainc bundovani rGeba; detalebze ar SevGerdebi, mxolod
ganvacxadeb, geografiuli Tu sxva mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, rom Sina­
uri ZaRlebi gansxvavebuli veluri saxeobebisagan warmoiSva. rac Seexeba cxvarsa da Txas,
maT warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT jerjerobiT azri ar gamaGnia. batoni bliTis (Blyth)
mier mowodebuli faqtebis safuZvelze induri msxvilfexa kuziani pirutyvis Gvevebis,
xmisa da agebulebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom isini
evropuli saqonlis sxvadasxva adgilobrivi jiSebisgan warmoiSvnen, xolo kompetenturi
mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, am (evropul) jiSebsac erTze meti veluri winapari hyavda. rac
Seexeba cxenebs, zogi mosazrebidan gamomdinare, romelTac aq ver moviyvan, SemiZlia met-
naklebad vivaraudo, rom maTi yvela jiSi erTi veluri saxeobidan modis, rac mravali
mecnieris mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba. batoni bliTi, romlis mravalmxriv codnas yvelaze
metad vendobi da vafaseb, miiGnevs, rom Sinauri frinvelis yvela jiSi erTi saerTo
saxeobis _ induri gareuli qaTmisagan (Gallus bankiva) warmoiSva. rac Seexeba ixvebsa da
kurdRlebs, romelTa jiSebi sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan agebulebiT, isinic
aseve warmoiSvnen Gveulebrivi gareuli ixvisa da kurdRlisagan.
zogierTi mecnieri absurdul ukiduresobaSi vardeba, rodesac saqme exeba Sinauri
jiSebis ramdenime aborigenuli saxeobidan warmoSobis sakiTxs. maT miaGniaT, rom yovel
sufTa jiSs, miuxedavad mcire ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisa, Tavisi gareuli prototipi hyavs.
Tu saqmes ase mivudgebiT, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom marto evropaSi, sul cota, oci saxeo-
bis gareuli msxvilfexa rqosani cxoveli arsebobda, amdenive saxeobis cxvari da ramde­nime
saxeobis Txa _ did britaneTSic. erT-erT avtors isic ki sjera, rom britaneTSi veluri
cxvris 11 saxeoba arsebobda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtebs, rom did britaneTSi dRei-
saTvis ar moiZebneba arc erTi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZuZumwovari, xolo safran-
geTSi Zalze mcire rodenobiT, aseve germaniaSi, ungreTSi, espaneTSi da a.S. Tumca TiToeul
am qveyanas hyavs saqonlis gansxvavebuli jiSebi _ unda davuSvaT, rom evropaSi bevri jiSi
iqna gamoyvanili, Torem saidan gaGndeboda jiSebis aseTi mravalferovneba? igive SeiZle-
ba iTqvas indoeTzec. mTeli msoflios Sinauri ZaRlebis SemTxvevaSic ki, romlebic, Gemi
azriT, sxvadasxva gareuli saxeobebisagan warmoiSva, ver uarvyof, rom saqme gvaqvs Zlier
memkvidrul cvalebadobasTan. gana advili dasajerebelia, rom italiuri mwevari (Italian
greyhound), maZebari (bloodhound), buldogi (bull-dog) an sxv. romlebic ase Zlier gansxvdebian
gareul ZaRlisebrTa (Canidae) warmomadgenlebisagan, odesRac arsebobdnen bunebaSi? erT
dros gamoiTqva varaudi, rom TiTqos Sinauri ZaRlebis yvela jiSi ramdenime adgilobrivi
saxeobis Sejvarebis Sedegad warmoiSva. magram amgvari SejvarebiT mxolod mSoblebs Soris
arsebul Sualedur formebs miviRebdiT; Tu GavTvliT, rom ramodenime jiSi zemoxsenebuli
procesis Sedegad iqna miRebuli, maSin unda davuSvaT bunebaSi odesRac bladhaundis, bul-
dogis da spanielis msgavsi veluri formebis arsebobac. ufro metic, SejvarebiT sruliad
gansxvavebuli jiSebis miRebis SesaZlebloba metad gazviadebulia. ueWvelia, rom jiSis
saxe­cvlileba SemTxveviTi Sejvarebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia; miT umetes, Tu iseTi najvari
individebis gamiznuli gadarGeva xdeba, romlebic sasurvel niSans atareben. magram miWirs

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

dajereba, rom SesaZlebelia axali jiSis dauyovnebliv miReba ori sruliad gansxvavebu-
li jiSis an saxeobis Sejvarebis Sedegad. amgvari cda Gaatara ser j. sebraiTma (Sebright), da
sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia. pirveli Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebuli naSierebi TiTqmis, an
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, (rogorc es mtredebis SemTxvevaSi moxda) sruliad erTnairebi arian
da yvelaferi martivi Gans; magram rodesac ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi najvarebi erT-
maneTs uwyvildebian, iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba ori erTmaneTis msgavsi naSieri da swored aq
iGens Tavs sakiTxis sirTule. ueWvelia, rom or gansxvavebul jiSs Soris Sualedur saxe-
obas ver miviRebT udidesi mzrunvelobisa da xangrZlivi gadarGevis gareSe.

Sinauri mtredebis jiSebis Sesaxeb

radgan erTi romelime jgufis Seswavla yovelTvis ufro mizanSewonilia, xangrZlivi
fiqris Semdeg Sinauri mtredebi avirGie. mtredis yvela is jiSi myavda, romelzec xeli mi­
miwvda. didad madlobeli var, rom batonma u. eliotma (W. Elliot) da batonma s. miureim (Gh.
Murray) Zal-Rone ar daiSures da maT xelT arsebuli yvelanairi mtredis kani gamomigzav­
nes _ pirvelma indoeTidan, meorem ki _ sparseTidan. mtredebis Sesaxeb uamravi traqtatia
dawerili, romelTagan zogierTi Zalian mniSvnelovania, upirveles yovlisa, maT, siZvelis
gamo. me davukavSirdi ramdenime cnobil koleqcioners, agreTve miviRe nebarTva londonSi
arsebuli mtredebis ori klubis wevric gavmxdariyavi. mtredebis jiSTa mravalferovne-
ba pirdapir gasaocaria. SeadareT erTmaneTs inglisuri safosto mtredi da inglisuri
mokleniskarta Turmani da TvalnaTliv dainaxavT sxvaobas maTi Tavis qalis formasa da
niskartebs Soris. safosto mtredi, gansakuTrebiT mamri, gamoirGeva Tavze xorcmetebis
arsebobiT, sakmaod wagrZelebuli Tvalis quTuToebiT, farTo nestoebiTa da didi piriT.
inglisuri mokleniskarta Turmani niskartis formiT Zalian hgavs skvinGas. Gveulebriv,
Turmans anu safosto mtreds axasiaTebs Zalze maRla, mWidro gundebad frena, xolo daS-
vebisas igi simaRlidan vardeba da haerSi trialdeba. espanuri anu romauli mtredi – didi
zomis frinvelia, grZeli, masiuri niskartiTa da didi fexebiT, mis zogierT qvejiSs Za-
lian grZeli kiseri aqvs, zogs ki _ grZeli frTebi da kudi, sxvebs _ mokle kudi. berberiuli
mtredi axlos dgas safosto mtredTan, magram grZeli niskartis nacvlad, mokle da farTo
niskarti aqvs. butia (Pouter) mtreds ufro wagrZelebuli sxeuli, frTebi da fexebi, aqvs sao-
crad ganviTarebuli GiGaxvi, romelic ise ibereba, rom adamiani SeiZleba gaaocos da gaaci-
nos kidevac. mtred-Tolias mokle da konusiseburi niskarti, mkerdze aburZgnuli bumbuli
aqvs da xSirad saylapavis zeda nawils odnav afarToebs. iakobinel mtreds kisris gaswvr-
iv, ukana mxareze bumbuli imdebnad aGeGili aqvs, rom Tavze qudiviT adgas da frTeb­sa da
kudsac Tavis zomasTan SedarebiT grZeli bumbuli ufaravs. myvirala (Trumpeter) da jafara
(Augher), rogorc es maTi saxelebidanac Gans, sxva mtredebisagan gansxvavebulad RuRuneben.
farSevangisebri mtredis maraosaviT kudi ocdaaT an ormoc bumbulsac ki Seicavs, nacvlad
mtredebis ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tormeti-ToTxmetisa. kudis bumbuli gaSlili
da ise SemarTuli daaqvT, rom Tavi da kudi xSirad erTmaneTs exeba, zandarozis jirkvali
sakmaod ganuviTarebelia. garda amisa, kidev ramdenime naklebad cnobili jiSebi SeiZleba

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gamovyoT. zogierTi mtredis GonGxis Seswavlisas aRmoGnda, rom isini saxis Zvlebis siga-
niT, sigrZiTa da moyvanilobiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
sxvaoba SeiZleba arsebobdes agreTve mtredebis piris sidideSi, quTuToebis sigrZeSi,
nestoebis moyvanilobaSi, enis sigrZeSi (romelic zogjer niskartze sul ar aris damokide-
buli), GiGaxvis zomasa da saylapavis zeda nawilSi, zandarozis (kudusunis) jirkvlis gan-
viTarebis xarisxSi, kudisa da frTis pirveli rigis mfaravi frTisa da kudis bumbulebis
raodenobaSi, frTisa da kudis sigrZis erTmaneTTan da sxeulis sigrZesTan Sefardeba-
Si, fexisa da terfis zomis SefardebaSi, fexis TiTebis brWyalebis raodenobasa da aseve
TiTebs Soris kanis arsebobaSi. SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes bumbuliT Semosvisa da budobis
periodebic. gansxvavdeba kvercxebis zoma da forma, frenis manera, xma da xasiaTi; dabolos,
Tavad mdedri da mamric sul odnav, magram mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. oci nairsaxe-
obis mtredi mainc SeiZleba SeirGes, romlebsac nebismieri orniTologi, Tu mas etyodnen,
rom saqme velur formebTan aqvs, kargad gamokveTil saxeobebad GaTvlida. ufro metic, ve-
rafriT davijereb, rom romelime orniTologma inglisuri safosto, mokleniskarta Tur-
mani, espanuri, berberuli, butia da myvirala mtredebi erT gvars miakuTvnos, miT umetes,
rom am jiSebSi qvesaxeobebic arsebobs.
marTalia, sxvaoba mtredebs Soris Zalian didia, magram mainc daveTanxmebi naturalist-
Ta azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom, yvela mtredi gareuli kldis mtredis (Golumba livia) STamomavalia.
aq namdvilad saWiroa GamovayaliboT is mizezebi, ramac am daskvnamde migviyvana. Tu GamoTv­
lili mtredebi nairsaxeobebi ar aris da kldis mtredidan ar warmoSobilan, maSin maT 7 an
8 aborigenuli (adgilobrivi) winapari mainc unda hyavdes, radgan amaze naklebi raodenoba
dResdReobiT arsebul mtredebs ver mogvcemda. aba, butia mtredi rogor warmoiSoboda
ori iseTi mtredis SejvarebiT, Tu erT-erT maTgans mainc ar eqneboda didi GiGaxvi? zemoT
moyvanili yvela aborigenuli jiSic kldis veluri jiSi iqneboda, romlebic xeebze iSvia-
Tad Semosxdebian xolme. Golumba livia-s garda, kidev ori Tu sami saxeobis kldis mtredi
aris cnobili, romelTac Sinauri jiSebis aranairi niSan-Tviseba ar gaaGniaT. aqedan gamom-
dinare, savaraudoa, rom aborigeni gareuli mtredebi unda arsebobdnen im qveynebSi, sa-
dac isini Tavdapirvelad moaSinaures. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am frinvelebis zomas, qcevasa
da cxovrebis nirs, SeuZleblad mogveGveneba, rom orniTologebi maT ar icnobdnen. SesaZ­
loa, isini jer kidev velur mdgomareobaSi gadaSendnen. magram naklebad mosalodnelia,
rom frinvelebi, romlebic ufskrulis Tavze binadrobdnen da maSasadame, kargad frend-
nen, sabolood gawyvetiliyvnen. ase magaliTad, kldis mtredi, romelic Sinauri mtredebis
msgavsi GvevebiT xasiaTdeba, ar gamqrala arc xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze da arc brita-
neTis yvelaze patara kunZulebzec ki. SeuZlebelia aseTive Gvevebis mqone amdeni saxeoba
yvela erTad gamqraliyo. ufro me­tic, zemoT GamoTvlili Sinauri jiSebi msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi gadauyvaniaT transportiT da savaraudoa, rom mravali maTgani isev samSobloSic
dabrundeboda, magram, arc erTi maTgani ar gamxdara gareuli an veluri, Tu ar GavTvliT
Gveulebriv mtreds, romelic kldis mtredis susti saxecvlilebaa da ramde­nime adgilas
gavelurda. Tanamedrove gamocdileba gviGvenebs, rom Zalze Znelia veluri cxovelis gam-

456
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

ravleba moSinaurebis pirobebSi, magram Tu davuSvebT, rom mtredis jiSebi marvali saxe-
obidan warmoiSva, isic unda GavTvaloT SesaZleblad, rom uZveles droSi naxev­rad velur
adamianebs 7-8 saxeoba moeSinaurebinaT ise, rom maTTvis tyveobaSic didi nayo­fiereba yo-
filiyo damaxasiaTebeli.
Semdegi seriozuli argumenti sxva SemTxvevebSic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: marTalia,
yvela zemoGamoTvlili jiSi ZiriTadad gavs kldis mtreds agebulebiT, cxovrebis niriT,
xmiT, SeferilobiT, sxeulis zogierTi nawiliT, magram udavoa, rom maTi sxulis zogierTi
sxva nawili normidan mkveTrad gadaxrilia: mtredebis mTeli ojaxi rom SeviswavloT, iseTi
niskarts vercerTs ver vupoviT, rogorc inglisur safosto mtreds, mokleniskarta Tur-
mans an berberul mtreds aqvs, agreTve, arc erT mtreds ar aReniSneba iseTi aqoGrili bum-
bulebi, rogorc iakobinel mtreds, iseTi kudis bumbuli, rogorc myvirala mtreds. amitom
SeiZleba gvevarauda, rom naxevradvelurma adamianma ara marto moaswro ramdenime saxe-
obis moSinaureba, aramed gamiznulad an SemTxveviT SearGia yvelaze ucnauri saxeobebi.
sabo­lood, swored es saxeobebi gadaSendnen da ucnobad darGnen. Tumca, garemoebaTa aseTi
saocari damTxveva metad uGveulo da naklebad SesaZlebelia. aseve metad sainteresoa zo-
gierTi faqti mtredebis SeferilobasTan dakavSirebiT. kldis mtredi monacrisfro-mol-
urjoa, kudzeda mfaravebi ki TeTri aqvs. indur qvesaxeobas Golumba intermedia es nawili
mocisfro aqvs, kudis bolos ganapira zoli Savia, xolo misi gare bumbulebi fuZesTan _
TeTri. frTebze ori Savi zoli gasdevs; zogierT naxevrad Sinaur da gareul formas ori
Savi zolis garda, frTebze Savi laqebic aqvs. yvela es niSani erTad am ojaxis sxva arcerT
saxeobaSi ar gvxvdeba. am dros nebismier Sinaur jiSs (Tu sufTa jiSis frinvelebs aviRebT),
yvela zemoT GamoTvlili niSani, kudis bumbulis fuZesTan TeTri Seferilobis GaTvliT,
zogjer mTeli sisruliT aqvs gamoxatuli. ufro metic, rodesac ori sxvadasxva jiSis
mtreds ajvareben, romelTagan arc erTi ar aris mocisfro da arc zemoGamoTvlili niSnebi
aReniSneba, STamomavlobas xSirad SeiZleba yvela es Tviseba gamohyves. magaliTad, Tavad
Sevajvare TeTri farSevangisebri mtredebi, romelTac ucvlelad gadaaqvT maTTvis dam-
axasiaTebeli niSnebi Taobidan TaobaSi, Sav berberulTan, romelTac nacrisferi Seferi-
loba TiTqmis ar axasiaTebT; GemTvis ucnobia amgvari Seferilobis berberulebis arseboba
inglisSi. najvari xundebi Savi, mura da Wreli miviRe. aseve Sevajvare berberuli xalebian-
Tan (Spot). es ukanaskneli TeTri frinvelia wiTuri kudiTa da Sublze aseTive feris xaliT.
am frinvelis niSnebic ucvlelad gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. STamomavloba gamovida muqi
nacrisferi da xalebiani. Semdeg Sevajvare berberul-farSevangisebri da berberul-xale-
biani najvarebi. bartyebs mSvenieri nacrisferi Seferiloba hqondaT, TeTri kudzeda
nawiliT, frTebis ormagi Savi zoliTa da da kudis bumbulis TeTri fuZeebiT, rogorc ga-
reul kldis mtreds!
Gven es faqti SegviZlia avxsnaT winaparTa niSan-TvisebebTan dabrunebis cnobili prin-
cipis moSveliebiT, Tu vivarudebT, rom yvela Sinauri jiSi kldis mtredisagan warmoiSva.
magram Tu am azrs uarvyofT, maSin qvemoT moyvanili ori arc Tu ise sarwmuno varaudidan
erT-erTi unda amovarGioT: pirveli _ an yvela aborigenul saxeobas iseTive Seferiloba

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da laqebi hqonda, rogorc velur mtreds (Tumca dReisaTvis mtredis arc erT Sinaur jiSs
amgvari niSnebi ar axasiaTebs), da, aqedan gamomdinare, yovel jiSs aReniSneboda tendencia
dabruneboda imave Seferilobasa da laqebs. meore SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli jiSi, yvelaze
wmindac ki, sul cota 12 an 20 Taobis manZilze mainc kldis mtredTan unda yofiliyo Sejva-
rebuli. kidev erTxel vimeoreb, Tormeti an oci Taobis manZilze mainc! radgan bunebaSi ar
moiZebneba iseTi faqti, rom bavSvi damsgavsebodes aTi an oci TaobiT moSorebul winapars.
jiSSi, romelic mxolod erTxel daeqvemdebara Sejvarebas, Sejvarebis Sedegad SeZenil
niSanTan dabrunebis tendencia sul ufro da ufro Sesustdeba, radgan yovel axal TaobaSi
ucxo sisxlis narevi ufro Semcirdeba; magram Tu Sejvareba ar momxdara, jiSSi arsebobs
tendencia, daubrundes wina TaobebSi dakargul romelime niSans. am SemTxvevaSi ver vxedavT
mizezs, ratom ar unda SenarGunebuliyo es tendencia Sesustebis gareSe mravali Taobis
ganmavlobaSi. reversiis (dabrunebis) am or, erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul movle-
nas xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven memkvidreobiTobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul traqtateb-
Si. dabolos, isic minda vTqva, rom nebismieri jiSis mtredebis SejvarebiT miRebuli yvela
naSieri nayofieria. amas sakuTari dakvirvebis safuZvelze vacxadeb, romelic gamiznu-
lad Gavatare erTmaneTisagan yvelaze daSorebuli jiSis mtredebze. magram maSin, rode-
sac Sejvareba xdeba erTmaneTisagan metismetad daSorebuli saxeobis cxovelebs Soris,
erTi SemTxvevac ki ar moiZebneba, rom maTi naSieri sakmarisad nayofieri iyos. zogierTi
mecnieri amtkicebs, rom moSinaurebis xangrZlivi procesi sterilurobis tendencias am-
cirebs. ZaRlisa da sxva Sinauri cxovelebis istoria, rogorc Gans, adasturebs am daskv-
nas monaTesave saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi. magram ar iqneba swori zemoT moyvanili daskvnebis
ganzogadeba imdenad, rom gvevarauda: saxeobebs, romlebic Tavdapirvelad iseve gansx-
vavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan, rogorc safosto mtredi, Turmani, butia an farSevangkuda,
SeeZloT nayofieri STamomavlobis mocema.
SevajamoT yvela es mosazreba, kerZod, naklebad sarwmunoa, rom adamians odesRac See-
Zlo moSinaurebis prcesSi Tavisuflad gaemravlebina mtredebis 7 Tu 8 savaraudo saxeoba;
savaraudo saxeobebi ucnobi darGa da arasdros am mdgomareobas aRar daubrundebian; es
saxeobebi, romlebsac, erTi mxriv, sxva Golumbidae -sTan SedarebiT uGveulo niSnebi axasi-
aTebs, meore mxriv, bevri niSniT Zalze hgvanan kldis mtreds; monacrisfro-molurjo Se-
feriloba da Savi zolebi zogjer uGndebaT rogorc wminda jiSebs, ise najvarebs; dabolos
_ najvarebis STamomavloba sakmaod nayofieria. es faqtorebi, erTad aRebuli, gvafiqre-
binebs, rom yvela Gveni Sinauri mtredis winapari Golumba livia da misi geografiuli qve­
saxeobebia.
am azris gansamtkiceblad, SemiZlia davumato erTic, rom Golumba livias anu kld-
ismtredis moSinaureba pirvelad evropasa da indoeTSi SeZles da am saxeobis mtredi
cxovrebis niriTa da agebulebis TaviseburebebiT Sinauri jiSebis msgavsia. meorec, Tumca
safosto mtredi da Turmani metad gansxvavdeba kldis mtredisagan, Tu am ori jiSis qve-
jiSebs SevadarebT, gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxva qveynebidan miRebuls, SesaZlebelia arse-
bobdes TiTqmis uwyveti xazi, romelic maT kldis mtredTan akavSirebs. analogiuri Se­saZ­

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

lebloba arsebobs sxva jiSebis SemTxvevaSic, Tumca ara yvelgan. mesame: niSnebi, romlebic
TiToeul jiSs axasiaTebs, Zalze cvalebadia: aseTia, magaliTad, niskartis kexi da sigrZe
safosto mtredSi, mokle niskarti TurmanSi da kudis bumbulebis raodenoba farSevang-
kuda mtredSi. am faqtis axsna SesaZlebeli iqneba gadarGevaze saubrisas. da meoTxec, sau-
kuneebis manZilze mtredebi Zalian uyvardaT, uvlidnen da Seiswavlidnen mTel msoflioSi.
dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilebSi isini mravali aTaswleulis win moaSinaures. rogorc pro-
fesorma lepsiusma (Lepsius) mamcno, yvelaze adreuli Ganaweri mtredebis Sesaxeb TariRdeba
Zv. w. 3000 wliT, anu ekuTnis egviptis mexuTe dinastiis epoqas, magram batoni birGis (Birch)
informaciiT, mtredebi moxseniebulia ufro adrec, wina dinastiis erT-erT samzareulo
angariSSi. romaelebi, rogorc pliniusisgan vgebulobT, mtredebSi uzarmazar Tanxas ix-
didnen: saqme iqamde midioda, rom adgendnen maT warmoSobasa da jiSs; `indoeTSi cnobilia
daaxloebiT 1600 wels, akber xani mtredebs Zalze afasebda _ 20 000-ze meti mtredi yvelgan
Tan axlda mis kars. `iranisa da Turanis monarqebi ugzavnidnen mas iSviaT frinvelebs~, da,
rogorc karis istorikosi gvatyobinebs, `misi udidebulesoba am frinvelebs erTmaneT-
Tan ajvarebda, rac manamde aravis gaukeTebia, isini gasaocrad gaaumjobesa~. am periodSi
holandielebic, romaelebis msgavsad, Zalian afasebdnen mtredebs. zemoGamoTvlili mo-
sazrebebis udidesi mniSvneloba im cvlilebebis asaxsnelad, romlebsac mtredebi daeqvem-
debarnen, gadarGevaze saubris dros GvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, ratom aqvs zogierT jiSs
damaxinjebuli saxe. is faqti, rom mdedri da mamri mtredebis mTeli cxovrebis ganmav-
lobaSi advilad qmnian wyvilebs, sxvadasxva jiSis warmoSobis xelsayrel pirobas qmnis.
amis gamo sxvadasxva jiSebi seiZleba erTad, erT safrinveleSi viyolioT.
me ganvixile Sinauri mtredebis savaraudo warmoSobis sakiTxi, Tumca ara mTeli sisru-
liT; rodesac mtredebi pirvelad viyolie da ramdenime jiSze dakvirveba daviwye, GemTvis
Zneli dasaSvebi iyo, rom isini erTi winaprisagan warmoiSvnen; msgavs viTarebaSi aRmoGnda
bevri sxva naturalistic, romlebic mTiulebis mravalricxovan saxeobebs an frinvelebis
sxva jgufebs Seiswavlidnen. mudmivad maocebda erTi garemoeba: yvela mecxovele da mem-
cenare, visTanac misaubria an romelTa Txuzelebebi wamikiTxavs, Rrmad arian darwmuneb-
ulni, rom interesis sferoSi Semavali gansxvavebuli jiSebi amdenive aborigenuli saxeo-
bidan warmoiSva. hkiTxeT, rogorc amas araerTxel vakeTebdi, herfordis saqonlis cnobil
seleqcioners, dasaSvebia Tu ara, rom misi saqoneli grZelrqiani jiSisagan warmoSobiliyo,
orive erTad ki _ saerTo winapari formisgan, is Tqven masxrad agigdebT. jer ar Semxvedria
mtrediT, Sinauri frinveliT, ixviT, Tu kurdRliT dainteresebuli mkvlevari, romelic
darw­munebuli araa mis mier Seswavlili TiToeuli jiSis damoukidebeli saxeobidan war-
moiSobaSi. van monsi (Van Mons), msxlisa da vaSlis Sesaxeb naSromSi ambobs, rom mas arafriT
SeuZlia daijeros, zogi jiSis, magaliTad, ribston-pipinis (Ribston-pippin) an kodlinis (Codlin
- apple) vaSlis, erTi da imave xis Teslidan warmomavloba. uamravi sxva magaliTis moyvanac
SeiZleba. axsna ki metad martivia _ ama Tu im jiSis xangrZlivi Seswavlis Semdeg maTi gan-
masxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis aRmoGena mkvlevarebze did STabeWdilebas axdens da Tumca
maT kargad uwyian, rom es jiSebi mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, isini

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Carlz darvini

yvela arguments ugulvebelyofen da mravali Taobis manZilze Gamoyalibebul umniSv­nelo

Tvisebebs udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
zogi naturalisti, mecxoveleebTan SedarebiT naklebi rom icis memkvidreobiTobis
kanonebisa da warmomavlobis grZel xazSi arsebuli damakavSirebeli rgolebis Sesaxeb,
mainc aRiarebs, rom mraval Sinaur jiSs erTi saerTo winapari hyavs. amitom naturalis­tebs,
romlebic dascinian ideas, rom saxeobebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi sxva saxeobis STamomav-
lebi arian, meti dafiqreba marTebT.
axla, modiT, is safexurebi ganvixiloT, romelTa gavlac mouwiaT Sinaur jiSebs erTi an
ramdenime monaTesave saxeobidan maTi Gamoyalibebis procesSi. bunebrivia, rom raRac roli
am saqmeSi garemo pirobebma da cxovelTa Gvevebmac iTamaSa. magram metismeti gabedulebaa
saWiro, rom amgvari faqtorebiT axsna sxvaoba saforne da doRis cxenebs, mwevarsa da
meZebars, safosto mtredsa da Turmans Soris. erT-erTi yvelaze aRsaniSnavi Tviseba,
romelsac Sinaur jiSebSi vxvde­­biT, aris maTi adaptaciis unari, Tumca ara Tavisi Tavis,
aramed adamianis sasargeblod. adamianisaTvis sasargeblo zo­gierTi cvlileba (variacia),
savaraudod, uecrad an `erTi nabijiT~ ganxorcielda; magaliTad, bevri botanikosi fiqrobs,
rom Sebusvili girGebi Ta­visi kauWebiT, romelTac ar Seedreba arc erTi meqanikuri
mowyobiloba, veluri Dipsacus-is nair­sa­xeobaa da aseTi Zlieri cvli­leba SesaZlebelia
GiTilSi ucabedad momxdariyo. aseve moxda, savaraudod Turnspit-is jiSis ZaRlis
SemTxvevaSi, xolo ankonis cxvarSi SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli cvlileba dadas­turebulia.
magram rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT saforne da doRis cxenebs, erTkuzian da orkuzian
aqlemebs, mTis an kulturuli mindvris saZovrebTan Seguebul gansxvavebuli ji­Sis
cxvars, sxvadasxva daniSnulebisaTvis vargis mravalgvar matyls an kidev sxvadasxva
jiSis ZaRlebs, romelTac adamiani uaRresad gansxvavebuli saqmianobiasas gamoiyenebs,
anda GxubSi Seupovar mebrZol mamals vadarebT absoluturad mSvidobian sxva jiSis
mamlebs, usasrulod kvercxismdebel qaTmebs da patara, moxdenil bantamis jiSis qaTmebs,
mcenareTa mindvris, bostnis, sasoflo-sameurneo, ku­li­nariul, baRisa Tu yvavilebis
jiSebs, romlebsac adamianisaTvis weliwadis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saxis udidesi sar­
gebloba moaqvT da Tanac ase lamazad xvde­bian mis Tvalsa da guls _ vfiqrob, rom aq uf­
ro meti unda davinaxoT, vidre ubralo cvalebadobaa. Gven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom
yvela jiSi, aseTi srulyofili saxiT da amdenad sasargeblo, uecrad warmoiSva. amas
maTi istoriis Seswavlac adasturebs. am sakiTxis axsna SesaZlebelia im garemoebiT, rom
adamians Seswevs kumulirebadi gadarGevis unari: buneba qmnis sxvadasxva Tanmimdevrul
cvlilebas, xolo adamiani aZlevs maT garkveul, misTvis sasrgeblo mimarTulebas. ami­
tomac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianma Tavad Seqmna misTvis sasargeblo jiSebi.
gadarGevis am principis siZliere sulac ar aris hipoTezuri. udavoa, rom Gvenma
didma mecxoveleebma moaxerxes da erTi adamianis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad
Secvales msxvilfexa pirutyvisa da cxvris jiSebi. imisaTvis, rom mTlianad gaviazroT
maTi miRwevebi, auci­lebelia maTi naSromebic da cxovelebic saguldagulod Seviswav­

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

loT. mecxoveleebi ise saubroben cxovelis agebulebaze, rogorc raRac plastikurze,

romlis Secvla maT lamis sakuTari neba-surviliT SeuZliaT. adgilis simciris gamo ver
momyavs amonaridebi im avtorTa Txzulebebidan, romelTac am sakiTxebze bevri umuSaviaT.
magaliTad, iuatis (Youatt), romelic yvelaze kargad icnobs soflis meurneobis am dargs da
agreTve cxovelebis Zalze kargi mcodnis azriT, gadarGevis principi mecxovelisaTvis
aris saSualeba ara marto odnav gadaasxvaferos Tavisi jogis niSnebi, aramed saerTod
Secvalos isini. cxovelis gadarGeva jadosnuri kverTxiviT aris, romlis meSveobiTac
SesaZlebelia sococxle STabero nebismier formasa da moyvanilobas. lordma somervilma
(Somerville) cxvris jiSebis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb Tqva: `iseTi STabeWdileba darGeba kacs, TiT­
qos jer kedelze dauxatavT garkveuli, yovelmxriv srulyofili forma da Semdeg ki
xorci SeusxamT~. yvelaze daostatebuli seleqcioneri, ser jon sebraiTi (Sir John Sebright),
mtredebis Sesaxeb ambobda: sami welia saWiro nebismieri saxis bumbulis misaRebad, xolo
Tavis da niskartis gamoyvanas eqvsi weli dasWirdebao. saqsoniaSi merinosis jiSis cxvarTan
dakavSirebuli gadarGevis principi imdenad sayovelTaoa, rom bevrisaTvis es xelobad
iqca: cxvrebs magidaze aTavseben da ise swavloben, rogorc xelovnebaTmcodneebi _
mxatvrul tilos; amas samjer imeoreben ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi. daTvalierebis
dros xdeba cxvrebis klasifikacias da maTi daniSvna. Sedegad mravldebian mxolod sau­
keTeso individebi.
ingliseli mecxoveleebis warmatebaze is faqtic metyvelebs, rom dResdReobiT msof­
lios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi udides fass ixdian inglisSi gamoyvanil cxovelebSi. amgvari
gaumjobeseba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiRweva gansxvavebuli jiSebis SejvarebiT. yvela
saukeTeso seleqcioneri amgvari praqtikis sastiki winaaRmdegia, gamonaklisi mxolod ax­
lomdgomi qvejiSebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli. warmatebuli gadarGevisTvis
aucilebelia rac SeiZleba axlos mdgomi jiSebis SerGeva. Sejvarebis Semdeg umkacresi
SerGeva ufro metad aucilebelia, vidre Gveulebriv SeTxvevebSi. SerGeva ar gulisxmobs
ub­­ralod romelime calkeuli, mkveTrad gansxvavebuli nair­saxeobis gamoyofas da Semdeg
mis moSenebas; misi mniSvneloba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moxdes erTi mimarTulebis
iseTi gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis dagroveba Tao­bebis manZilze, romle­bic SeumGneveli
da daufasebelia ucxo TvalisTvis. aTasidan erT kacs Tu aRmoaGndeba saimiso niWi da
Tvalis sizuste, rom misgan kargi seleqcioneri dadges. Tu Sesabamisi niWiT dajildoebuli
adamiani kargad Seiswavlis aRniSnul sagans da Tavis cxovrebas mTlianad miuZRvnis am
saqmes, igi aucileblad miaRwevs warmatebas da mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebasac danergavs,
magram Tu mas romelime es Tviseba aklia, igi veraviTar SemTxvevaSi warmatebuli ver iqneba.
warmosadgenadac Znelia, ramdeni wlis praqtika da rogori niWia saWiro, rom adamiani
mtredebis gamocdil specialistad iqces. igive Tvisebebia saWiro kargi mebaRisaTvis,
oRond nairsaxeobebis swrafad Gamoyalibebis albaToba aq ufro metia, Tumca Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom Gveni baRebis mravalferovani produqcia aborigenuli saxeobe­bis
mxolod erTi saxecvlilebiT warmoiSva. zogierTi kulturis Sesaxeb se­leqcione­­re­bis

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mier gakeTebuli Ganawerebi zemoTqmulis damamtkicebelia. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba mo­

viyvanoT Gveulebrivi xurtkmelic, romelic zomaSi yovelwliurad sul ufro izr­deba.
Gven vamGnevT baRis yvavilebis saocar gaumjobesebas, roca vadarebT maT oci an ocdaaTi
wlis win gakeTebul Ganaxatebs. rodesac mcenaris jiSi ukve kargad Gamoyalibdeba,
Teslis Semgroveblebi saukeTeso mcenares ki ar arGeven, mxolod kvlebs aTvaliereben
da yvela im mcenares aSoreben, romelic gadaxrilia dadgenili standartisagan. amgvari
gadarGeva cxovelebSic xdeba, radgan SeuZlebelia seleqcioneri imdenad daudevari
iyos, rom yvelaze cudi cxovelebi SearGios Sesajvareblad.
rac Seexeba mcenareebs, isini gadarGevis kumulaciur efeqtze dakvirvebis sxva Se-
saZleblobas gvaZleven, kerZod, baRSi erTi da imave saxeobis mcenareTa nairsaxeobebis
yvavilebTa mravalferovnebis Sedarebisas; foTlebis, parkebis, bolqvebis an sxva romelime
mniSvnelovani nawilis mra­valferovneba, romelic Zalze fasobs mebostneobaSi am nairsaxe-
obebis mcenareTa yvavilebTan SedarebiT; erTi da imave saxeobis mcenareTa nayofis mraval-
ferovneba amave saxeobis yvavilebTan da foTlebTan SedarebiT. SexedeT, ramdenad gansxva­
vebulia kom­bostos foTlebi da raoden msgavsi _ maTi yvavilebi; ramdenad gansxvavebulia
iasamferas yvavilebi da rogor hgvanan erTmaneTs misi foTlebi, raoden mkveTrad gansx-
vavdeba xurtkmelis yvela nayofi _ sididiT, SebusviT, feriTa da formiT da ra umniSvnelo
gansxvavebaa mis yvavilebs Soris. Tumca ki es sulac ar niSnavs, rom erTi romelime niSan-
TvisebiT erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli jiSebi sxva TvisebebiT erTmaneTis msga­
vsia. es ase TiTqmis arasodes xdeba (amas vambob xandrZlivi dakvirvebebis safuZvelze). ko-
relaciuri cvlilebebis kanoni, romlis ignorireba SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis ganapirobebs
kidev raime gansxvavebas, TumcaRa srulebiT ar meGveneba saeWvod is faqti, rom yvavile­bis,
foTlebis, an nayofebis umniSvnelo cvlilebebis xangrZlivi gadarGevis Sedegad warmoiq­
mneba nairsaxeobebi (rasebi), romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian swored am nawile­biT.
SeiZleba SemewinaaRmdegon, rom gadarGevis es principi mkacri meToduro­biT gamoiyeneba
praqtikaSi ager ukve saukunis sami meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi. ukanasknel wlebSi man ufro
meti yuradReba miipyro. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTi naSromi gaGnda da, Sesabami­
sad, swrafma da saukeTeso Sedegmac ar daayovna. gadarGevis principi uaxlesi aRmoGena rom
ar gaxlavT, me SemiZlia moviyvano uZvelesi epo­qis naSromebi, romlebSic am principis
mniSvneloba Zalze kargad esmiT. inglisis istoriis yvelaze mZime da Savbnel periodebSi
sxva qveynebidan xSirad SemohyavdaT narGevi cxovelebi da maTi qveynidan gayvanis amkrZala
kanonebsac ki Rebulobdnen, nabrZanebi iyo agreTve gansazRvrul zomaze dabali cxenebis
ganadgureba. es Zalze waagavda mebaReebis mier standartidan gadaxrili mcenaris moSore-
bas. gadarGevis principis Sesaxeb erTob gasagebad weria Ginur enciklopediaSi. gadarGevis
wesebi mkafiod aris Gamoyalibebuli ramdenime romaeli klasikosis naSromSi. `yofis wignis~
zogierTi adgilidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom jer kidev im adreul epo­qaSi yuradRebas
aqcevdnen Sinauri cxovelebis Seferilobas. dReisaTvis dedamiwaze mcxovrebi veluri
tomebi ZaRlebis jiSis gasaumjobeseblad maT Seajvareben ZaRlisebrTa ojaxis velur
warmomadgenlebTan. amas adrec akeTebdnen, rogorc es pliniusis naSromebidan Gans.

462
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

samxreT amerikis veluri tomebi muSa saqonels feris mixedviT arGevdnen, aseve iqceod-
nen eskimosebi ZaRlebis SerGevisas. livingstoni (Livingstone) gviGvenebs, rom central-
uri afrikis zangebi, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT Sexeba evropelebTan, Zalze afaseben
saukeTeso Sinaur jiSebs. marTalia, yvela zemoGamoTvlili ar aris uSualod gadarGevis
faqti, magram amtkicebs, rom uZvelesi droidan udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Sinauri
cxovelebis gamoyvanas da axlac Zalze aqtualuria im xalxebis cxovrebaSi, romlebic
ganviTarebis umdables safexurze imyofebian. sakvirvelic iqneboda, rom isini ar dain-
teresebuliyvnen jiSTa warmoqmniT: kargi da cudi Tvisebebis memkvidreobiT gadacema xom
ase cxadad Gans.
dResdReobiTac qveynis yvelaze cnobili seleqcionerebi garkveuli miznis misaRwevad
meToduri gadarGevis meSveobiT cdiloben axali nairsaxeobis an qvejiSis gamoyvanas, ro-
melic arsebul jiSebze bevrad ukeTesi iqneba. Gveni miznisaTvis ufro mniSv­nelovania ga­
darGevis is forma, romelsac gaucnobierebeli gadarGeva SegviZlia vuwodoT. igi Sedegia
adamianTa sayovelTao mcdelobisa _ iyolios da SeinarGunos jiSi saukeTeso individebis-
gan. magaliTad, Tu monadires surs kargi pointerebi hyavdes, is cdilobs, rac SeiZleba kar-
gi ZaRlebi iSovos da SemdegSi ajvaros Tavis sakuTar ZaRlebTan, Tumca ar fiqrobs, rom
jiSi yovel jerze gaumjobesdeba. miuxedavad amisa, me mainc mwams, rom msgavsi procesis
Sedegad, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia nebismieri jiSis gaumjobeseba da cvli-
leba ise, rogorc es SeZles beikuelma (Bakewell), qolinzma (Gollins) da sxvebma. maT imave saSu-
alebas mimarTes, oRond ufro meTodurad da ukve TavianTi cxovrebis manZilze Secvales
sakuTari saqonlis garegnoba da Tvisebebi. susti cvlilebebi Zneli SesamGnevia, Tu ar ar-
sebobs mravali wlis win gakeTebuli Ganawerebi zomebis Sesaxeb an jiSis zusti Ganaxatebi.
zogjer igive jiSis ucvleli an odnav Secvlili individebi SemorGenilni arian naklebad
civilizebul mxareebSi, sadac jiSi naklebad iyo gaumjobesebuli. arsebobs sababi vi-
varaudoT, rom mefe king-Garlzis spanieli gaucnobiereblad iqna Secvlili (modificire-
buli) karlos I mmarTvelobis periodidan. zogierT kompetentur avtoritets Rrmad swams,
rom seteri pirdapir spanielidan warmoiSva da nel-nela misgan gansxvavebuli gaxda. aseve
cnobilia, rom inglisuri pointeric metad Seicvala ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze da amis
mizezi, rogorc Tvlian, foqsterierTan (fox-hound) Sejvarebaa. magram GvenTvis sainteresoa
mxolod is faqti, rom cvlileba gaucnobiereblad da safexurebad mimdinareobda, Tumca
sakmaod qmediTi aRmoGnda. rogorc mister borroum (Borrow) macnoba, arc erTi adgilobri-
vi espanuri jiSi ar waagavs Gvens pointers, Tumca eWvgareSea, rom Zveli espanuri pointeri
Tavdapirvelad espaneTidan Gamoiyvanes.
gadarGevis aseTive procesisa da saguldagulo varjiSis Sedegad inglisurma doRis
cxenma siswrafiTa da zomebiT ajoba Tavis winapar arabuli jiSis cxens. amitom, gudvudis
doRze arabul cxenebs SeRavaTs aZleven mxedris wonis gaTvaliswinebiT. lord spenserisa
(Spencer) da sxvaTa naSromebSi naTlad Gans, rom inglisurma msxvilfexa pirutyvma wonaSic
imata da ufro swrafadac miaRwia sqesmwifobas adre aq arsebul jiSebTan SedarebiT.
Tu mraval uZveles naSromSi moyvanil mtredebis aRwerilobebs SevadarebT safosto

463
Carlz darvini

mtredebisa da Turmanebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas britaneTSi, indoeTsa da sparseT-

Si, SevZlebT Tvalyuri mivadevnoT im stadiebs, romlebic am jiSebma gaiares da SeiZines
kldis mtredisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli niSnebi.
iuats (Youatt) gadarGevis moqmedebis msvlelobis sailustraciod, romelic gaucnobie­
reblad SeiZleba GaiTvalos imitom, rom mecxoveleebi ar varaudobdnen da arc surdaT
aseTi Sedegis miReba, mohyavs ori sruliad gansxvavebuli jogis miRebis magaliTi. iuati
gviambobs, rom batonebs baklisa (Buckley) da bergess (Burgess) hyavdaT leisteris cxvris ori
fara, orive mister baklis wminda sisxlis jogisagan warmoSobili, romlebsac 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeunarGunebdnen sisxlis siwmindes. SeuZlebelia imaSi daeWveba, rom rome­
li­me batons sufTa jiSis SenarGunebis xazisTvis gadaexvia da Sejvareba sxva jiSze moexdi­
na. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, erTnairi jiSis am or faras Soris iseTi sxvaoba iyo, TiTqos
isini sruliad gansxvavebuli jiSisani iyvnen. barbarosebic ki, romlebic arasodes fiqro­
ben Sinaur cxovelTa naSierebis memkvidrul niSnebze, Tavsdatexili SimSilisa da sxva ube­
durebaTa dros, im cxovelebis gadarGenas cdiloben, romlebsac maTTvis yvelaze meti
sargebeli moaqvT. aqedan, gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom gadarGeuli cxovelebi bevrad
ufro met STamomavals tovebdnen, vidre danarGenebi, anu mainc hqonda adgili gauc­
nobierebel gadarGevas. ramdenad afaseben TavianT cxovelebs cecxlovani miwis (Tiera del
fuegos) veluri tomebi iqidanac Gans, rom SimSilobis periodSi isini klaven da Wamen Tavian­
Ti tomis moxuc qalebs, xolo ZaRlebs xels ar axleben. mcenareebSi SeimGneoda gaumjobe­
sebis gradualuri procesi periodulad saukeTeso individebis SenarGunebis gziT; iqnebi­
an Tu ara isini imdenad gansxvavebulni sxva individebisgan, rom pirveli gamoGenisTanave
calke nair­saxeobad GaiTvalon, moxdeba Tu ara Sejvarebis Sedegad ori saxeobis an rasis
Serwyma, SeiZleba vivaraudoT zogierTi maGveneblis, zomisa da silamazis mixedviT. rodesac
dRes vardebsa da iasamferebs, georginebs, pelargoniumebsa da sxva mcenareebs maT winap­
rul formebs vadarebT, amas aSkarad vxedavT _ bunebrivia, veluri mcenaris Teslidan
umaRlesi donis iasamfera an georgina ver aRmocendeba. aseve veravin SeZlebda veluri
msxlis Teslidan umaRlesi xarisxis msxlis miRebas, Tumca, misi miReba SesaZlebelia baRis
ga­velurebuli msxlis nergidan. msxlis moSeneba baRSi uZvelesi droidan xdeboda, Tumca
pliniusis aRweris mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, igi Zalze dabali xarisxis iyo. mebaReobis
Sesaxeb daweril SromebSi araerTxel Semxvedria aRfrTovanebis gamomxatveli sityvebi
mebaReebis ara­Gveulebriv xelovnebaze, romlebmac SeZles da miiRes gasaocari nimuSebi
erTob ubadruki masalisagan _ Tumca es xelovneba ubralo iyo da saboloo Sedegi TiTqmis
ga­ucnobierebeli. es procesi yovelTvis Semdegnairad mimdinareobda: yvelaze kargi nair­
saxeoba iTeseba, Semdeg, ukve misi aRmonacenisagan xdeba saukeTesos SerGeva da es procesi
kvlav da kvlav grZeldeba. Zveli klasikuri xanis mebaReebi, romlebsac maTTvis xel­
misawvdomi msxlis saukeTeso jiSebi mohyavdaT, ra Tqma unda, verasodes warmoidgendnen
iseTi nayofis arsebobas, romelsac dRes Gven mivirTmevT. Tumca siamovnebas garkveulwilad
im mebaReebis gaucnobierebel gadarGevas unda vumadlodeT. Gemi azriT, nela da gauc­
nobierebulad dagrovili mravali cvlileba xsnis, sayovelTaod cnobil faqts, rom umetes

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SemTxvevaSi Gven ar SegviZlia davadginoT da amitom arc viciT Gvens baRebsa da bostnebSi
xangrZlivad kultivirebuli mcenareebis winaprebi. Tu mcenareebis dRevan­del
standartebamde moyvanas saukuneebi da aTaswleulebi dasWirda, gasagebi xdeba mizezi,
romlis gamo verc avstraliaSi, Tu imedis koncxze mcxovrebma aborigenebma da verc sxva
qveynebis, aracivilizebulma binadarma adamianebma, ver mogvawodes erTi mcena­rec ki,
romlis kultivirebasac azri eqneboda. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom saxeobebis aseTi mra­
valferovnebiT gamorGeul am qveynebSi ar gaaGniaT sa­sargeblo da saWiro mcenareTa abo­
rigenuli jiSebi, aramed imitom, rom adgilobrivi mcenareebis gaumjobeseba xangrZ­livi
gadarGeviT ar xdeboda, rogorc es civilizebuli qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
rac Seexeba velur adamianTa mier Sinauri cxovelebis movlis sakiTxs, mxedvelobidan arc
is unda gamogvrGes, rom am cxovelebs sakvebis mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebiT zo­gierT
sezonze, TiTqmis brZola uwevT. SesaZlebelia, rom garemo pirobebiT gansxvavebul or
sxvadsxva qveyanaSi erTmaneTisagan konstituciiT an agebulebiT odnav gansxvavebuli
erTi da imave saxeobis individebi erT qveyanaSi ufro metad ganviTardnen, vidre meore­Si,
da, aqedan gamom­di­nare, bunebrivi gadarGevis procesis Sedegad (rogorc amas qvemoT
ganvixilavT), Gamoyalibdes ori qvejiSi. is faqti, rom GamorGenili qveynebis nairsaxeo­be­
bi ufro metad hgavs namdvil saxeobebs, vidre civili­zebuli qveynebis nairsaxeobebi.
adamianis mier warmoebuli gadarGevis mniSvnelobis gan­xilvis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba
Gveni Sinauri rasebis Segueba adamianis moTxovnilebebis mimarT rogorc Tavisi age­
bulebiT, aseve cxovrebis niriT. amitomac xdeba, rom Sinauri jiSebi Zalian gansxvavde­
bian erT­maneTisgan garegani, xolo sustad _ Sinagani agebulebiT. adamians TiTqmis ar
ZaluZs, an didi gaWirvebiT Tu SeZlebs iseTi cvlilebebis gadarGevas, romlebic ga­
regnulad ar vlindeba, Tanac iSviaTad fiqrobs Sinagan agebulebaze. igi cdilobs
gadarGevis saSua­lebiT imoqmedos mxolod bunebrivad warmoqmnil sust cvli­lebebze.
azrad aravis mouvidoda farSevangkuda mtredi gamoeyvana, sanam ar SeamGnevda Tundac
sustad ga­moxatul, magram mainc uGveulo kudis mqone mtreds an _ butia mtredi, Tu
odesRac odnav metad ganviTarebuli GiGaxvis mqone mtreds ar SeamGnevda. rac ufro
uGveulo da ga­moxatuli iyo raime axladwarmoqmnili niSani, miT ufro ipyrobda igi
adamianis yuradRebas. magram iseTi gamonaTqvamebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa magaliTad
`cdilobs miiRos far­Sevangkuda mtredi~, umetes SemTxvevebSi, Gemi azriT, ar aris swori.
adamians, romelmac pirvelad SeamGnia mtredi odnav farTo kudiT, ar daesizmreboda,
ras daems­gavsebodnen am frinvelis STamomavlebi nawilobriv gaucnobierebeli, nawi­
lobriv ki meToduri ga­darGevis Sedegad. SesaZlebelia, farSevangkuda mtredis winapars
ukve hqonda odnav gafxorili kudis ToTxmeti bumbuli, rogorc, magaliTad, iavis farSe­
vangkuda mtreds, an sxva jiSebis zogierT kudze 17 bumbulian individs, SesaZloa pirveli
butia mtredi imaze metad ar beravda GiGaxvs, rogorc mtredTolia beravs xolme say­
lapavis zeda na­wils. am Tvisebas mtredebis moyvarulTa didi nawili yuradRebas ar aq­
cevs, radgan igi jiSis erT-erT damaxasiaTebeli niSani. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom moy­va­
ru­lisaTvis sulac ar aris aucilebeli, mtreds raime gansakuTrebuli da yvelasgan

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gamorGeuli niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebdes, rom misiT dainteresdes. am saqmeSi garkveuli

adamianisTvis mcire Taviseburebis danaxva da siaxlis Sefaseba araviTar siZneles ar
warmoadgens. xSirad mtredebSi warmoGenil mraval mcire cvlilebas naklad miiGneven da
ara upiratesobad. rogorc cnobilia, Gveulebriv bats gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT
gamorGeuli nairsaxeoba ar gaaGnia: aqedan gamomdinare, erTmaneTisagan mxolod feriT
gansxvavebuli tuluzis jiSi da Gveulebrivi jiSi, Sinaur frinvelTa bolodroindel ga­
mofenaze sxvadasxva jiSad iyo warmodgenili. es kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rac
araerTxel aRuniSnavT. kerZod, is, rom Gveni Sinauri cxovelebis istoriis Sesaxeb arafe­
ri viciT, TumcaRa dialeqtis msgavsad, jiSzec Znelia Tqva _ konkretulad rogor war­
moiSva. adamiani cdilobs SeinarGunos da moaSenos im individTa STamomavloba, romelTac
umniSvnelo gadaxra aqvT agebulebaSi an gansakuTrebulad arGevs cxovelebs Sejva­re­
bisaTvis da amgvarad aumjobesebs maT; xolo gaumjobesebuli cxovelebi ki nel-nela
mezobel teritoriebze vrceldebian. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom maT raime sxva saxe­li da­
erqvmevaT anda imis gamo, rom jer kidev ar gaaGniaT mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba, maTi is­
toria uyuradRebod darGeba. gaumjobesebulni aseTive neli, gradualuri procesiT ki­
dev ufro farTod gavrceldebian, raime gansakuTrebuli da Zvirfasi niSnis an Tvisebis
gamo moipoveben aRiarebas da mxolod amis Semdeg miiReben adgilobriv saxelwodebas. na­
xev­rad civilizebul qveynebSi, sadac komunikaciebi SezRudulia, axali qvejiSis gavr­
celeba ufro neli procesia. rogorc ki axali jiSis Rirebuleba aRiarebas moipovebs. xels
Seuwyobs jiSis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis nel dagrovebas. erT epoqaSi es SeiZleba ufro
swrafad moxdes, xolo meoreSi _ ufro nela _ imis mixedviT modaSia, Tu ara mocemuli jiSi.
igive SiZleba iTqvas teritoriebzec: erT maTganze procesi ufro swrafad mimdinareobs,
vidre meoreze, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturul donezea da­mokidebuli. nak­
lebad savaraudoa, rom amgvar nel, meryev da SeumGnevel cvlilebebze raime monacemebi
darGes. axla ki aucileblad unda vTqva ramdenime sityva adamianis mier warmoebuli ga­­
dar­Ge­visaTvis xelsayreli da araxelsayreli pirobebis Sesaxeb. cvalebadobis maRali
xarisxi, rogorc Gans, sasikeToa, radgan gadarGevisaTvis uxv masalas iZleva; xolo meTo­
duri gadarGevis dros sakmarisi iqneboda ubralo, individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro
didi cvli­lebebis dagrovebisTvis. magram imdenad, ramdenadac ada­mia­nisaTvis ga­mosadegi
an xel­sayreli cvlilebebi arc ise xSirad gvxvdeba, rac ufro didia asarGev individTa
raodenoba, miT ufro matulobs maTi warmoSobis albaToba. aqedan gamomdinare, raodenoba
warmatebis miRwevaSi udides rols TamaSobs. am principebTan dakavSirebiT marSali (Marshall)
aRniSnavs: radgan iorkSiris jiSis cxvari `umeteswilad Rarib mosaxleobas ekuTvnis da
amitom mcire raodenobiT hyavT, maTi gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba ar arse­bobs~. meore
mxriv ki sayu­radReboa, rom profesionali mebaRe erTi da imave mcenaris didi rao­denobiT
moyva­ni­sas, gacilebiT mniSvnelovan warmatebas aRwevs axali da Zvirfasi nair­saxeobebis
gamoyvanis saqmeSi, vidre am saqmis moyvarulebi. didi raodenobis cxovelebis moSenebas da
mcenareebis moyvanas maTi gamravlebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna esaWiroeba.
individTa mcire raodenobis dros nebismieri maTgani gamoiyeneba STa­mo­mavlobis

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misaRebad, rac gadarGevas xels uSlis. Tumca, Tu adamiani cxovelebsa da mce­na­reebs Zalze
afasebs da did yurad­Rebas aqcevs nebismier gadaxras maT Tvisebebsa Tu agebulebaSi, es
ukve warmatebis mniSv­nelovani pirobaa. amgvari rudunebis gareSe vera­fers SevcvliT. me
movismine, rogor amtki­cebdnen mTeli seriozulobiT: ra bednierebaa, rom marwyvma mas
mere, rac mebaReebis yu­rad­Reba miipyro, Secvla daiwyoo. ueWvelia, rom marwyvi adrec
icvleboda, magram umniSvnelod Secvlil nairsaxeobebs yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. mas
Semdeg, rac mebaReebma SearGies odnav ufro didi zomis, saadreo da ukeTesi nayofi,
gamoiyvanes misi GiTilebi da Semdeg maTganac saukeTeso SearGies, miviReT marwy­vis is
SesaniSnavi jiSebi, romlebic bolo 30-40 welia mogvyavs. cxovelebis SemTxvevaSi, axali
jiSis Seqmnis saqmeSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maTi adgilsamyofelis SemosazRv­
ras, raTa ar moxdes Tavisufali Sejvareba. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT qveynebSi,
sadac isedac bevria gansxvavebuli jiSebi, xolo momTabare velur tomebsa da gaSlil
velebze mcxovreb xalxs isedac iSviaTad hyavs erTi saxeobis erT jiSze meti forma. is
faqti, rom mtredebi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze wyvildebian, Zalian mom­gebiania mtre­
debis moyvarulTaTvis, vinaidanes xels uwyobs wminda jiSebis SenarGunebas erT saf­
rinveleSi. aRniSnuli garemoeba Zalze xel­sayreli gamodga axali jiSebis warmoqm­nisa­
Tvis. da­vamateb, rom mtredebi swrafad da didi raodenobiT mravldebian, arasasurveli
nimuSis amoReba misi sakvebad gamoyenebis gamo advilad xdeba. meore mxriv, Zalze Znelia
katebis mizanmimarTuli Sejvareba da wminda jiSis SenarGuneba, cxovrebis Ramis niris
gamo. marTalia, bavSvebsa da qalebs es cxoveli Zalian uyvarT, magram maTi rome­lime,
sufTad Senar­Gunebuli jiSis naxva Zalze Znelia. Tuki aseTi mainc gamoGndeba, igi yo­
velTvis sxva qveynidan aris Semoyvanili. miu­xedavad imisa, rom eWvi ar mepareba cxo­velebis
gansxvavebul, TavisTavad met-naklebad cvlilebis unarSi, darw­munebuli var, rom katebs,
virebs, farSevangebs, batebsa da a.S, imitom ar gaaGniaT gamokveTili niSan-Tvisebebis
matarebeli gansxvavebuli jiSebi, rom maT mimarT gadarGeva ar gamoiyeneba: katebis mimarT
imitom, rom Znelia maTi Sejvareba, virebis mimarT imitom, rom isini mcire rao­denobiT
hyavs Rarib xalxs da maT gamoyvanas Zalze mcire yuradReba eqceva (Tumca arc ise didi
xnis win espaneTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis zogierT raionSi es cxoveli saoc­rad Secvales
da gaaumjobeses), farSevangebis mimarT imitom, rom maTi gamravleba Znelia da patara
gundebad hyavT; batebis mimarT ki imitom rom isini fasoben bumbulisa da xorcis gamo da
misi jiSebis Gveneba araviTar siamovnebas ar warmoadgens; garda amisa, bati, ro­gorc Gans,
gamoirGeva nakleb plastikuri organizaciiT.
SevajamoT zemoTqmuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis Sinauri jiSebis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb. Rrmad mwams, rom sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
cvalebadobis warmoqmnaSi _ rogorc individis organizaciaze pirdapiri zemoqmedebiT,
ise iribad _ sasqeso sistemis meSveobiT. SeuZlebelia, rom cvalebadoba iyos memkvid-
ruli da aucilebeli nebismieri pirobebis dros da yvela organul arsebas axasiaTeb-
des, rogorc amas zogierTi avtori Tvlis. memkvidreobiToba da reversia met-naklebad
gansazRvravs, SenarGundeba Tu ara cvlileba. cvalebadoba eqvemdebareba bevr ucnob

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kanons, romelTagan zrdis korelacia yvelaze mniSvnelovania. Gven ar viciT, ramdenad

mniSvnelovania sasicocxlo pirobebi _ garkveuli Sedegi SeiZleba mivaweroT organoe-
bis gavarjiSebas an gauvarjiSeblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, saboloo Sedegi Zalze rTu-
lia. zogierTi jiSis warmoSobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda aborigenul saxeobebs
Soris Sejvareba. Tu romelime qveyanaSi odesRac ramdenime jiSi warmoiqmna, maTi iS-
viaTi Sejvareba gadarGevasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels axali qvejiSebis
warmoSobas; Tumca Sejvareba arc ise mniSv­nelovania, rogorc zogierTi cxovelis, ise
im mcenareebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic TesliT mravldebian. gacilebiT metia Sejvarebis
mniSvneloba im mcenareebSi, romlebic kvirtiT mravldebian, radgan memcenares SeuZ­
lia ar miaqcios yuradReba cvalebadobis ukidures xarisxsa da hibridebs, aseve najva-
rebisa da hibridebis sterilurobas. magram mcenareebi, romlebic TesliT ar mravldeba,
GvenTvis naklebad sainteresoa.

Tavi II

cvalebadoba bunebaSi

cvalebadoba; individualuri gansxvavebebi; saeWvo saxeobebi; farTod gavrcele-

buli, gansakuTrebulad gansaxlebuli da Gveulebrivi saxeobebi metad cvalebadia;
ufro msxvili gvarebis saxeobebi yvela qveyanaSi metad cvalebadia, vidre mcire
gvaris saxeobebi. msxvili gvarebis mravali saxeoba nairsaxeobebis msgavsad, Zalze
mWidrod, magram araerTgvarovnad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da maTsaviT
SezRudulad gavrcelebuli.

sanam wina TavSi Gamoyalibebul zogad principebs bunebriv pirobebSi arsebuli or-
ganuli saxeobebisTvis gamoviyenebT, jer unda davadginoT eqvemdebarebian Tu ara isini
cvlilebebs. am sakiTxis saTanadod gasaSuqeblad saWiroa mSrali faqtebis grZeli nusx-
is moyvana, magram amas Semdegi naSromisaTvis gadavdeb. aq arc saxeobis gansxvavebul
ganmartebebs ganvixilav _ verc erTma maTganma ver daakmayofila yvela naturalisti;
Tumca maT kargad ar ician, ras gulisxmoben saxeobaze saubrisas. zogadad ki es termini
gulisxmobs warmoqmnis Sedegad miRebul ucnob elementebs. aseve Znelia termin `nair-
saxeobis~ gansazRvra, magram masSi aucileblad igulisxmeba erTiani warmoSoba, Tum­ca
praqtikulad amis damtkiceba Zalian Znelia. garda amisa, arsebobs egreT wodebuli si-
maxinjeebi, magram isini TandaTanobiT nairsaxeobebSi gadadian. simaxinjeebSi gulisx-
moben nebismier normidan gadaxras, romelic, rogorc wesi, saxeobisaTvis usargeblo
an mavnebelia. zogierTi mecnieri termins _ `saxecvlileba~ _ iyenebs teqnikuri Tval-
sazrisiT da masSi gulisxmobs fizikuri pirobebis moqmedebiT gamowveul cvlilebas.

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am gagebiT saxecvlileba memkvidreobiT ar gadadis, magram vis SeuZlia dabejiTebiT

amtkicos, rom moluskebis juja niJarebi baltiis zRvis wylebSi, mcenareebis alpuri
formebi an GrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi cxovelebis Zalze sqeli bewvi zogierT SemTxvevaSi
memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema Tundac ramdenime Taobas. nairsaxeoba swored aseT SemTx-
vevaSi miRebul formas SeiZleba ewodos.
garda amisa, arsebobs kidev odnav gansxvavebuli niSnebi, romlebsac SesaZloa in-
dividebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi vuwodoT, magaliTad, erTi da imave mSoblis sxvada­
sxva naSieris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi an erT SemosazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovrebi
cxovelebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. ra Tqma unda gulubryviloba iqneboda gvefiqra, rom
erTi da imave nairsaxeobis individebi erT yalibSi unda, iyvnen Gamosxmulni. individua-
luri niSan-Tvisebebi GvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac isini warmoad­ge­­n­en ma-
salas bunebrivi gadarGevisaTvis. da aqac xdeba cvlilebebis dagroveba, msgavsad imisa,
rom adamiani Sinauri cxovelebisa Tu frinvelebis gadarGevisas erTi mi­marTulebis gan-
masxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis dagrovebas axorcielebs. es gansxvavebebi ZiriTadad im
organoebis cvlilebas ganapirobebs, romlebsac naturalistebi umniSvnelod miiGneven,
magram mravali faqtis moSveliebiT SesaZlebelia davadasturoT, rom umniSvnelo orga-
noebis msgavsad fiziologiuri Tu sistematikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSv­nelovani
organoebi, aseve gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxeobaSi. darwmunebuli var, rom yvelaze
gamocdil naturalistsac ki gaaocebda avtoritetuli monacemebis safuZvelze Se-
grovebuli cvalebadobis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba (agebulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
nawilebisac ki), Tu GemsaviT wlebis manZilze moipovebda da krebda am monacemebs. mniSv­
nelovan organoebs Soris gansxvavebis aRmoGena sistematikosebis did aRfrTovanebas ar
iwvevs da, garda amisa, arc im adamianTa ricxvia didi, vinc guldasmiT Seiswavlis erTi
da maT adarebs erTmaneTs. Tavad me arafriT movelodi, rom centraluri nervuli kvanZi­
dan gamomavali nervebis ganStoeba cvalebadobs erTi saxeobis mwerebSi. savaraudo iyo,
rom aseTi saxis cvlilebebi xdeba nela da TandaTanobiT; miuxedavad amisa, ser j. la­
bokma (J. Lubbock) aGvena am nervebis cvlebadobis iseTi xarisxi Coccus-ebSi, romelic SeiZ-
leba xis ucnaur datotvas SevadaroT. am filosofiuri Sexedulebebis naturalistma
mwerTa matlebis kunTebis aRnagobis cvalebadobis aRmoGenac ki SeZlo. xSirad imarTeba
kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, rom mniSvnelovan organoebs cvalebadoba ar axasiaTebs, Tumca mni­
Svnelovnad Tvlian mxolod im organoebs, romlebic cvlilebas ar ganicdian. Tu am azrs
gaviziarebT, maSin mniSvnelovani nawilis cvalebadobis verc erT SemTxvevas ver vipo-
viT, Tumca sxva Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, amis araerTi magaliTi arsebobs.
aris individualur gansxvavebebTan dakavSirebuli da gansakuTrebiT gamoucnobi
kidev erTi garemoeba; vgulisxmob mravalferovani anu polimorfuli gvarebis arsebo-
bas, sadac saxeobebs cvalebadobis maRali xarisxi axasiaTebs. am formebis absolutur
umravlesobsTan dakavSirebiT ori naturalistic ki ver SeTanxmdeba sadavo sakiTxebSi:
aRiaron isini saxeobebad Tu nairsaxeobebad. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT mcena-
reebis Semdegi gvarebi: Rubus, Rosa, Hieracium, mwerebisa da moluskebis (Brachiopoda) zo-

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gierTi gvari. polimorfuli gvarebis umravlesobaSi zogierT saxeobas fiqsirebuli da

gansazRvruli niSnebi aqvs. gvarebi, romlebic polimorfulia erTi qveynis farglebSi,
rogorc wesi, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, sxva qveynebSic polimorfulia. igive SeiZle-
ba iTqvas (Tu Brachiopoda-s niJarebiT vimsjelebT) gardasul epoqaTa organizmebze. es
faqtebi Zalze ucnauria, radgan aGvenebs, rom cvalebadobis aRniSnuli saxe, sasicocxlo
pirobebze ar aris damokidebuli. me ufro im varaudisken vixrebi, rom zogierT poli-
morful gvarSi Gven vawydebiT, saxeobisTvis arc sasargeblo da arc mavne cvlilebebs.
amitom maT bunebrivi gadarGeva ar iyenebs (rogorc es qvemoT iqneba axsnili).
erTi da imave saxeobis individebi, rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, Zlier gansx-
vavdebian erT­maneTisagan agebulebiT (rac ar aris gamowveuli cvalebadobiT). magali-
Tad: sxvadasxva sqesis cxovelebi; mwerebis sxvadasxva kastebi – steriluri mdedrebi an
muSa mwerebi; umdablesi cxovelebis larva. cnobilia agreTve dimorfizmis da trimor-
fizmis SemTxvevebi mcena­reebsa da cxovelebSi. ase magaliTad, mister uolesma (Wallace),
bolo dros yuradReba miaqcia am Temas da aRniSna, rom malais arqipelagis zogierTi
saxeobis peplebis mdedrebi regularulad Gndebian ori an sami mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
formiT, Tan erTmaneTs ar ukavSirdebian Sualeduri nairsaxeobe­biT. fric miulerma
(Fritz Muller) aRwera analogiuri, magram ufro ucnauri SemTxvevebi zogierTi braziliuri
kibosnairebis mamrebSi: magaliTad, Tanais mamrebi regularulad gvxvdeba ori formis
saxiT: erTs Zlieri da Taviseburi marwuxebi, meores ki antenebze mravali mgrZno­biare
bususi aqvs. Tumca ufro xSirad mcenareebisa da cxovelebis ori an sami forma erTma-
neTTan ar aris dakavSirebuli Sualeduri gradaciebiT. SesaZlebelia, odesRac aseTi
gradaciebi arsebuliyo. magaliTad, mister uolesma aRwera aseTi SemTxveva: peplebis
cnobili saxeoba malais arqipelagis erT kunZulze ara erTi nairsaxeobebiT aris war-
modgenili. isini erTmaneTTan Sualeduri rgolebiT arian dakavSirebulni; xolo am ri-
gis kidura formebi malais arqipelagis sxva kunZulze mobinadre dimorfuli saxeobis
ori formis msgav­sia. aseve WianWvelebSic: muSebis ramdenime kasta sruliad gansxvave-
bulia; Tumca zogjer kastebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aris nairsaxeobebiT, rom-
lebic erTi formidan meoreze gadasvlis Zalze natifi nimuSia. igive SevamGnie zogierT
dimorful mcenareSi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia ar gaocde im faqtiT, rom erT mdedr
pepelas SeuZlia awarmoos erTdroulad gansxvavebuli mdedrobiTi da erTi mamrobiTi
forma, an hermafroditi mcenare erT kolofSi sxvadasxva formis hermafroditul sam
Tesls awarmoebs. Tumca es yvelaferi Gveulebrivi movlenis ufro mkveTri gamovline-
baa, rodesac mdedri ori sqesis saocrad gansxvavebul individs Sobs.
GvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is formebi, romlebsac garkveulwilad
gaaGniaT saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, magram imdenad emsgavsebian sxva for­
mebs an maTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul Sualedur rgolebs, rom mecnierebi maT calke
saxeobebad ar miiGneven. Gven yvela mizezi gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom zogi aseTi saeWvo
da axlomonaTesave forma ukve didi xania, rac inarGunebs damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. es

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drois igive monakveTia, romelic kargad gamoxatul saxeobebs axasiaTebT. rodesac

naturalisti or formas erTmaneTTan aerTianebs, romelTagan erT-erTs Sualeduri
niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, am pirvel formas is miiGnevs meoris nairsaxeobad, xolo
meores _ ufro metad gavrcelebulsa da miRebuls _ saxeobad. magram aris SemTxvevebi,
romlebic aq ar momyavs, rodesac Zalze Znelia gadawyveta, aris Tu ara erTi forma
meoris nairsaxeoba, Tundac Sualeduri rgolebis arsebobisas; es siZnele ar aixsneba
Sualeduri formebis savaraudo hibriduli bunebiT. mraval SemTxvevaSi erTi forma
miGneulia meore formis nairsaxeobad ara imitom, rom Sualeduri rgolebi iqna napov-
ni, aramed damkvirveblis mier analogiis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvnis safuZvelze
_ rom isini sadRac arseboben an SeiZleba odesRac earsebaT.
ase rom, gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, esa Tu is forma saxeobaa Tu nairsa­xeoba,
bevradaa damokidebulia naturalistis saR msjelobasa da gamocdilebaze. Tumca xSirad
sakiTxi wydeba naturalistTa xmebis umravlesobiT. udavoa is faqti, rom amgvari saeW-
vo bunebis nairsaxeobebi sakmaod bevria. SeadareT sxvadasxva mecnieris mier aRwerili
inglisis, safrangeTisa da amerikis flora da naxavT, ramdeni formaa iseTi, romelsac
erTi mecnieri nairsaxeobad miiGnevs, meore ki _ saxeobad. batonma h.s. uotsonma (H.G.
Watson), romelsac me didad unda vumadlode gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis, 182 britanuli
mcenare aRnusxa, romlebsac nairsaxeobad miviGnevT, Tumca botanikosebi maT saxeobad
Tvlian; am siaSi man ar Seitana mravali umniSvnelo nairsaxeoba, romlebsac zogierTi
botanikosi saxeobad miiGnevs da saerTod gamotova ramdenime polimorfuli gvari. gan-
sakuTrebuli poliformuli Sedgenilobis gvarebs, batoni babingtoni (Babington) – 251,
xolo batoni bentami (Bentham) mxolod 112 saxeobas miakuTvnebs. maT Soris sxvaoba _ 139
saeWvo for­ma _ arc ise umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom cxovelebi yoveli STamomavlo­bis mo-
cemis win erTmaneTs uwyvildebian da Zalian moZravni arian; maTi saeWvo formebi, romleb-
sac zoo­logebis erTi nawili saxeobad miiGnevs, meore nawili ki _ nairsaxeobad, iSviaTad
gvxvdeba erTi qveynis farglebSi da xSirad _ sxva qveynis teritoriaze. ramdeni frinve-
li da mweria ase­Ti evropasa da GrdiloeT amerikaSi, romlebsac mecnierTa erTi nawili
saxeobad miiGnevs, meore ki _ nairsaxeobad anu e.w. geografiul rasebad. mister uolesma
malais arqipelagze mobinadre cxovelebis Sesaxeb daweril ramdenime faseul gamokv-
levaSi gvaGvena, rom Lepidoptera-s (qerclfrTianebi anu peplebi), dayofa SesaZlebelia
oTx jgufad: cvalebad formebad, lokalur formebad, geografiul rasebad, anu qves-
axeobebad da namdvil Gamnacvlebel saxeobebad. pirveli anu cvalebadi formebi, Zalze
icvleba erTi kunZulis farglebSi; lokaluri formebi SedarebiT mudmivia da erTmane-
Tisgan gansxvavdeba TiToeul kunZulze, magram gansxvavebebi imdenad mcirea, rom maTi
aRwera TiTqmis SeuZlebelia (Tumca, Tu kidura formebs SevadarebT, gans­xvaveba TvalSi
sacemia). geografiuli rasebi kargad Gamoyalibebuli da izo­lirebuli adgi­lobrivi
formebia. magram radgan isini ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan kargad gamoxatuli an
mniSvnelovani niSnebiT, piradi azris garda, ar aris sxva kriteriumi imis dasadgenad,
romelia maTgan saxeoba, xolo romeli _ nairsaxeoba. bolos, Gamnacvlebel saxeobebs

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kunZulis bunebaSi igive adgili ukavia, rac lokalur formebs anu qvesaxeobebs; magram
radgan gansxvaveba maT Soris metia, vidre lokalur formebs an qvesaxeobebs Soris, natu-
ralistebi maT namdvil saxeobebad miiGneven.
mravali wlis win Tavad vakvirdebodi galapagosis arqipelagSi mobinadre frin­­ve­
lebs, va­darebdi maT ara marto erTmaneTs, aramed amerikis kontinentze binadar sxva
frinvelebsac da didad gamakvirva im saocrad bundovanma da pirobiTma gansxvavebam,
romelic arsebobda saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris. madeiras kunZulebze binadar
mwerebs batoni uolastoni (Wollaston) Tavis brwyinvale naSromSi nairsaxeobebad Tvlis,
Tumca mravali entomologi maT uyoymanod saxeobebad miiGnevda. irlandiaSic ki bi­
nadroben iseTi cxovelebi, romlebic dResdReobiT nairsaxeobebad arian miiGneulni,
Tumca mravali zoologi maT saxeobebis kategorias aniWebs. ramdenime, sakmaod ga­
mocdili orniTologi britanul wiTel roWos norvegiuli saxeobis mkveTrad gamo­xa­
tul nairsaxeobad miiGnevs, maSin, rodesac mravali mecnieri maT didi britaneTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel gamokveTil saxeobas uwodebs. zogjer mecnierebi or gansxvavebul
formas imitom miiGneven saxeobad, rom maT sabinadro teritoriebs Soris didi da­Sorebaa.
magram aqve Gndeba kiTxva, ra yvelaze mcire manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli ori saWvo
forma erTmaneTisagan, rom isini sxvadasxva saxeobad miviGnioT? Tu, vTqvaT, manZili
amerikasa da evropas Soris sakmarisia, SeiZleba Tu ara igive iTqvas manZilze evropidan
azoris kunZulebamde an _ madeiramde, an _ kanaris kunZulebamde, an _ am ar­qipelagebis
kunZulTa Soris? erTi da imave formas gamocdil mecnierTa erTi nawili nairsaxeobad
miiGnevs, meore ki, maTi Taviseburebebis gamo, saxeobad Tvlis. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
romelia maT Soris marTali, am terminebis zust gansazRvramde wylis nayva iqneboda.
Gvens yuradRebas mkafiod gamoxatuli saxeobis mravali SemTxveva iqcevs, ramdenadac
maT geografiul ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli mravali saintereso ar­gumenti gaGnda,
romelTa daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros saxeobisa da nairsaxeobis statusi. maga­
liTad moviyvan yvelasaTvis cnobili mcenareebis Primula vera-s da elatioris SemTxve­
vas. es ori mcenare erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba: maT gansxvavebuli sur­
neli aqvT da sxvadasxva periodSi yvavian, sxvadasxva pirobebSi xaroben da zrdasrulni
sxvadasxva simaRles aRweven: gansxvavebulia agreTve maTi gavrcelebis areali, bo­los,
Zalian yuradRebiani mecnier-damkvirveblis gartneris (Garthner) cde­bi gviGvenebs,
rom maTi Sejvareba Zalian rTuli saqmea _ GamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebi, wesiT, sruliad
sakmarisi unda iyos, rom ori forma gansxvavebul saxeobad miviGnioT, magram, meore
mxriv, maT mravali Sualeduri rgoli aerTianebs, da metad saeWvoa am Sualeduri rgo­
lebis hibriduli buneba; amas garda, uamravi cdis Sedegi adasturebs, rom am or mcenares
saerTo winapari hyavs da maSasadame, isini nairsaxeobebia.
sakiTxis rudunebiT kvlevisa da Seswavlis Sedegad naturalistebi, bolos da bo-
los, aucileb­lad SeTanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rogor unda mieniWos esa Tu is statusi
yvelaze kargad Seswavlil qveynebSi didi raodenobiT arsebul saeWvo formebs. me yo­

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

velTvis maocebda is faqti, rom Tu romelime cxoveli an mcenare bunebaSi Zalze sasarge-
bloa adamianisTvis da ase Tu ise ipyrobs mis yuradRebas, TiTqmis yvelgan vxvdebiT Ga-
nawerebs maTi nairsaxeobebis Sesaxeb. amaze metic, zogierTi mecnieri maT saxeobebad
aRiarebs. magaliTad, erTi SexedviT ubralo muxa, naxeT, ra guldasmiT SeuswavliaT! da
miuxedavad amisa, erT-erTi germaneli mecnieri gamoyofs mis Tormetze met saxeobas,
romlebic yovelTvis nairsaxeobebad iyo miGneuli. zustad aseve, Gvens qveyanaSi moRvawe
gamocdil botanikosTa erTi nawili muxis or formas _ Quercus sessiliflora-sa da Q. peduncu-
lata-s _ saxe­obas miakuTvnebs, meore ki _ nairsaxeobas. rodesac axalgazrda naturalisti
iwyebs misTvis aqamde ucnobi organizmebis Seswavlas, Tavidan Zalian gauWirdeba imis
dadgena, gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebidan romeli GaTvalos saxeobis maxasiaTebelad
da rome­li _ nairsaxeobis, radgan man jer araferi icis sakvlev organizmTa jgufis cva-
lebadobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Tu igi Semoifargleba konkretul qveyanaSi arsebuli erTi
romeli­me klasis SeswavliT, maleve gadawyvets, ra niSniT gansazRvros yvelaze saeWvo
formebic ki. Tavdapirvelad masze did STabeWdilebas moaxdens Sesaswavl formebSi
aRmoGenili gansxvavebebi, amitom dasawyisisaTvis Seecdeba, rac SeiZleba meti saxeoba
gamoyos. garda amisa, sawyis etapze mas ar gaaGnia sakmarisi informacia sxva jgufebsa
da qveynebSi arsebul analogiur nairsaxeobebze. aseTi informacia aucileblad Seucv-
lida pirvel STabeWdilebas. dakvirvebebis procesSi igi kidev ufro met sirTuleebs
Sexvde­ba _ aucileblad aRmoaGens sakvlev formebTan Zalian axlos mdgom sxva formeb-
sac. magram Tu Gveni naturalisti metad gaafarToebs kvleva-Ziebas, bolos aucileblad
gaarkvevs, romel formebs uwodos saxeobebi da romels _ nairsaxeobebi. am warmatebis
safuZveli ki aucileblad iqneba didi cvalebadoba, romlis gamo sxva natura­listebma
kamaTic SeiZleba gamarTon.
ufro metic, Tu igi Seecdeba erT dros sxva qveynebidan Semoyvanili saxeobebic Se­
iswavlos da maTi daxmarebiT saeWvo formebs Soris Sualeduri rgolebi aRmoaGinos,
mas mTlianad am saxeobaTa analogiaze mouwevs dayrdnoba. aq ki sirTuleebi namdvilad
zenits miaRwevs. da marTlac, jer aravis gauvlia xazi saxeobebsa da qvesaxeobebs anu
im formebs Soris, romlebic, mravali mecnieris azriT, marTalia uaxlovdebian, magram
verafriT ver adian saxeobis rangamde. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qvesaxeobebsa da kargad
gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs, an naklebad gamokveTil nairsaxeobebsa da individualur gan-
masxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. es gansxvavebe-
bi SeumGnevlad erwymis erTmaneTs da erT uwyvet rigs qmnis, xolo yoveli rigi namdvil
gadasvlaze metyvelebs. Sesabamisad, individualur gansxvavebebs Zalze mniSvnelovnad
(Tumca sistematikosebisTvis isini nakleb sainteresoa) miviGnev, radgan isini gadadg-
muli pirvel nabijia nairsaxeobaTa warmoqmnis gzaze. xolo is nairsa­xeobebi, romlebic
garkveulwilad gamokveTili da mudmivia, gvexmareba ufro mkafiod gamokveTili nair-
saxeobebis dadgenaSi, es ukanasknelni ki, Tavis mxriv, qvesaxeobebisa da Semdeg saxeo-
bebis dadgenaSi. gansxvavebaTa erTi safexuridan meore, ufro maRal safexurze gada­svla
zogjer SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos TviT organizmis bunebiT an im fizikuri pirobebis

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xangrZlivi gavleniT, romelSic es orgnizmi binadrobs. magram me, piradad, didad ar

vemxrobi am Sexedulebas. mniSvnelovan adaptaciur niSnebTan dakavSirebiT erTi stadi-
idan meoreze gadasvla dabejiTebiT SeiZleba mivaweroT bunebrivi gadarGevis kumuli-
rebul moqmedebas, aseve organoebis gavarjiSebas an gauvarjiSeblobas.
aqedan gamomdinare mimaGnia, rom kargad gamokveTil nairsaxeobas SeiZleba vuwodoT
sawyisi etapis saxeoba da samarTlianadac. Tumca am faqtis WeSmariteba mxolod sakma-
od seriozuli argumentebiTa da mosazrebebiT unda dasturdebodes. arc is unda vi-
varaudoT, rom sawyisi etapis saxeobis yvela nairsaxeoba saxeobis rangs gautoldeba _
isini, SesaZloa, am sawyis etapzeve gauGinardnen, gaqrnen an SeiZleba gadarGnen kidec
rogorc nairsaxeobebi. zemonaTqvami kargad dasturdeba baton uolastonis (Wollaston)
naSrome­bSic madeiraSi napovni xmeleTis moluskebis namarxebis an gaston de saportas
(Gaston de Saporta) naSromebSi mcenareTa magaliTze. Tu nairsaxeoba ise ganviTarda, rom
winapari saxeobis ricxovnobasac ki gadaaWarba, maSin igi ukve saxeobad ganixileba, xolo
misi winapari saxeoba _ nairsaxeobad. aseve SesaZlebelia man winapari saxeoba saerTod
gamodevnos anda erTdroulad iarsebon, rogorc damoukidebelma saxeobebma. Gven am
sakiTxs, albaT momavalSic mivubrundebiT.
zemoGamoTvlili SeniSvnebidan Gans, rom termini `saxeoba~, pirobiTad iqna miRebuli,
erTmaneTis msgavs individTa jgufis aRniSvna rom gamartivebuliyo. meore mxriv, ter-
mini `nairsaxeobac~ meti moxerxebulobisaTvis ubralo individualuri sxvaobebis aR-
saniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
Teoriuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare GavTvale, rom Tu kargad Seswavlili floris
gansxvavebul nairsaxeobebs cxrilebis saxiT warmovadgendi, saintereso Sedegebs mivi-
RebdiT, gansakuTrebiT cvalebadi saxeobebis bunebasa da urTierTobebze. Semdgom ba-
tonma h.s. uotsonma (H.C. Watson), romelsac didad unda vumadlode metad mniSvnelovani
rGevebisa da daxmarebisaTvis, damarwmuna, rom es sirTuleebiT aRsavse saqme iqneboda.
imave azrisa iyo doqtori hukeric (Dr. Hooker). amitom gadavwyvite, momavali naSromisTvis
gadamedo am sirTuleebis ganxilvisa da cxrilebis SedgenisaTvis. Gemi xelnaweris gul-
dasmiT wakiTxvisas Gemi Sedgenili cxrilebis Seswavlisas doqtori hukeri miiGnevs, rom
am naSromSi azrebi sakmaod kargad aris Gamoyalibebuli, magram mTeli es Tema sakmaod
rTulia da masze saubrisas Tavs ver avaridebT `gadarGenisaTvis brZolis~, `niSan-Tvise-
baTa divergenciis ~ da sxva msgavs sakiTxebs, romlebic SemdgomSi unda ganvixilo.
alfons de kandolma ( Alph. De Candolle) da sxva mecnierebma aGvenes, rom farTod
gavrcelebul mcena­reebis mravali nairsaxeoba, rac mosalodnelic iyo, imitom, rom
isini sxvadasxva fizikuri pirobebis gavlenas ganicdian da organuli arsebebis
sxvadsxva jgufs uweven konkurencias. Gems cxrilSi naGvenebia, rom nebismier
SemosazRvrul teritoriaze Zalze Gveulebrivi saxeobebi gvxvdeba anu isini
warmodgenilni arian individebis didi raodenobiT da Tanabrad arian ganawilebulni
Tavisi qveynis SigniT (es faqtori sruliad gansxvavebulia farTo arealisgan an
garkveulwilad Gveuli saxeobebisgan); swored es saxeobebi yvelaze xSirad aZleven

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

dasabams kargad gamoxatul nairsaxeobebs, imdenad kargad gamoxatuls, rom maT

botanikosebi TavianT naSromebSi aRniSvnis Rirsad miiGneven. aqedan gamomdinare, es
dominanti saxeobebi, romlebic yvelaze didi raodenobiT moipoveba, mTel qveyanaSia
mimofantuli da yve­­laze meti individiTaa warmodgenili, xSirad kargad gamokveTil
nairsaxeobebs an, rogorc maT vuwodeb, sawyisi etapis saxeobebs warmoqmnian. es asec unda
iyos, radganac dasamkvidreblad nairsaxeobebs qveynis sxva binadrebTan uwevT brZola.
dominanti saxeobebi ki iZlevian Tundac odnav Secvlils, magram memkvidreobiT upi­
ratesobis mqone STamomavlobas. es swored is upiratesobebia, romlebmac maT winaprebs
dominirebis saSualeba misca. rodesac dominant formebze vsaubrob, mxolod im for­­­
mebs vgulisxmob, romlebic konkurentunariani arian, gansakuTrebiT msgavsi cxovrebis
niris mqone erTi da imave gvaris an klasis warmomadgenlebs. individTa raodenobis an
saxeobis rigiTobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT mxolod erTi jgufis wevrebis Sedare­ba
xdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime umaRlesi mcenaris ricxovnoba sxvebisas aRemateba
da maTTan SedarebiT igi ufro farTodaa gansaxlebuli erT romelime qveyanaSi TiTqmis
msgavs pirobebSi, es mcenare SeiZleba miGneul iqnes dominantad, klebad dominanturad
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis gverdze mcxovrebi romelime parazituli soko warmodgenilia
gacilebiT didi raodenobiT da ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli. magram Tu aRniSnu­
li soko ricxovnobiTa da gansaxlebiT aWarbebs masTan axlo mdgom formebs, Tavisi
klasis farglebSi igi dominanti iqneba.
Tu romelime qveynis `romeliRac floraSi~ aRweril mcenareebs or ZiriTad nawilad
davyofT ise, rom erTSi Sevlen gansakuTrebiT msxvili gvarebis, xolo meoreSi _ mcire
gvarebis warmomadgenlebi, pirvelSi aRmoGndeba dominanti saxeobebis meti raodenoba.
es asec unda yofiliyo; is faqti, rom erTi gvaris mravalricxovani saxeobebi, ama Tu im
konkretul qveyanaSi binadroben, ukve amtkicebs, rom am qveynis araorganuli an organ-
uli pirobebi xelsayrelia gvarisaTvis. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom am gvarSi, romelic
mraval saxeobas moicavs, vipoviT met dominant saxeobas. magram bevri mizezis gamo es
daskvna zogjer bundovani xdeba. magaliTad, makvirvebs Gemi cxrilebidan miRebuli
Sedegi _ msxvil gvarebs mxolod umniSvnelo upiratesoba aqvT dominanti saxeobebis ra-
odenobaSi. gaurkvevlobis mxolod or mizezs moviyvan. rogorc wesi mtknari wylisa da
marilis moyvaruli mcenareebis farTo arealze da Tanabrad arian gansaxlebulni, mag-
ram es, rogorc Gans, damokidebulia maTi stadiebis Taviseburebebze da araviTar kav-
SirSi ar aris gvaris sididesTan. umdablesi mcenareebis gavrcelebis mizezebi ganxi-
luli iqneba momdevno TavSi, rodesac saubari iqneba geografiul gavrcelebaze.
rodesac saxeobebs ganvixilavdi, rogorc kargad gamokveTil da Gamoyalibebul
nairsaxeobebs, im daskvnamde mivedi, rom nebismier qveyanaSi msxvili gvarebis saxeobebi
ufro meti nairsaxeobiT aris warmodgenili, vidre mcire gvarebis saxeobebi. es
sruliad bu­nebrivia, radgan iq, sadac mravali erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli saxeoba
Gamoyalibda, mravali nairsaxeobis warmoqmnac logikuria. sadac bevri didi xe izrdeba,
axalnayarsac mets vipoviT. erTi gvaris farglebSi cvalebadobis Sedegad mravali

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saxeobis warmoqm­nis adgilze, cvlilebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebia da, savaraudod,

aseTive darGeba. meore mxriv, Tu TiToeul saxeobas SevxedavT, rogorc Seqmnis calkeul
aqts, maSin ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom saxeobebiT mdidar jgufSi
met nairsaxeobas movelodeT, vidre saxeobebiT RaribSi. imisaTvis, rom am varaudis
WeSmariteba Sememowmebina, Tormeti qveynis mcenareebi da ori regionis xeSeSfrTiani
mwerebi or TiTqmis Tanabar jgufad davyavi; is wesi, rom did gvarSi meti saxeobebi
warmoqmnis nairsaxeobebs, vidre mcireSi, ucvleli darGa. metic, didi gvaris saxeoba
met nairsaxeobas warmoqmnis, vidre mcire gvaris saxeoba. analogiuri Sedegebi miviRe
odnav gansxvavebuli gadajgufebis dros: rodesac, erTidan oTxamde saxeobis mqone
mci­re gvarebi saerTod amoviRe cxrilebidan. am viTarebas naTeli moefineba, Tu va­
Ria­rebT, rom saxeobebi mxolod mkveTrad gamoxatuli da mudmivi nairsaxeobebia,
radgan yvelgan, sadac warmoiqmna erTi gvaris mravali saxeoba anu `saxeobebis fabrika~
Zalze qmediTia, unda `mivuswroT~ mas muSaobis procesSi; miT umetes, gvaqvs safuZveli
vivaraudoT, rom `fabrika~ nela moqmedebs. es mosazreba marTldeba, Tu nairsaxeobebs
sawyis (warmoqm­nis procesSi myof) saxeobebad ganvixilavT, radgan Gemi cxrilebi naTlad
aGvenebs, rom TiToeul gvarSi, sadac mravali saxeoba warmoiqmna, es saxeobebi, rogorc
wesi, warmodgenilni arian Gveulebrivze meti nairsaxeobiT an sawyisi saxeobiT. aqedan
ar ga­­momdinareobs, rom yvela ufro msxvili gvari axlac agrZelebs cvlilebas da zrdis
saxeobaTa raodenobas an arc erTi mcire gvari ar izrdeba da ar icvleba. es rom ase iyos,
damRupveli iqneboda Gemi TeoriisaTvis, radgan geologia naTlad adasturebs, rom mci­
re gvarebic droTa ganmavlobaSi Zlier izr­debodnen, xolo msxvili gvarebi aRwevd­nen
zrdis maqsimums, Semcirebas iwyebdnen da qrebodnen. Gven mxolod unda vaGvenoT, rom iq,
sadac erTi gvaris farglebSi bevri saxeoba gaGnda, Gveulebrivi tempiT grZelde­ba axali
saxeobebis kvlav warmoSoba, es ukve marTalia.
arsebobs kidev sxva saintereso urTerTobebi msxvili gvarebis saxeobebsa da maT
dadgenil nairsaxeobebs Soris. Gven ukve vnaxeT, rom ar arsebobs erTi, dadgenili kri­
teriumi, riTac saxeobebsa da mkveTrad gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs ganvasxvavebdiT; ro­­
desac ar aris napovni Sualeduri rgolebi or saeWvo formas Soris, daskvnebis gamo­ta­
nisas naturalistebi iZulebulni arian ixelmZRvanelon am formebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis xarisxiT da analogiis Sesabamisad, gadawyviton, sakmarisia Tu ara es
gansxvavebebi aRniSnuli formis saxeobis rangSi asayvanad. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxva­
vebis xarisxi mniSvnelovani kriteriumia mizanSewonilobis gadasawyvetad or formas So­
ris saxeobebad Tu nairsaxeobebad aRiarebisa. frisma (Fries) mcenareebSi, xolo uestvudma
(Westwood) mwerebSi SeniSna, rom msxvil gvarebSi saxeobebs Soris sxvaoba zogjer Zalze
mcirea. me Sevecade, saSualo sidideebis gamoTvlis saSualebiT es daskvnebi ricxobri­
vad Sememowmebina Gems mier miRebuli arcTu srulyofili Sedegebis Tanaxmad, isini
dadasturda. am sakiTxze konsultaciebi mqonda metad gamocdil mecnierebTan da
unda iTqvas, rom sabolood, isinic am azrs iziarebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, msxvili
gvaris saxeobebi ufro metad hgavs nairsaxeobebs, vidre mcire gvarisani. SeiZleba es

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sxvagvaradac iTqvas: Tu saubari Seexeba msxvil gvars, romlis sawyisi saxeobebis anu
nairsaxeobis raodenoba gamoixateba saSualoze meti ricxviT, misi mravali Gamoyali­be­
buli saxeoba garkveulwilad waagavs nairsaxeobas, radgan isini erTmaneTisagan nak­lebad
gansx­vavdebian. ufro metic, msxvili gvaris saxeobebi erTmaneTTan isevea da­kavSirebuli,
rogorc erTi saxeobis mravali nairsaxeoba. arc erTi naturalisti ar mohyveba imis
mtkicebas, rom erTi gvaris yvela saxeoba erTnairad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, piriqiT,
misi (gvaris) dayofa SeiZleba qvegvarebad an sxva ufro mcire jgufebad. rogorc frisma
SeniSna, saxeobis patara jgufebi, Gveulebriv, jgufdebian sxva saxeobebis irgvliv. ra
aris nairsaxeobebi, Tu ara erTmaneTTan araTanabrad da­kavSirebuli da garkveuli _ maTi
mSobliuri formebis irgvliv Tavmoyrili for­mebis jgufi? erTi gansxvaveba ki ueWve­­lad
arsebobs saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris _ nairsaxeobebi rogorc erTmaneTi­sagan, ise
mSobliuri saxeobisagan naklebad gansxvavebulni arian, vidre erTi gvaris saxeobebi.
magram rodesac saubari iqneba imaze, rasac niSnis divergencias vuwodeb, davinaxavT,
rom amis axsna SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad: mcire gansxvavebebi nairsaxeobebs Soris SeiZ­
leba gadaiqces saxeobebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebad.
aris kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic sainteresod mesaxeba. nairsaxeobebis gavrcelebis
areali bevrad ufro SezRudulia _ es aris truizmi (banaloba), radgan rom aRmoGndes,
nairsaxeoba ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli, vidre misi savaraudo mSobluri saxe­o­
ba, maSin isini erTmaneTs saxelebs gaucvlidnen. is saxeobebic, romlebic sxva saxeoba­Ta
msgavsia da amiT nairsaxeobebs mogvagonebs, xSirad SezRudul arealzea gavrcelebu­li.
magaliTad, h.s. uotsonma londonis mcenareTa katalogSi (meoTxe gamocema) 63 mcenare
mominiSna, romlebsac saxeobaTa kategoria aqvT miniWebuli, magram imdenad axlos dganan
sxva saxeobebTan, rom maTi rangi eWvs badebs. es 63 saxeoba im provinciaTagan 6,9-Sia
gavrcelebuli, romlebadac dayo didi britaneTi batonma uotsonma. imave katalogSi
7,7 provinciaSi gavrcelebuli 53 nairsaxeobaa aRwerili, xolo saxeobebi, romlebsac
es nairsaxeobebi miekuTvneba, 14,3 provinciaSia warmodgenili. ase rom, aRiarebul
nair­saxeobebs iseTive SezRuduli gavrceleba aqvs, rogorc erTmaneTTan axlos mdgom
formebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom uotsoni maT miiGnevs saeWvo saxeobebad, yvela sxva ingliseli
botanikosi ki _ WeSmarit saxeobebad.
sabolood, SeuZlebelia nairsaxeoba ganasxvavo saxeobisgan ise, rom: ar aRmoa­Gino
Sualeduri damakavSirebeli rgolebi; ar daamtkico maT Soris gansxvavebis garkveuli
xarisxis arseboba, imitom, rom erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavebuli ori forma, Gveu-
lebriv nairsaxeobad miiGneva.
Tu gvarebSi Semavali saxeobebis raodenoba am qveynisTvis saSualoze metia, maTi
nairsaxeobebis raodenobac saSualoze metia. msxvil gvarebSi saxeobebs erTmaneTTan
mWidro, magram araTanabari kavSirebi aqvs da garkveul saxeobaTa garSemo iyris Tavs.
aseve, cxadia, rom sxva saxeobebTan Zalze axlos myof saxeobebs SezRuduli gavrcele-
ba axasiaTebs. amis gamo, msxvili gvaris saxeobebi nairsaxeobebis analogiebia. amgvari

477
Carlz darvini

analogiebis gageba rTuli ar aris, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxeobebi erT dros nair-
saxeobebi iyo. magram Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli saxeoba damoukideblad Seiqmna, maSin
es analogia GvenTvis sruliad auxsneli gaxdeba.
Gven agreTve vnaxeT, rom msxvili gvarebis yvelaze dominanti saxeobebi klasis far-
glebSi saSualod nairsaxeobebis met raodenobas warmoqmnis, xolo nairsaxeobebs axasia­
Tebs tendencia saxeobebad gardaqmnisa. amgvarad, msxvili gvarebi ufro gamsxvilebisken
miiswrafvian, bunebaSi SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom sicocxlis dominanti formebi ufro
meti dominirebisken miiltvian da toveben didi raodenobiT dominant modificire-
bul (Secvlil) STamomavlobas. magram qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba gza, romliTac msxvili
gvrebis ufro mcire gvarebad dayofaa SeaZlebeli. amgvarad, mTel samyaroSi sicocxlis
formebi jgufebad iSleba.

Tavi III

brZola arsebobisaTvis

misi damokidebuleba bunebriv gadarCevasTan; termini _ `brZola arsebobisaT-

vis~ mravali mniSvnelobis Semcvelia; ricxovnoba geometriuli progresiiT izr­
deba; naturalizebuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gamravlebis swrafi tempebi;
ricxovnobis matebis xelSemSlel faqtorTa buneba; konkurenciis universal-
uroba; klimatis gavlena; dacva, romelic damokidebulia individTa raodenoba-
ze; cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Soris urTierTobebis sirTule bunebaSi; brZola
arsebobisTvis yvelaze mwvaved erTi saxeobis individebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris
mimdinareobs, xSirad _ erTi gvaris saxeobebs Soris; urTierTobebi organizmebs
Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

sanam am Tavis sakvlevi Temis mimoxilvas SevudgebodeT, ramdenime winaswari gan­

cxadeba unda gavakeTo, raTa warmovaGino, rogor aisaxeba gadarGenisaTvis brZola bu­
nebriv gadarGevaze. wina TavSi vnaxeT, rom velur bunebaSi myofi organuli arsebebi
gansxvavdebian individis doneze. diax, amaze aravis arasodes ukamaTia. GvenTvis didad
mniSvnelovani ar aris is faqti, tipur Tu aratipur formebs saxeobas vuwodebT Tu qve­
saxeobebs. anu is, britaneTSi arsebul 200 an 300 saeWvo formas saxeobas davarqmevT
Tu mkveTr nairsaxeobas. individualuri cvalebadobisa da zogi kargad gamokveTili
na­irsaxeoas arseboba, marTalia, am naSromis safuZvelia, magram mxolod es faqti ver
axsnis saxeobis warmoqmnas da verc imas, rogor moxda sxeulis erTi nawilis Segueba
sxva nawilTan Tu sasicocxlo pirobebTan da erTi romelime arsebisa meoresTan. urTi­
erTSeguebis SesaniSnav magaliTs gvaZlevs kodala da fiTri, agreTve is parazi­ti, ro-

478
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

melic Gitis bumbuls Tavisi oTxi fexiT GabRauWebia an kidev wyalSi myvinTavi xoWoebi
Tu bususiani Teslebi, romelTac niavi gaitacebs xolme. mokled, Gven SegviZlia vixi-
loT Seguebis Zalze lamazi nimuSebi organuli samyaros yvela nawilSi da mainc, Gndeba
kiTxva: rogor xdeba Gems mier Ganasaxovan saxeobebad wodebuli nairsaxeobebis nel-nela
gardaqmna kargad gamokveTil saxeobebad ise, rom sabolood isini bevrad ufro gansxvav­
debian erTmaneTisagan, vidre erTi da imave saxeobis nairsaxeobebi? rogor warmoiqmneba
saxeobaTa is jgufebi, romelTac gvarebs vuwodebT da romlebic Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, vidre gamokveTili saxeobebi? es yvelaferi arsebobisaT-
vis brZolis Sedegia, razedac kidev ufro amomwuravad Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT. swored
arsebobisaTvis brZola ganapirobebs imas, rom nebismieri, ragind umniSvnelo saxecvli-
leba, Tu igi xelsayrelia saxeobis nebismieri individisTvis, xels uwyobs am individis
SenarGunebas. SemdgomSi es Tviseba mis STamomavals gadaecema, da amgvarad, gadarGenis
ukeTesi Sansi eZleva, radgan dabadebulTagan Soris mxolod mcire raodenoba SeiZleba
gadaurGes ganadgurebas. swored am princips, romelic gulisxmobs nebismieri Tundac
umniSvnelo, magram xelsayreli cvlilebis SenarGunebas, bunebrivi gadarGeva vuwode,
raTa igi adamianis mier Gatarebuli gadarGevisagan ganmesxvavebina. ukve vnaxeT, rom ada-
mianma seleqciis meSveobiT miiRo SesaniSnavi Sedegebi da SesaZ­lebeli gaxada organul
arsebaTa Tavisi saWiroebisamebr marTva bunebisagan boZebuli umniSvnelo, magram xel-
sayreli cvlilebebis dagrovebis saSualebiT. magram, bunebrivi gadarGeva, rogorc amas
SemdgomSi vnaxavT, bunebis marad moZravi Zalaa da warmoudgenlad aRemateba adamianis
mwir SesaZleblobebs iseve, rogorc xelovnebis Zalas.
axla ki dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakiTxs. ganzraxuli maqvs
Gems Semdeg naSromSi mas kidev ufro meti adgili davuTmo. pativcemulma de kandolma
da laielma mTeli sigrZe-siganiT da filosofiurad warmoaGines, rom organuli arse-
bebi Gabmulni arian erTgvar konkurenciaSi. am kuTxiT mcenareTa Seswavla manGesteris
dekanis u. herbertis msgavsad mTeli ZalisxmeviT jer aravis uwarmoebia, rac albaT mis
mier mebaReobis safuZvliani codnis Sedegia. araferia imaze advili, rom aRwero arse-
bobisaTvis brZolis universaluri WeSmariteba, magram gacilebiT ufro rTulia (Gem-
Tvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi) yovelTvis gaxsovdes es WeSmariteba. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu ara
arsebobisaTvis brZola, iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa saxeobis gavrceleba, maTi met-nak-
lebi sixSire, gadaSeneba Tu cvalebadoba arasworad iqneboda aRqmuli da gagebuli. Gven
bednierebiT aRsavseni SevyurebT bunebas, xSirad vxedavT sakvebis siuxves, magram ver
vamGnevT an gvaviwydeba, rom Gvens garSemo myofi moWikWike, erTi SexedviT uwyinari Gite-
bi ZiriTadad marcvleuliTa da mwerebiT ikvebebian da amdenad, ganuwyvetliv anadgure-
ben sxvaTa sicocxles. Tavad Gitebi da maTi kvercxebi ki xSirad mtacebeli frinvelebisa
da cxovelebis samiznea. yovelTvis rodi gvaxsovs, rom Tu dRes sakvebi uamravia, es ar
niSnavs, rom ase iqneba yovel wels da yvela sezonze.
unda aRvniSno, rom termins `arsebobisaTvis brZola~ farTo, metaforuli mniSvne­
lobiT viye­neb, rac gulisxmobs cocxali arsebebis erTmaneTTan damokidebulebas,

479
Carlz darvini

in­dividis sicocxles, amasTanave mis warmatebasac STamomavlobis datovebaSi. ori

ZaRli SimSilobis Jams sakvebisa da TviTgadarGenisaTvis ebrZvis erTmaneTs, magram
mce­nare, romelic udabnos ganapiras xarobs, sicocxlis SesanarGuneblad gvalvis
winaaRmdeg ibrZvis anu misi sicocxle tenianobazea damokidebuli. Tu visaubrebT mce­
nareze, romlis mier yovelwliurad mocemuli aTasobiT Teslidan zogjer mxolod
erTi aRwevs simwifemde, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is ebrZvis im mcenareebs, romlebic uk­
ve modebulia dedamiwaze. fiTri vaSlis xeze da kidev ramdenime sxva saxeobis xezea da­
mokidebuli, magram ver vityviT, rom is ebrZvis maT, radgan Tu xes paraziti daexveva,
fiTri aucileblad moiwyens da gaxmeba. amave dros SeiZleba iTqvas, erTi da imave totze
modebuli fiTris ramdenime amonayaric ki erTmaneTs ebrZvis. imis gamo, rom fiTris
Tesls frinvelebi mimoabneven, da, amdenad, xels uwyoben mis gamravlebas, vambobT
fiTri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, ebrZvis sxva mcenareebsac. frinvelebi swored mis
da ara sxva mcenareebis Tesls avrceleben. aqedan gamomdinare, am mravali, erTmaneTze
damokidebuli mizezis gamo da maT aRsaniSnad, meti moxerxebulobisaTvis viyeneb ter­
mins `brZola arsebobisaTvis~.
arsebobisaTvis brZola aucileblad gamomdinareobs organul arsebaTa gamravlebis
Tvisebidan. yvela arseba, romelic cxovrebis manZilze raRacnairad mainc mravldeba
TesliTa Tu kvercxiT, erT dRes aucileblad unda daiRupos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
cocxal arsebaTa raodenoba ise gaizrdeboda, rom verc erTi qveyana veRar dai­tevda.
gamomdinare iqedan, rom imaze gacilebiT meti arseba ibadeba, vidre gadarGeba, aucile-
belia davuSvaT brZola arsebobisaTvis. SesaZloa, es iyos brZola erTi da imave saxeobis
warmomadgenlebs Soris, gansxvavebul saxeobebs Soris an cxovrebis fizikur pirobebT-
an. malTusis doqtrina (adamianTa raodenobis zrdis Sesaxeb) dedamiwaze arsebul cxove-
lebsa da mcenareebs aTmagad exeba, ramdenadac maT sakvebs xelovnurad ver gavzrdiT
da verc maT Tavisufal Sejvarebas SevuSliT xels. zogi saxeobis ricxovnoba sakmaod
swrafad izrdeba, Tumca amis unari yvelas rodi Seswevs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dedami-
wa ver daitevda cocxal arsebebs. TiToeuli organuli arseba mravldeba, da misi STa-
momavlobidan yvela rom zrdasrulobas aRwevdes, male dedamiwazec veRar dave­teodiT.
adamianma nayofis neli tempiT momcemi cxovelebis Sobadobis maGvenebeli ise gazarda
bolo 25 wlis manZilze, rom ramdenime aTaswleulSi ukve Tavad adamianisaTvis arsad ad-
gili aRar iqneba. linem gamoTvala: TiToeuli mcenare rom mxolod or Tesls gvaZlevdes
da Semdeg misma GiTilma kidev ori Tesli gamoiRos, 20 weliwadSi erTi milio­ni mcenare
iqneba. miGneulia, rom spilo yvelaze Znelad mravldeba, amitom Sevecade misi savaraudo
mateba gamomeTvala _ igi pirvel naSiers, albaT, 13 wlis asakSi iZleva, 90 wlamde aqvs
gamravlebis unari da am SualedSi 6 spliyvs Sobs. amgvarad, 740-750 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
erTi wyvilis namati 15 milions miaRwevs.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiToeul aseT gamoTvlaze ufro damajerebeli faqte-
bic mogvepoveba, saxeldobr, gareuli cxovelebis saocrad swrafi matebis SemTxvevebi

480
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

xelsayreli garemo pirobebis arsebobisas zedized 2 an 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. kidev ufro

saocaria informacia im Sinauri cxovelebis matebis Sesaxeb, romlebic dedamiwis zogi-
erT adgilSi gavelurdnen. dabalproduqtiuli msxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxenebis namati
samxreT amerikasa da avstraliaSi zustad rom ar iyos dadgenili, igi sruliad daujere-
belad mogveGveneboda. es mcenareebsac exeba. SeiZleba moviyvanoT uamravi maga­liTi
mcenareebisa, romlebic 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mTlianad moednen ramdenime kunZuls. la
platas gadaSlil velebze evropidan Semotanili mcenareTa zogierTi saxeoba isea mo-
debuli, rom TiTqmis arcerT sxva mcenares aRar axarebs; aseve, doqtor falkonerisa-
gan msmenia, rom indoeTSi kumaris koncxidan himalais mTebamde gavrcelebuli zogierTi
mcenare iq amerikidan SeutaniaT. amgvari magaliTebi usasrulod SeiZleba moviyvanoT
da ver vivaraudebT, rom am mcenareTa nayofiereba ucabedad gaizarda. es imiT SeiZleba
aixsnas, rom maTTvis axali sacxovrebeli pirobebi uaRresad xelsayreli aRmoGnda da
rogorc axalgazrda, aseve xandazmuli individebi naklebad nadgurdeboda, Sedegad ki
TiTqmis yvela axalgazrda individs gamravlebis saSualeba mieca. aseT SemTx­vevaSi geo-
metriuli progresiiT zrda, romelic umetes SemTxvevebSi gamaognebelia, xsnis axal mi-
waze mcenareTa matebasa da farTod gavrcelebas.
velur bunebaSi TiTqmis yvela mcenare ikeTebs Tesls. cxovelebs Sorisac iSviaTad
moiZebneba iseTi, weliwadSi erTxel mainc rom ar wyvildebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, Ta-
visuflad SegviZlia mtkiceba, rom yvela mcenarisa da cxovelis ricxovnoba geometri-
uli progresiiT izrdeba da Zalian swrafad sruliad gaavsebda kidec arsebul sivrc-
es, Tuki amgvari mateba ar Seferxdeboda maTi perioduli ganadgurebiT. roca gareul
cxovelebs Sinaurs vadarebT, SeiZleba kiTxvac dagvebados _ aba, Sinaur cxovelebs xom
ar vanadgurebT? magram ar unda gamogvrGes, rom mraval maTgans sakvebad vklavT _ iseve,
rogorc velur bunebaSic, organizmebi ase Tu ise nadgurdeba.
erTaderTi gansxvaveba im cocxal arsebebs Soris, romelTagan erTni yovelwliurad
aTa­sobiT kvercxsa Tu Tesls gvaZleven, xolo meoreni bevrad ufro naklebad mravl­
debian, aris is, rom nela gamravlebad saxeobebs ramdenime wliT meti dro da ufro
xelsayreli pirobebi esaWiroeba garkveul teritoriaze gasavrceleblad. kondori
Vultur gryphus sul or kvercxs debs, siraqlema ki _ ocs, magram SesaZloa kon­dori uf­ro
mravalricxovani iyos siraqlemaze. fulmeruli qariSxala mxolod erT kvercxs debs,
magram igi msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovan frinveladaa miGneuli. zogi buzi asobiT
kvercxs debs, sxva saxeobebi ki, magaliTad Hippobosca _ erTaderTs, magram es sxvaoba su­
lac ar aisaxeba ama Tu im regionSi am saxeobaTa raodenobaze. kvercxebis didi raodenoba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im saxeobebisTvis, romelTa sakvebis wya­ro ar aris
stabiluri da es maT swrafad gamravlebis saSualebas aZlevs. didi raodenobiT Tesli da
kvercxi zogierTi saxeobisaTvis sicocxlis garkveul (rogorc wesi, sakmaod adreul)
etapze didi sikvdilianobis kompensaciaa. Tu cxoveli moaxerxebs da Tavis naSiers
an kvercxs gadaarGens, maSin saxeobis ricxovnoba mcireodeni namatis SemTxvevaSic

481
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SenarGundeba. magram Tuki mravali kvercxi an naSieri nadgurdeba, sakmarisad bevri

unda daibados, rom saxeoba ar ganadgurdes. ase magaliTad, erTi romelime xe saSualo
raodenobiT rom SevinarGunoT, amisaTvis isic ki sakmarisia, erTaderTi Tesli rom
warmoiqmnas aTasi wlis manZilze, oRond unda davuSvaT, rom es Tesli ar daiRupeba da
aucileblad xelsayrel adgilas gaRvivdeba. asea Tu ise, naTelia, rom cxovelisa Tu
mcenaris saSualo ricxovnoba mainc mxolod arapirdapiraa damokidebuli misi Teslis
an kvercxis raodenobaze.
rodesac bunebaze vsaubrobT, arasodes unda daviviwyoT, rom TiToeuli organuli
qmnileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, miiswrafvis matebisaken da TiToeul maTgans sicocxlis ama
Tu im etapze uwevs arsebobisaTvis brZola, radgan ganadgureba periodulad emuqreba
axalgazrdasac da xandazmulsac TiToeul TaobaSi. . rogorc ki nebismieri dabrkoleba
odnav mainc Semsubuqdeba an ganadgurebis safrTxe Sesustdeba, saxeobaTa raodenoba ma-
Sinve SeuzRudavad matulobs. aqedan gamomdinare, buneba SeiZleba SevadaroT elasti-
kur zedapirs, romelSic aTasobiT wawvetebuli solia GarWobili da ganuwyvetlad xan
erT sols artyamen mTeli ZaliT da xan meores, rom kidev ufro Rrmad GaaWedon.
saxeobebis matebisaken midrekilebis Semakavebeli faqtorebi burusiTaa moculi.
daakvirdiT yvelaze Zlier saxeobebs, ra mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos maTi ricxovnoba,
sul ufro izrdeba raodenobrivi matebisaken midrekileba. erTi SemTxvevac ki ar gve­
guleba, bolomde rom gvesmodes, ra faqtorebi akavebs matebas. es albaT gasakviric ar
aris, ramdenadac GvenTvis adamianTa modgmis matebis Semakavebeli faqtorebic ki ucno-
bia, aramc Tu _ cxovelebisa da mcenareebisa. es Tema sakmaod kargad aris damuSavebuli
araerTi mecnieris mier da mec, Gems momaval naSromebSi, zogierT Semakavebel faqtors
siRrmiseulad ganvixilav samxreT amerikis veluri cxovelebis magaliTze, aq ki mxolod
ramdenime SeniSvnas gavakeTeb, raTa mkiTxvels mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi Sevaxseno. ro-
gorc wesi, kvercxebi da axalSobilni yvelaze did zewolas ganicdian, Tumca yovelTvis
ase rodi xdeba. mcenareebSic, yvelaze metad Tesli nadgurdeba, magram Gemi dakvirve-
bebidan gamomdinare Tu vimsjelebT, swored GiTilebi ganicdis yvelaze met zewolas
imitom, rom gaRviveba xdeba sxva mcenareebiT ukve mTlianad dafaruli miwis qveS. didi
raodenobis GiTilebsa da nergebs anadgurebs aseve sxva mravali mteri. magaliTad, sami
futi sigrZisa da ori futi siganis miwis nakveTze, sadac yvela piroba iyo saimisod,
rom sarevelas ar SeeSala xeli zrdis procesisaTvis, yvela GiTili davTvale da aRv-
nusxe, aRmoGnda, rom 357 GiTilidan 295 gaanadgura loqoram an mwerma. igive moxdeba,
Tu gausufTavebel nakveTSi oTxfexa pirutyvs SeuSveben. xolo Tu mas ar gamarglaven,
ufro Zlieri mcenareebi TandaTanobiT gaanadgureben SedarebiT sustebs, ris Sedega-
dac Gvens patara nakveTze (sami oTx futze) oci saxeobidan cxras sxva saxeobis mcenare­
ebi gaanadgureben da mxolod darGenilebi gaagrZeleben ganviTarebas.
sakvebis naklebobac aseve yoveli saxeobis matebis erT-erTi SemzRudavi faqtoria,
magram ufro xSirad sirTules qmnis ara imdenad sakvebis mopoveba, ramdenadac is, rom

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Tavad es saxeoba xdeba romelime mtacebeli cxovelis nadavli da xSirad aisaxeba maT sa-
Sualo raodenobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, rom gnolis, roWosa da kurdRl-
is raodenoba nebismieri didi samflobelos farglebSi ZiriTadad damokidebulia mcire
mtacebel cxovelTa mier maT ganadgurebaze. momavali oci wlis manZilze erTi cxovel-
ic rom ar moklan inglisSi nadirobisas, magram amave dros arc mtacebeli cxovelebi
gaanadguron, maTi ricxvi, albaT, mainc Semcirdeba. miT umetes, mcirdeba maTi raodeno-
ba, radgan yovelwliurad asobiT aTass klaven nadirobisas. meore mxriv ki, arsebobs is-
eTi cxovelebic, magaliTad, spilo da martorqa, romlebsac mtacebeli cxovelebisagan
raime safrTxe ar emuqrebaT (vefxvic ki iSviaTad bedavs Tavs daesxas spliyvs, romelsac
deda spilo icavs).
saxeobaTa saSualo raodenobis GamoyalibebaSi erT-erT gadamwyvet rols klimatic
TamaSobs. gamovTvale, rom 1854-55 wlebis zamTarma marto Gems did galiaSi Gitebis oTxi
mexuTedi gaanadgura. es Zalian seriozuli danaklisia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, epidemi-
uri daavadebebiT gamowveuli adamianTa sikvdilianobis 10%-iani maGvenebelic ki Za-
lian didad iTvleba. klimatis zemoqmedeba, erTi SexedviT, arsebobisaTvis brZolisagan
sruliad damoukidebeli faqtoria. magram, ramdenadac klimatis zemoqmedeba ganapiro-
bebs sakvebis raodenobas, igi iwvevs sastik dapirispirebas erTi romelime saxeobis an
sxvadasxva saxeobis im individebSi, romlebic klimatis pirdapiri gavlenis dros erTi
da imave saxis sakvebiT ikvebebian. Zlieri sicivis pirdapiri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSic
ki, zaraldebian yvelaze susti an iseTi individebi, romlebmac naklebi sakvebi iSoves
zamTris manZilze. rodesac samxreTidan GrdiloeTisaken vmogzaurobT, an nestiani re-
gionidan mSralSi gadavinacvlebT, vamGnevT, rogor mcirdeba zogierTi saxeoba da bo-
los sul qreba, da radgan klimaturi pirobebis cvla aseTi TvalnaTelia, am movlenas
Zalauneburad mivawerT mis pirdapir moqmedebas. magram es mcdari Tvalsazrisia: Gven
gvaviwydeba, rom, ragind mravalricxovanic ar unda iyos esa Tu is saxeoba, is dro-
dadro mniSvnelovnad nadgurdeba mtaceblebis an konkurentebis mier, romlebic imave
teritoriaze saxloben da imave sakvebiT ikvebebian. da Tuki mtrebsa da konkurentebs
klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebiT odnavi upiratesoba mainc miecemaT, isini raodeno-
brivad Zalian moimateben, rac imave teritoriaze gavrcelebuli sxva saxeo­bebis klebas
gamoiwvevs. rodesac Gven samxreTisaken vmogzaurobT da vamGnevT, rom esa Tu is saxe-
oba ricxobrivad Zalian iklebs, darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom erTi saxeobis matebis
mizezi swored igivea, rac meore saxeobis klebisa. zustad igive xdeba, rodesac Grdilo-
eTisaken vmogzaurobT, Tumca ki cvlileba naklebad TvalSi sacemia, radgan GrdiloeTis
mimarTulebiT klebulobs saxeobaTa saerTo raodenoba da, cxadia, konkurent saxeobaTa
raodenobac. amitom GrdiloeTSi an maRalmTianeTSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba tandabali
da mSrali individebi, rac klimatis pirdapiri zemoqmedebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rodesac
Tovlian mwvervals an arqtikis regions mivaRwevT anu srul udab­noSi SevalT, aq arse-
bobisaTvis brZola mxolod stiqiasTan mimdinareobs.

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klimaturi pirobebis saxeobebze zemoqmedeba naTeli xdeba Gveni baRebis im mcena-

reebze dakvirvebiT, romlebic SesaniSnavad itanen Gvenebur klimats, magram mainc ver
ikideben fexs myarad, verc adgilobriv saxeobebs uweven konkurencias da verc mtace-
bel cxovelebs imis gamo, rom aRwe­ven Tavs.
rodesac gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebis gamo saxeoba gamokveTilad imatebs
raodenobrivad, amas xSirad Tan sdevs raime epidemia, rac matebis erT-erTi arsebobi-
saTvis brZolisagan damoukidebeli Semakavebeli faqtoria. magram zogi epidemia swored
im paraziti Wiebis mier aris gamowveuli, romlebic agreTve pirobebis gaumjobesebis,
davuSvaT, imis gamo, rom maTi gavrceleba cxovelebSi sagrZnoblad gaadvilda, momrav-
ldnen da ai, vxedavT Tavisebur brZolas parazitsa da mis msxverpls Soris.
meore mxriv, saxeobis gadarGenisaTvis individTa didi raodenoba aucilebelia iseT
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseve didia misi mtrebis raodenoba. Gvens yanebSi didi raodeno-
biT marcvlisa da Teslis moyvana swored imitom SegviZlia, rom mosavali bevrad aRe-
mateba marcvleulis moyvarul Gitebs. Tavis mxriv, arc Gitebis raodenobam SeiZleba
imatos marcvlis proporciulad, radganac zamTris ganmavlobaSi es procesi mcirdeba.
yvelam, visac ki ucdia, kargad icis, ra Zneli saqmea baRSi xorblis marcvlebis povna,
piradad me xSirad verc erTi marcvali ver mipovia. saxeobis gadarGenisaTvis individTa
didi raodenobiT arsebobis aucilebloba, Gemi azriT, kargad xsnis zogierT yuradsaReb
movlenas: magaliTad, calkeul adgilebSi iSviaT mcenareTa maRal ricxovnobas an zogi-
erTi mcenaris raodenobis mkveTr zrdas gavrcelebis arealis ganapira zolSi. aqve da-
vamatebdi, rom xSirad erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis dadebiTi da monaTesave jiSebTan Sejva-
rebis uaryofiTi gavlena albaT erTmaneTs abalansebs, magram am sirTuleebiT aRsavse
Temas metad ar GavuRrmavdebi.
uamravi informacia arsebobs imis Taobaze, raoden rTuli da moulodneli wi­na­aRm­
degobebiT aRsavsea urTierTobebi organul arsebaTa im saxeobebs Soris, romlebsac
arsebobisaTvis brZola erTsa da imave qveyanaSi uwevT. aq mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvan,
romelmac simartivis miuxedavad, Gemi didi daintereseba gamoiwvia. stefordSirSi,
naTesavis mamulebSi, sadac me sakvlevi samu­Saoebis did nawils vatarebdi, erTi mo­
SiSvlebuli da verani Erica-s buGqnariT dafaruli adgili iyo, romelsac adamianis
xeli arasodes Sexebia. iqve ramdenime asobiT akri miwis zustad iseTive nakveTi iyo
SemoRobili 25 wlis manZilze da Sotlandiuri fiWvi iq TavisiT moSenda. aRsaniSnavia
mcenareTa cvlilebebi im fiWvnarSi. adamians iseTi STabeWdileba Seeqmneboda, TiTqos
sul sxva miwaze movxvdio. imis garda, rom Seicvala mcenareTa raodenoba, 12 iseTma saxe­­
o­bam gaixara, romlebic adre aq arasodes yofila. amis garda fiWvebis koromSi 6 saxis
mweriWamia frinveli gamoGnda, iq rom adre arasodes unaxavT. aman ki mwerebze iqonia
gavlena. miwis veran nawilSi sruliad gansxvavebuli ori Tu sami mweriWamia frinveli
mofrindeboda xolme. am magaliTidan naTeli xdeba, ramdenad Zlieri zegavlenis mox­
dena SeuZlia erTaderTi saxeobis xesac ki, Tu mxolod da mxolod miwis monakveTs Sev­
RobavT da Sig saqonels ar SevuSvebT. ramdenad mniSvnelovania teritoriis Semo­Robva,
imiTac davrwmundi, rac farnhemTan axlos, seriSi vixile. aq uamravi gaveranebuli miwis

484
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

nakveTia, xolo, gorakebze, alag-alag Sotlandiuri fiWvi xarobs. bolo 10 wlis manZilze
aq didi teritoriebi SemoiRoba da yvelafers TavisiT moedo fiWvis xeebi, zogan ise
mWidrodac, rom erTmaneTis zrdas abrkolebdnen.
rodesac davrwmundi, rom es axlad wamozrdili xeebi aravis daurgavs da marTla
TavisTavad moSenda, Zalian gamikvirda, rom iqve, gverdiT, gaveranebuli da SemouRobavi
miwebis daTvalierebisas, erTi fiWvic ki versad SevamGnie; magram rodesac kargad davak-
virdi, jagebi mivwi-movwie, mravali axalnayari nergi aRmovaGine, romelic saqo­nels ga-
daeTela. erT kvadratul iard farTobze, erT-erTi Zveli nargavidan asiode iardis mo-
SorebiT, 32 axlad amosuli xe aRmovaGine, da erTi maTganis asakis maGvenebeli rgolebis
gadaTvliT mivxvdi, rom igi 26 wlis manZilze cdilobda tani aeyara, magram ver SeZlo.
amitom, sruliad logikuria, rom SemoRobvisTanave miwa xSiri fiWvnariT daifara. ma-
gram, isic aRsaniSnavia, es verani adgili imdenad moSiSvlebuli iyo, rom veravin war-
moidgenda, saqoneli ase mizandasaxulad Tu dauwyebda iq sakvebs Zebnas.
amgvarad, TvalnaTliv vixileT, rogor gansazRvra saqonelma miwis nakveTze Sot-
landiuri fiWvis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi. swored amgvaradve dedamiwis zogierT nawil-
Si mwerebi gansazRvraven saqonlis beds. amis yvelaze saintereso magaliTia paragvai,
radganac iq arc cxenebs, arc saqonels da arc ZaRlebs arasodes uarsebia veluri sa­xiT,
Tumca qveynis samxreTiT da GrdiloeTiT uamravi gavelurebuli cxovelia. azarasa da
rengeris azriT es faqti ganpirobebulia paragvaiSi erT-erTi saxeobis buzis arsebo-
biT, romelic kvercxs am cxovelTa axalSobili naSieris WipSi debs. kidev kargi, rom am
isedac mravalricxovani buzis gamravlebas, rogorc Gans, sxva paraziti mwerebi aferxe-
ben. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mweriWamia frinvelTa raodenoba paragvaiSi Semcir­deboda,
maSin moimatebda parazituli mwerebis ricxovnoba da buzebisa daiklebda, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xels Seuwyobda veluri pirutyvisa da cxenebis gavrcelebas, mcenareTa samyaros
Secvla ki Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad Seucvlida saxes iqaur mcenareulobas; es ki, ra
Tqma unda, mwerebzec aisaxeba, rac kargad gamoGnda stoaordSiris magaliTze da ase Sem-
deg, da ase Semdeg... TandaTanobiT Sedegebis ufro da ufro rTul suraTTan gveqneboda
saqme. Gven am Temaze saubari mwerebze monadire GitebiT daviwyeT da amiTive vasrulebT,
Tumca bunebaSi yvelaferi ase martivad rodi xdeba. arsebobisaTvis brZola gansxvave-
buli SedegebiT mTavrdeba xolme, magram, sabolood, Zalebi ise kargad wonaswordeba,
rom bunebis saxe ucvleli rGeba didi xnis manZilze, Tumca cxadia, sul mcire, Tundac
umniSvnelo upiratesobis gamo erTi saxeoba imarjvebs meoreze, da miuxedavad Gveni erT-
gvari ucodinrobisa da uamravi daudasturebeli varaudisa, mainc gagvikvirdeba xolme,
roca SevityobT, rom esa Tu is saxeoba gaqra. mizezs rom ver vpoulobT, dedamiwis zeda-
pirze cocxal arsebaTa ganadgurebas an kataklizmebs mivawerT an sicocxlis formebis
arsebobis xangrZlivobaze kanonebs SevTxzavT xolme!
cdunebas ver gavuZeli, rom ar meGvenebina, erTmaneTisagan sruliad daSorebuli
mcenareebi da cxovelebi rogor arian dakavSirebulni rTuli urTierTobebis mTeli
qseliT. Gems baRSi egzotikur mcenare Lobelia fulgens-s arasodes amtverianeben mwerebi
da amis gamo, misi agebulebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, is Tesls ar ikeTebs. Gvene-

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buri orqideebis umravlesobisaTvis aucilebelia mwerebis stumroba, raTa moxdes maTi

damtverva da ganayofiereba. aseve, unda iTqvas, rom iis, Viola tricolor-is ganayofiereba
veluri futkris damsaxurebaa, radgan sxva mwerebi am yvavils ar stumroben. Gems mier
Gatarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegad aRmoGnda, rom bazebis stumroba aucilebeli Tu
ara, garkveulwilad sasrgeblo namdvilad aris Gveni samyurasaTvis. wiTel samyuras (Tri-
folium pratense) mxolod veluri bazi stumrobs xolme, radgan sxva futkrebi ver swvdebian
mis neqtars. amitom sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom Tu inglisis mTel teritoriaze am
bazis mTeli modgma gadaSendeba, wiTeli samyura da iasamfera didi iSviaToba gaxdeba an
saerTod gaqreba. Tavis mxriv, bazis arseboba mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia mindvris
Tagvebis ricxovnobiT _ isini maT fiWasa da budeebs anadgureben. polkovniki niumeni,
romelic didi xnis manZilze Seiswavlida bazs, Tvlis, rom maTi `ori mesamedi swored ase
ganadgurda~. mindvris Tagvebis raodenoba ki didad aris damokidebuli katebis raode-
nobaze. batoni niumanis TqmiT, `soflebisa da dabebis siaxloves gacilebiT meti minaxavs
veluri futkris fiWebi, rasac imiT vxsni, rom iq bevri kataa.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ukve
sarwmunod mogveGveneba is faqti, rom ama Tu im regionSi katebis arseboba, jer Tagvisa
da Semdeg ukve futkris zemoqmedebiT, pirdapir ganapirobebs aRniSnul regionSi zogi-
erTi yvavilisa Tu mcenaris simravles.
saxeobebze did gavlenas axdens is dabrkolebebi, romlebic sicocxlis ama Tu im
etapze an weliwadis sxvadasxva dros iGens xolme Tavs. zogierTi maTgani ufro Zlieria,
magram TiToeuls Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs ama Tu im saxeobis an maTi saSualo raodenobis
gansazRvraSi. zog SemTxvevaSi isec xdeba, rom sxvadasxva regionSi erTsa da imave saxeo­
baze sruliad gansxvavebuli dabrkolebebi axdens zemoqmedebas. rodesac sanapiroze
amosul mcenareebsa da buGqebs vxedavT, am ambavs SemTxveviTobas mivawerT xolme. ma-
gram, rom icodeT, ra mcdaria amgvari Sexeduleba! albaT yvelas smenia, rom amerikuli
tyis gaGexvis Semdeg mis adgilze Zalian gansxvavebuli mcenareebi aRmocendebian xolme.
isic SemGneulia, rom Zvel indielTa nangrevebze, samxreT StatebSi, mcenareTa igive sax-
eobebi xarobs, romlebic axlomdebare xeluxlebel tyeebSi izrdeba. albaT, ra brZola
mimdi­nareobda saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva saxeobis xeebs, aseve Tavad mwerebs an
mwerebsa da lokokinebs, aseve mtacebleblebsa da frinvelebs Tu mtacebel cxovelebs
Soris. TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs gamravldes da Tavi gamokvebos xeebiTa Tu maTi Tes-
liT an im mcenareebiT, romlebic xels uSlian xeebis zrdas! aagdeT haerSi erTi muWa
bumbuli da TiToeuli maTganis dedamiwaze dacema SeiZleba konkretuli kanonebiT aix-
snas, mag­ram ra martivi Gans es problema im uTvalavi mcenaris Tu cxovelis saqcielTan
Seda­rebiT, romlebmac saukuneebis manZilze Tavad gansazRvres Zvel indielTa nangreve-
bze ra saxeobis xeebi da ra TanafardobiT unda amosuliyo!
erTi organuli qmnilebis meoreze damokidebuleba, magaliTad, parazitisa mis
msxverplze, organul safexurebze erTmaneTisagan metad Sors mdgom arsebebs Soris
yalibdeba. es exeba im saxeobebs, romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTs ebrZvian
gadarGenisaTvis, rogorc, magaliTad, kaliebi da msxvilfexa saqoneli. magram yvelaze

486
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

gaafTrebuli brZola erTi saxeobis warmomadgenel individebs Soris imarTeba, radgan

isini erT regionSi binadroben, erTnair sakvebs saWiroeben da erTi da imave problemis
winaSe aRmoGndebian xolme. aseve cxare brZola imarTeba erTi da imave saxeobis sxva­
dasxva nairsaxeobebs Soris, sadac gamarjvebuli maleve gamovlindeba. ase, magaliTad,
Tu erTad daTesili ramdenime nairsaxeobis xorblidan miRebul Sereul Tesls xelaxla
davTesavT, is nairsaxeobebi, romlebic yvelaze ukeT eguebian mocemul klimatur
pirobebsa da niadags, an yvelaze metad gamoavlenen gamravlebis unars, sxva nairsaxeobebs
dajabnian, uamrav Tesls gamoitanen da male mTels sivrces moedebian. iseTi axlos mdgomi
nairsaxeobebis SesanarGunebladac ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxvadasxva Seferilobis
mqone surnelovani bardis formebi, isini yovel wels cal-calke unda aviRoT da Semdeg
Tesli saWiro proporciiT SevurioT erTmaneTs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ufro susti
jiSebi nel-nela Semcirdeba da bolos sul gauGinardeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas cxvris
nairsaxeobebzec. iTvleba, rom gansxvavebuli jiSis mTis cxvari ar SeiZleba erT faraSi
vamyofoT, radgan zogierTi jiSi danarGen cxvars balaxis Zovas ar anebebs da aSimSilebs.
igive Sedegi SeiZleba miviRoT, Tu samkurnalo nairsaxeobebs erTad gavaGerebT. amitom
did yuradRebas aqceven im sakiTxs, eyofa Tu ara Sinaur cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Zala,
Gvevebi da sxva resursebi imisaTvis, rom aTasobiT Taobis manZilze erTnairi proporciiT
gaagrZelon arseboba, Tu maT velur bunebaSi myofi arsebebis msgavsad mouxdebodaT
brZola gadarGenisaTvis, Tuki maT Teslsa da naSierT yovelwliurad ar SearGevdnen.
ramdenadac erTi da imave gvaris saxeobebs umeteswilad Gvevebi, aRnagoba da age­
bulebac ki erTgvari aqvs, maT Soris gadarGenisaTvis brZola bevrad ufro daundobeli
iqneba, vidre gansxvavebuli gvarebis saxeobebs Soris. viciT, rom SeerTebuli Statebis
zogierT teritoriaze mercxlis erTi saxeobis matebam meore saxeobis kleba gamoiwvia,
xolo GxarTvis gamravlebas mgalobeli SaSvis Semcireba mohyva Sedegad. xom xSirad
gvsmenia, rom gansxvavebul klimatur pirobebSi virTxis erTi saxeoba meores cvlis.
sanam ruseTSi aziuri tarakani moikidebda fexs, iq misi TanamoZme saxeoba iyo gavrce­
lebuli. zustad aseve, veluri mdogvis erTi saxeoba meores gadaajiSebs xolme da
a.S. miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili magaliTebisa, TvalnaTliv mainc ar Gans, ratom unda
iyos brZola aseTi daundobeli erTmaneTis monaTesave formebs Soris, da, albaT, erT
SemTxvevaSic ver vityviT dazustebiT, ratom mieniWa upiratesoba romelime saxeobas
sxvasTan SedarebiT.
zemoaRniSnuli SeniSvnebidan erTi metad mniSvnelovani logikuri daskvna SeiZleba
gamovitanoT, saxeldobr is, rom yvela arsebis struqtura mniSvnelovanwilad, Tumc
ki zogjer farulad, ukavSirdeba im organuli arsebebis struqturas, romlebTanac
igi sakvebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis brZolaSi ebmeba an gaurbis
mas, an Tavad nadirobs maTze. amaze metyvelebs vefxvis kbilebisa da brWyalebis age-
bulebis Sedareba im parazitis fexebisa da klanWebis age­bulebasTan, romelic vefx-
vis bewvs ebRauWeba. babuawveras lamazi bususebiT dafaruli Tesli da wylis xoWos
gabrtyelebuli da arSiamovlebuli fexebi adamians, pirveli SexedviT, haerisa da wy-
lis stiqiebiT ganpirobebuli hgonia, magram bususebiani Teslis upiratesoba aSkaraa

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mcenareebiT isedac gadaWedil miwaze, radgan igi xels uwyobs Teslis mimofantvasa da
miwis Tavisufal adgilze dacemas. wylis xoWos SemTxveveaSi ki, fexebis agebuleba mas
yvinTvis procesSi wylis sxva mwerebTan nadavlis mopovebisaTvis gamarTul brZolaSi
exmareba. zogierTi mcenaris TeslSi sakvebi nivTierebis siWarbe TiTqos sxva mcenareebs
arafriT ukavSirdeba, magram sinamdvileSi amgvari Teslis mqone mcenare (barda, lobio)
maRal balaxSic rom davTesoT, mis TeslSi arsebuli sakvebi xels Seuwyobs am mcenaris
amosv­las da mis garSemo arsebuli Zlieri mcenareebis daTrgunvas. daakvirdiT mcenares
misi gavrcelebis arealis SuagulSi _ ratomaa, rom aq misi ricxovnoba orjer an oTxjer
metia, vidre arealis ganapira ubanze? mas xom cota ufro meti sicxis an sicivis, simSra-
lis an sinestis gaZleba Tavisuflad SeuZlia, radgan misi gavrcelebis arealis kideze
bevrad ufro Tbila an civa, meti nesti an simSralea? am SemTxvevaSi naTlad Gans, rom Tu
mcenaris ufro swrafad gamravleba gvsurs, mas Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT xel-
sayreli garemo unda SevuqmnaT an is cxovelebi movaSoroT, romlebic mas sakvebad iyene-
ben. gavrcelebis geografiuli arealis kideze aucileblad Seicvleba maTi agebuleba
klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Zalian didi upiratesobaa mcenarisaTvis.
aq isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mcirea im mcenareTa da cxovelTa ricxvi, romle-
bzec, maTi Zalian vrcel teritoriebze gavrcelebis gamo, mxolod mkacri klimaturi
pirobebi imoqmedebda. aq did rols TamaSobs konkurenciac, romelic mxolod arqtikul
zonebSi da udabnos sazRvarTan wydeba. miwa SeiZleba iyos ukiduresad mSrali da civi,
magram brZola ufro Tbili da notio adgilis mosapoveblad imarTeba rogorc erTi da
imave, iseve sxvadsxva saxeobis individebs Soris. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom rodesac
mcenares an cxovels ucxo qveyanaSi gadaiyvanen da axal konkurentebs Soris ganaTavse-
ben, Tundac zustad imave klimatur garemoSi, misi sasicocxlo pirobebi mainc arsebi-
Tad icvleba da Tu gvinda, rom es ucxo saxeoba swrafad gamravldes, mas imaze ufro xel-
sayreli pirobebi unda SevuqmnaT konkurentebTan SedarebiT, vidre samSobloSi hqonda.
warmosaxvaSi metad advilia xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, magram arc erT SemTx­
vevaSi zustad ar viciT, ra unda viRonoT. es kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs organul ar­
sebaTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. Gveni codnis zedapirulobaSi erTaderTi, rac Seg­
viZlia gavakeToT aris is, rom yovelTvis gvaxsovdes _ yvela organuli arseba iswrafvis
gam­ravlebisaken, da TiToeul maTgans, weliwadis romelime dros an cxovrebis ama Tu im
etapze aucileblad mouwevs arsebobisaTvis brZola da ganadgurebisagan Tavis daRweva.
rodesac am brZolaze davfiqrdebiT, Tavis damSvideba imiT, rom bunebaSi brZola
usas­­rulod ar grZeldeba, damarcxebuli maSinve kvdeba, sabolood, mxolod yvelaze
Zlierebi, janmrTelebi da bednierebi gadarGebian da gamravldebian.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Tavi IV

bunebrivi gadarGeva anu yvelaze ukeT SeguebulTa gadarGena

bunebrivi gadarCevis upiratesoba adamianis mier ganxorcielebul gadarCevasTan

SedarebiT; misi gavlena yvelaze umniSvnelo Tvisebebze; misi gavlena yvela asaki-
sa da orive sqesis individebze; sqesobrivi gadarCeva; erTi saxeobis individebs
Soris erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis zogadi xasiaTis Sesaxeb; bunebrivi gadarCevisT-
vis xelsayreli da araxelsayreli faqtorebi, kerZod, Sejvareba, izolacia, indi-
vidTa ricxovnoba; neli moqmedeba; bunebrivi gadarCeviT gamowveuli gadaSeneba;
SezRuduli teritoriebis binadarTa mravalferovnebasa da naturalizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli niSnebis gansxvaveba _ divergencia; bunebrivi gadarCevis moq-
medeba saerTo mSoblebis STamomavlobaze niSnebis divergenciisa da gadaSenebis
meSveobiT; yvela organuli arsebis dajgufebis axsna; organizaciis garTuleba;
umdablesi formebis SenarCuneba; niSnebis konvergencia; saxeobebis ricxovnobis
SeuzRudavi zrda; mokle mimoxilva.

rogor ganxorcieldeba wina TavSi mokled ganxiluli brZola arsebobisaTvis cva-

lebadobis TvalsazrisiT? miesadageba Tu ara bunebas gadarCevis principi, romelic ase
Zlieria adamianis xelSi? male davrwmundebiT, rom es swored asea. Tu Sinauri cxovele-
bi, frinvelebi da mcenareebi erTmaneTisagan amdenad gansxvavdeba, warmoidgineT, ra
mravalferovneba sufevs bunebriv pirobebSi, Tanac, ra mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
memkvidreobiTobis unari. Sinaur pirobebSi organizaciis procesi erTgvarad drekadi,
plastikuri xdeba. arc is unda daviviwyoT, ramdenad rTulia urTierTkavSirebi or-
ganul arsebebs Soris da aseve maTi damokidebuleba garemos fizikur pirobebTan. mosa-
lodnelia Tu ara, rom Tuki adamianisTvis amdenad sasargeblo nairsaxeobebi warmoiqmna,
aTasobiT Taobis Semdeg SesaZlebelia organizmebis agebulebis iseTi cvlilebebi ganvi-
Tardes, romlebic TiToeul organul arsebas gamoadgeba arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi? da
Tu es marTlac ase moxdeba, gana SeiZleba eWvi Segveparos, rom individebs, romlebsac
Tundac yvelaze umniSvnelo upiratesoba aqvT sxva individebTan SedarebiT, saukeTeso
pirobebi SeeqmnebaT gadarCenisaTvis? meore mxriv ki SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom nebis-
mieri nairsaxeoba sasicocxlo saSualebaTa mciredi ukmarisobis SeTxvevaSic ki ulmob­
lad ganadgurdeba. swored upiratesobis mqone saxeobaTa gadarCenasa da SedarebiT sust
nairsaxeobaTa ganadgurebas vuwodeb bunebriv gadarCevas. cvlilebebze, romlebic arc
sazianoa da arc sasargeblo, bunebrivi gadarCeva ar moqmedebs; es cvlilebebi, rogorc
amas polimorful saxeobebSi vxedavT, gawonasworebulia. bunebrivi gadarCevis procesi
CvenTvis ufro naTeli gaxdeba, iseTi qveynis magaliTze, sadac klimaturi pirobebi in-
tensiurad icvleba. aseT qveyanaSi binadari saxeobebis Tanafardoba icvleba da zogi-
erTi maTgani SeiZleba mTlianad gadaSendes. radganac saxeobebi erTmaneTTan mWidro

489
Carlz darvini

kavSirSia, isic SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom romelime saxeobis raodenobis fardobiTi

cvlileba, klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebis miuxedavad, aucileblad imoqmedebs sxva
saxeobebzec. xolo Tu qveynis sazRvrebi Riaa, sxva saxeobebic daiwyeben Semosvlas da
esec Taviseburad aisaxeba am qveynis mobinadreebze; gavixsenoT, ramxela cvlileba moax-
dina erTi saxeobis xis an erTi saxeobis ZuZumwovris Sesaxlebam! magram kunZulze an geo-
grafiuli barieris gamo Znelad SesaRwev qvyanaSi, bunebaSi darCeba gamoTavisuflebuli
adgilebi, romlebic SeiZleba Seivsos, Tu adgilobrivi binadarni cvlilebas ganicdian,
maSin, roca daubrkolebeli imigraciis SemTxvevaSi, gamoTavisuflebul adgilebs ucxo
formebi daikavebdnen. amitom, saukuneebis manZilze SemTxveviT gamovlenili nebism-
ieri umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki, romlis meSveobiTac ama Tu im saxeobis warmomadgenlebi
ukeTesad Seegubian Secvlil garemo pirobebs, aucileblad damkvidrdeba da, aqedan ga-
momdinare, bunebriv gadarCevas sasargeblo moqmedebisaTvis asparezi gaexsneba.
Cven sakmarisi mizezi gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom gamravlebis sistemaze zemoqmedebis
meSveobiT sasicocxlo pirobebis Secvla iwvevs da aZlierebs cvalebadobas. aRweril Sem-
TxvevaSi, sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlileba aucileblad aisaxeboda bunebriv gadarCevaze
da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro Seguebul nairsaxeobebs miecemoda gamravlebis saSualeba;
sxvanairad bunebriv gadarCevas Sedegi ar eqneboda. magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom
ukiduresi cvalebadoba bunebrivi gadarCevis aucilebeli pirobaa. adamians namdvilad
Seswevs Zala, udides Sedegebs miaRwios misTvis sasargeblo cvlilebaTa dagrovebiT.
asevea bunebac, Tumca igi gacilebiT advilad aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs, radgan mis gankar-
gulebaSi Seudareblad drois didi periodia. me mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCevisaTvis
xelsayreli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da axali, saxecvlili formebisaTvis adgilis gasa-
Tavisufleblad aucileblad unda moxdes didi cvlilebebi garemos fizikur pirobebSi,
magaliTad, Seicvalos klimati an arsebobdes gansakuTrebuli izolacia imigraciis Ses-
aCereblad. marTlac, imis gamo, rom yoveli qveynis binadarni ebrZvian erTmaneTs gadar-
CenisaTvis da maTi Zalebi kargadaa gawonasworebuli, erTi saxeobis xasiaTsa Tu qcevaSi
warmoCenili umniSvnelo sxvaobac ki mas sxvebTan Seda­rebiT upiratesobas aniWebs. rac
ufro didi iqneba am saxeobis cvlileba, miT ufro gaizr­deba misi upiratesoba. verc erT
qveyanas ver davasaxeleb, romlis yvela adgilobrivi binadari ise srulyofilad iyos
Sewyobili erTmaneTTan da aseve fizikur pirobebTan, rom maTi kidev ufro gaumjobe-
seba da daxvewa ar SeiZlebodes; es iqidan Cans, rom yvela qveyanaSi adgilobrivi saxe-
obebs Zalian advilad Cagraven Semosulebi. yofila SemTxveva, roca zogierT invaziur
saxeobas SesaZlebloba eqmneboda mTlianad daepyro maspinZeli qveyana. im faqtidan, rom
`ucxoelebi~ jobnidnen zogierT adgilobriv saxeobas, SegviZ­lia davaskvnaT _ adgilo-
brivebic SeiZleba Seicvalon ise, rom meti winaaRmdegoba gauwion metoqeebs.
radgan adamians Seswevs Zala da kidevac moaxerxa mravali ram Seecvala da SesaniSnavi
Sedegebi miiRo meToduri Tu Seugnebeli gadarCevis saSualebebiT, ratom ar SeuZ­lia
bunebas igive gaakeTos? adamiani did yuradRebas mxolod garegnul mxares aqcevs,
bunebisaTvis ki garegnuli niSnebi mniSvnelovania mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini

490
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos cocxali arsebisaTvis. buneba TiToeul Sinagan organoze

moqmedebs, agebulebis TiToeul detalze, da sicocxlis mTel meqanikaze. adamiani
mxolod sakuTari interesebisaTvis axdens gadarCevas, buneba ki _ TviT im saxeobisaTvis,
romelsac cvlis. igi TiToeul gadarCeul niSan-Tvisebas didi gulmodginebiT awrTobs
da Semdeg misTvis xelsayrel sasicocxlo pirobebSi aTavsebs. adamiani ki sxvadasxva
klimatis Svilebs erT qveyanaSi uyris Tavs; SerCeul formebs erTnairad _ grZel- da
mokleniskarta mtreds erTi sakvebiT kvebavs, is ar epyroba gansxvavebulad grZeli
zurgisa da grZeli fexebis mqone msxvilfexa saqonels; grZel- da moklematylian
cxvars erTsa da imave klimatur pirobebSi amyofebs. igi ar zrunavs, rom uZlieres
mamrebs ergoT mdedrebi da arc daundoblad anadgurebs arasrulfasovan cxovelebs,
mTeli gulisyuriT icavs yvelas mravali sezonis manZilze. is xSirad iwyebs momaxinjo
formebis gadarCevas an iseTi formebis SerCevas, romelic an TvalSi xvdeba, an kidev
Tvlis, rom misTvis Zalian xelsayrelia. bunebaSi ki organizmis niSnebis odnavi sxvaobac
sakmarisia, rom kargad gawonasworebuli nairsaxeobebi arsebobisTvis brZolaSi
aqtiurad Caebas da Tavi daimkvidros. ra sulwasulia adamiani da raoden didia misi
Zalisxmeva dro ki ra cota aqvs! da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad ususuria mis mier
miRweuli Sedegebi im SedegebTan SedarebiT, romelic dedabunebam geologiuri epoqebis
manZilze miiRo! gana SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom bunebaSi ganxorcielebuli
gadarCeva bevrad ufro `WeSmaritia~ Tavisi xasiaTiT, vidre xelovnuri, bunebis mier
SerCeuli formebi gacilebiT ufro ukeTesad eguebian sicocxlis rTul pirobebs, isini
gacilebiT maRali xarisxis niSnebs atareben?! imis Tqmac ki SeiZleba,rom bunebrivi
gadarCeva yoveldRiurad, yovel saaTs `akvirdeba‘‘ da `amowmebs‘‘ yovelgvar cvlilebas
dedamiwis zurgze, misi yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba yvelaze umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki,
imavdroulad, raki ukuagdebs uaryofiT Tvisebebs, dadebiTs inarCunebs da erTmaneTs
umatebs. rogorc ki SesaZlebloba miecema, aseve SeumCnevlad muSaobs igi organul
arsebaTa gaumjobesebaze sicocxlis rogorc organuli, ise araorganuli pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. bunebrivia, Cven am neli progresis mimdinareobas ver vgrZnobT da
mxolod drois xangrZlivi monakveTis Semdeg aRmovaCenT, rom sicocxlis esa Tu is axali
forma sruliad gansxvavebulia Zvelisagan.
bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani mxolod ama Tu im formis gaumjobesebaa. amitom, erTi
SexedviT umniSvnelo niSan-Tvisebebic ki cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba. radgan foTlis
mWameli mwerebis Seferiloba mwvanea, xolo xis kanis mWamelebisa _ moWrelo ruxi,
alpuri gnoli zamTarSi TeTria, wiTeli kakabi _ mananasferi, WaobebSi mobinadre gnoli
ki _ yavis­feri, unda vivaraudoT, rom es Seferiloba SemTxveviTi ki ar aris, aramed
gamiznuli safrTxisagan maT ukeT dasacavad. roWo, Tu igi ar ganadgurda sicocxlis
romelime etapze, Zalian mravldeba, magram mas mtacebeli frinvelebi emterebian. qors
msxverplis adgilsamyofels Tvali karnaxobs, mas mzera imdenad gawafuli aqvs, rom
evropis zogierT nawilSi mosaxleobas ar urCeven TeTri mtredebi iyolios, radgan
isini yvelaze advi­lad eqcevian qoris mxedvelobis areSi. aqedan gamomdinare, eWvs

491
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aRar iwvevs is faqti, rom Seferilobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs da bunebrivi gadarCeva
mas Zalian efeqturad iyenebs xolme, rogorc, magaliTad, gnolis SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
saxeobam erTxel miiRo xelsayreli Seferiloba, gadarCeva mis SenarCunebas Seuwyobs
xels. ar unda davakninoT gamorCeuli Seferilobis mqone cxovelis mizanmimarTuli
ganadgurebis mniSvneloba feris siwmindis SenarCunebisaTvis: gavixsenoT, ramdenad
mniSvnelovania TeTri cxvris faraSi gareuli Savi batknebis ganadgureba. botanikosebi
did mniSvnelobas ani­Weben xilis bususebsa da misi gulis Seferilobas, magram SesaniSnavi
mebaRe dauningi acxadebs, rom aSS-Si foTolWamia xoWo ufro metad gluvkanian xils
anadgurebs, vidre bususebians: Savi qliavi ufro xSirad avaddeba, vidre yviTeli; zogi
daavadeba yviTelgulian atams ufro etaneba, vidre feradgulians. Tu es mcire sxvaobac
ki did rols TamaSobs am nairsaxeobebis SenarCunebaSi, ueWvelia, rom bunebaSi, sadac
xeebs ara marto sxva xeebTan uwevT brZola, aramed uamrav mavnebelTanac, amgvari sxvaoba
aucileblad gansazRvravs, romeli saxeoba gaimarjvebs.
rodesac saxeobaTa Soris arsebul sxvaobebs SeviswavliT, romlebic Cveni uco­
dinrobis gamo sruliad umniSvnelo gveCveneba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dagva-
viwydes klimati, sakvebi da a.S., romlebic aseve SeiZleba umniSvnelo, magram pirdapir
zegavlenas axdenen saxeobebze. agreTve mniSvnelovania, rom rodesac korelaciis jer
kidev ucnobi kanonebis moqmedebis gamo, Cndeba garkveuli cvlilebebi da es cvlilebebi
grovdeba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad, rac zogjer sruliad moulodnel modifikacias
iwvevs. imasac vxedavT, rom Sinaur jiSebSi ama Tu im asakSi gamovlenili romelime
variacia mis naSierSic umeteswilad swored am asakSi Cndeba _ amis Tqma SegviZlia sakvebi
Tu sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis Teslze, parkisa da muxluxos stadiaSi _ abreSumis
Wiis nairsaxeobaze, Sinauri frinvelebis kvercxebze, wiwilebis RinRlis Seferilobaze,
cxvrisa da msxvilfexa pirutyvis rqebze; asevea velur bunebaSic, rodesac bunebrivi
gadarCeva axdens organul arsebaTa cvlilebas nebismier asakSi da sasargeblo cvli­
lebaTa dagrovebis gziT maT STamomavlebs es cvlilebebi imave asakSi gadaecemaT. Tu
bambis mTesvels SeuZlia, gadarCevis gziT gazardos da gaaumjobesos bambis fTila,
gana bunebriv gadarCevas ar SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos qaris mier Teslis mimofantvas, Tu
es mcenarisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba? bunebriv gadarCevas Seswevs Zala Secvalos mwe­
ris larva mravalgvari garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad, romlebic SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavdebodes im pirobebisagan, romlebic zrdasrul mwerze zemoqmedeben. aseTi
modifikacia ki, korelaciis kanonebidan gamomdinare, ueWvelad imoqmedebs zrdasruli
mweris agebulebazec. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom im mwerebis agebuleba, romlebic
sul ramdenime saaTi cocxloben da arasodes ikvebebian, maTi matlis struqturaSi
momoxdari Tanmimdevruli cvlilebebis Sedegic iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, aRiniSneba
piruku procesic anu mozrdili mweris cvlileba umeteswilad larvazec aisaxeba,
Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivma gadarCevam am cvlilebebis uvnebloba unda uz­
runvelyos, sxvanairad SeiZleba saxeoba gadaSendes.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bunebrivi gadarCeva naSieris agebulebaSi Setanil cvlilebebs mSobels usadagebs,

mSoblis cvlilebebs ki _ naSiers. Sinaur cxovelebSi gadarCevas adamianisTvis xelsayre-
li cvlilebebi Seaqvs, magram erTaderTi, risi gansazRvrac bunebriv gadarCevas ar Se­
uZlia, aris is, rom erTi saxeobis struqturis SecvliT mas sxva saxeobaTa sazianod upi-
ratesoba ar mianiWos. naturalistTa naSromebSi raRac cnobebi am sakiTxzec moipoveba,
Tumca arc erTi maTgani ar Seicavs sakiTxis Rrma kvlevas. agebulebis is nawili, romelsac
esa Tu is cxoveli mxolod erTxel iyenebs sicocxlis manZilze bunebrivi gadarCevis
meSveobiT SesaZloa did cvlilebas daeqvemdebaros. aseTi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,
zogierTi mweris didi ybebi, romlebsac isini ZiriTadad parkidan gamosvlisas xmaroben
an kvercxSi mjdomi bartyis niskartis magari wveti, romliTac igi kvercxs gatexs. damt-
kicebulia, rom ufro meti mokleniskarta Turmani mtredi kvercxSive iRupeba, vidre
iCekeba, ase, rom maT gamoCekvisas daxmareba esaWiroebaT. Tu buneba zrdasrul mtreds
niskarts kidev ufro daumoklebda, cvlilebis procesi Zalian Seneldeboda da, amav-
droulad, kvercxidan bartyebis gamosvla kidev ufro garTuldeboda, Sedegad mxolod
iseTebi gadarCebodnen, romelTac Zalian Zlieri niskarti eqneboda, yvela sustniskar-
tiani ki daiRupeboda. TxelnaWuWiani kvercxebis gadarCevac ganxorcieldeboda, radgan
rogorc cnobilia, kvercxis naWuWic eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.

sqesobrivi gadarGeva
Sinaur jiSebSi gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi xSirad erT-erT sqesSi warmoCndeba xolme da
SemdgomSi memkvidreobiT imave sqesis warmomadgenlebs gadaecema; igive unda xdebodes
bunebriv pirobebSic. am gziT, bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia calkeuli
sqesebis Secvla maTi cxovrebis niris Sesabamisad, rac xdeba kidec an erTi icvleba meo-
ris mimarT, esec aseve Cveulebrivia. yovelive es maiZulebs ramdenime sityva sqesobriv
gadarCevazec mogaxsenoT. sqesobrivi gadarCeva arsebobisaTvis brZolaze ki ar aris
damokidebuli, aramed mamrebis brZolaze mdedrebis dasaufleblad. amgvari brZolis
Sedegi damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba ki ara, aramed misgan arc erTi an mc-
ire raodenobis STamomavlis datoveba aris. aqedan gamomdinare, sqesobrivi gadarCeva
bunebrivi gadarCevis msgavsad ulmobeli ar aris da igi gamravlebis process ukavSird-
eba. rogorc wesi, yvelaze Zlieri mamrebi, romlebic yvelaze kargad eguebian garemo pi-
robebs, ufro did STamomavlobas datoveben. magram xSirad, gamarjveba damokidebulia
ara mxolod zogadad siZliereze, aramed aseve mamrebis arsenalSi brZolis sxvadasxva
saSualebaze. urqo xariremsa da udezo mamals naklebi STamomavali eyoleba, radgan
sqesobrivi SerCevisas gamarjvebuls gamravlebisa da momavali Taobis datovebis gac-
ilebiT meti SesaZlebloba eZleva. es mas matebs Zalasa da gambedaobas, rom mTeli Za-
liT Caartyas mowinaaRmdeges dezi da gamarjveba moipovos. aseve iqceva is adamianic,
romelic saukeTeso jiSis mamlebs agrovebs da aumjobesebs maT jiSs, raTa Semdeg sxva
mamlebs CxubSi Seajibros. danamdvilebiT ver mogaxsenebT, rogor da ra masStabiT vr-
celdeba mdedrebisaTvis brZolis kanoni saerTod bunebaSi: magaliTad, vici, rom aliga-

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torebi mdedrisTvis brZolaSi iseve Cxuboben, bRavian da trialeben, rogorc indielebi

qalebis dasapyrobi saomari cekvis Sesrulebisas, mamr oragulebs mTeli dRis manZilzec
SeuZliaT ebrZolon erTmaneTs. mamri xoWoebi ki orTabrZolis dros xSirad sxva mam-
rebis uSvelebeli sacecebis Zlier dartymebs iwvneven da mZimedac daSavdebian xolme.
yvelaze daundobeli brZola ki mainc poligamiur cxovelebs Soris imarTeba, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, sxvebze metad arian dajildoebulni sabrZolo saSualebebiT. mamri mta-
cebeli cxovelebi kargad arian SeiaraRebulni. maT da maT TanamoZmeebsac amgvari sa-
brZolo saSualebebi sqesobrivi gadarCevis Sedegad eZlevaT. magaliTad, fafari _ loms,
mokauWebuli yba _ mamr oraguls, radgan ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom brZolaSi faric ise-
Tive mniSvnelovania, rogorc Subi da maxvili.
frinvelebSi amgvari Sejibri ufro mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebs. yvelam, visac am
movlenasTan Sexeba hqonia, kargad icis, rom aq yvelaze didi metoqeoba imaSi gamoixateba,
rom mamrebma mdedri frinveli galobiT miizidon. gvineis mTis SaSvi, samoTxis Citi da
sxva frinvelebi Sejgufdebian, mamrebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT mdedrebis win bumbuls
iSlian da erT manWva-grexas aCaReben, sanam mdedrebi yvelaze warmatebul mamrebs ar
airCeven. visac galiaSi msxdomi Citebi Seuswavlia, aseve kargad icis, rom maT siyvarulSic
da zizRSic amoCemeba sCveviaT. ase, magaliTad, ser r. peroni aRwers, rom mis yvela de­
dal farSevangs erTi Wreli mamali farSevangi moswonda gamorCeulad. albaT bavSvuri
miamitoba iqneboda, rom maTi amgvari saqcieli mxolod mamri farSevangis SeferilobiT
agvexsna, Tumca sxva sabuTsac ver moviyvan am faqtis asaxsnelad. magram Tu adamians
Seswevs unari, rom Tavisi sicocxlis arcTu xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi bantamis
qaTmebs eleganturoba da silamaze Sematos, ratom ar SeiZleba, rom aTasobiT Taobis
manZilze yvelaze lamaz da melodiur mamrebTan dawyvilebulma mdedrma frinvelebma
TvalsaCino Sedegebs miaRwion?
mdedri da mamri frinvelebis bumbulis samoseli maTi bartyebis bumbulisgan gan-
sxvavdeba. kargad cnobili kanonebis mixedviT, bumbulis cvlileba gamravlebis asaks
miaRweul frinvelebSi an gamravlebis sezonis dadgomisas sqesobrivi gadarCevis dros
xdeba. Sedegad es cvlileba memkvidreobiT gadaecema imave asakSi da sezonze an mxolod
mamr bartyebs, an orives mamrsac da mdedrsac. samwuxarod, garkveul mizezTa gamo aq am
sakiTxs metad ver CavuRrmavdebi.
swored sqesobrivi gadarCeviT aixsneba is faqti, rom erTi saxeobis mdedrsa da
mamrs zogadi Tvisebebi erTgvari aqvT, magram struqturiT, feriTa da sxva garegnuli
niSnebiT gansxvavdebian _ es imas niSnavs, rom calkeul mamrebs wina TaobebSi hqondaT
odnav gamorCeuli upiratesoba sxva mamrebTan SedarebiT an sabrZolo, an Tavdacvis sa-
SualebebSi, an kidev garegnobaSi da es upiratesoba mamr STamomavals gadaeca. da mainc,
ar msurs yvela es sqesobrivi gansxvaveba mxolod saWiroebiT avxsna: yvelas SegvimCnevia
gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba Sinaur jiSebSi (mamr safosto mtredebs batisebri fexebi,
zogierTi mamali Sinauri frinvelis rqismagvari wanazardebi da a.S.), magram is arc mam-
rebs exmareba brZolaSi da arc mdedrebs matebs mimzidvelobas. analogiur SemTxvevebs

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

vxedavT bunebriv pirobebSic, magaliTad, Tmis bululi mamali indauris gulmkerdze,

rac arc sasargebloa da arc lamazi. marTlac, aseTi Tma Sinaur jiSebs rom amosv­lodaT,
Cven amas simaxinjis gamovlinebad miviCnevdiT.

bunebrivi gadarGevis moqmedebis magaliTebi

imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, rogor moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCeva, neba miboZeT
warmogidginoT oriode warmosaxviTi magaliTi. modiT, aviRoT mgeli, romelic sxvadasx-
va cxovelze nadirobs da zogs moxerxebiT, zogs ZlierebiT da zogsac kidev simardiT
moipovebs. axla davuSvaT, rom yvelaze mardma samsxverplom, magaliTad, iremma, raRac
cvlilebebis gamo raodenob­rivad Zalian imata, sxvam ki piriqiT iklo weliwadis im dros,
rodesac mgels yvelaze metad uWirs sakvebis mopoveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,rom mx-
olod yvelaze swrafi da fexmardi mglebi gadarCebian. amgvarad, maTi modgma gagrZel-
deba da SeinarCunebs nadavlis mosapoveblad saWiro siswrafes. am Tvisebas is maSinac
gamoiyenebs, rodesac sxva cxovelebze nadiroba iqneba saWiro. eWvi arc imaSi mepareba,
rom adamians SeuZlia Tavisi mwevris siswrafe kidev ufro gazardos Zalian dakvirve-
buli da meToduri gadarCeviT an gaucnobierebuli gadarCeviTac, _ rodesac adamiani
itovebs da amravlebs saukeTeso ZaRlebs maTi jiSis srulyofaze fiqris gareSe.
romelime cxovelze nadirobis gamorCeuli unariT dajildoebuli lekvi maSinac
SeiZleba daibados, rodesac samsxverplos raodenoba ar aris Secvlili. amgvari sxvao-
ba Sinaur cxovelebSic iCens xolme Tavs, magaliTad, zogi kata ufro virTxebze nadi-
robs, zogi ki _ Tagvebze. batoni st. joni wers, rom zogi kata frinvelebze nadirobs,
zogi _ kurdRlebze, zogi ki Waobian adgilebs eZebs da iq tyis qaTmebsa da Cibuxebs das-
devs. katebs memkvidreobiT Tagvebze metad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom virTxebze nadirobis
midrekileba gadaecemaT. Tu mgeli SeiZens sasargeblo garegnul niSans an sasargeblo
Cvevas, misi gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi gaizrdeba. zogierT mis naSiers, albaT,
Sesa­bamisi garegnuli niSani an Cveva memkvidreobiT gadaecema, xolo Taobebis ganma-
vlobaSi axali nairsaxeoba SeiZleba ganviTardes, romelic an Secvlis mglis ~sawyis~
nairsaxeobas, an masTan gverdigverd ganagrZobs arsebobas. gansxvavebul nadavlze nadi-
roben agreTve mTisa da baris binadari mglebi. am or gansxvavebul samyofelTan, yvelaze
ukeT Seguebuli formebis xangrZlivi SerCeviT SesaZloa, nel-nela ori gansxvavebuli
nairsaxeoba Camoyalibdes. Cveulebriv, maTi Sejvareba sruliad bunebrivi iqneba, magram
urTierTSejvarebis sakiTxs Cven kidev mivubrundebiT. aq ki imas davamatebdi, romro-
gorc batoni pirsi aRniSnavs, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, keteskilis mTebSi, mglebis
ori nairsaxeo­ba binadrobs: erTi waagavs mwevars da iremze nadirobs, xolo meore, ufro
zorba da moklefexeba xSirad cxvris faras esxmis Tavs.
modiT, axla kidev ufro rTuli magaliTi moviyvanoT. zogierTi mcenare tkbil wvens
gamoyofs, albaT imitom, rom mavne nivTierebebi gareT gamodevnos _ es xdeba, magaliTad,
parkosnebis TanafoTolakebis ZirTan arsebuli jirkvlebisa da dafnis foTlebis ukana
mxares. im wvens, romelic arc ise didi raodenobiT gamoiyofa, xarbad etanebian mwerebi.

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Carlz darvini

axla davuSvaT, rom am wvens yvavilis furclebis Zirebi gamoyofs. mwerebi tkbili wvenis
Zebnisas yvavilebis mtvriT isvrebian da xSirad gadaaqvT erTi yvavilidan meoreze,
Sedegad ori sruliad gansxvavebuli individis yvavilebi erwymis erTmaneTs da SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, rom amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Zlieri Tesli, romelsac TandaTanobiT
ga­darCenisa da ayvavebis saukeTeso SesaZleblobebi miecema. maT Soris ramodenimes
aucileblad gadaecema memkvidreobiT neqtris gamoyofis Tviseba. yvelaze didi neqtris
gamosayofi jirkvlis an saneqtres mqone yvavilebi, cxadia, sxvebze met neqtars gamoyofen
da mwerebic yvelaze xSirad swored maT stumroben. aqedan gamomdi­nare, isini yvelaze
xSirad daimtverebian da, sabolood, sxva yvavilebTan SedarebiT didi upiratesoba
eqnebaT mweris zomasa da qcevebs, ris Semdegac gaadvildeba mtvris yvavilidan yvavilze
gadatana da misi gavrceleba. iseTi magaliTis ganxilvac SegviZlia, rodesac mwerebi
yvavilebs neqtarisaTvis ki ar stumroben, aramed mis mtvers miirTmeven. yvavilis mtveri
warmoiqmneba mis gasamravleblad da amitom misi dakargva yvavilisTvis sazaraloa,
magram Tu mwerebi mas yvavilidan yvavilze gadaitanen, Tavidan Tundac drogamoSvebiT,
TandaTanobiT ki sul ufro xSirad, mtvris cxra meaTedic rom daikargos, mcenaris
gamravlebisaTvis es mainc metad xelsayreli iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, gadarCebian da
gamravldebian is mcenareebi, romlebsac yvelaze meti mtveri da yvelaze didi samtvre
eqnebaT. bunebrivi gadarCevis gavleniT sul ufro da ufro galamazebuli yvavili
kidev ufro TvalSisacemi gaxdeba mwerebisaTvis da isinic ufro mouxSireben mtvris
gadatanas. mwerebis mier mtvris warmatebiT gadatanis araerTi SesaniSnavi da gasaocari
magaliTi arsebobs, aq ki mxolod erTs moviyvan, _ es arc ise gamorCeuli magaliTia,
magram kargad warmoaCens mcenareTa sqesebis gancalkevebis erT-erT safexurs. baZgis
zogierT individs mxolod mamri yvavili gamoaqvs, romelsac rudimentuli butko da
oTxi mtvriana aqvs, xolo es mtvrianebi metad mcire raodenobis mtvers gamoimuSavebs.
baZgis sxva individebi ki mxolod mdedr yvavilebs isxams, romlebsac mozrdili butko
da oTxi mtvriana aqvT usicocxlo samtvreebiT, maTSi erT marcval mtversac ver
aRmoaCenT. mikroskopiT davakvirdi mamri xisgan 60 iardis daSorebiT mdgari mdedri xis
oci sxvadasxva totidan aRebul yvavilis dings da aRmoCnda, rom yvela maTgani mtvers
Seicavda, zogierTi ki _ gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT. mtvers qari ver gaavrcelebda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amindi civi da futkrisaTvis araxelsayreli iyo, yvela mdedri
yvavili, romelic Sevamowme, im futkrebis mier iyo damtverili, romlebsac SemTxveviT
miekara mtveri neqtris ZiebaSi xidan xeze frenisas.
Cvens warmosaxviT SemTxvevas Tu davubrundebiT, davinaxavT, rom, rogorc ki xe mim-
zidveli gaxdeba mwerebisaTvis da isini regularulad Seudgebian yvavilidan yvavilze
mtvris gadatanas, amas kidev erTi movlena mohyveba. yvela naturalistisaTvis eWvga­
reSea e.w. `Sromis fiziologiuri danawilebis~ mniSvneloba; aqedan gamomdinare, sa-
varaudod, mcenarisaTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, rom erT yvavils an mTlianad erT
mcenares, hqondes mxolod mtvrianebi, xolo meores ki _ butkoebi. axal pirobebSi mox-
vedril an moSinaurebul mcenareTa ~mdedri~ an ~mamri~ organoebi zogjer gamravlebis

496
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

unars kargaven. Tu vivaraudebT, rom es SeiZleba Tundac Zalian iSviaTad, magram mainc
moxdes bunebriv pirobebSi, maSin, mtvris yvavilidan yvavilze regularulad gadata-
nis gaTva­liswinebiT da kidev imis gamo, rom Sromis fiziologiuri gadanawilebisTvis
sqesTa kidev ufro mkveTri gancalkeveba unda iyos xelsayreli, im individs, romelic
am tendencias gamoavlens, upiratesoba mieniWeba da is ganagrZobs gamravlebas iqamde,
sanam sqesTa sruli gancalkeveba ar iqneba miRweuli.
axla ki neqtris momxmarebeli mwerebis warmosaxviT magaliTs davubrundeT. Segve-
Zleba vivaraudoT, rom gadarCevis principidan gamomdinare mcenare, romelSic neqtris
raodenoba TandaTan matulobs, Cveulebrivi movlenaa da zogierTi mweri mis neqtars
sakvebad iyenebs. futkrebi dros Zalian ufrTxildebian da amis uamravi magaliTi arse-
bobs. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom yvavilebis gulidan neqtris swrafad amo-
saRebad isini foTolaks xvreten, miuxedavad imisa, rom advilad SeaRwevdnen yvavilSi
xvrelis gareSec. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeulis formis nebismieri gadaxra normidan,
magaliTad, ufro grZeli nestari, romelic imdenad umniSvnelo da SeumCnevelia, rom
arcki vaqcevT yuradRebas, sinamdvileSi metad mniSvnelovania _ igi saSualebas aZlevs
mwers ufro swrafad da meti raodenobis sakvebi moipovos anu sicocxlis ukeTesi piro-
bebi Seiqmnas da datovos ufro meti STamomavalic, romlebSic es struqturuli Tvise-
bebic iqneba gamovlenili. Cveulebrivi samyuras ori saxeobis, wiTeli samyura Trifolium
Pratense-s da T. Incarnatum-is milebis sigrZe, erTi SexedviT, TiTqmis arc ki gansxvavdeba,
magram skis futkars gacilebiT advilad SeuZlia neqtaris amoReba Incarnatum-idan, vid-
re wiTeli samyurasagan, romelsac ZiriTadad bazebi stumroben. ase rom, wiTeli sam­
yuraTi gadaWedili mindvrebi skis futkrisaTvis veraferi SeRavaTia, radgan igi maT
tkbil neqtars ver moipovebs. aqedan gamomdinare, skis futkrisTvis didi upiratesobaa
odnav ufro grZeli an gansxvavebuli formis nestari. garda amisa, samyu­ras gamravle-
bac futkarzea damokidebuli, anu imaze, rom xSirad mofrindnen, Sear­xion misi gvirg-
vini da dingis zedapirze mtveri moafrqvion. maSasadame, imisaTvis, rom veluri futkari
gamravlebuliyo, ukeTesi iqneboda, rom wiTel samyuras hqonoda ufro mokle da mkve-
Trad gamoyofili gvirgvinis milebi, raTa futkrebic xSirad swveodnen mis yvavilebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, CemTvis sruliad gasagebia, rogor xdeba yvavilisa da futk­ris urT-
ierTSegueba im individTa mudmivi SenarCunebiTa da SerCeviT, romlebsac ufro xel-
sayreli da gansxvavebuli agebuleba aRmoaCndebaT.
Zalian kargad mesmis, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis doqtrina zemoTmoyvanili ma­
galiTebiT warmodgenili iseTive winaaRmdegobas SeiZleba gadaawydes, rogoric Sexv­
da Tavdapirvelad ser Carlz leilis keTilSobilur Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, rom
`dedamiwis Tanamedrove cvlilebebi misi geologiis ilustracias warmoadgens~. dRes
Cven naklebad gvesmis, rogor SeiZleba magaliTad, sanapiro zolis talRebis moqmedeba
umniSvnelo da arasayuradRebo iyos uSvelebeli velebisa an zRvidan moSorebul mTaTa
grZeli jaWvis warmoqmnaSi. bunebrivi gadarCeva mxolod maSin moqmedebs, rodesac
xdeba organuli arsebisaTvis memkvidreobiT miRebuli yoveli sasargeblo, Tugind

497
Carlz darvini

umniSvnelo cvlilebis SenarCuneba da dagroveba. da ise, rogorc Tanamedrove geologiam

TiTqmis mTlianad uaryo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom erTma diluvialurma talRam gamoiwvia
udidesi velis warmoqmna, aseve bunebrivi gadarCevac gaaqarwylebs rwmenas axal-axali
organuli arsebebis damoukideblad Seqmnisa Tu maT agebulebaSi momxdari didi da ueca­
ri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

individTa Sejvarebis Sesaxeb

aq mcire wiaRsvliT unda daviwyo. bunebrivia, rom axali formebis Sesaqmnelad ori
gansxvavebuli sqesis individi unda Seerwyas erTmaneTs, magram hermafroditebis SemTx-
vevaSi es problema yovelTvis ase rodi gvardeba. me mainc mwams, rom hermafroditebis
SemTxvevaSic ki ori individi aucilebelia mesamis gasaCenad. aqve davamateb, rom es azri
pirvelad endriu naitma Camoayaliba. aq am sakiTxze Zalian mokled SevCerdebi, Cvenc male
mivxvdebiT mis mniSvnelobas, Tumca gansjisTvisac sakmarisi masala momepoveba. yvela
xerxemliani cxoveli, mweri Tu cxovelTa sxva didi jgufis warmomadgeneli wyvildeba,
raTa gamravldes. Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, savaraudo hermafroditebis raode-
noba mkveTrad aris Semcirebuli da WeSmarit hermafroditTa udidesi raodenoba wyvil-
deba anu erTmaneTs erwymis gamravlebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, cxovelebSi xom uxvad
moipoveba hermafroditizmis SemTxvevebi da, garda amisa, mcenareTa udidesi umravle-
sobac hermafroditia. marTlac, ratom unda vivaraudoT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi ori
individi erwymis erTmaneTs gamravlebis mizniT? radgan yvela detals aq ver CavuRr­
mavdebiT, mxolod zogad mosazrebebs warmogidgenT.
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom uamravi faqti movipove seleqcionerTa sayo­
velTaod aRiarebuli Sexedulebis dasamtkiceblad, romlis mixedviT, mcenaris an cxo­
velis naSieri ufro Zlieri da nayofieria, Tu igi gansxvavebul nairsaxeobaTa an erTi
da imave nairsaxeobis gansxvavebuli individebis Sejvarebis Sedegad iSva. faqtebi mar-
wmunebs, rom TaobaTa mosacemad arc erTi organuli rseba ar axdens TviTganayofiere-
bas, sxva individTan Sejvarebaa aucilebeli _ da es bunebis zogadi kanonia. es kanoni
saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev ufro Rmad CavwvdeT mraval faqts, romlebic sxvagvarad ar
ixsneba. yvela seleqcionerma kargad uwyis, rogor uSlis xels yvavilis ganayofierebas
wvima da nesti da, miuxedavad amisa, yvavilTa umravlesobis samtvre parki da dingi zecas
Sehyurebs! magram, cnobili faqtia, rom yvavilis mtvrianisa da butkos siaxlove TviT-
damtvervas aadvilebs, magram, Tu amis miuxedavad, perioduli Sejvareba mainc aucilebe-
lia, maSin yvavilis amgvari daucveloba da gadaSla gasagebi xdeba, radgan es xels uwyobs
meore individis mtvriT damtvervas! zogierT mcenareSi, magaliTad, bardisebrTa (Pa-
pilionaceae) ojaxis warmomadgenlebSi, ganayofierebis organoebi kargadaa izolirebuli
garemosgan, magram am yvavilebs gaaCniaT SesaniSnavi mowyobiloba, romelic mwerebs dam-
tvervas uadvilebs.am jgufis mcenareTaTvis futkris mier damtverva imdenad aucile-
belia, rom mis gareSe nayofiereba mniSvnelovnad ecema. Znelad warmosadgenia, futkari
dafrinavdes yvavilidan yvavilze da mcenaris sasargeb­lod ar gadahqondes mtveri. am

498
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SemTxvevaSi futkari moqmedebs viwro funjiviT, _ sakmarisia Seexos erTi yvavilis samt-
vres da Semdeg _ meore yvavilis dings, rom ganayofiereba Semdgaria. magram es srulebiT
ar moaswavebs erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul saxeobaTa hibridebis didi raodenobiT war-
moqmnas, _ rogorc batonma garTnerma aRmoa­Cina, marTalia, futkari mcenares xan misive
mtvriT damtveravs, xan ki sxva saxeobis mcenaris mtveri moaqvs, magram sakuTari mtvris
Zala imdenad aRemateba sxva saxeobisas, rom yvela ~ucxo~ mtvris gavlenas Trgunavs.
rodesac yvavilis mtvrianebi, ucabedad an nel-nela da saTiTaod, butkosaken waiwe­
vian, es TviTganayofierebas uwyobs xels da garkveulwilad sasargebloa, magram xSirad
amisTvis mainc mwerebis daxmarebaa saWiro, rogorc es kolreuterma gviCvena kowaxuris
magaliTze. kowaxuris gvaris mcenareebs TviTganayofierebisaTvis TiTqos specialuri
meqanizmi aqvs, magram sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: Tuki am gvaris monaTesave saxeobebs
axlo-axlo davrgavT, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba arahibriduli Teslis miReba, radgan isini
erTmaneTis mtvriTac farTod imtverebian. amasTan erTad mraval mcenares specialuri
meqanizmebi aqvs TviTganayofierebis Tavidan asacileblad da amis uamravi magaliTi ar-
sebobs. imaves adasturebs s.s. sprengeli da mec, Cemi dakvirvebebis safuZvelze veTanx-
mebi mas. magaliTad, Lobelia Fulgens-s gaaCnia meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT uTvalavi mt-
vris marcvali amoiyreba TiToeuli yvavilis samtvridan manam, sanam dingi moemzadeba
maT misaRebad. imis gamo, rom am yvavils futkrebi ar stumroben, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
Cems baRSi, igi Tesls TavisTavad ver ikeTebs; magram rodesac gadmomqonda erTi yvavi-
lis mtveri meoris dingze, Tesls uxvad vRebulobdi. iqve izrdeba Lobelia-s sxva saxeoba,
romelsac futkari gamudmebiT axvevia Tavs, amitom is advilad ikeTebs Tesls. araerTi
sxva SemTxveva arsebobs, rodesac yvavils, TviTganayofierebis xelSemSleli araviTari
specialuri meqanizmi ar gaaCnia, misi samtvre dingi mzadyofnamde skdebodes an kidev,
dingi mzad iyos ganayofierebisaTvis yvavilis mtvris momwifebamde. amis Sesaxeb batoni
s.s. spingeli miuTiTebs da mec, Cemi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, sruliad veTanxmebi. es
SemTxvevebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom yvela es mcenare, romelTac Cveulebriv diqogamiurad
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi gayofilsqesianebi arian. ra ucnauria es faqtebi! ra saocaria,
rom TviTganayofierebis mizniT erT yvavilSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebuli mtveri da
dingi erTmaneTisTvis gamousadegarni arian! da raoden martivad SeiZleba am faqtebis
axsna im ubralo WeSmaritebiT, rom gansxvavebul individTa Sejvareba bevrad ufro sa-
sargeblo da aucilebelic kia!
Tu kombostos, Talgamis, xaxvisa da sxva mcenareTa nairsaxeobebs axlo-axlo
davrgavT, aRmovaCenT, rom amosuli CiTilebi umeteswilad Sereuli iqneba. magaliTad,
sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareTa garemocvidan kombostos 233 CiTili aviRe da maTgan
mxolod 78 CiTili aRmoCnda wminda saxeobisa, zogi ki saerTod gansxvavebuli iyo. kom­
bostos TiToeuli yvavilis butko, Tavisi 6 mtvrianis garda, garSemortymulia imave
kombostos sxva yvavilebis mtvrianebiTac. maSin ratom xdeba, rom amdeni CiTilia hi­
b­riduli? amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobis mcenareTa mtveri,
ro­­melsac yvavilis sakuTar mtverze gacilebiT Zlieri zemoqmedebis unari aqvs. es

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Carlz darvini

aris erTi saxeobis sxvadasxva mcenares Soris gaadvilebuli Sejvarebis Sedegi, rac
mcenarisaTvis sasargebloa. magram rodesac erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli saxeobebi erwymis,
aq yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba, kerZod, mcenaris sakuTari mtveri ucxo mtverze bevrad uf­
ro Zlieria. am Temas momaval TavSi mivubrundebiT.
SeiZleba moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi: erT uSvelebel, uamravi yvaviliT gadapentil xeze
sxva xidan mtveri ar gadmova, misi yvavilebi daimtvereba sakuTari xis yvavilebiT, romlebic
mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba CavTvaloT gansxvavebul individebad. vTvli, rom es mosaz-
reba sakmaod safuZvliania, magram Tavad dedabuneba ewinaaRmdegeba mas, erT xeze Tavmoy-
rili yvavilebi xSirad erTsqesiania. sqesTa dacalkevebisas mtvris gadatana xdeba yvavi-
lidan yvavilze, rasac drodadro Tan sdevs mtvris xidan xeze gadatana. yvavilebis sqesTa
dacalkeveba ufro xSirad xeebs axasiaTebs da ar aris damokidebuli ama Tu im xis rigze.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea Cvens qveyanaSi. Cemi TxovniT doqtorma hukerma aRnusxa da cxri-
lebSi ganaTavsa axali zelandiis floris xeebi, xolo doqtorma greim ki _ aSS-isa da Sedegi
swored iseTi miviReT, rogorsac me velodi, Tumca doqtorma hukerma axlaxan macnoba, rom
es wesi zedmiwevniT ar sruldeba avstraliaSi. me ki xeebis Sesaxeb es magaliTi imitom movi-
yvane, rom Tqveni yuradReba mimepyro am sakiTxisTvis.
axla ki cxovelebs davubrundeT. Cvens qveyanaSic moiZebneba hermafroditebi, magali-
Tad, lokokina da Wiayela, magram amavdroulad orive wyvildeba. jerjerobiT, me ar vici
CvenSi iseTi cxoveli, romelic TviTganayofierebas eweva. es SesaniSnavi faqti SegviZlia
avxsnaT, cxovelebisaTvis perioduli Sejvarebis aucilebelobiT, radganac xmeleTze bi-
nadar cxovelTa SemTxvevaSi, garda ori individis SeerTebisa, aba ram unda Seasrulos is
roli, romelsac mcenaris ganayofierebisas mwerebi da qari TamaSoben? wylis cxovelTa So-
ris ki sakmaod moipoveba hermafroditi saxeobebi, magram wylis dineba iZleva perioduli
pasiuri ganayofierebis saSualebas. erT-erT udides avtoritetTan, saxeldobr, doqtor
haqslisTan konsultaciis Semdegac ki, yvavilebis msgavsad verc cxovelebSi aRmovaCine ise-
Ti hermafroditi, romelsac gamravlebis organoebi ise eqneboda sxeulSi moqceuli, rom
meore individs ar SeZleboda masTan Serwyma. am mxriv CemTvis sirTules ulvaSfexiani kiboe-
bi warmoadgens. Tumca, sruliad moulodnelad bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT davamtkice,
rom am cxovelebis ori individi, maTi TviTganayofierebis unaris miuxedavad, zogjer mainc
jvardeba. albaT bevri naturalisti anomaliad miiCnevs im faqts, rom, rogorc cxovelebis,
aseve mcenareebis erTi da imave ojaxisa da gvaris saxeobebSic ki xSirad zogi maTgani herma-
froditia, zogi ki _ erTsqesiani. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom xandaxan hermafrodite-
bic erwymian sxva individebs, maSin unda davaskvnaT, rom hermafroditebsa da erTsqesian
saxeobebs Soris arsebuli funqciuri gansxvavebac metad umniSvneloa.
am mosazrebebma da Cems mier Tavmoyrilma uamravma faqtma sabolood dagvarwmuna, rom
cxovelebSic da mcenareebSic gansxvavebul individTa Sejvareba bunebis erT-erTi kanonia.
kargad mesmis, rom am wess mravali sirTule axlavs, romelTa gagebasac vcdilob. kvlav
Cems mier Sekrebil faqtebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa did nawils aq ver moviyvan, SemiZlia
davaskvna, rom organul arsebaTa umravlesobaSi TiToeuli naSieris gadasarCenad or in-

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

divids Soris Sejvareba aSkara aucileblobaa. zog SemTxvevaSi es iSviaTad xdeba, didi in-
tervaliT, magram ar arsebobs iseTi organuli arseba, mxolod TviTganayofierebis gziT
rom mravldebodes.

bunebrivi gadarGevis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi

es sakiTxi did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. bunebrivi gadarCevisaTvis xelisSemwyobi
cvlilebaTa simravlea, Tumca ubralo individualuri cvalebadobac sakmaod mniSvne­
lovania. individTa didi raodenoba cvalebadobis deficits imiT ivsebs, rom xels uwyobs
sasargeblo cvlilebebis gaCenas; es warmatebis mniSvnelovani sawindaria. marTalia, bunebas
uamravi dro gaaCnia gadarCevisaTvis, magram es dro usasrulo namdvilad ar aris. yvela
organuli arseba cdilobs bunebaSi daimkvidros Tavisi adgili da Tu romelime saxeobis
sasicocxlo saSualebebi konkurentebTan SedarebiT cvlilebasa da gaumjobesebas ar
eqvemdebareba, igi male gadaSendeba.
xelovnurad warmoebuli meToduri gadarCevis dros seleqcioneri konkretuli miz­
nisaken miiswrafvis da amitom Tavisufali Sejvareba misTvis xelSemSleli faqtori iqneba.
rodesac adamians miznad ar aqvs dasaxuli jiSis Secvla da mxolod saukeTeso cxovelebis
SejvarebiT cdilobs maT daxvewas. amgvar gaucnobierebel gadarCevas gaumjobeseba da mo­
dificireba, Tumca nela, magram mainc mohyveba, maSinac ki, Tu zogjer Sejvareba naklebad
srulyofil cxovelTan xdeba. aseve moxdeba bunebriv pirobebSic, SemosazRvrul terito-
riaze, bunebrivi gadarCeva saWiroebisamebr Secvlil individebs gadaarCens bunebaSi arse-
buli Tavisufali adgilis dasakaveblad. sasicocxlo pirobebi, Cveulebriv, nairgvaria did
teritoriaze, romelic ramdenime olqisagan Sedgeba; da Tuki bunebrivi gadarCeva cvlis
da aumjobesebs saxeobebs ramdenime olqSi, amas gardauvlad mohyveba Sejvareba sxvadasxva
olqebis individebs Soris, romelic garkveulwilad daabrkolebs siaxleebis damkvidre-
bas. amgvari Sejvareba yvelaze metad imoqmedebs cxovelebze, romlebic kontaqtSi Sedian
gamravlebisaTvis an Zalian moZravni arian, an kidev swrafad ver mravldebian (ase moxdeba,
magaliTad, frinvelebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobebi gansxvavebuli
qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli); agreTve hermafroditul organizmebze, romlebic iS-
viaTad jvardebian da cxovelebze, romlebic TiToeuli naSierisaTvis erTxel mainc unda
SeerTdnen. naklebad moZrav da swrafi gamravlebis unaris mqone saxeobebSi, axali da gaum-
jobesebuli nairsaxeobebi SeiZleba Zalian male gaCndes da ganviTardes erT geografiul
wertilSi da Sejvarebac ZiriTadad erTi da imave nairsaxeobis warmomadgenlebs Soris
moxdes. amgvarad warmoqmnili adgilobrivi nairsaxeoba SemdgomSi TandaTan gavrceldeba
sxva olqebSic. am principze dayrdnobiT seleqcionerebi yovelTvis amjobineben Teslis
mopovebas erTnairi nairsaxeobis mravali mcenarisagan, radgan es amcirebs sxva nairsaxe-
obebTan Sejvarebis albaTobas.
bunebrivi gadarCevis damabrkolebeli faqtori TviT iseT cxovelebSic ki, romle­
bic neli tempiT mravldebian, yovelTvis Sejvareba rodia; uamravi magaliTi SemiZlia

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Carlz darvini

moviyvano, rom erTsa da imave teritoriaze nairsaxeobebs xangrZlivi drois manZilze

SeunarCunebiaT sisxlis siwminde, sxvadasxva adgilebSi binadrobisa da sxvadasxva sezonze
mxolod maTive nairsaxeobis individebTan SeerTebis wyalobiT.
Sejvareba did rols TamaSobs erTi da imave saxeobis individTa an nairsaxeobaTa sisxlis
siwmindis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. is yvelaze did gavlenas axdens cxovelebze, romlebic
gamravlebisaTvis wyvildebian, magram rogorc ukve vnaxeT, perioduli Sejvareba xdeba
yvela saxis mcenaresa da cxovelSi. darwmunebuli var, ragind xangrZlivi intervaliTac
unda xdebodes aseTi Sejvareba, mis Sedegad gaCenili naSieri sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro
Zlieri da nayofieri iqneba, gadarCenisa da Tavisi msgavsis gamrvalebis meti SesaZlebloba
miecema. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sabolood, iSviaTi Sejvarebac ki udides gavlenas
axdens. Tu sadme moiZebneba iseTi organuli arsebebi, romlebic arasodes jvardebian,
maTi erTgvarovneba SenarCundeba mxolod sasicocxlo pirobebis Secvlamde, radgan
memkvidreobiTobis principi da bunebrivi gadarCeva gaanadgurebs arsebuli normidan
gadaxril yvela individs. magram Tu sasicocxlo pirobebi Seicvala da organizmma mo­
difikacia ganicada, maSin niSnebis erTgvarovneba saxecvlil STamomavlobaSi SeiZleba
SenarCundes mxolod bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT, romelic sasargeblo cvlilebebs
Seuwyobs xels.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesSi izolaciac udides rols TamaSobs. Tuki teritoria arc
ise didia da igi SemosazRvruli da izolirebulia, cxovrebis organuli Tu araorganuli
pirobebi ZiriTadad erTgvari iqneba; es xels Seuwyobs bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT mTel
teritoriaze erTi saxeobis individTa modifikaciis erTnairad ganxorcielebas sasicocx-
lo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amiT SeizRudeba izolirebul teritoriaze, gansxvavebul
pirobebSi binadari erTi da imave saxeobis individTa Sejvarebac. izolacias yvelaze didi
mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiT eniWeba, rom fizikuri pirobebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi (an
Semdeg) igi xels uSlis am teritoriaze ukeTesad Seguebuli organizmebis Semosvlas. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, bunebaSi warmoiqmneba sicarieleebi, romelTa dasaufleblad Zvelma bi-
nadrebma unda ibrZolon da aRnagobasa Tu struqturaSi momxdari cvlilebebis saSualebiT
Seeguon bunebaSi moxdar cvlilebebs. sabolood, izolacia xels uSlis imigracias da ima-
vdroulad, igi aqveiTebs Zvel binadarTa Soris konkurencias, xels uwyobs axali nairsaxe-
obebis TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas, romlebmac SeiZleba didi roli iTamaSon Tu izoli-
rebuli teritoria metad mcirea an mis garSemo arsebuli barierebisa Tu gansakuTrebuli
fizikuri pirobebis gamo, axali saxeobebis SeqmnaSic. aseve metad mcire iqneba masze mobi-
nadre individTa raodenobac, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlis bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveo-
biT axal saxeobaTa warmoqmnas, radgan sasargeblo cvlilebebi aq naklebad warmoiqmneba.
Tu am sityvebis WeSmaritebis Sesamowmeblad isev bunebas mivubrundebiT da davakvird-
ebiT romelime izolirebul teritorias, magaliTad, kunZuls okeaneSi, aRmoCndeba, rom
marTalia igi pataraa, magram masze mobinadre saxeobaTa raodenoba arcTu ise mcirea. Tum-
ca, saxeobaTa umravlesoba endemuria anu mxolod am konkretuli kunZulisTvis aris dama­
xasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom kunZuli okeane-

502
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Si metad xelsayreli adgilia axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisaTvis; magram aseTma msje-lobam

SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos: sinamdvileSi Zneli Sesamowmebelia, patara izolirebuli
teritoria ufro xelsayrelia axali formebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, Tu didi kontinenti,
radgan amisaTvis dakvirveba garkveul periodebSi erTnairad unda vawarmooT, risi Zalac
ar Segvwevs.
marTalia, teritoriis izolacia axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisas udides rols TamaSobs,
magram me mainc mimaCnia, rom izolaciaze meti datvirTva teritoriis sidides eniWeba,
gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi saxeobebis warmoqmnisas, romlebic ufro gamZleni aRmoCndebian
da ufro farTodac gavrceldebian. did da Ria teritoriaze, garda imisa, rom erTi da
imave saxeobis individTa axal-axali nairsaxeobebis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba matulobs,
amasTanave sxva, ukve damkvidrebuli saxeobebi metad arTuleben sasicocxlo pirobebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saxeobaTa erTi nawili ganicdis cvlilebasa da gaumjobesebas,
garkveulwilad sxvebsac mouwevT Secvla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini veRar gamravl­
de­bian. xolo TiToeuli metad gaumjobesebuli forma gavrceldeba da mTel teritorias
moedeba, rasac sxva individebTan konkurencia mohyveba. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebaSi meti
sicariele Seiqmneba da maT dasakaveblad Sejibric ufro gamwvavdeba, da es yvelaferi
did teritoriaze ufro SeiZleba moxdes, vidre patara da izolirebul miwaze. metic,
Tumca didi teritoriebi amJamad uwyvetad gveCveneba, warsulSi xSirad nawevrdeboda
geologiuri movlenebis gamo, ase rom, Tavis droze arsebuli izolacia garkveulad uwyobda
xels saxeobaTa warmoqmnas. bolos, minda davaskvna, rom Tumca patara da izolirebul
teritoriebze ufro xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisaTvis,
ufro swrafi cvlileba aRiniSneba vrcel da gaSlil teritoriebze, da, rac ufro mniSv­
nelovania, vrcel teritoriebze warmoqmnili axali, isedac ukve mraval konkurents
So­ris upiratesobamopovebuli formebi farTod gavrceldeba da axali saxeobebisa da
nairsaxeobebis warmoqmnas Seuwyobs xels. am faqts ki, Tavis mxriv, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
organuli samyaros Secvlasa da axali formebis CamoyalibebaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba zogierTi movlenis axsnac, rasac geografiul gavrcelebaze saubrisas kvlav
SevexebiT, magaliTad, SevecdebiT gavarkvioT, ratom Camoyalibda SedarebiT mcire
kontinentis _ avstraliis saxeobebi ufro adre, vidre evraziis uSvelebeli kontinentisa.
kontinenturi saxeobebi farTod moedo kunZulebsac. patara kunZulze arsebobisaTvis
brZola naklebad ulmobelia, da amitom cvlilebaTa raodenobac naklebia; aqedan ga­mom­
dinare, saxeobaTa gadaSenebac naklebad xdeba. es naTels hfens im faqts, rom madeiras
flora, osvald hiaris aRweriT, Zalian hgavs evropis gadaSenebul floras. mtknari wylis
yvela auzi, erTad aRebulic ki, mcirea zRvasTan da xmeleTTan SedarebiT, amitom mtknari
wylis saxeobaTa Soris arsebobisaTvis brZola, arc ise ulmobeli iqneboda, rogorc zRvaSi.
amis gamo, axali formebis warmoqmnac da Zvelebis gadaSenebac neli tempiT moxdeboda.
swored mtknar wylebSia SemorCenili dRemde ganoiduri Tevzebis, orniTorinxusisa
(Ornitorhynchus) da depidosirenis (Depidosiren) saxeliT cnobil saxeobaTa sakmaod uCveulo
warmomadgenlebic, romlebic erTgvar gardamaval rgolebs qmnian dRes erTmaneTisagan

503
Carlz darvini

sruliad gansxvavebul formebs Soris, amitom SeiZleba cocxali namarxebic vuwodoT. maT
dRemde imis wyalobiT miaRwies, rom SemosazRvrul teritoriaze binadrobdnen da amitom
naklebad mkacr konkurenciaSi iyvnen CarTulni.
metad rTulia bunebrivi gadarCevsaTvis xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli faqtorebis Se-
faseba, magram mainc SeiZleba garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana. xmeleTis saxeobebisaTvis ga-
daSlili kontinenturi teritoria, romelic drodadro nawevrdeba geologiuri Sreebis
mudmivi moZraobis gamo, yvelaze xelsayrelia sicocxlis axali formebis Camoyalibebi-
saTvis. aq warmoqmnili saxeobebi ufro gamZleni iqnebian da mocemul teritoriazec moi-
kideben fexs. kontinentur teritoriaze Tavdapirvelad uricxvi raodenobiT Seiqmneboda
individebi da nairsaxeobebi, romlebsac Zalian mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi mouwevdaT
Tavis gatana; rodesac kontinenti vrcel kunZulebad daiyofoda, TiToeul kunZulze erTi
da imave saxeobis individebic gaagrZelebdnen arsebobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, nairsaxe-
obaTa Soris Sejvareba Seyovndeboda, amasTanave sxvadasxva fizikuri cvlilebebis gamo,
emigraciac aRikveTeboda. amis Semdeg TiToeul kunZulze axlad warmoqmnil adgilebs Zvel
binadarTa saxecvlili formebi Seavsebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi moxdeboda maTi Secvla da
daxvewa. Semdeg, rodesac es kunZulebi isev kontinentad gaerTiandeba, mkacri konkurencia
daiwyeba da mxolod yvelaze xelsayreli Tvisebebis mqone gaumjobesebuli nairsaxeobebi
SeZleben ganvrcobas, danarCenebi ki nel-nela amowydebian. rodesac axali kontinentis mra-
valferovan binadarTa raodenobrivi Tanafardoba isev Seicvleba – bunebriv gadarCevas
kidev erTxel miecema burTi da moedani kontinentis binadarTa gasaumjobeseblad da axali
saxeobebis warmosaqmnelad.
me vuSveb, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva Zalian nela moqmedebs da Znelad gamoaqvs nayofi.
misi moqmedeba damokidebulia bunebis wiaRSi arsebul im sicarieleebze, romlebsac ikave-
ben iq arsebul saxeobaTa saxecvlili warmomadgenlebi. aseTi sicarieleebis arseboba ki
damokidebulia saarsebo garemoSi aseve neli tempiT mimdinare cvlilebebsa da ukeTesad
Seguebul formaTa imigraciaze. Tumca bunebrivi gadarCeva albaT kidev ufro metad binad-
arTa TandaTanobiT cvlilebaze unda iyos damokidebuli. araferi Seicvleba, sanam Tavs
ar iCens sasargeblo cvlilebebi, rac, TavisTavad isedac Zalian neli procesia da rasac
kidev ufro aferxebs Tavisufali Sejvareba. bevri ifiqrebs, rom Cems mier CamoTvlili dam-
abrkolebeli mizezebi sakmarisia bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis mTlianad SesaCerebelad,
rasac ar veTanxmebi. meore mxriv, mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva yovelTvis Zalian neli
tempiT, drois didi intervalebiT xasiaTdeba, da igi ZiriTadad ama Tu im teritoriaze bina-
dar sul ramdenime organizms exeba erTdroulad. aseve mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis es
neli da wyvetili qmedeba Seesabameba dedamiwis binadarTa cvlis tempebsa da garemoebebs.
rac ar unda neli da xangrZlivi iyos bunebrivi gadarCevis procesi, Tu umweo adamians
xelovnuri gadarCeviT amdeni ramis Secvla da daxvewa xelewifeba, raoden lamazi da rTuli
unda iyos bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT organul arsebaTa erTmaneTTan Tu bunebis fizikur
pirobebTan Sesagueblad ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

saxeobaTa gadaSeneba
am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT im TavSi ganvixilavT, sadac geologiis Sesaxeb visa­ubrebT,
magram bunebriv gadarCevasTan misi mWidro kavSiris gamo oriode sityva aqac unda mogax-
senoT. rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedeba gamoixateba
saxeobaTa gamravlebis xelSemwyobi sicocxlisa da ganviTarebisaTvis sasargeblo cvlile-
baTa SenarCunebiT. magram, iqidan gamomdinare, rom organul arsebaTa mateba geometriuli
progresiiT xdeba, xolo dedamiwa ukve mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, upiratesobis mqone saxe-
obebis raodenobrivi zrdis paralelurad, klebas iwyebs upiratesobis armqone saxeobebi
da, rogorc geologia gvaswavlis, gaiSviaTeba gaqrobis winamorbedi xdeba. aseve viciT, rom
mcire raodenobis individebiT warmodgenili TiToeuli saxesxvaoba, weliwadis mkacri se-
zonebisa Tu mterTa simravlis gamo, sruli gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. metic,
imis gamo, rom axali formebi nela warmoiqmneba, unda vivaraudoT, rom isinic didi raode-
nobiT amowydebian, Tu maTi ricxvi ganuwyvetliv da usazRvrod ar moimatebs. maTi ricxvi
usazRvrod rom ar matulobs, amas geologiac adasturebs da Cvenc TvalnaTlad vxedavT, Tu
bunebis wiaRSi usasrulod bevri sicariele ar arsebobs, SeuZlebelia cocxal organizmTa
raodenobis usasrulo zrda. amave dros, arc imis dadgena SegviZlia, romel regionSi mi-
aRwia saxeobaTa raodenobam zeda zRvars. albaT, aseTi adgili jer arc arsebobs, radgan
uamravi saxeobis mcenareebiT, msoflioSi yvelaze metad gadaWedil imedis koncxzec ki
ucxo mcenareebis gavrcelebas adgilobriv jiSTa gadaSeneba ar gamouwvevia.
ufro metic, mravalricxovan saxeobebs sxvebze metad SeswevT Zala garkveuli periodis
Semdeg yvelaze metad ganicadon sasargeblo cvlileba. amis mtkicebuleba meore TavSi mov-
iyvaneT, sadac vaCveneT, rom swored farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobebi iZ-leva gansxvaveb-
uli nairsaxeobebis anu Canasaxovani saxeobebis yvelaze did raodenobas. iSviaTi saxeobebi
SedarebiT neli tempiT icvlebian, amitom maT xSirad gavrcelebul saxeobaTa STamomavali
Trgunavs.
am mosazrebebs im ueWvel daskvnamde mivvyavarT, rom bunebrivi gadarCeviT warmoqmni-
li axali saxeobebis matebis paralelurad, Seucvlel saxeobaTa raodenoba TandaTanobiT
klebulobs da amas Sedegad sdevs maTi sruli gadaSeneba. yvelaze did gansacdelSi ki saxe-
obebTan yvelaze axlomdgomi is formebi aRmoCndeba, romlebic cvlilebebs ganicdian da
umjobesdebian. TavSi _ `brZola arsebobisaTvis~, ukve ganvixileT, rom es aris erTmaneT-
Tan yvelaze axlomdgomi formebi, e.i. erTi saxeobis nairsaxeobebi da aseve erTi gvari-
dan warmoqmnili saxeobebi, romlebsac TiTqmis erTnairi struqtura, aRnagoba da qcevebi
aqvs, amitomac erTmaneTTan yvelaze daundobel konkurenciaSi ebmebian. yvela axlad
warmoqmni­li saxeoba Tu nairsaxeoba, warmoqmnis dRidan, yvelaze metad masTan axlomdgoms
Seaviwroebs da Seecdeba mis ganadgurebas. msgavsi procesi mimdinareobs Sinaur saxeobeb-
Sic, Tumca aq gadarCeva xelovnurad xorcieldeba. mravali magaliTi gviCvenebs, raoden
swrafad imkvidrebs moZvelebuli saxeobis adgils saqonlis, cxvris an sxva romelime
cxovelis, agreTve yvavilebis axlad warmoqmnili jiSebi da nairsaxeobebi. istoriulad

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dadasturebuli faqtia, rom iorkSirSi Savi cxvari grZelrqebianma Secvala da Semdeg ise
`aRigva pirisagan miwisa moklerqebiani cxvris mier, TiTqos sasikvdilo Wiri SehyrodaT~
(soflis meurneobis dargSi mravali naSromis avtoris sityvebia).

divergencia (niSanTa daSoreba)

am terminiT aRniSnul princips, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Cemi TeoriisaTvis da uamrav
mniSvnelovan faqts hfens naTels. upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkafio
nairsaxeobebic ki, romelTac saxeobis zogi niSani axasiaTebs (rac Zalian arTulebs maTi
sistematikuri statusis dadgenas), mainc ufro naklebad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan,
vidre aSkara, gamokveTili saxeobebi. Cemi TvalsazrisiT, nairsaxeobebi Camoyalibebis
procesSi myofi saxeobebia da amitomac maT saxeobaTa Canasaxovani formebi vuwode. nair-
saxeobaTa Soris arsebuli SedarebiT mcire sxvaoba Semdeg ukve saxeobaTa Soris arsebul
did sxvaobad gadaiqceva. amas amtkicebs is faqti, rom bunebaSi arsebul uricxv saxeobaTa
Soris udidesi sxvaobebia, maSin roca nairsaxeobebs, anu momavalSi mkafiod gamoxatul
saxeobaTa winaprebs Soris ki _ umniSvnelo da bundovani. ubralo SemTxveviTobis wyalo-
biT nairsaxeobam SesaZloa winaprisagan sruliad ganasxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZinos.
imave niSniT misi naSieric albaT kidev ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba mSoblisagan, magram mx-
olod es faqti ar aris sakmarisi im did sxvaobaTa asaxsnelad, romlebic erTi da imave
gvaris saxeobebs Soris iCenen Tavs.
rogorc yovelTvis, axlac minda am sakiTxis naTelsayofad Sinaur saxeobebs mivmarTo,
radgan aqac msgavsi ram xdeba. erT seleqcioners mtredis mokle niskarti moswons, meores ki
_ grZeli, da radgan moqmedebs principi: `seleqcionerebs niSnis Cveuli mdgomareoba (norma)
arasodes aRafrTovanebs, maT mxolod ukiduresobebi itacebs~, isini did dros andomeben am
frinvelis grZel- an mokleniskartiani jiSebis gamoyvanas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas cxenebzec:
zogs ufro mardi cxenebi moswons, zogs ki _ ufro Zlieri da xorcsavse. Tavdapirvelad es
ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi ar iqneboda Zalian gamokveTili da TvalSi sacemi, magram
TandaTanobiT, seleqcionerebis mier sul ufro da ufro fexmardi an sul ufro da ufro
Zlieri cxenebis SerCeviT, es sxvaoba ufro naTlad gamoikveTili gaxdeboda da or qvejiSs
Seqmnida. sabolood ki, saukuneebis Semdeg, es qvejiSebi or, srulad gansxvavebul jiSad
Camoyalibdeba. naklebgamokveTili, gardamavali niSan-Tvisebebis mqone, arc fexmardi da
arc Zlieri cxovelebi aRaravis daainteresebs da isini TandaTanobiT gadaSen-debian. ai,
swored aq iCens Tavs divergenciis principi, romelic Tavdapirvelad arsebul odnav Sesa-
mCnev sxvaobas TandaTanobiT imdenad gazrdis, rom am gziT warmoqmnili individebi niSan-
TvisebebiT erTmaneTsac dascildebian da saerTo winaparsac.
ramdenad miesadageba analogiuri principi bunebas? Cemi azriT, Zalian martivad da
moxerxebulad im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom rac ufro gansxvavebulni iqnebian struqtu-
riT, aRnagobiTa Tu qceviT erTi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi, miT ufro advilad daimkvidre-
ben adgils bunebis wiaRSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ricxobrivi matebis meti SesaZlebloba
miecemaT.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

es naTlad Cans martivi Cvevebis mqone cxovelebSi. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT nebismieri

oTxfexa mtacebeli cxoveli, romlis raodenobam romelime qveyanaSi saSualo dones miaR-
wia. Tu misi bunebrivi gamravlebis potencias asparezi miecema, igi gamravldeba (im pirobiT,
Tu qveynis fizikuri pirobebi ar Seicvleba) da misi STamomavlobidan mxolod saxecvlili
individebi daeuflebian im adgilebs, romlebic aqamde sxva cxovelebs ekava. maTi gansxvaveba
ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom zogierTi maTgani sxva nadavliT gamoikvebeba, zogi axal terito-
riaze damkvidrdeba, zogi xeze Zromas iswavlis, zogi wyals Seegueba da zogs ki mtaceblobis
instinqti Seusustdeba. rac ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba mtacebeli cxovelis STamomavali,
miT ufro met adgils daimkvidrebs igi bunebis wiaRSi. es wesi erT saxeobaze marTldeba da
mis warmomadgenel yvela cxovelze yvela droSi SeiZleba gavrceldes. sxvagvarad bune-
brivi gadarCeva verafers gaxdeboda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mcenareebzec. cdebiT dadas-
turda, rom Tu nakveTze ramdenime gansxvavebuli warmoSobis balaxs davTesavT, gacilebiT
bevr mcenaresa da Tivas miviRebT. ase moxda, rodesac toli sididis ori nakveTidan pirvel-
ze mxolod erTi saxeobis xorbali daTeses, meoreze ki _ Sereuli saxeobebisa. maSasadame,
Tu balaxis romelime saxeoba ganagrZobs saxecvlilebebis warmoqmnas da maTgan erTmaneTi-
sagan sakmaod gansxvavebul (Tumca arc ise aSkarad gansxvavebuls, rogorc calkeuli saxe-
obebi) nairsaxeobebs SevarCevT, maSin miwis am nakveTze Zalian bevri individualuri mcena-
re momravldeba, imis gamo, rom balaxis TiToeuli nairsaxeoba yovel wels uamrav Tesls
iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, ueWvelia, rom aTaseulobiT Taobis manZilze sxva individebze
gamarjvebisa da Semdeg gamravlebis saukeTeso SesaZlebloba eqneba yvelaze gamorCeul da
gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs, xolo rodesac isini niSan-TvisebebiT metad dascildebian erT-
maneTs, saxeobis rangSi gadavlen.
mravali gansxvavebuli bunebrivi garemoebis fonze TandaTan vrwmundebiT im principis
WeSmaritebaSi, rom sicocxles xels uwyobs agebulebis struqturis mravalferovneba. Za-
lian patara teritoriazec ki, sadac SeuzRudavia migracia da individebs Soris metad ul-
mobeli konkurenciaa, yovelTvis TvalSisacemia binadarTa mravalferovneba. magaliTad,
aRmovaCine, rom 3X4 futi zomis nakveTze ucvlel fizikur pirobebSi wlebis manZilze 18
gansxvavebuli gvarisa da 8 ojaxis oci saxeobis mcenare xarobda, rac cxadyofs am mcena-
reTa mravalferovnebas. igive movlena aRiniSneba patara kunZulisa da mtknari wylis pa-
tara gubeebis binadarTa SemTxvevaSic. fermerebmac aRmoaCines, rom yvelaze uxv mosavals
maSin Rebulobdnen, roca gansxvavebuli saxeobis mcenareebs wlebis monacvleobiT Tesav­
dnen. buneba e.w. sinqronuli rotaciis principiT moqmedebs. Tu cxovelTa da mcenareTa
didi nawili erTmaneTis gverdigverd cxovrobs miwis patara nakveTze, es imas niSnavs, rom
maT iq gadarCenis SesaZlebloba aqvT, da unda iTqvas, isini mTeli ZaliT miiltvian amisaken.
magram isic naTelia, erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, struqturuli mra-
valferovnebis upiratesoba, misi Tanmxlebi qceviTi gansxvavebebiT, gansazRvravs im mobi-
nadreebs, romlebic sxvebs gamoaZeveben da gansxvavebul gvarSi an saxeobaSi daimkvidreben
adgils. igive principi moqmedebs ucxo miwaze adamianis mier mcenareTa Setanisas (intro-
ducirebisas). bunebrivia vivaraudoT, Tu mcenare nebismier miwaze advilad xarobs, is ad-

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gilobrivi saxeobebis monaTesavea, radgan miCneulia, rom adgilobrivi saxeobebi am miwaze

saarsebod Seiqmna da Seegua mas. aseve SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom gavelurebuli mcenareebi
im jgufebs ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebic maT mSobliur adgil-samyofelSic gansakuTrebiT
kargad eguebodnen gansxvavebul pirobebs. magram sinamdvileSi saqme sruliad sxvagvaradaa.
amasTan dakavSirebiT alfons de kandolma Tavis cnobil da SesaniSnav naSromSi aRniSna, rom
introducirebisas flora adgilobrivi gvarebisa da saxeobebis proporciasTan Sedare-
biT ufro metad ivseba axali gvarebiT, vidre saxeobebiT. amis magaliTia doqtor azagreis
`CrdiloeTis Statebis floris saxelmZRvanelo~ romelSic Setanili 260 mcenare 162 gvars
ganekuTvneba. aqedanac naTlad Cans, raoden gansxvavdeba es mcenareebi erTmaneTisagan.
isini adgilobrivi saxeobebisganac didad gansxvavdebian, radgan 162 gvaridan 100 ar aris
adgilobrivi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Setanili gvarebis xarjze gaizarda.
konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis Seswavlam dagvanaxa, ra cvli-
lebebi unda momxdariyo maTSi, rom sxva adgilobriv jiSebze upiratesoba moepovebina.
safiqrebelia, rom am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi roli iTamaSa struqturuli mraval-
ferovnebis matebam, ramac isini axal saxeobebamde ganaviTara.
ama Tu im qveyanaSi dasaxlebul saxeobaTa nairgvarobis mniSvneloba SeiZleba Sevada-
roT erTi individis sxeulis organoebs Soris Sromis fiziologiur gadanawilebas; es sa­
kiTxi safuZvlianad aqvs Seswavlili baton miln edvards. yvela fiziologma kargad icis,
rom rodesac kuWi miCveulia mxolod mcenareuli an mxolod xorceuli sakvebis gadamuSave-
bas, igi cdilobs mTlianad aiTvisos swored am saxis sakvebi. aseve xdeba dedamiwazec, rac
ufro izrdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravalferovneba, Tavis gadarCenis miT ufro meti
SesaZlebloba aqvs TiToeul saxeobas, xolo cxovelebi, romlebmac amgvari cvlileba ar
ganicades, konkurenciis pirobebSi upiratesobas ver moipoveben. avstraliuri CanTos-
nebi, rogorc batoni uoterhauzi da sxva mecnierebi Tvlian, iyofian umniSvnelod gansx-
vavebul jgufebad, romlebic sxva kontinentebze mcxovrebi mtaceblebis, mRrRnelebi-
sa da mcoxnelebis jgufebs Seesabameba; saeWvoa, rom avstraliur CanTosnebs am kargad
gamokveTili jgufebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis konkurenciis gaweva SeeZloT. avstraliis
ZuZumwovrebSi diversifikaciis procesi ganviTarebis jer kidev adreul da dausrulebel
stadiaSi imyofeba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ki unda vivaraudoT, rom struqturulad
rac ufro saxecvlili iqneba raime saxeobis STamomavali, miT ufro metad daimkvidrebs
Tavs da sxva arsebaTa mier dakavebul adgilebs Tavad daeufleba. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor
imoqmedebs divergenciis principi bunebrivi gadarCevisa da saxeobaTa gadaSenebis princi-
pebTan erTobliobaSi. amaSi Semdegi diagrama dagvexmareba: modiT, A-dan L-amde simboloe-
biT pirobiTad aRvniSnoT romelime qveyanis erT-erTi gvaris met-naklebad msgavsi saxe-
obebi. erTmaneTisagan araTanabari manZiliT daSorebuli asoebiT gamosaxul diagramaze
saxeobebi isevea warmodgenili, rogorc bunebaSi. gTavazobT warmovidginoT didi da mra-
valferovani gvari, radgan rogorc II TavSi ukve vnaxeT, didi gvaris saxeobebi mcire gva-
ris saxeobebze metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan da, maSasadame, ufro didi raodeno-
biT nairsaxeobebs warmoqmnian. Cven isic aRvniSneT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobebi

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ufro metad gansxvavdebian, vidre SezRuduli arealis binadari iSviaTi saxeobebi. modiT,
pirobiTad miviCnioT, rom A aris didi gvaris mravalricxovani da farTod gavrcelebuli
saxeoba. A-dan gamosuli araTanabari sigrZis wyvetili xazebiT misi naSieris cvalebadoba
aRvniSnoT, romelic, marTalia, umniSvneloa, magram amave dros mravalmxrivi da mraval-
ferovania da didi intervalebiT warmoCndeba sicocxlis sxvadasxva periodSi. Tumca yvela
cvlileba rodi uZlebs drois gamocdas. mxolod is cvlilebebi gadarCeba an SeirCeva, rom-
lebic yvelaze sasargeblo aRmoCndeba da swored ai, aq iCens Tavs divergenciidan gamom-
dinare xelsayrelobis principi. swored misi meSveobiT iCenen Tavs yvelaze gansxvavebuli
da divergenciuli cvlilebebi (isini aRniSnulia wertilovani xazebiT), romlebic Semdeg
bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT SeirCeva da Segrovdeba. rodesac wertilovani xazi patara
danomrili asoTi aRniSnul erT-erT horizontalur xazs miaRwevs, es imas niSnavs, rom ukve
dagrovda cvlilebebis sakmarisi raodenoba da maTi meSveobiT mkveTrad gamokveTili nair-
saxeoba Camoyalibda.
horizontalur xazebs Soris arsebuli TiToeuli intervali aTaswlian periodebs
aRniSnavs; magram albaT ufro swori iqneboda, TiToeuli maTgani aTiaTasobiT Taobas rom
aRniSnavdes. aTasi Taobis Semdeg A saxeobam ori mkveTrad gansxvavebuli nairsaxeoba unda
mogvces, kerZod, a1 da m1. es ori nairsaxeoba igive pirobebSi ganagrZobs arsebobas, sadac
maTma winaparma ganicada cvlilebebi da Tavad isinic eqvemdebarebian cvlilebas, cvaleba-
dobis memkvidreobiTi xasiaTis wyalobiT. garda amisa, am or umniSvnelod gansxvavebul
nairsaxeobas TandaTanobiT memkvidreobiT gadaecema upiratesobis mimniWebeli is niSan-
Tvisebebi, romelTa meSveobiT maTi saerTo A winapari yvelaze mravalricxovan saxeobad
iqca; isini im Tvisebebsac SeiZenen, romlebmac maTi winapari saxeobis gvari mocemul qveya-
naSi erT-erT did gvarad aqcia da swored es garemoebebi Seuwyobs xels axali nairsaxeobis
warmoqmnas. Tu SemdgomSi es ori nairsaxeobac ganagrZobs Secvlas, yvelaze metad gamoxat-
uli cvlileba aTaseulobiT TaobaSi SenarCundeba da Sedegad, a1 nairsaxeoba am diagramaze
a2-iT aRniSnul nairsaxeobas mogvcems, romelic, divergenciis principidan gamomdinare,
kidev ufro metad gansxvavebuli iqneba A-sagan vidre a1 iyo. m1 nairsaxeobac or nairsaxeo-
bas warmoqmnis _ m2-sa da s2-s romlebic erTmaneTisaganac gansxvavdeba da kidev ufro metad
_ saerTo winaprisagan. am procesSi, romelic usasrulod SegviZlia gavagrZeloT, zogierTi
nairsaxeoba erT nairsaxeobas warmoSobs, zogic _ ors an sams, zogi ki saerTod ar warmoSobs
nairsaxeobas. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo A winaparidan momdinare nairsaxeobebis raode-
noba TandaTanobiT gaizrdeba, Tanac niSan-TvisebebiT isini sul ufro dascildebian erT-
maneTs. es procesi vrclad aRiniSneba aTiaTas Taobamde, xolo meToTxmete aTas Taobamde _
SedarebiT SemWidroebulad da gamartivebuli formiT.
Tumca aqve unda aRvniSno, rom es procesi yovelTvis zustad ise rodi grZeldeba, ro-
gorc es diagramaze miviReT; arc imis mtkicebas Sevudgebi, rom es procesi uwyvetia; sa-
varaudod, TiToeuli forma xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli rCeba, xolo Sem-
deg kvlav cvlilebebs ganicdis. arc is mgonia, rom sawyisi formidan maincdamainc yvelaze
gadaxrili nairsaxeobebi gadarCeba. zogjer Sualeduri forma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucv-

509
Carlz darvini

leli rCeba, Tumca warmoSobs ramdenime saxecvlil naSiers _ bunebrivi gadarCeva yovelT-
vis imis Sesabamisia, aris Tu ara bunebis wiaRSi gamoTavisuflebeli an arasaTanadod Sevse-
buli sicarieleebi, rac mraval rTul faqtorzea damokidebuli. erTi ram ki cxadia, rac
ufro nairgvari iqneba romelime saxeobis STamomavali, miT ufro met adgils daikavebs is
bunebaSi da ufro metad saxecvlili STamomavloba imatebs. Cvens diagramaSi TaobaTa xazi
nusxuri asoebiT dayofilia Tanabar intervalebad, romlebic Seesabameba erTmaneTisagan
ukve imdenad gansxvavebul formebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, nairsaxeobebadac ki miviCnioT. ma-
gram es wyveta warmosaxviTia da sakmarisad xangrZlivi intervalebis Semdeg nebismier adg-
ilze SeiZleba CavsvaT, saWiro raodenobis divergenciuli cvlilebebis dasagroveblad.
erTi romelime didi gvaris mravalricxovani da yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobis STamoma-
vali SeiZens yvela im upiratesobas, romelTa daxmarebiTac maTi winapari dawinaurda. isini
gaagrZeleben gamravlebasa da divergentuli niSnebis SeZenas, rac diagramaze gamosaxulia
A-dan gamomavali ramdenime araparaleluri xaziT. upirvelesad gavrceldeba saxecvlili
da kidev ufro gaumjobesebuli STamomavali da, aqedan gamomdinare, Seaviwroebs Zvel da
naklebad gaumjobesebul saxeobebs. diagramaSi aRiniSneba, rom zogierTi qveda xazi ver aR-
wevs zeda horizontalur xazamde. cxadia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi cvlilebis procesi STamo-
mavlobis erTaderT xazSi gagrZeldeba da saxecvlili nairsaxeobebis raodenoba ar gaiz-
rdeba, Tumca amavdroulad SeiZleba gaizardos divergenciis done. diagramaze am movlenis
aRsaniSnavad A-dan gamomavali yvela xazi unda wavSaloT, garda im xazisa, romelic a1-sa da
a10-s aerTebs. zustad ase moxda inglisuri doRis cxenisa da pointeris SemTxvevaSi _ orive
maTganSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda winapari jiSebisagan gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi,
Tumca amas ar mohyolia Semdgomi ganStoeba.
aTi aTasi Taobis manZilze mimdinare divergenciuli cvlilebebis Sedegad A saxeobas,
rogorc vivaraudeT, sami forma unda moeca: a 10, f 10 da m 10, romlebic gansxvavebuli iqne-
boda rogorc erTmaneTisagan, aseve met-naklebad winaparisganac. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom diagramaze horizontalur xazebs Soris sxvaoba metad mcirea, isini mxolod mkafiod
gamoxatul nairsaxeobebad anda qvesaxeobebad unda miviCnioT. magram am sam formas rom
gamokveTili saxeobis kategoria mieniWos, unda CavTvaloT, rom maT bevrad ufro seriozu-
li cvlilebi ganicades. aqedan gamomdinare, diagrama warmoaCens im safexurebs, romelTa
gavliTac nairsaxeobaTa mciredi gansxvavebebi saxeobaTa ganmasxvavebel bevrad ufro mniSv­
nelovan sxvaobebad gardaiqmneba. Tu igive procesi SemdgomSic mravali Taobis manZilze
gagrZeldeba, miviRebT A-dan momdinare rva saxeobas, romlebic aRniSnulia simboloebiT
a14-dan m14-mde. amgvarad saxeobaTa ricxvi nel-nela izrdeba da yalibdeba gvari. did
gvarSi, savaraudod, araerTi saxeoba moiZebneba, romelic erTdroulad icvleba. diagra­
maSi naCvenebi meore saxeobaSi I, analogiuri safexurebis gavliT, aTi aTasi Taobis Semdeg
warmoiqmneba ori mkafiod gamoxatuli nairsaxeoba w10 da z10 anda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
uzarmazar cvlilebebs, romlebic or horizontalur xazs Soris nagulisxmevi ToTxmeti
aTasi Taobis Semdeg unda warmoiqmnas eqvsi axali saxeoba n14-dan z14-mde. TiToeul gvaris
isedac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli saxeobebi, uamrav saxecvlil STamomavals datovebs da maT,

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bunebis wiaRSi arsebuli mravali da gansxvavebuli sicarielis Sevsebis saukeTeso SesaZleb­

loba miecemaT. amitom diagramaze gansxvavebuli formebis warmomadgenlebad, romlebmac
Zalian Rrma cvlilebebi ganicades da axali nairsaxeobebi da saxeobebi mogvces. SevarCie
A ukiduresi da I TiTqmis ukiduresi saxeobebi. Cvens diagramaze didi asoebiT aRniSnulma
kidev 9 saxeobam saukuneebis manZilze SeiZleba TiTqmis Seucvleli Taobebi mogvces. diag­
ramaze gamosaxul wyvetil xazebs, romlebic zeviT ar arian mimarTulni.
diagramaze gamosaxul cvlilebis process yovelTvis Tan axlavs kidev erTi, aucilebe-
li da aseve udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone ram _ saxeobaTa gadaSenebis principi. iseT qveyanaSi,
sadac didia organuli arsebebis mravalferovneba, bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT aucileblad
is saxeobebi gadarCeba, romlebmac arsebobisTvis brZolaSi raRac upiratesobis wyalo-
biT sxva formebi daamarcxes; amitom gaumjobesebul STamomavlobaSi aucileblad iarse-
bebs saerTo winaprebis sxva STamomavlisa da Tavad ~mSobeli~ nairsaxeobis daamarcxebisa
da ganadgurebis tendencia. swored es aris mizezi, rom konkurencia yvelaze daundobelia
CvevebiT, aRnagobiTa da agebulebiT erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos mdgom formebs Soris. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, yvelaze Seucvlel da yvelaze saxecvlil formebs Soris arsebuli yvela
Sualeduri forma, iseve rogorc `sawyisi~ an `mSobeli~ saxeoba, aucileblad gadaSenebis
safrTxis winaSe dadgeba. savaraudod, igive ganmeordeba STamomavlobis gverdiT xazebSic,
romelTa adgilsac STamomavlobis gaumjobesebuli xazi daimkvidrebs. magram, Tu saxecvl-
ili naSieri axal qveyanaSi moxvda da advilad da swrafad Seegua srulad gansxvavebul pi-
robebs, maSin mSobeli da misi naSieri aRar iqnebian erTmaneTis konkurentebi da erTdrou-
lad arsebobas SeZleben.
Tu Cvens diagramaze saxeobebis udidesi cvlilebebi gvinda gamovsaxoT, maSin A saxeoba
da misi winamorbedi nairsaxeobebi gaqreba da maT rva axali saxeoba a14-dan m14-mde) Caanacv-
lebs, xolo I saxeobas _ eqvsi axali saxeoba n14-dan z14-mde Secvlis.
SegviZlia kidev ufro CavuRrmavdeT am sakiTxs. erTi gvaris saxeobebi, rogorc wesi,
erTmaneTs met-naklebad unda hgavdnen, rogorc es bunebaSi xdeba. A saxeoba sxvebTan Sedar-
ebiT ufro axlos dgas B, C da D saxeobebTan, iseve rogorc I saxeoba _ G, H, K, L saxeobebTan.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom A da I yvelaze gavrcelebuli da farTod damkvidrebuli saxeobebi
iyo, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom maT Tavis droze amave gvaris sxva saxeobebze upiratesoba
moipoves. zogierTi es upiratesoba aucileblad gadaecema memkvidreobiT ToTxmeti aTasi
Taobis Semdeg miRebul ToTxmet saxecvlil STamomavals. Tanac TiToeul TaobaSi aucile-
blad kidev ufro daixveweba da gaumjobesdeba bunebriv pirobebTan Seguebis mizniT. aqedan
gamomdinare, axali saxeobebi ara marto winapar A da I saxeobebs gaanadgurebs da maT ad­
gils daikavebs, im saxeobebsac daamarcxebs, romlebic yvelaze axlos idgnen maT winapar A
da I saxeobebTan. amitom, sawyis saxeobaTa Zalian mcire nawili Tu SeZlebs STamomavlobis
mocemas ToTxmeti aTasi Taobis Semdeg. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom gadarCenas SeZlebs mxolod
F saxeoba, romelic yvelaze naklebad unaTesavdeba A da I saxeobebs da ToTxmeti aTasi
Taobis Semdegac swored is mogvcems STamomavals.

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Carlz darvini

Cvens diagramaze aRniSnuli TerTmeti sawyisi saxeobidan TxuTmet saxeobas miviRebT.

bunebrivi gadarCevis divergentulobidan gamomdinare, a14-sa da z14 saxeobebs Soris bevrad
ufro didi gansxvaveba iqneba, vidre maT winapar TerTmet saxeobas Soris iyo. am axali saxe-
obebis naTesauri kavSirebis struqtura mTlianad gansxvavebuli iqneba. A-s yovel merve
STamomavalSi sami _ a14, q14 da p14 _ Zalian axlo monaTesave iqneba, radgan isini a10-dan arc
ise didi xnis win warmoiqmnen, xolo a5-sagan ufro adre warmoqmnili b14 da f14 sami zemoT
dasaxelebuli saxeobisagan ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba; dabolos, o14, e14 da m14 aseve erT-
maneTis monaTesaveni iqnebian, magram ramdenadac maTi gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis Camo-
yalibeba cvlilebebis procesTan erTad daiwyo, maT saerTo araferi eqnebaT danarCen xuT
saxeobisTan da, SesaZloa, qvegvari an sulac gansxvavebuli gvari Camoayalibon.
I saxeobis eqvsi STamomavalic qvegvars an sulac, gvars Camoayalibebs. magram rad­
ganac I da A winaprebi sawyisi gvaris or ukidures formas warmoadgendnen, isini sru-
liad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan I-s STamomavalic, memkvidreobiTobidan gamomdin-
are, srulad gansxvavebuli iqneba A-s rva STamomavlisagan. am ori jgufis niSan-TvisebaTa
divergencia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba. A da I saxeobebis erTmaneTTan dama-
kavSirebeli Sualeduri saxeobebi, garda F-isa yvela gadaSendeba (es metad mniSvnelovani
varaudia). aqedan gamomdinare, I-s eqvsi axali saxeoba da A-s rva saxeoba sruliad gansxvave-
bul gvarad an qveojaxad unda miviCnioT.
swored ase xdeba, rodesac erTi gvaris ori an meti saxeobidan, romelTac dasabami
kidev ufro pirvelyofilma saxeobam misca, zustad imdenive gvari warmoiqmneba; Cvens dia-
gramaze es didi asoebiTaa aRniSnuli, erTi wertilisken mimarTuli gantotili wyvetili
xazebiT. es wertili, savaraudod, ramdenime gvaris an qvegvarisagan warmoqmnil winapar sa-
xeobas aRniSnavs.
aseve sayuradReboa axali F14-is saxeobis niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic naklebadaa Secv-
lili winapar F– saxeobasTan SedarebiT. am saxeobis kavSiri 14 sxva axal saxeobasTan sak-
maod ucnauri iqneba, radganac igi im formisagan momdinareobs, romelic axla ukve gamqral
A-sa da I-s winapar-saxeobaTa Soris idga. niSan-TvisebebiT igi erTgvarad Sualeduri iqneba
im or jgufs Soris, romlebic am saxeobidan warmoiqmneba. magram, ramdenadac es ori jgu-
fi Camoyalibebis gzaze ganagrZobda winaparisagan gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis SeZenas,
axali F14 saxeoba maT Soris ki ar iqneba Sualeduri, aramed am ori jgufis modifikaciebs
Soris.
aqamde vTvlidiT, rom diagramaze gamoxatuli TiToeuli horizontaluri xazi piro-
biTad aTas Taobas aRniSnavda, magram sruliad dasaSvebia, man aseve aRniSnos milioni da
asobiT milioni Taobac; am xazma, SeiZleba agreTve warmoadginos dedamiwis qerqis siRrmi-
seuli Wrilebis Tanmimdevroba, sadac gadaSenebuli organizmebis naSTebia Camarxuli. Cven
am sakiTxs davubrundebiT geologiisadmi miZRvnil nawilSi da, vfiqrob, davrwmundebiT,
rom es diagrama naTels hfens gamqral saxeobaTa naTesaur kavSirebsac, romlebic, Cveu-
lebriv Tumc imave rigebs, ojaxebsa da gvarebs miekuTvnebian, Tanamedrove saxeobebi, Tavi-
anTi niSan-TvisebebiT xSirad maT Soris Sualeduri adgili uWiravs; am faqtis axsna imiT

512
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SegviZlia, rom es saxeobebi uZveles droSi cxovrobdnen, maSin, rodesac sawyisi saxeobebi-
dan gantoteba sul axali dawyebuli iyo. aseve marTebulad mimaCnia, cvalebadobis procesi
mxolod gvarebis CamoyalibebiT amovwuro. Tu vivaraudebT, rom diagramaze TiToeuli
wertilovani xaziT gamosaxuli cvlilebebis moculoba Zalian didia, maSin a14-iTa da p14-
iT, b14-iTa da f14-iT, o14-iTa da m14-iT aRniSnuli formebi sam gansxvavebul gvars warmo-
qmnian. aseve erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT I-dan warmoqmnili ori metad gansxvavebuli da
gamokveTili gvari da A -dan warmoqmnili sami gvari, imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva winaprisagan
warmoiSvnen da xangrZlivi drois manZilze gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT,
erTmaneTs naklebad gvanan. I-dan warmoqmnili ori gvari Seqmnis or gansxvavebul ojaxs, an
sulac rigs, romlebic sawyisi gvaris kidev ufro Zveli da ucnobi genis erTi saxeobidan
warmoiSobili ori saxeobisagan momdinareoben,
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi swored didi gvaris saxeobebi warmoqmnian
nairsaxeobebs anu saxeobebis sawyis formebs. es mosalodnelic iyo, radgan moqmedebs buneb­
rivi gadarCeva da arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi erT formas meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
aniWebs. Tavad es formebi ki yovelTvis im formebisagan momdinareobs, romlebsac Tavadac
aqvs xelsayreli niSan-Tvisebebi. ama Tu im jgufis mravalferovneba imaze metyvelebs,
rom am jgufis yvela saxeobam saerTo winaprisagan romelime xelsayreli niSan-Tviseba mi-
iRo memkvidreobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, axal da saxecvlil STamomavlobs Soris brZola
ZiriTadad im did jgufebSi gaimarTeba, romlebSic saxeobaTa raodenoba izrdeba. erTi
didi jgufis warmomadgenlebi nel-nela meore, aseve didi jgufis warmomadgenlebs Seavi-
wroveben, mis ricxovnobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi Semdgomi gaumjobesebisa da cvli-
lebis SesaZleblobas Seamcireben. erTi jgufis SigniTac, axali da ufro daxvewili saxiT
Camoyalibebuli, bunebis wiaRSi ukve damkvidrebuli qvejgufebi, naklebad gaumjobesebul
da ufro Zvel qvejgufebs nel-nela gaanadgureben da maT TandaTanobiT gadaSenebas Seu-
wyoben xels. SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is organizmebi, romlebic axla didi ra-
odenobiT arseboben, imis wyalobiT, rom maT gadaSeneba naklebad Seexo, momavalSic kidev
didi xnis manZilze ganagrZoben gamravlebas. Tumca, winaswar veravin ityvis am jgufebidan
sabolood romeli gaimarjvebs, radgan kargad viciT, rom erT dros yvelaze ganviTare-
buli jgufebi axla aRarc ki arseboben. momavlis ganWvretas Tu SevecdebiT, mxolod is
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom didi jgufebis xangrZlivi da uwyveti matebidan gamomdinare, Sedare­
biT mcire jgufebis umravlesoba mTlianad gadaSendeba da ver datova saxecvlili STamo-
mavlobas. am sakiTxs isev mivubrundebi klasifikaciis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil TavSi, magram
minda aqve davsva kiTxva: radgan dRemde uZvelesi saxeobebidan Zalian mcireodenis STamo-
mavlobam miaRwia, amasTan, nebismieri klasi erTi da imave saxeobis STamomavalobas Seadgens,
ratom xdeba, rom cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaros TiToeul qvedanayofSi klasebis raode-
noba metad mcirea, miuxedavad imisa, rom uZvelesi saxeobebidan dRemde Zalian cotas Tu
gadaurCa sicocxlisunariani da saxecvlili STamomavali, mainc SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
uZveles geologiur periodSic ki dedamiwaze imdenive gvari, ojaxi, rigi da klasi iyo, ram-
denic dRes arsebobs.

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Carlz darvini

Tavis mokle Sinaarsi. udavoa is faqti, rom organuli arsebebi icvlebian xangrZlivi
drois manZilze garemos cvalebadi pirobebis gavleniT. aseve udavoa isic, rom TiToeul
saxeobas Soris, Zlieri geometriuli progresiiT matebis gamo, sxvadasxva asakSi Tu
weliwadis sxvadasxva dros arsebobisaTvis brZola mimdinareobs; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
organul arsebaTa urTierTkavSirebs da maT damokidebulebas saarsebo pirobebTan,
romelic warmoSobs zogierTi arsebisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebel gansxvavebebs maT
struqturaSi, aRnagobasa Tu qcevebSi ucnaurad mogveCveneboda, am uamravi cvlilebidan
arcerTi rom ar aRmoCeniliyo Tavad arsebisaTvis xelsayreli (Tuki Cven Sinaur cxove-
lebSi gamovavlineT adamianisaTvis xelsayreli amdeni Tviseba). sasargeblo cvlile-
bebi individebs arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesobas aniWebs, riTac maT gadarCenis
saukeTeso SesaZlebloba eZlevaT da memkvidreobis principidan gamomdinare, TviTonac
igive TvisebebiT gamorCeul naSiers mogvcemen. cvlilebebis amgvari SenarCunebis prin-
cips mokled bunebrivi gadarCeva vuwode. bunebriv gadarCevas saTanado asakSi; Tvisebe­
bis memkvidreobiT gadacemis principidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia Secvalos kvercxic, Tes-
lic da naSieric iseve, rogorc zrdasruli individi. sqesobrivi gadarCeva Cveulebriv
gadarCevas kidev ufro daexmareba, yvelaze Zlieri da saukeTesod aRWurvili mamrebi met
naSiers datoveben. sqesobrivi gadarCeva mamrebs iseT Tvisebebs mianiWebs, romlebic maT
sxva mamrebTan brZolaSi gamoadgebaT.
Semdgom TavebSi mocemul mtkicebulebaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba ukeTesad vimsje­
loT, amgvarad moqmedebda Tu ara bunebrivi gadarCeva da uwyobda Tu ara xels nairgvar
cocxal formebs mravalferovan garemosaTan SeguebaSi; magram isic naTelia, rom mi­si ze-
moqmedebiT mravali arseba gadaSenda. geologia TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom ga­daSene­bis
procesma udidesi roli Seasrula samyaros istoriaSi. bunebrivi gadarCeva ga­napirobebs
agreTve divergencias, radgan rac ufro meti gansxvavebuli cocxali ar­seba binadrobs
ama Tu im teritoriaze, miT ufro metad scildebian isini erTmaneTs struqturiT, aRna-
gobiTa Tu qcevebiT. amis naTel magaliTs nebismieri mcire teritoriis binadrebi an gav-
elurebuli saxeobebi iZlevian. amitom, nebismieri saxeobis cvlilebisa da gamravlebis
procesSi, rac ufro nairgvari iqneba STamomavali, gadarCenis miT meti SesaZlebloba
miecema arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi saxeobis individebis erTma-
neTisagan ganmasxvavebeli umniSvnelo cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT uf­­ro seriozul cv-
lilebebad iqceva manam, sanam es individebi ar iqcevian erTi gvaris saxeo­be­bad an sulac
sxvadasxva gvaris warmomadgenlebad. aseve vnaxeT, rom, rogorc wesi, yvelaze metad didi
gvaris, yvelaze mravalferovani da yvelaze did teritoriaze gavrcelebuli saxeobebi
gansxvavdeba. es Tviseba momaval Taobas mianiWebs im upiratesobas, romelmac mocemuli
saxeoba mocemul qveyanaSi yvelaze warmatebulad unda aqcios. rogorc ukve araerTxel
aRvniSneT, bunebrivi gadarCeva iwvevs divergencias da, amasTanave, naklebad gaumjobe-
sebuli da Sualeduri formebis gadaSenebas. am principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT bunebaSi ar-
sebuli yvela organuli arsebis naTesaobac. SesaniSnavi faqtia, rom yvela cxoveli da
mcenare mTel msoflioSi, yvela drosa da sivrceSi aucileblad erTmaneTs enaTesaveba

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

_ jgufi jgufs ukavSirdeba, erTi saxeobis nairsaxeobebi _ erTmaneTs, aseve erTi gva-
ris saxeobebic, Tumca gansxvavebulad, magram mainc enaTesaveba erTmaneTs da isini Tavis
mxriv seqciebs anu qvegvarebs qmnian; gansxvavebuli gvaris saxeobebi SedarebiT naklebad
enaTesaveba erTmaneTs; aseve gvarebic _ isini araTanabrad enaTesavebian erTmaneTs
da qveojaxebs, ojaxebs, qveklasebsa da kla­sebs qmnian. TiTo klasSi romelime Tvisebis
safuZvelze gaerTianebuli ramdenime qvejgufi SeiZleba arsebobdes. am erTi TvisebiT
gaerTianebulni sxva Tvisebebis msgavsebis safuZvelze erTiandebian da ase grZeldeba
usasrulod. am faqtis axsna SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli saxeoba
damoukideblad Camoyalibda; saukeTeso axsna aris memkvidreobiTobisa da bunebrivi ga-
darCevis erToblivi moqmedeba, romelsac Tan sdevs divergencia da saxeobaTa nawilis
gadaSeneba, rac diagramiT gamovsaxeT.
erTi klasis yvela wevris naTesauri kavSiri SeiZleba erTi didi xis saSualebiT ga­
movsa­xoT. mwvane dakvirtuli ylortebiT aRvniSnoT Tanamedrove saxeobebi, xolo xmeli,
ufoTlo totebiT _ gadaSenebuli saxeobebi. zrdis yovel safexurze ylortebi cdilo-
ben yvela mxares gavidnen da irgvliv mzard ylortebsa da totebs zemodan moeqcnen iseve,
rogorc saxeobebi da maTi jgufebi cdiloben arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi sxva saxeobebis
damarcxebas. odesRac norCi xis dakvirtuli ylortebi dRes uSvelebeli gantotebebia,
romlebic did totebad iyofa, Semdeg es totebi _ SedarebiT ufro mcire totebad da a.S.
Zveli da axali kvirtebis erTmaneTTan totebiT dakavSireba warmoaCens yvela cocxali
Tu gamqrali saxeobis klasifikacias erTmaneTTan daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis saxiT.
rodesac xe jer kidev buCqisodena iyo, mas mravali ylorti hqonda, romelTagan mxolod
ori an sami gada­iqca did totad da axali totebic gamoiRo. asevea saxeobebis SemTxveva-
Sic dResdReobiT. jer kidev uZveles geologiur periodSi binadari saxeobebidan Zalian
cotas Tu hyavs saxecvlili STamomavali. xis zrdis periodSi uamravi toti da ylorti ga-
fuWdeba da mowydeba xes. es dakarguli totebi im ojaxebs, gvarebsa Tu saxeobebs SeiZle-
ba SevadaroT, romlebic aRar arseboben da CvenTvis cnobilni gaxdnen mxolod namarxi
formiT. Tu xandaxan davinaxavT SemTxveviT gadarCenil Txel tots, romelic jer kidev
xis kenweroSi iwonebs Tavs, SeiZleba gagvaxsendes iseTi cxovelebi, rogoricaa Ornitho-
rhynchus-i da Lepodosiren-i, romlebic TavianTi TvisebebiT garkveulwilad akavSireben xis
or daSorebul tots da romlebic albaT imitom gadarCnen, rom miuval da kargad dacul
adgilebSi binadrobdnen. xis zrdis procesSi kvirts kvirti emateba, maTgan ufro Zl-
ieri ki Semdeg gaizrdeba da sust totebs Tavze moeqceva; aseve xdeba sicocxlis didi xis
SemTxvevaSic, romelic dedamiwis zedapirs gamxmar da motexil totebs ayris, ulamazes
totebsa da ylortebs ki mzisken mimarTavs.

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Carlz darvini

Tavi VII

instinqtebi

msgavsi Tvisebebisa da warmoSobis instinqtebi; instinqtTa gradaciebi; bugri da Wi-

anWvelebi; cvalebadi instinqtebi; Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebi da maTi warmoSoba;
gugulis, siraqlemasa da paraziti futkris instinqtebi; monaTmflobeli WianWvele-
bi; skis futkari da misi ujredis Seqmnis instinqti; instinqtebis bunebrivi gadarCe-
vis Teoriuli sirTuleebi; unayofo da usqeso (steriluri) mwerebi; daskvna.

instinqtebis Tema wina TavebSic iyo ganxiluli, magram Cemi azriT, umjobesi iqneba,
Tu am sakiTxs calke SevexebiT, miT ufro, rom futkris skis aSenebis saocari instinqtis
ganxilva kidev ufro ganamtkicebs Cems Teorias. winaswar unda vTqva, rom me ar vexebi
gonebrivi SesaZlebobebis warmoSobis sakiTxs. Cven ganvixilavT erTi da imave jgufis
cxovelebis instinqtebis mravalgvarobasa da maT gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. instinqtis
ganmartebas ar Sevecdebi. yvelasTvis gasagebi ram unda vigulisxmoT. am terminiT aRiniSneba
sxvadasxva gonebrivi qmedebebis erToblioba; roca vambobT, rom instinqti aiZulebs
guguls kvercxi sxva frinvelis budeSi dados, gasagebia, rasac vgulisxmobT. moqmedebas
(romlis gansaxorcieleblad Cven TviTon gamocdileba gvWirdeba), romelsac cxoveli,
gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda, yovelgvari gamocdilebis gareSe asrulebs an romelsac
erTnairad axorcielebs erTi saxeobis mravali individi am moqmedebis miznis gauazreblad,
instinqts uwodeben. Sevecdebi dagarwmunoT, rom arcerTi am maxasiaTebelTagani ar aris
universaluri. rogorc pier huberi Tvlis, gansjisa da analizis mciredi unari gan­
viTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom cxovelsac ki aqvs.
frederik kuviem da manamde ramdenime sxva metafizikosma erTmaneTs Seadares instinq­ti
da Cveva. vfiqrob, maTi analizi instinqtis warmoSobas ver xsnis, magram aRwers instinqturi
moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli gonebis mdgomareobas. raoden gaucnobiereblad xdeba zogi-
erTi Cvevis gamoxatva Cvevisa, romelic arc ise iSviaTad ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens gaazrebul
nebas! da mainc, Cvevebis Camoyalibeba SeiZleba moxdes nebisa da gaazrebis Sedegad. Cvevebi
advilad ereva sxva Cvevebs da droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavad sxeulis ganuyofel Tvisebebad
iqceva. erTxel SeZenili Cveva ki sicocxlis bolomde rCeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT instinqtebi-
sa da Cvevebis erTgvarovnebis sxvadasxva aspeqti. rogorc kargad nacnobi simReris gameo-
rebisas xdeba, instinqtSic erTi qmedeba meores ritmulad mihyveba. roca adamians simReras
vawyvetinebT, is iZulebulia simRera Tavidan daiwyos, raTa gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT simReris
sawyisi aRidginos. swored es aRmoaCina p. huberma muxluxoSi, romelic rTuli konstruq-
ciis parks ikeTebs. roca qsovis meeqvse safexurze myofi muxluxo gadasva mesame safex-
uris parkSi, muxluxom meoTxe safuxuridan daiwyo parkis qsova; magram roca qsovis mesame
safexurze myofi muxluxo meeqvse safexurze myof, TiTqmis dasrulebul parkSi gadasva,
muxluxom qsova kvlav mesame safexuridan daiwyo da cdilobda Sesrulebuli samuSao gae-

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grZelebina. Tu vivaraudebT, rom xanmokle Cveva SeiZleba memkvirdebiTi gaxdes (vfiqrob,

SevZlebT imis damtkicebas, rom zogjer, es xdeba), maSin pirveladi Cveva da instinqti erT-
maneTs emsagevseba da maTi garCeva xandaxan SeuZlebelia. roca xanmokle varjiSis Sedegad
mocarti sami wlis asakSi pianinoze ukravda, mis qmedebas instinqturi daerqmeoda, es varji-
Sis gareSe rom gamosvloda. magram seriozuli Secdoma iqneba vivaraudoT, rom erTi Taobis
Cvevebidan SesaZloa mravali instinqti Camoyalibdes da memkvidreobiT gadaeces momdevno
Taobebs. advilad SeiZleba davrwmundeT, rom CvenTvis nacnobi rTuli instinqtebi, magali-
Tad skis futkrisa da WianWvelis instiqtebi, SeuZlebelia amgvarad iyos SeZenili.
aRiarebulia, rom instinqti iseve mniSvnelovania TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis, ro­
gorc misi sxeulis janmrTeloba. sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi ins­
tinqtis mciredi saxecvlileba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes. amitomac, advili war­
moasdgenia, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva inaxavs da agrovebs instinqtebis nairgvarobas,
romelic SeiZleba metad sasargeblo aRmoCndes. Cemi varaudiT, swored ase moxda rTuli
da saocari instinqtebis Camoyalibeba, iseve, rogorc sxeulis agebuleba yalibdeba misi
gamoyenebisa da Cvevis Sedegad an piriqiT, misi gamouyeneblobis gamo. mwams, rom `Cvevis
efeqti~ eqvemdebareba im movlenis mniSvnelobas, romelsac `instinqtebis SemTxveviTi
cvalebadoba~ SeiZleba vuwodoT; es is cvlilebebia, romlebic CvenTvis ucnobi imave
mizeziTaa gamowveuli, romliTac sxeulis aRnagobis mciredi gadaxrebi. arcerTi rTuli
instinqti ar SeiZleba Camoyalibdes bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad, Tu ar moxda xangrZlivi da
TandaTanobiTi dagroveba mravali umniSvnelo, magram sasargeblo cvlilebisa. maSasadame,
iseve, rogorc sxeulis struqturis SemTxvevaSi, vxedavT ara TandaTanobiT gradaciebs,
romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba instinqtis SeZena (vinaidan es SeiZleba gamovlindes mxolod
calkeuli individis pirdapir memkvidreebSi,) aramed iseT gradaciebs, romlebic garkveul
paralelur StoebSic arseboben an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dagvWirdeba aseTi gradaciebis
arsebobis mtkiceba. Cven es SegviZlia. gavocdi, roca aRmovaCine, rogor mimdinareobs
gradacia bunebaSi, rodesac is TandaTan rTul instinqtebad Camoyalibdeba. kanoni „Natura
non facid saltum~ (buneba naxtomebs ar akeTebs) vrceldeba rogorc sxeulis organoebze, ise
instinqtebzec. zogjer instinqtebis cvlileba gamartivebulia garkveul saxeobaSi imiT,
rom sxvadasxva instinqti moqmedebs drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, weliwadis sxvadasxva
dros, sxvadasxva pirobebSi da a.S. amis Sedegad SeiZleba bunebrivma gadarCevam SeinarCunos
xan erTi da xan meore ins­tinqti. SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom bunebaSi erTi saxeobis farglebSi
namdvilad arsebobs ins­tinqtebis mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba.
davubrundeT sxeulis agebulebas da moviSvelioT Cemi Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis instinqti TavisTavad sasargebloa, magram ramdenadac davina­
xeT, mas arasodes moaqvs sargebloba sxva saxeobisaTvis. erT-erTi iSviaTi magaliTi, roca
cxoveli moqmedebs sxva cxovelis sasikeTod, bugrebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic sakuTari
surviliT WianWvelas uTmoben Tavis tkbil gamonayofs; is, rom amas bugrebi sakuTari nebiT
akeTeben, Semdegi faqtebiT dasturdeba: WianWvelebi ganvacalkeve afidebisagan mJaunaze
da SevaCere maTi urTierToba ramdenime saaTiT. darwmunebuli viyavi, rom am intervalis
Semdeg bugrebi daiwyebdnen tkbili gamonayofis eqskrecias. didxans vakvirdebodi linziT,

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Carlz darvini

magram eqskrecia ar xdeboda. Semdeg maT Tmis ReriT Sevexe ise, rogorc amas WianWvelebi
akeTeben TavinaTi ulvaSiT, kvlav – araviTari Sedegi. bolos bugrTan WianWvela mivuSvi,
romelmac maSinaTve igrZno, rogori mdidari sakvebi aRmoaCina da Tavisi ulvaSebi bugris
mucels Seaxo. rogorc ki bugrma WianWvelis ulvaSis Sexeba igrZno, daiwyo gamWvirvale
siTxis gamoyofa, romelic didi siamovnebiT miirTva WianWvelam. igive gameorda axalgazrda
bugrebSic, ramac mimaniSna, rom maTi es qmedeba instinqturia da ara gamocdilebiT SeZenili.
Tumca isic yuradsaRebia, rom Tavad gamonayofi webovania da afidebisaTvis rTuli mo­
sacilebeli. ase rom, ver vityviT, rom bugrebi mas WianWvelis sasargeblod gamoyofen.
ar mjera, rom samyaroSi romelime cxoveli moqmedebs sxva saxeobis sasargeblod, magram
faqtia, rom erTi saxeoba cdilobs sargebeli miiRos meoris instiqtisagan, iseve, rogorc
Zlieri sargeblobs sustiT. kvlav vimeoreb, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi instinqti ar aris ab­
soluturad srulyofili, magram radganac amis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi araa aucilebeli
Cveni miznebisaTvis, am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT.
imis dasadastureblad, rom instinqtebis saxecvlileba da maTi STamomavlobisaTvis ga-
dacema aucilebelia bunebrivi gadarCevis asamoqmedad, mravali magaliTis moyvanaa saWiro,
rac rTulia. me mxolod imis damtkiceba SemiZlia, rom instinqtebi namdvilad gansxvavdeba:
magaliTad, migraciis instiqti teritoriis sididisa da mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
frinvelTa budeebis gansxvavebuloba nawilobriv damokidebulia im qveynis bunebriv pi-
robebze, sadac frinveli cxovrobs; magram arsebobs CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebic. odubonma
gagvacno erTi da imave saxeobis frinvelebis budeTa mravalferovnebis SemTxvevebi SeerTe-
buli Statebis CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi. romelime cxovelis mimarT SiSi udavod in-
stiqturia, amas vxedavT bartyebSi, Tumca am instinqtis gaZliereba SesaZlebelia piradi
gamocdilebiTa da mSoblebis mier gamoxatul SiSze dakvirvebiT. ukacrieli kunZulebis
mobinadre cxovelebSi adamianis mimarT SiSi TanadaTan yalibdeba. inglisSi didi frinvele-
bi ufro eridebian adamians, vidre patarebi, es albaT imitom xdeba, rom did frinvelebs
adamianebi xSirad sdevnian; es imiTac mtkicdeba, rom udabur kunZulze didi frinvelebi pa-
tarebze mSiSrebi ar arian; inglisSi Zalze frTxili kaWkaWi norvegiaSi adamians imdenadvea
SeCveuli, ramdenadac evipteSi _ ruxi yvavi.
is faqti, rom erTi saxeobis individis qmedeba SeiZleba saocrad mravalferovani iyos,
mravali magaliTiT mtkicdeba. SegviZlia aseve moviyvanoT garkveuli saxeobebis uCveulo
perioduli qmedebebis ramdenime magaliTi, romlebic, Tuki saxeobisaTvis sasargeblo aR-
moCnda, SeiZleba axal instinqtad Camoyalibdes. amasTan erTad Rrmad mwams, rom es zogadi
mosazrebebi detaluri faqtebis gareSe did StabeWdilebas ver moaxdens. arasodes arafers
vamtkiceb Sesabamisi faqtebis gareSe.
bunebaSi memkvidreobiTi instinqtebis arseboba SeiZleba damtkicdes moSinaurebis
SemTxvevebiT. Sinauri cxovelebis magaliTi saSualebas gvaZlevs SeviswavloT egreTwode-
buli spontanur cvlilebaTa gavlena Sinauri cxovelebis gonebriv Tvisebebze da Cvevisa
da gadarCevis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba am cvlilebebis damkvidrebaSi. davakvirdeT zogi-
erTi jiSis ZaRlis CvenTvis nacnob Cvevebs: eWvs gareSea, rom axalgazrda pointeri bune-
baSi gamoyvanisTanave cdilobs gauZRves an ukan gahyves sxva ZaRlebs. sunis aRebis Cveva

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

monadire ZeRlebs memkvidreobiT gadaecema; mecxvaris ZaRlebis erT-erTi Cveva ki faris

garSemo sirbilia. ar mimaCnia, rom es qmedebebi, romlebsac yovelgavri gamocdilebis ga-
reSe asrulebs axalgzarda ZaRli, TiToeuli individi Tu jiSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-
ba wminda instinqtebisagan. patara pointerma sulac ar icis, rom mas msxverplisaken mihy-
avs Tavisi patroni; arc TeTrma pepelam icis, ratom debs kvercxs kombostos foTlebze.
magaliTad, mglis erTi tipi, jer kidev axlagzarda da gamoucdeli, rogorc ki igrZnobs
msxverplis moaxloebas, qandakebasaviT uZravad dgas da ucnauri svliT nel-nela mixoxavs
misken. Semdeg irmebis jogis garSemo sirbils iwyebs, riTac cdilobs moSorebiT garekos
isini. am qcevas udavod instinqturi unda vuwodoT. Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebi naklebad
myaria, vidre bunebrivi instiqtebi, magram maTi Camoyalibeba naklebad mkacri gadarCevis
Sedegad xdeboda da memkvidrobiT gadaecemoda drois SedarebiT mcire monakveTSi. raoden
Zlieria Sinauri cxovlebis instinqtebi, Cvevebi da niri, ra ucnaurad erwymian isini erTma-
neTs, karegad Cans sxvadasxva jiSis ZaRlebis Sejvarebisas. buldogTan Sejvarebam mwevars
droTa ganmavlobaSi simamace da sijiute SesZina, xolo mwevarTan Sejvarebam _ mecxvare
ZaRlebs kurdRelze nadirobis Cveva. Sinaur cxovelTa es instinqtebi Zalian hgavs bune-
briv instiqtebs, romlebic ucnaurad erwymian erTmaneTs da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inar-
Cuneben orive mSoblis instinqts: magaliTad, le rua aRwers ZaRls, romelsac mgeli hyavda
winapari. es ZaRli Tavis velur instinqts erTi qceviT gamoxatavda: igi Tavis patronTan
daZaxebisTanave ar mirboda.
Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebs zogjer iseT qmedebebs miakuTvneben, romelTa gan­
viTa­re­ba CvevaTa xangrZlivi da iZulebiTi damkvidrebis Sedegad xdeba. mimaCnia, rom es
mosazreba araa swori. magaliTad, mtredi-turmasnisTvis Senavardeba aravis uswavlebia.
es qceva, Cemi dakvirvebiT, bartysac axasiaTebs, romelsac arasodes unaxavs, rogor Se­
inavardebs zrdasruli mtredi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom romeliRac mtredma gamoxata
am ucnauri Cvevisadmi midrekileba da saukTeso individebis gadarCevis Sedegad TaobaTa
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda iseTi turmani, rogoric dResaa. rogorc baton brentisagan
msmenia, glazgoSi binadroben Turmanebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT Tvrameti gojis simaRleze
frena didi Zalisxmevis gareSe. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ZaRlzec _ misTvis aravis uswavlebia
mizanSi amoReba, es ZaRlis romelime jiSis midrekilebis gamoxatvaa am Cvevis mimarT. da
es periodulad xdeba, rac wminda jiSis terieris magaliTze davinaxeT. rodesac moxdeba
erTi midrekilebis gamoxatva, meToduri gadarCeva da memkvidreobiT miRebuli iZulebiTi
wvrTnis Sedegebi TaobebSi daasrulebs am midrekilebis damkvidrebas. gaucnobierebeli
gadarCeva jer kidev mimdinareobs, vinaidan TiToeuli adamiani cdilobs iseTi ZaRli
iyolios, romelic saukeTeso monadire iqneba, Tundac axali jiSis Seqmna miznad ar hqondes.
meore mxriv, zogjer Cvevac sakmarisia cxovelis mflobelis miznis misaRwevad; magaliTad,
arc erTi cxovelis moSinaureba ar aris ise Zneli rogorc gareuli kurdRlis naSierisa,
magram iSviaTia cxoveli, romelic ise advilad moSinaurdeba, rogorc moTvinierebuli
kurdRlis naSieri. ra Tqma unda, ar vfiqrob, rom Sinauri kurdlis gadarCeva maTi moT­
vinierebis mizniT moxda. mimaCnia, rom ukiduresad veluri sawyisidan ukidures moT­
vinierebamde gadasvlis memkvidreobiTi cvlileba aris Cveva.

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bunebrivi instinqtebi moSinaurebis dros ikargeba: amis naTeli magaliTia Sinauri qaTmis
is jiSebi, romlebic iSviaTad an sulac arasodes kruxoben. is faqti, rom Cveulebrivad
gveCveneba yvelaferi, rac Sinaur frinvelebs ukavSirdeba, xels gviSlis aRviqvaT, ramdenad
mniSvnelovani da myaria qcevis cvlileba moSinaurebis pirobebSi. saeWvoa, rom ZaRlebis
siyvaruli adamianis mimarT instqinturi iyos. mgeli, mela, tura da katisebrTa sxvadas-xva
saxeobis individebi moTvinierebis periodSi cdiloben Tavs daesxan Sinaur frinvelebs,
cxvrebsa Tu Rorebs. es tendencia Zlieria im ZaRlebSi, romlebic Camoiyvanes tiera del
fuegodan da avstraliidan, sadac isini velurad cxovroben. Cveni Sinauri ZaRlebis lekvebs
ki ar sWirdebaT imis swavleba, rom Sinaur frinvelebsa da cxovelebs Tavs ar daesxan, da Tu
zogjer gabedaven – maT scemen da zogjer anadgureben kidec. ase rom, Cveva, gadarCevasTan
erTad, safuZvlad udevs Cveni ZaRlebis moSinaurebis process. meore mxriv, wiwilebs
ZaRlisa da katis mimarT SiSi ar gaaCniaT, rac maTTvis odesRac udavod instinqturi iyo.
naklebad Cveulebrivia es qaTmis gazrdili xoxbis bartyebisaTvis. yovelive imas ar niSnavs,
rom wiwilebma sruliad dakarges SiSi. maT mxolod ZaRlebisa da katebis ar eSiniaT. rodesac
qaTami daikakanebs, rac safrTxis moaxloebis maniSnebelia, bartyebi balaxs afareben Tavs;
esec instinqturi qcevaa, romelic, rogorc gareul frinvelSi SevniSneT, saSualebas aZlevs
kruxs gafrindes. magram am SemTxvevaSi es instinqti usargebloa, vinaidan kruxs TiTqmis
dakarguli aqvs frenis unari. maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sinaur frinvelebSi
axali instiqtebis SeZena da bunebrivi instinqtebis gaqroba moxda Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
Sedegad da nawilobriv adamianis CareviT, romelic TaobaTa ganmavlobaSi axorcilebs
Cvevebis gadarCevasa da dagrovebas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli Cveva sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom warmoiqmnas gomebis memkvidreobiTi cvlilebebi; sxva SemTxvevaSi Cvevebs
memkvidreobaze gavlena ar hqonda. yoveli memkvidreobiTi cvlileba gadarCevis Sedegi
iyo, romelic xorcieldeboda meTodurad da gaucnobiereblad; Tumca, zogjer gadarCeva
da Cveva gverdigverd moqmdeben. SevZlebT ukeT davinaxoT, rogor xdeba instinqtebis
Camoyalibeba velur bunebaSi gadarCevis Sedegad, Tu ramdenime magaliTs davakvirdebiT:
Cven SevarCieT sami varianti, rasac aq ganvixilav. pirveli _ instinqti, romelic aiZulebs
guguls kvercxi sxvis budeSi dados; meore _ zogierTi saxeobis WianWvelis monad qcevis
instiqti da skis futkris fiWis keTebis unari. bolo ori, naturalistebis azriT, yvelaze
saocaria instinqtebs Soris. miCneulia, rom guguli instinqtis Sesabamisad kvercxebs
ara yoveldRe, aramed or-sam dReSi erTxel debs. amgvarad, is rom budes iSenebdes da
Tavis kvercxebze ijdes, adre dadebuli kvercxebi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
gamouCekavi darCeba da ise moxdeba, rom budeSi erTad iqneba kvercxebic da sxvadasxva
asakis bartyebic. aseTi ram dauSvebelia, miT ufro, rom es frinveli adreul sezonze iwyebs
gadafrenas; amasTan, yvelaze adreuli kvercxidan gamosuli bartyebi mamrs damoukideblad
unda gamoekveba. amerikul guguls zustad asec uwevs cxovreba, vinaidan mis budeSi
erTdrouladaa kvercxebi da bartyebi. arsebobs varaudi, rom amerikuli guguli zogjer
kvercxs sxva frinvelis budeSi debs, magram doqtor brueris azriT, romelsac did pativs
vcem, es Secdomaa. amasTan, SemiZlia mogiyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi, rodesc frinvelebi

520
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

kvercxs sxvis budeSi deben. warmovidginoT, rom Cveni evropuli gugulis winapars amerikuli
gugulis Cvevebi hqonda, Tumca drodadro is kvercxebs sxva frinvelis budeSi debda. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu am Cvevis mqone frinveli upiratesobas SeiZenda, radgan mas SeeZlo ufro
adre gadafrenis dawyeba an sxva saxeobis budeSi gazrdili bartyebi ufro Zlieri iqneboda,
vinaidan maTi sakuTari deda gansxvavebuli asakis bartyebis gamozrdas Tavs Znelad
arTmevda, maSin zrdasruli frinvelic da bartyic upirates mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda.
vfiqrob, rom Cveni gugulis es ucnauri instinqti swored am procesis Sedegad Camoyalibda.
erTi ram SemiZlia davamato _ doqtor greisa da sxva mecnierTa azriT, evropul guguls
bolomde ar daukargavs momaval Taobaze zrunvisa da siyvarulis Cveva. frinvelebis mier
sxvis budeSi kvercxis dadeba arcTu ise iSviaTi SemTxvevaa qaTmisebrTa saxeobebSic da es
albaT xsnis siraqlemebSi zogierTi instiqtis warmoSobis mizezsac. siraqlemas ojaxis
zogierTi warmomadgeneli, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli siraqlema, kvercxs jer erT budeSi
debs, mere meoreSi da maT mamrebs gadaabarebs. am instinqtis axsna albaT SesaZlebelia im
faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom siraqlemebi didi raodenobiT kvercxs deben, xolo guguli _
ori-sami dRis intervaliT. Tumca, siraqlemas es instinqti ar aris srulyofili, radganac
amasobaSi imdenad bevri kvercxi ikargeba, rom erTxel, erTi dRis Zebnis Sedegad, ocamde
dakarguli da gafuWebuli kvercxi vipove.
bevri futkari parazitebs miekuTvneba da kvercxs futkris sxva saxeobis budeSi debs.
es SemTxveva ufro sainteresoa, vidre gugulisa, vinaidan futkari am SemTxvevaSi icvlis
ara marto instinqts, aramed agebulebasac, parazituli Cvevebis Sesabamisad, ris Sedega-
dac maT aRar gaaCniaT yvavilis mtvris Semgrovebeli organo, romelic aucilebelia larvas
gamosakvebad. zogierTi saxeoba, rogoricaa Sphegidae-s warmomadgenlebi (krazanasmagvari
mweri), sxva saxeobebze parazitoben. m. fabrem damajereblad axsna, rom Tumca Tachytes nigra,
Cveulebriv, sakuTar budes iSenebs, raTa iq paralizeburi msxverpli Seinaxos Tavisi lar-
vas gamosakvebad, magram Tuki igi Semdeg poulobs sxva budes, romelic aseve savsea sakvebiT,
avlens parazitul Tvisebebs da budes epatroneba. am SemTxvevaSi, iseve, rogorc es vnaxeT
gugulis magaliTze, ar aris rTuli imisi dadgena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas SeuZlia SemTx-
veviTi qceva mudmiv Tvisebad aqcios, Tuki igi saxeobas upiratesobas aniWebs da mweri, rom-
lis budisa da sakvebis miTviseba moxda, ar ganadgurdeba.

WianWvelebis damonebis instinqti

es saocari instinqti pirvelad pier huberma aRmoaCina, rodesac is Formica (Polyerges)
rufescens-s akvirdeboda. WianWvelis es saxeoba mTlianad damokidebulia Tavis monebze. maTi
daxmrebis gareSe is erT weliwadSi gaqreboda. mamrebi da nayofieri mdedrebi ar muSaoben,
xolo muSebi anu steriluri mdedrebi, romlebic monebis datyvevebisas energiulobiTa da
simamaciT gamoirCevian, sxva samuSaos ar asruleben. maT ara aqvT unari, gaikeTon sakuTari
bude an gamokvebon larva. rodesac Zveli bude mouxerxebeli aRmoCndeba da iZulebulni
xdebian gadasaxldnen, migraciis process swored monebi axorcieleben. faqtobrivad, maT
TavianTi patroni sakuTari piriT gadahyavT. es patronebi imdenad ususuria, rom roca p.

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huberma ocdaaTi WianWvela monebisagan gamoacalkeva da misca uamravi sakvebi, romelic maT
yvelaze metad moswonda, amasTanave maTTan erTad moaTavsa maTi larva da Wupri, raTa muS-
aobis stimuli hqonodaT, isini verafers akeTebdnen. maT Tavic ki ver gamoikvebes da bevri
maTgani SimSiliT daixoca. amis Semdeg, huberma maTTan moaTavsa erTi mona, romelic maSinve
Seudga saqmes, gamokveba isini da amiT daRupvisagan gadaarCina. man aseve aaSena ramdenime
bude, mouara larvebs da faqtobrivad yvelaferi moawesriga. ra SeiZleba iyos am faqtebze
ufro saocari? rom ar vicodeT monobis instinqtis mqone sxva WianWvelebi, uimedo iqne-
boda gvevarauda, rogor SeiZleboda es instinqti Camoyalibebuliyo.
p. huberma aRmoaCina, rom Formica saguinea aseve damonebis instinqtis mqone WianWvelaa.
es saxeoba inglisis samxreT regionebSi gvxvdeba. mis Tvisebebs akvirdeboda britaneTis
muzeumis profesori f. smiti, visac vumadli am da sxva mniSvnelovan informacias. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom srulad vendobi huberisa da b-n smitis debulebebs, am sakiTxs ufro skeptiku-
rad mivudeqi, raTa am ucnauri da odiozuri instinqtis arseboba damemtkicebina. amgvarad,
detalurad warmogidgenT dakvirvebebis Sedegebs, romlebic Tavad ganvaxorciele. me gavx-
seni Formica saguinea -s ToTxmeti bude da vipove mxolod ramdenime mona WianWvela. mona-saxe-
obebis mamrebi da fertiluri mdedrebi mxolod TavianT TanasazogadoebaSi arseboben da
maTi povna F. saguinea -s budeSi SeuZlebelia. monebi Savia da wiTeli patronis zomis naxevars
ar aRematebian. ise rom, isini vizualuradac kargad gansxvavdebian. Tu maT budes odnav
davazianebT, monebi batonebTan erTad gamoRoRdebian da icaven mas. xolo, roca budes, sa-
dac larva da Wupria, seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba, monebi energiulad iwyeben muSaobas da
TavianTi patronebi usafrTxo adgilas gadahyavT. amgvarad, naTelia, rom monebi Tavs ise
grZnoben, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, ivnissa da ivlisSi me saaTobiT
vakvirdebodi maT budeebs surveisa da saseqsSi da budidan gamosuli verc erTi mona Wian-
Wvela ver davinaxe. es imiT aixsneba, rom am TveebSi monebi Zalian cotaa. Cemi varaudiT
simravlis SemTxvevaSi isini sxvagvarad moiqceodnen. magram b-nma smitma macnoba, rom isic
saaTobiT akvirdeboda WianWvelebis budeebs maisSi, ivnissa da agvistoSi, surveisa da hemf-
SirSi, magram budidan gamosuli an masSi Sesuli verc erTi mona WianWvela ver aRmoaCina,
miuxedavad imisa, rom agvistoSi isini mravlad arian. amgvarad, mas miaCnia, rom isini mka-
crad `saxlSi gamoketili~ monebi arian. patronebi ki, romlebsac moaqvT saSeni masala da
sakvebi, xSirad toveben budes. am wlis ivlisSi, WianWvelebis iseTi sazogadoeba aRmovaCine,
romelsac saocrad bevri mona hyavda da SevniSne, rom zogierTi maTgani patronebTan erTad
tovebda budes. isini erTdroulad miuyvebodnen maRali Sotlandiuri soWisken mimaval
gzas 25 iardis manZilze da erTad micocavdnen xeze, savaraudod, bugrebisa da kokonebis
mosaZebnad. huberis monaTxrobis Tanaxmad, romelsac dakvirvebis mravalnairi saSualeba
hqonda, SveicariaSi monebi Cvevis Sesabamisad patronebTan erTad aSenebdnen budes. isini
Tavad aReben da xuraven karebs dilas da saRamos da rogorc huberi ambobs, maTi ZiriTadi
movaleoba bugrebis mopovebaa. patronebisa da monebis qcevas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
or sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, Sveicariasa da inglisSi, savaraudod ganpirobebulia SveicariaSi
`datyvevebuli~ monebis didi raodenobiT.

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

erT dRes saSualeba momeca menaxa erTi budidan meoreSi maTi gadasvla. saocari sana-
xaobaa, roca patrons sakuTari piriT Tan mihyavs monebi. meore dRes Cemi yuradReba miiqcia
damonebis instinqtis mqone WianWvelebis gundma, romelic imave adgilas moZraobda, Tumca
ara sakvebis mosapoveblad. isini utevdnen sxva damoukidebeli saxeobis jgufs (F. fusca), ro-
melic TavgamodebiT igeriebda maT. zogierTi maTgani monaTmflobelebs (F. sanguinea) fexze
eWideboda, xolo es ukanasknelni ulmoblad igeriebdnen da klavdnen Tavis metoqeebs da
Semdeg maTi sxeulebi sakvebad mihqondaT budeSi 29 iardis manZilze. magram maT verc erTi
larva ver wamoiRes, raTa Semdeg monebad eqciaT. WianWvelebis sxva budidan ramdenime F. fus-
ca-s Wupri amovTxare da brZolis velze cariel adgilas movaTavse. tiranebma isini maSinve
daitaces, waiyvanes da Tan aSkarad gamarjvebas zeimobdnen.
imave adgilas sxva saxeobis F. flava-s Wupri movaTavse yviTeli WianWvelis am saxeobis
ramdenime individTan erTad. b-ni smitis monacemebiT es saxeoba Zalian iSviaTad, magram
zogjer mainc SeiZleba iqces monad. is zomiT pataraa, metad gabeduli da Tavad minaxavs,
rogor esxmis Tavs sxva WianWvelebs. uceb monaTmflobeli F. saguinea -s budesTan axlos, qvis
qveS F. flava-s axali Tanasazogadoeba aRmovaCine. rodesac maT budes SemTxveviT Sevexe, pa-
tara WianWvelebi saocari simamaciT SeebrZolnen TavianT did mezoblebs. davinteresdi,
SeZlebda Tu ara F. saguinea-m erTmaneTisagan gaarCios F. fusca - s Wupri, romelsac isini Cveu-
lebriv monebad aqceven, patara mezobelis _ F. flava-s Wuprisgan, romelsac iSviaTad imone-
ben. aRmoCnda, rom maT isini advilad ganasxvaves, maSinve Tavs daesxnen F. fusca -s, magram sao-
crad SeSindnen, roca F. flava -s budes miuaxlovdnen da swrafad datoves iqauroba. magram,
cota xnis Semdeg, roca yviTeli WianWvelebi iqaurobas moSordnen, amiT isargebles da Tan
waiyvanes maTi Wupri.
erT saRamos, F. saguinea-s sxva Tanasazogadoebas `vewvie~ da davinaxe, isini budisken mkv-
dar F. fusca-sa da mis Wuprebs miaTrevdnen, rac imaze mouTiTebda, rom es migracia ar iyo.
Semdeg nadavliT datvirTuli mwkrivi SevniSne, daaxloebiT 40 iardis daSorebiT, romle-
bic mananas (Erica) buCqisken miemarTeboda da iqve gamoCnda F. saguinea-s bolo warmomadgeneli,
romelsac Tan mihqonda Wupri, magram ver movaxerxe gauval buCqnarSi bude damenaxa. bude
udavod iqve unda yofiliyo, radgan F. fusca-s ori Tu sami individi iqve gaSmagebuli tri-
alebda, erTi ki Tavisi WupriT pirSi umoZraod idga dangreuli budis Tavze.
aseTia faqtebi monad qcevis saocari instinqtis Sesaxeb. Cven davinaxeT raoden kon-
trastulia F. sanguinea-sa da F. rufescens-is instinqtebi. es ukanaskneli ar iSenebs budes, ar
gansazRvravs sakuTar migracias, ar agrovebs sakvebs arc TavisTvis, arc naSierisTvis da
verc Tavs gamoikvebavs. is absoluturad damokidebulia Tavis auracxel monebze. F. san-
guinea-s ki naklebi monebi hyavs. patronebi Tavad wyveten, sad da rodis unda aSendes axali
bude da migraciis dros Tan mihyavT monebi. rogorc inglisSi, ise SveicariaSi, monebi didi
rudunebiT zrunaven Wuprebze, xolo patronebi monebis dasapyrobad midian. SveicariaSi
monebi da patronebi erTad Sromoben, erTad amzadeben da miaqvT budis saSeni masala. isini
erTad zrunaven TavianT naSierze da agroveben sakvebs TanasazogadoebisaTvis. inglisSi
mxolod patronebi gamodian budidan, raTa moipovon saSeni masala da sakvebi TavisTvis,

523
Carlz darvini

monebisa da WuprebisaTvis. ase rom, am qveyanaSi patroni Tavisi monebs naklebad msaxurebs,
vidre SveicariaSi.
Znelia vivaraudoT, Tu rogor warmoiSva F. sanguinea-s instinqti. magram, rodesac vxe-
davT, rom WianWvelebi, romlebic ar arian monaTmflobelebi, mainc epatronebian sxva saxe­
obaTa Wuprebs, Tuki isini SemTxveviT maTi budis axlos aRmoCndnen. unda vivaraudoT,
rom Tavdapirvelad isini am Wuprebs sakvebad iyenebdnen. xolo rodesac patronis budeSi
motacebuli Wupridan individi ganviTarda, patronma is misi SesaZleblobis mixedviT, sa-
muSao Zalad gamoiyena. Tu maTi arseboba sasargeblo aRmoCnda im saxeobisTvis, romelmac
is daimona, Wupris sakvebad mopoveba bunebrivi seleqciis Sedegad SeiZleba gaZlierdes da
gaxdes monebis moSenebis mizezi. rodesac moxda instinqtis SeZena, maSinac ki, Tu is iSvia-
Tad gamoiyeneba, rogorc es britanuli F. sanguinea-s magaliTze davinaxeT, romelsac Tavisi
monebi Sveicariul imave saxeobasTan SedarebiT naklebad exmarebian, gadarCevis fonze mar-
tivad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT am instinqtis zrdis da Camoyalibebis tendencia (gasaTvalis-
winebelia, rom TiToeuli cvalebadoba saxeobisaTvis sasargeblo unda iyos) manam, sanam Wi-
anWvela ar gaxda damokidebuli Tavis monebze ise, rogorc F. rufescens-is SemTxvevaSi.

skis futkris fiWis keTebis instinqti
am sakiTxs detalurad ar Sevexebi, mxolod Sevecdebi, Cemi dasknis erTgvari monaxazi ga-
vakeTo. raoden gulgrili unda iyos adamiani, romelic fiWis daxvewili struqturis danax­
visas aRfrTovanebas ar gamoxatavs. maTematikosebisagan gvsmenia, rom futkarma praqti-
kulad gadaWra rTuli problema da didi raodenobis Taflis mosaTavseblad uZvirfasesi
cvilis minimaluri raodenobis gamoyenebiT Seqmna saTanado formis ujrebi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom gamocdili xelosanic ki, romelic aRWurvilia iaraRiTa da zomebiT, ver moaxerxebs
aseTi sworxazovani ujrebis gakeTebas, futkrebi ki amas araCveulebrivad arTmeven Tavs
bnel skaSi. advili ar aris mixvde, rogor keTdeba TiToeuli kuTxe da sibrtye da daakvirde
am process. am saocari samuSao procesis aRqma SesaZlebelia erTi martivi instinqtis gan­
xilviT.
am instiqntis aRmoCenaSi b-ni voTerhausi damexmara, romelmac daasabuTa, rom ujris
forma ganpirobebulia mimdebare ujrebis arsebobiT. amdenad, qvemoT moyvanili Sexedu­
leba SeiZleba mxolod am Teoriis saxecvlileba iyos. modiT, davakvirdeT gradaciis diad
princips, raTa davinaxoT, gagvimxels Tu ara buneba am samuSaos Sesrulebis meTods. mokle
seriis erT mxares aris bazi (veluri futkari), romelic Taflis Sesanaxad iyenebs Tavisi
Wuprebis Zvel kokonebs, romelTac zogjer cotaoden cvils umatebs da Sedegad aSenebs
gancalkevebul, uswormasworo da momrgvalo formis cvilis ujrebs. am seriis meore mxa-
res aris skis futkari, romelis ujrebi ormag sibrtyezea moTavsebuli: TiToeul ujras
eqvskuTxa prizmis forma aqvs, romlis eqvsi bazaluri kide sami rombisagan Semdgar pirami-
das qmnis. am rombebs aqvs garkveuli kuTxeebi; sami maTgani fiWis erT mxares TiTo ujris
piramidul fuZes qmnis da sapirispiro mxridan kompoziciurad uerTdeba sami momijnave
ujris fuZes. am ori ukiduresi SemTxvevis _ skis futkris uzomod daxvewili ujrebisa da

524
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bazis Taflis uswormasworo sacavis Sualeduri formaa (Tumca ufro metad am ukanasknels
uaxlovdeba) meqsikuri Melipona domestica-s ujrebi, romelic dawvrilebiT aRwera da daas-
uraTa pier huberma Melipona aSenebs TiTqmis sworxazovan cvilis fiWas, romelic cilin-
driseburi ujrebisagan Sedgeba. masSi iCekeba larva. amasTan, arsebobs didi zomis ujrebi,
sadac inaxeba Tafli. es ujrebi TiTqmis sferoseburia, erTi zomisaa da araTanabar masas
warmoqmnis. niSandoblivia, rom es sferuli ujrebi erTmaneTisagan iseT maZilzea ganlage-
buli, rom Tu sferoebi mTliani iqneba, isini gadakveTen da daazianeben erTmaneTs. magram
es arasodes ar xdeba, radgan futkari aseTi gadakveTis saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi am adgilas
brtyel kedels aSenebs. amgvarad, TiToeuli ujra Sedgeba gareTa sferosebri nawilisa da
ori, sami an meti sruliad brtyeli zedapirisagan, imis mixedviT, ramden ujras emijneba igi.
roca erTi ujra ukavSirdeba sam sxva ujras, romlebsac daaxloebiT erTi da imave zomisa da
formis sferoseburi nawili aqvs, maSin sami brtyeli zedapiri qmnis piramidas, romelic, hu-
beris azriT, skis futkrebis samwaxnaga piramidis uxeSi imitaciaa. aq, ise, rogorc skis fut-
kris SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli ujris sami brtyeli zedapiri amavdroulad sxva sami mosazRvre
ujris kedelicaa. aSkaraa, rom Melipona Senebis aseTi maneriT nakleb cvils xarjavs, vinaidan
momijnave ujrebis brtyeli kedlebi ormagi ar aris, isini imave sibrtyeSia, romelSic ga-
reTa sferosebri nawilebi da TiToeuli brtyeli zedapiri ori ujris erT saerTo kedels
qmnis.
rodesac am SemTxvevas vakvirdebodi, gamiCnda azri, rom Tu Melipona sferoebs erTi da
imave manZilis daSorebiT aaSenebs, isini erTi zomisa iqneba da or Sred simetriulad ganla-
gda. saboloo struqtura Zalian unda hgavdes skis futkris fiWas. me davukavSirdi kembri-
jis universitetis profesor milers, romelic geometriis specialistia. man yuradRebiT
waikiTxa Cemi mosazrebebi da sakuTar informaciasTan Sejerebis Sedegad miTxra, rom Teo-
ria sworia.
warmovidginoT Tanabari zomis sferoebi, romelTa centrebi or paralelur sibrtyeSia
moTavsebuli. TiToeuli sferos centri daSorebulia radiusiT - X/sqrt (2) an X 1.41421. imave
Sris eqvsi garemomcveli sferos centridan da imave manZiliTaa daSorebuli meore para-
leluri Sris mimdebare sferoebis centridan. Semdeg, Tu sxvadasxva Sreebs Soris sferoe-
bis gadakveTaze brtyeli kedlebi warmoiqmneba, miiReba or Sred ganlagebuli eqvskuTxa
prizmebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan piramidiseburadaa dakavSirebuli da rombebisagan Sedge-
ba. eqvskuTxa prizmis rombebis TiToeuli kuTxe skis futkris ujrebis kuTxis absolutu-
rad identuri iqneba
aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Melipona arasrulyofili instinqtis
odnavi modifikaciiT iseve srulyofil struqturas aawyobda, rogorc skis futkari.
un­da davuSvaT, rom Melipona-s mier Tanabari sferosebri ujrebis ageba gasakviri ar aris,
radganac vxedavT, raoden srulyofil cilindruli formis naxvretebs akeTeben mwerebi
xeebSi, rodesac ubralod erTi wertilis garSemo trialeben. unda davuSvaT, rom Melipona-s
SeuZlia ujrebi Sreebad ganalagos, rogorc amas cilindruli ujrebis SemTxvevaSi akeTebs.
yvelaze Zneli imisi gagebaa, rogor gansazRvravs igi manZils, romliTac Tavisi TanaSemwe

525
Carlz darvini

muSa futkrebisagan aris daSoreuli, rodesac isini erTdroulad aSeneben sferoebs. Tumca
faqtia, rom mas Seswevs am manZilis gansazRvris unari da aSenebs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul
sferoebs, romelTa gadakveTis adgilebSi igi brtyel kedlebs agebs. advili misaxvedria,
rom eqvskuTxa prizmis agebis Semdeg SeuZlia misi dagrZeleba nebismier zomamde, raTa Taf-
lis Sesabamisi maragi daitios. swored ase iqceva bazi, rodesac Tavisi Wupris Zvel kokons
cvilis cilindrs umatebs. instinqtebis aseTi cvalebadobisa (romelic TavisTavad arcTu
ise srulyofilia, Tumca ufro srulyofili vidre Citis budis keTebis instinqti) da bune-
brivi gadarCevis Sedegad skis futkarma SeiZina ganumeorebeli arqiteqturuli niWi.
es Teoria SeiZleba eqsperimentiT Semowmdes. b-ni tegetmaieris magaliTis mixedviT,
ganvacalkeve fiWebi da maT Soris grZeli, sqeli, oTxkuTxa cvilis naWeri movaTavse. fut-
krebma maSinve daiwyes masSi mrgvali xvrelebis gaTxra. rac ufro Rrmad midiodnen, miT
ufro afarToebdnen maT, ris Sedegadac, xvrelebma fialis moyvaniloba miiRes, romleb-
sac erTi SexedviT sferos an misi nawilis forma da daaxloebiT ujris diametri hqonda.
roca futkrebma fialebis keTeba rom daiwyes, isini iseTi manZiliT iyvnen daSorebulni,
rom rodesac fialebi sasurveli siganisa da siRrmis gaxda, maTi kideebi erTmaneTs SeuerT-
da. rogorc ki es moxda, futkrebma Txra Sewyvites da fialebis SeerTebis adgilas cvilis
brtyeli kedlebis amoSenebas Seudgnen. ase rom, TiToeuli fialis kidis Tavze eqvskuTxa
prizmebi warmoiqmna, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi ujrebisagan, romlebic samkuTxa sworxa-
zovani prizmebisagan Sedgeba.
oTxkuTxa cvilis naWris nacvlad, skaSi viwro da danis piriviT Txeli, vermilioniT
SeRebili kaSkaSa wiTeli firfitebi movaTavse. futkrebi kvlav fialebis Txras Seudgnen,
magram cvilis firfitebi imdenad Txeli iyo, rom orive mxridan Cveuli siRrmiT gaTxris
SemTxvevaSi, fialebis fskeri gaixvriteboda. Tumca, futkrebma amazec `izrunes~ da Txra
droulad daasrules, ise rom, warmoiqmna brtyelfskeriani fialebi. es brtyeli fskerebi,
romlebic wiTeli cvilis Txeli firfitebiT iyo agebuli, im adgilas iyon ganlagebuli, sa-
dac vizualuri warmosaxvis Sedegad SeiZleboda sferoebis gadakveTis adgili yofiliyo.
zog adgilas mopirdapire fialebs Soris patara, zogan ki rombis formis didi firfitebi
iyo ganlagebuli. magram am samuSaos Sedegi samSeneblo masalis arabunebrivobis gamo ar iyo
srulyofili. futkrebi udavod fialebis sapirispiro mxaresac muSaobdnen, fialebs orive
mxridan RrRnidnen da aRrmavebdnen; magram radganac muSaoba adre mTavrdeboda, fialebs
Soris brtyeli firfitebi darCa.
vinaidan cvilis firfita Txeli, drekadi fenaa, futkrebi swrafad mixvdnen, rodis
unda SeewyvitaT muSaoba. Cveulebriv fiWaSi futkrebi sapirispiro mxares erTnairi tem-
piT ver muSaobdnen. am daskvnis gakeTebis saSualeba momca axlad dasrulebul ujrebze da-
kvirvebam _ SevamCnie, rom erT mxareze iyo naxevrad daumTavrebeli rombebi, meore mxridan
ki amozneqili cvili. es imaze miuTiTebda, rom futkrebi erT mxares albaT swrafad moq-
medebdnen, meore mxares _ nela. fiWa skaSi davabrune, riTac saSualeba miveci futkrebs
cota xans kidev emuSavaT da kvlav gavzome ujra. aRmovaCine, rom rombiseburi fiala das-
rulebuli iyo da absoluturad brtyeli forma hqonda. vinaidan misi kedlebi ukiduresad

526
 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Txeli iyo, sruliad SeuZlebelia, rom es amozneqili mxridan Txris Sedegi yofiliyo. ro-
gorc vvaraudob, am SemTxvevaSi futkrebi moqmedebdnen sapirispiro ujrebidan, awvebodnen
da agorglebdnen rbil cvils (rogorc Sevamowme, es advili gasakeTebelia), gadahqondaT
Sualedur firfitaze da Semdeg abrtyelebdnen.
vermilioniT SeRebili wiTeli cvilis firfitebis eqsperimentma damanaxa, rom Tu fut-
krebi cvilis Txel kedlebs gaakeTeben, maT ujrebs specifikuri forma unda miscen; es
SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini muSaobis dawyebisas garkveul distancias daicaven
da erTnairi tempiT imuSaveben. Sedegad miiReben erTnairi formis sferul CaRrmavebebs,
magram ar dauSveben, rom maT erTmaneTi daazianon. Tu fiWis kideebs davakvirdebiT, davi-
naxavT, rom futkrebi fiWis garSemo uswormasworo kedels aSenebdnen. isini ujrebs sapir-
ispiro mxridan Txrian da wriuli moZraobiT aRrmaveben mas. isini ujrebis samgverdian pi-
ramidebs erTdroulad ar ageben. gaTxramde isini mzardi kidis bolos mxolod erT an or
rombisebur ujras qmnian da sanam heqsagonis kedlebis ageba ar daiwyeba, rombiseburi fir-
fitis zeda kideebs ar amTavreben. zogierTi es mosazreba gansxvavdeba aRiarebuli mecnier-
is, huber ufrosis mosazrebisagan, magram me maT sizusteSi darwmunebuli var da saSualeba
rom mqodnes, vaCvenebdi, rom Cveni Teoriebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.
huberis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom pirveli ujris amoTxra cvilis paraleluri gverdebis
mqone kedlidan iwyeba, rogorc SevniSne, ar aris zusti. mSenebloba pirvelad cvilis patara
groviT iwyeba, magram axla amas detalurad ar ganvixilav. CvenTvis naTelia, raoden mniS-
vnelovania gaTxra ujris asagebad. magram Secdoma iqneboda imis varaudi, rom futkrebs
ar SeuZliaT uxeSi formis kedlis ageba saWiro adgilas, _ aseTia ori sferos gadakveTiT
miRebuli sibrtye. me maqvs amis damadasturebeli uamravi magaliTi. mzardi fiWis araswo-
rad momrgvalebul cvilis kedlebzec ki SeiZleba SevamCnioT formis odnavi darRveva, ro-
melic mSenebare ujrebis bazaluri rombiseburi firfitebis sibrtyeze aRiniSneba. magram
cvilis es arasworxazovani kedeli aucileblad unda dasruldes, amisaTvis mas futkrebi
ormxrivad aRrmaveben. am SemTxvevaSi futkrebis qceva saocaria. dasrulebuli ujris Tx-
eli kedlisagan gansxvavebiT, isini Tavdapirvelad uswormasworo kedlebs 10- 20-jer meti
sisqisas akeTeben. futkris Sroma SeiZleba kalatozisas SevadaroT. isini jer erT adgilze
yrian cements, xolo Semdeg mas orive mxares anawileben, sanam ar gaswordeba da maT Soris
Txeli kedlebi ar warmoiqmneba. ase rom, vRebulobT Txel kedels, romelic SeuCereblad
adis maRla, magram bolos yovelTvis bolovdeba giganturi saxuraviT. yvela ujraSi, ro-
melic cvilis mtkice kideebiTaa daboloebuli, futkrebi ise grovdebian da moZraoben sax-
uravze, rom odnavac ar azianeben ujris heqsagonur, 0,4 diumi sisqis kedlebs; xolo pir-
amidis fuZis firfitebi ki masze orjer sqelia. Senebis es forma fiWas ufro mdgrads xdis.
amasTan, aq cvili ukiduresad ekonomiuradaa gamoyenebuli.
Tavidan rTuli misaxvedria, rogor Sendeba fiWa, sadac uamravi futkari erTdroulad
muSaobs. Sromis procesSi futkari erTi ujridan meoreze gadadis. ise rom, rogorc huberi
aRniSnavs, pirveli ujris keTebasac ki ramdenime individi erTdroulad iwyebs. me Sevecade
es eqsperimentiT meCvenebina: TiToeuli heqsagonuri kedlisa da mzardi fiWis momrgva-

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lebuli kideebi wiTeli cvilis Zalian Txeli, rbili firfitiT davfare; davinaxe, rogor
gaanawiles SeRebili cvili futkrebma yvela garemomcvel kedelze, albaT ise, rogorc amas
mxatvari Tavisi funjiT Seasrulebda. fiWis konstruqciis Seneba Tanabradaa ganawilebuli
mraval futkars Soris. yvela maTgani instinqturad dgeba erTmaneTisagan Tanabrad dac-
ilebul manZilze da iwyebs erTnairi zomis sferoebis Senebas, romelTa gadakveTis adgil-
ze brtyel kedlebs agebs. saintereso iyo imis aRmoCena, rom roca fiWis ori nawili kuTxiT
uerTdeboda erTmaneTs, futkrebi Slidnen da Tavidan aSenebdnen ujras SeerTebis adgilze
da zogjer mas sruliad axal, aqamde ucnob formasac aZlevdnen.
rodesac futkrebi pouloben fiWis asaSeneblad xelsayrel adgils, magaliTad, xis naW-
ers, romelic fiWis Sua nawilis qvemoTaa moTavsebuli, ise, rom fiWa mis erT mxares aSendes,
am SemTxvevaSi futkrebi Tavdapirvelad axali ujris bazalur kedels ageben, romelic zus-
tad misTvis gankuTvnil adgilzea moTavsebuli, ise, rom SemdegSi mimdebare ujrebis pro-
eqtireba moxerxdes. futkrebs saSualeba unda hqondes erTmaneTisagan da dasrulebuli
ujris kedlidan gansazRvruli manZiliT iyvnen daSorebuli. es mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
amis Semdeg isini ageben warmosaxviT sferoebs, xolo maTi gadakveTis adgilas _ brtyel ke-
dels. magram ramdenadac SevniSne, isini manam ar asruleben ujris kuTxeebis Senebas, sanam
mocemuli da momijnave ujrebis kedlebi ar aSendeba. futkris unari, aaSenos uswormas-
woro kedeli or axlad dawyebul ujras Soris, metad mniSvnelovania; is adasturebs faqts,
romelic erTi SexedviT mocemuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegoa. kerZod, imas, rom krazanas fi-
Wis ganapira ujrebi idealuri heqsagonia. magram me ar vapireb aq am sakiTxis garkvevas. sir-
Tules ar warmoadgens imis axsna, rogor agebs romelime mweri, magaliTad krazana, eqvskuTxa
ujras _ monacvleobiT muSaobs dawyebuli ujris SigniT da gareT, yovelTvis Sesabamisi
manZiliT aris daSorebuli mSenebare ujris nawilebisagan, aprialebs sferoebs an cilin-
drebs da aSenebs Sualedur firfitebs. savaraudoa, rom roca es mweri sworad ver moniSnavs
ujris asaSenebel adgils, iwyebs moZraobas, jer erTi, Semdeg xuTi sxvadasxva wertilis ir-
gvliv, amave dros, igi Sesabamisi manZiliTaa daSorebuli centridan da sxva mwerebisagan,
uaxlovdeba Sexebis sibrtyeebs da qmnis izolirebul eqvskuTxeds. Tumca ar gamigia, rom
aseTi SemTxveva vinmes SeemCnios. arc araferi gamovidoda TiTo eqvskuTxedis agebiT, vi-
naidan mis asaSeneblad meti masala iqneboda saWiro, vidre erTi cilindrisaTvis.
vinaidan bunebrivi gadarCeva mxolod struqturis an instinqtis mcire cvalebadobis
dagrovebis gziT moqmedebs, romelic garkveul pirobebSi, individisaTvis sasargebloa,
logikuria vikiTxoT, ra sargebeli moutana skis futkris winaprebs arqtiteqturulma
instinqtma, romelic zemoT naxseneb konstruqcias ukavSirdeba? vfiqrob, pasuxi ar aris
rTuli. futkrisTvis advili ar aris sakmarisi neqtris mopoveba. me baton tegetmaierisgan
vici, rom, eqsperimentis Tanaxmad, futkris erTi skis mier erTi girvanqa cvilis dasamza-
deblad saWiroa aranakleb 12-15 girvanqa Saqaris fxvnili. amgvarad, unda vivaraudoT, rom
futkrebis mier fiWis asagebad aucilebeli cvilis dasamzadelad didi raodenobiT neq-
tari ixarjeba. amasTanave, am procesis dros bevri futkari dReebis ganmavlobaSi usaqmodaa
cvilis sekreciis molodinSi. zamTaris ganmavlobaSi futkris didi gundisaTvis Taflis

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

didi maragia saWiro. amasTan, skis usafrTxoebas mxolod futkris didi raodenoba uzrun-
velyofs, romelTac kveba esaWiroebaT. amgvarad, didi raodenobis cvilis sekrecia da, Ses-
abamisad, Taflis momarageba futkris ojaxis warmatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia,
Tumca, maTi keTildReoba kidev damokidebulia parazitebisa da sxva mtrebis raodenobaze
da, agreTve, sxva gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevebze, romlebmac Taflis raodenobis miuxeda-
vad, SeiZleba gansazRvron futkris ojaxis arseboba. magram davuSvaT, rom swored Taflis
raodenoba gansazRvravs bazis ojaxebis raodenobas mocemul qveyanaSi; warmovidginoT,
rom ojaxi mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, esaWiroeba Taflis maragi.
am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni bazisaTvis cxadia xelsayreli iqneba, rom man instinqtis cvalebadobis
Sedegad SeiZinos cvilis ujrebis erTmaneTTan axlos agebis unari, ise, rom maT erTmaneTi
odnav gadakveTon (Tundac or ujras Soris warmoiqmnas saerTo kedeli), rac cota cvils
dazogavda. ufro xelsayreli iqneboda, Tu bazi ujrebs erTmaneTTan ufro axlos ganal-
agebda, faqtobrivad erT mTlianobad Sekravda, ise, rogorc Melipona-s ujrebia. am SemTxveva-
Si mosazRvre zedapirebis wili gaizrdeba, rac met cvils dazogavs. da kvlav imave mizeziT
Melipona-saTvis xelsayreli iqneboda ujrebis erTmaneTTan axlos da meti sixSiriT ageba. am
SemTxvevaSi sferosebri zedapiri mTlianad gaqreboda da brtyeli zedapiriT Seicvleboda
anu skac iseTive srulyofili iqneboda, rogorc skis futkrisa. bunebrivi gadarCeva amaze
metad srulyofil arqiteqturul formas ver Seqmnida, radgan rogorc vnaxeT, skis futk­
ris fiWas minimaluri raodenobis cvili xmardeba.
amrigad, instiqtebs Soris yvelaze saocari _ skis futkris instinqti, SeiZleba avxsnaT
bunebrivi gadarCeviT, romelmac Zalze momgebianad gamoiyena martivi instinqtis uamravi
Tanmimdevruli mcire cvalebadoba. bunebrivma gadarCevam ubiZga futkrebs, SeeqmnaT ori
Sre garkveuli manZiliT daSorebuli identuri sferoebisa da aegoT cvilis firfitebi
sferoebis SeerTebis sibrtyeze. ra Tqma unda, futkrebs ara aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom maT
erTmaneTisagan gansazRvruli manZiliT daSorebuli sferoebi Seqmnes; magram maT ician ram-
denime kuTxe eqvswaxnaga prizmasa da rombisebur firfitebSi. bunebrivi gadarCevis motivi-
rebuli Sedegi cvilis ekonomiaa. futkris swored is gundi gadarCa, romelmac minimaluri
cvili daxarja; es axlad SeZenili ekonomiis instinqti ki STamomavlobas gadaeca, romelsac
arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad meti upiratesoba aqvs.
bunebrivia, rom bevri Znelad asaxsneli instinqti bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias Sei-
Zleba SeewinaaRmdegos: kerZod SemTxvevebi, rodesac ar viciT, rogor gaCnda esa Tu is
ins­tinqti; ar aris cnobili misi Sualeduri gradaciebi. arsebobs naklebad mniSvnelovani
ins­tinqtic, romelic ar viTardeba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad. cxovelebSi instinqtebi
TiTqmis identuria, magram zogjer maTi axsna imdenad Znelia, rom SeuZlebelia davijeroT
misi erTi winaprisagan memkvidreobiT gadacema. amitom mas bunebriv gadarCevas mivawerT.
me ar Sevudgebi zogieri detalis gansazRvras, magram msurs Sevexo erT rTul sakiTxs, rom-
lebic CemTvis Znelad gadasalaxi aRmoCnda. da, faqtobrivad, fataluric ki Cemi TeoriisT-
vis. vgulisxmob usqeso da sterilur mdedrebs mwerebis TanasazogadoebaSi, am unayofo
mwerebis instinqtebi da agebuleba metad gansxvavdeba mamrebisa da fertiluri mdedrebis
instiqtebisagan da vinaidan unayofoni arian, ver warmoqmnian Tavis msgavss.

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es sakiTxi farTo ganxilvas moiTxovs, magram me Sevexebi muSa an steriluri WianWvelebis

SemTxvevas. am muSa WianWvelebis unayofobis mizezi Zneli asaxsnelia, Tumca arc ise Zneli,
radgan arsebobs cvalebadobis sxva SemTxvevebic, romlebic cxadyofen, rom velur buneba-
Si esa Tu is mweri SemTxveviT unayofo xdeba. magram Tu es mwerebi Tanasazogadoebis wevrebi
arian, ese igi, misTvis xelsayreli iyo maTi gamoyeneba Sromisa da ara gamravlebisaTvis. Cem-
Tvis sirTules ar warmoadgens imis damtkiceba, rom aqac bunebrivi gadarCeva moqmedebs. ma-
gram am sakiTxs axla ar Sevexebi. ufro rTuli asaxsnelia is sxvaoba, romelic muSa WianWve-
las ganasxvavebs mamrisa da fertiluri mdedrisgan da romelic gamoixateba agebulebasa
da zomebSi. aRsaniSnavia gansxvavebuli gulmkerdis forma, frTebisa da zogjer Tvalebis
arqona, aseve gansxvavdeba maTi instinqtebic. rac Seexeba Tavad instinqts, muSa da mamri
mwerebis es saocari gansxvaveba ufro mkafiod skis futkrebSia gamovlnili. muSa da unay-
ofo mwerebi Cveulebrivi cxovelis pirobebSi rom iyvnen, uyoymanod davamtkicebdi, rom
maTi es Tvisebebi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegia. kerZod, miviCnevdi, rom es individi daibada
struqturis erTgvari sasargeblo saxecvlilebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaeca mis
STamomavals, romelmac aseve ganicada garkveuli cvlileba da kvlav moxda maTi gadarCeva
da a.S. magram muSa WianWvelas SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs mwerTan, romelic Zalian gansx-
vavdeba winaprebisagan da aris sruliad steriluri. ase rom, is verasodes SeZlebda STamo-
mavlobisaTvis gadaeca Tavisi saxecvlileba da instinqti. ibadeba kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba
davuqvemdebaroT es SemTxveva bunebriv gadarCevas?
pirvel rigSi unda SegaxsenoT, rom gvaqvs uamravi magaliTi, rogorc Sinaur, ise gareul
cxovelebSi, romelTa struqturuli gansxvavebebi korelirebs rogorc asakTan, ise sqes-
Tan. cnobilia struqturuli gansxvavebebi, romelic korelirebs ara marto sqesTan, aramed
agreTve mokle periodTan, rodesac reproduqciuli sistema aqtiuria. aseTia, magaliTad,
bevri frinvelis saqorwino Sebumbvla an mamri oragulis mokauWebuli ybebi. mciredi gan-
sxvaveba rqosani pirutyvis sxvadasva jiSis rqebs Sorisac SeiniSneba; magaliTad, garkveuli
jiSis xaris rqebi ufro grZelia, vidre buRasi da zogi jiSis Zroxis. ase rom, rTuli asaxs-
neli ar aris rogor xdeba usqeso individi mwerebis Tanasazogadoebis wevri, anu rogor gan-
icdis maTTan korelacias. xolo rogor moxda struqturuli Taviseburebebis dagroveba
bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad _ es ukve namdvilad rTuli asaxsnelia.
me mjera, rom es sirTule gaqreba, Tu gavixsnebT, rom gadarCeva iseve mimdinareobs
ojaxebSi, rogorc individebSi da SeiZleba hqondes sasurveli Sedegi. magaliTad, sur-
nelovani bostneulis xarSvisas es individi nadgurdeba, magram roca mTesveli mis Tesls
Tesavs, moelis, rom igive Tvisebebis mosavals miiRebs. seleqcionerebis survilia, rom mis
pirutyvs xorci da qoni ar akldes. cxovels klaven, magram misi gamravleba grZeldeba,
radgan seleqcioneri imave ojaxis sxva individebs amravlebs. mjera, rom rqosani pirutyvis
jiSi, romelic grZelrqian xarebs aZlevs dasabams, TandaTan Camoyalibda individur xarsa
da Zroxaze xangrZlivi dakvirvebisa da gadarCevis Sedegad, radgan xars TviTon STamomav-
lobis mocema ar SeuZlia. amgvarad, mjera, rom socialuri mwerebis SemTxvevaSi Tanasazoga-
doebisaTvis upiratesobis momtani iyo sazogadoebis zogierTi wevris sterilurobasTan

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

korelirebadi struqturis an instinqtis mcire saxecvlilebebi. Sedegad igive Tanasazoga-

doebis fertiluri mamrebi da mdedrebi TavianT fertilur STamomavlobas gadascemdnen
imave saxecvlilebis mqone steriluri wevrebis gamoyvanis tendencias. me agreTve mjera,
rom es procesi grZeldeboda manam, sanam erTi da imave saxeobis fertilur da sterilur
mdedrebs Soris sakmarisad gansxvavebuli niSnebi ar Camoyalibda, rac dRes saxezea bevr so-
cialur mwerSi.
magram Cven jer ar SevxebivarT yvelaze rTul sakiTxs. saxeldobr, im faqts, rom zo-
gierTi WianWvelis usqeso individebi agebulebiT gasxvavdebian ara marto fertiluri
mdedrebisa da mamrebisagan, aramed erTmaneTisganac. zogjer es gansxvaveba Zalian seri-
ozulia da mis safuZvelze gamoiyofa ori an sami kasta. kastebi erTmaneTSi gardamaval
formebs ki ar aris, aramed aSkarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, TiTqmis iseve, rogorc
erTi gvaris ori saxeoba, anda erTi ojaxis ori gvari. ase, magaliTad, Eciton-Si aris us-
qeso muSa da meomari individebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian ybebiTa da in-
stinqtebiT. Cryptocerus-Si erTi kastis muSebs Tavze mSvenieri fari aqvT, romlis daniS-
nulebac ucnobia. meqsikur Myrmecocystus-Si erTi kastis muSebi arasodes toveben budes,
maT sxva kastis muSebi kvebaven da uviTardebaT saocrad didi zomis muceli, romlidanac
xdeba Taflis magvari nivTierebis sekrecia, rogorc es xdeba bugrebis SemTxvevaSi anu
maT SeiZleba vuwodoT Sinauri pirutyvi, romlebsac Cveni evropuli WianWvelebi icaven
da datyvevebuli hyavT.
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis princips me gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas
vaniWeb, roca ar vaRiareb, rom aseTi saocari da dadasturebuli faqtebi anadgurebs Cems
Teorias. bunebrivi gadarCevis pirobebSi warmoSobili erTi kastis an erTi tipis unayofo
mwerebis magaliTze (rac mimaCnia, rom nayofieri mdedrebisa da mamrebisagan gasxvavebiT
SesaZlebelia) SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom TiToeuli Tanmimdevruli, mcire da sasargeblo
saxecvlileba erTi budis yvela unayofo individSi ki ar moxda, aramed mxolod ramdeni-
meSi. nayofieri mSoblebis xangrZlivi gadarCeva dasabams aZlevs sasargeblo cvaleba-
dobas, Sedegad ki miRebulia sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone unayofo mwerebi. am mosazrebis
dasamtkiceblad erTsa da imave budeSi periodulad unda vxvdebodeT erTi saxeobis unay-
ofo mwerebs, romlebic struqturis cvlilebas gamoxataven. da marTlac vnaxavT, rom
isini mravlad arian evropaSi. b-nma f. smitma gviCvena, saocrad gansxvavdebian britaneTis
unayofo WianWvelebi erTmaneTisagan zomiT da zogjer feriTac. xandaxan erTi budis in-
dividebSi ukiduresi formebi erTdroulad mJRavndeba. aseT saxecvlilebas Tavad davak-
virdi. xSirad xdeba, rom SedarebiT didi an piriqiT patara muSa WianWvela didi raodeno-
biT arsebobs an orive uamravia. xolo saSualo zomis _ Zalian cota. F. flava-s ufro didi an
piriqiT, patara muSebi hyavs; maT Soris arian saSualo zomisanic. b-ni f. smitis dakvirve-
biT, did muSa WianWvelas Cveulebrivi Tvalebi aqvs, zomiT patara, magram advilad dasanaxi,
xolo patara muSa WianWvelis Tvalebi rudimentulia. mas Semdeg, rac guldasmiT Seviswavle
am muSa WianWvelis nimuSebi, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom rudimentuli Tvalebi patara muSa
WianWvelas Tavisi mcire zomis proporciulad aqvs ganviTarebuli. darwmunebuli var, rom

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Carlz darvini

saSualo zomis muSa WianWvelas Sualedurad ganviTarebuli Tvalebi aqvs. amrigad, erTsa
da imave budeSi Cven gvyavs ori saxis steriluri muSa WianWvela, romlebic gansxvavdebian
rogorc zomiT, aseve mxedvelobis organoebiT. Tumca Sualeduri TvisebebiT zogierTi
wevri erTmaneTs hgavs. Temidan gadavuxvev da vityvi, rom patara zomis muSa WianWvelebi Ta-
nasazogadoebaSi yvelaze sasargebloni rom yofiliyvnen da momxdariyo maTi mamrebisa da
mdedrebis mudmivi SerCeva, miviRebdiT mxolod aseTi WianWvelebis Tanasazogadoebas, ma-
gram es ase ar xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi miviRebT WianWvelis saxeobas, romlis unayofo indi-
videbi igive Myrmica-as mdgomareobaSi iqnebodnen. Myrmica-s muSa WianWvelas rudimentuli
Tvalebic ki ar gaaCnia maSin, roca mis mdedr an mamr warmomadgenels kargad ganviTarebuli
Tvalebi aqvs.
SemiZlia moviyvano kidev erTi magaliTi: imdenad mainteresebs erTi saxeobis unayofo
mwerebis sxvadasxva kastaSi mniSvnelovani struqturuli Taviseburebebis gradaciis aR-
moCena, rom rodesac b-nma f. smitma SemomTavaza dasavleT afrikuli WianWvela Anomma-s
uamravi nimuSi, uyoymanod visargeble am winadadebiT. mkiTxveli albaT Tavad, gazomvis
ga­reSe, zusti ilustraciiT dainaxavs am mwerebs Soris gadarCevis Sedegad warmoSobil
uam­rav gansxvavebas, gansxvaveba iseTive iyo, rogoric mSeneblebis erTi jgufSi, sadac
zogi 5 futi da 4 duimi simaRlisaa, zogi ki _16 futis. magram warmovidginoT, rom maRali
mSeneblebis Tavis zoma oTxjer aRematebodes dabali mSeneblebisas da piri _ xuTjer.
sxvadasxva zomis WianWvelebis ybis forma sxvadasxvagvaria da kbilebic gansxvavebuli,
amasTan sxvadasxva raodenobisa. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Tumca muSa
WianWvelebi SeiZleba dajgufdnen sxvadasxva zomis kastaSi, maTi formebi gardamavali
iqneba, ise rogorc maTi ybebis gansxvavebuli niSnebi.
am faqtebma damarwmuna, rom nayofier mSoblebze moqmedi bunebrivi gadarCeva dasa­
bams aZlevs iseT saxeobebs, romlebic mudmivad warmoqmnian an ybis erTnairi formis mqone
didi zomis unayofoebs, an gansxvavebuli formis ybebis mqone patarebs. SeiZleba gvqondes
mesame SemTxvevac: gaCndes garkveuli zomisa da formis muSa WianWvelebis erTi jgufi da
mis paralelurad arsebobdes meore, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli forma aqvs. e.i.
jer miviReT gardamavali formebi, ise rogorc dasavleT afrikuli WianWvelis SemTx-
vevaSi moxda, xolo Semdeg TanasazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze sasargeblo gansakuTrebuli
formebi da isini bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad didi raodenobiT warmoiqmna. es procesi
gagrZeldeba manam, sanam maTi axali Sualeduri forma ar warmoiqmneba.
amrigad, rogorc warmomidgenia, erT budeSi dasabami mieca steriluri muSebis or gansx-
vavebul formas, romlebic gansxvavdebian rogorc erTmaneTisagan, aseve maTi winaprisagan.
albaT xvdebiT, raoden sasargebloni unda iyvnen isini TavianTi TanasazogadoebisaT­vis,
iseve, rogorc mniSvnelovania samuSaos ganawileba adamianebs Soris. vinaidan WianWvelebi
moqmedeben STamomavlobiTi instinqtebiTa da iaraRiT, da ara SeZenili codniTa da Seqm-
nili instrumentebiT, maT Soris samuSaos gadanawileba xdeba steriluri muSa WianWvelebis
xarjze, radgan nayofierebis SemTxvevaSi, isini Sejvardebodnen da maTi instinqtebi da
struqtura erTmaneTs Seereoda. bunebam ki es gadanawileba bunebrivi gadarCevis saSuale-

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 saxeobaTa warmoSoba

biT ganaxorciela. magram unda vaRiaro, rom am principis arsebobaSi Cemi sruli rwmenis
miuxedavad, verasodes vivaraudebdi, bunebrivi gadarCevis aseT efeqturobas. es SemTxveva
kidev erTxel ganvixile, raTa meCvenebina, raoden Zlieria bunebrivi gadarCevis Zala. moce-
muli SemTxveva metad sainteresoa _ is amtkicebs, rom rogorc cxovelebSi, ise frinvelebSi
struqturis cvalebadobaze gavlenas axdens uamravi umniSvnelo, e.w. SemTxveviTi cvaleba-
dobac ki, romelic, Cvevebis miuxedavad, mravalmxriv sasargebloa, imitom, rom steriluri
wevrebis veranairi gamocdileba, Cveva Tu neba ver gansazRvravs nayofieri wevrebis instin-
qtsa Tu struqturas. Cven ki viciT, rom mxolod isini iZlevian STmomavlobas. gaocebuli
var, rom unayofoTa instinqtebis es SemTxveva dRemde aravis gamouyenebia lamarkis doqt­
rinis sawinaaRmdegod.
daskvna: am TavSi Sevecade meCvenebina, rom Cveni Sinauri cxovelebis gonebrivi SesaZle-
blobebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba da es gansxvaveba maT STamomavlobiT aqvT miRebuli.
aseve vcade meCvenebina, rom velur bunebaSi instinqtebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. veravin
SemewinaaRmdegeba imaSi, rom instinqtebi metad mniSvnelovania TiToeuli cxovelisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, rTuli dasamtkicebeli ar aris, rom garemo pirobebis SecvliT bune-
brivi gadarCeva dasabams aZlevs sxvadasxva sasargeblo instinqts. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
Cveva TavisTavad moqmedebs. ver vityvi, rom am TavSi moyvanili faqtebi Cem Teorias ram-
denadme aZlierebdes, Tumca, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, arc abaTilebs. meore mxriv, faqtia, rom
instinqtebi arasodes aris srulyofili da eqvemdebareba Secdomebs, e.i. erTi cxovelis
instinqti yovelTvis ar aris xelsayreli meorisTvis, magram TiToeuli cxoveli cdilobs
sxvisi instinqtiT isargeblos. bunebis kanoni: „Natura non fasid saltum~ moqmedebs rogorc sxe-
ulis struqturis Camoyalibebaze, aseve mis instinqtzec. am faqtebis axsna ganxiluli Teo-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia, Tumca ara yovelTvis. magram yovelive zemoTqmuli
adasturebs bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias.
am Teoriis ganmtkiceba SesaZlebelia instinqtebis sxvadasxva magaliTiT. aris SemTx­
vevebi, roca dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi binadari da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva garemo
pirobebSi myofi monaTesave, magram gansxvavebuli saxeobebi TiTqmis erTnair instinqtebs
inarCuneben. magaliTad, roca samxreTamerikuli SaSvi budes talaxiT swored iseve iSe-
nebs, rogorc britanuli SaSvi, moqmedebs memkvidreobiTobis principi an kidev Crdilo
amerikuli mamri Citi Troglodytes-i zustad iseve iSenebs e.w. `mamlis budes~, rogorc Cveni
Troglodytes-i. es Cveva arcerT sxva frinvels ar axasiaTebs. dabolos, SeiZleba es arc ise
logikuri daskvna iyos, magram, Cemi azriT sruliad sakmarisia instinqtebis Semdegi
magaliTebi: axalgazrda guguli budidan agdebs aragenetikur Zmas; WianWvelebi qmnian
monebs; iqnevmonidebis larvebi muxluxoebis cocxali sxeuliT ikvebebian. es instinqtebi
arc naCuqaria da arc Seqmnili, isini zogadi kanonzomierebis Sedegia, romlis mixedviTac
viTardebian normaluri arsebebi, kerZod, mravldebian da gansxvavdebian. susti iRupeba,
Zlieri ki gadarCeba.

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