HNG DN GII BI TP 1

HNG DN GII BI TP
BI TP CHNG 1
Bi tp 1.1. Ta c
lim
(x,y)0
|f(a + x, b + y) f(a, b) (x, y)|
(x, y)
= lim
(x,y)0
| sin(a + x) sin a cos a.x|
_
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
(x,y)0
|2 cos
2a+x
2
sin
x
2
cos a.x|
_
x
2
+ y
2
= lim
x0
| cos
2a+x
2
x cos a.x|
_
x
2
+ y
2
.
Ta li c
0
| cos
2a+x
2
x cos a.x|
_
x
2
+ y
2

| cos
2a+x
2
x cos a.x|
|x|
Ta c nh gi
lim
x0
| cos
2a+x
2
x cos a.x|
|x|
= lim
x0
cos
2a + x
2
cos a = 0
lim
x0
| cos
2a+x
2
x cos a.x|
_
x
2
+ y
2
= 0
Df(a, b) = 0.
Bi tp 1.2. chng minh f kh vi ti x = 0 ta cn ch ra tn ti mt nh
x tuyn tnh i t R
n
vo R tha gi thit.
Tht vy, xt nh x tuyn tnh O: R
n
R. Do hm f tha:
|f(0)| 0
2
= 0 f(0) = 0.
nn ta c
|f(0 + h) f(0) O(h)|
h
=
|f(x)|
h

h
2
h
= h
nn
lim
h0
|f(0 + h) f(0) O(h)|
h
= lim
h0
h = 0.
2 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 1
Vy f kh vi ti x = 0 v Df(0) = 0.
Bi tp 1.3.
(a) D
1
f(x, y) = lim
x0
f(x +x, y) f(x, y)
x
D
1
f(0, 0) = lim
x0
f(0 +x, 0) f(0, 0)
x
= lim
x0
x.0 0
x
= 0.
Tng t:
+ D
2
f(x, y) = lim
y0
f(x, y +y) f(x, y)
y
D
2
f(0, 0) = lim
y0
f(0, 0 +y) f(0, 0)
y
= 0.
(b) Gi s f kh vi ti (0, 0) Df(0, 0) = (0, 0).
Ta c:
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
|f(0 +x, 0 +y) f(0, 0) (Df(0, 0)(x, y))|
_
(x)
2
+ (y)
2
= 0
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
|f(x, y)|
_
(x)
2
+ (y)
2
= 0
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
x|y|
_
(x)
2
+ (y)
2
= 0. (1)
Chn x = y > 0.
Suy ra:
lim
(x,y)(0,0)
x|y|
_
(x)
2
+ (y)
2
= lim
x0
(x)
2
2(x)
2
=
1
2
= 0 (>< (1)).
Vy f khng kh vi ti (0, 0).
Bi tp 1.4.
(a) f

(x, y, z) =
_
f
x
f
y
f
z
_
=
_
y.x
y1
(lnx).x
y
0
_
(b) t f
1
= x
y
, f
2
= 0.
=f

(x, y, z) =
_
_
_
_
_
f
1
x
f
1
y
f
1
z
f
2
x
f
2
y
f
2
z
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
y.x
y1
(lnx).x
y
0
0 0 0
_
_
(c)
f

(x, y, z) =
_
f
x
f
y
f
z
_
=
_
sin y. cos(x. sin y) x. cos y cos(x. sin y)
_
HNG DN GII BI TP 3
(d) t f
1
= sin(xy), f
2
= sin(x sin y), f
3
= x
y
.
=f

(x, y) =
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
f
1
x
f
1
y
f
2
x
f
2
y
f
3
x
f
3
y
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
y. cos(x.y) x. cos(x.y)
sin y. cos(x. sin y) x. cos y cos(x. sin y)
y.x
y1
(lnx).x
y
_
_
_
_
Bi tp 1.5. Ta c
f

(0) = lim
x0
f(x) f(0)
x 0
= lim
x0
_
x
2
+ x
2
sin(1/x)
_
= 0
Vi x = 0 ta c
f

(x) =
1
2
+ 2x sin
1
x
cos
1
x
nn f

khng lin tc ti x = 0.
By gi ta chng minh trong mi ln cn ca 0, hm f khng th c nh x
ngc. Tht vy chn 2 dy:
x
k
=
1
2k
v y
k
=
1
(4k + 1)

2
k N.
Ta c
f

(x
k
) =
1
2
< 0, f

(y
k
) =
1
2
+
4
(4k + 1)
> 0.
Suy ra f khng n iu trong mt ln cn no ca 0, nn khng th tn ti
hm ngc f
1
.
Ni cch khc, iu kin lin tc khng th b c trong nh l hm ngc.
Bi tp 1.6.
(a) Ta c cng thc xc nh hm h l:
h(t) =
_

_
t.x.g
_
x
x
_
nu t > 0
t.x.g
_
x
x
_
nu t < 0
0 nu t = 0
hay
h(t) =
_

_
t.x.g
_
x
x
_
nu x = 0
0 nu x = 0
4 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 1
Xt cc trng hp sau
+ x = 0 : Do x.g
_
x
x
_
l hng s nn suy ra:
h

(t) = x.g
_
x
x
_
, t = 0.
Khi t = 0 ta c:
lim
t0
|h(t) h(0)|
|t|
= x.g
_
x
x
_
.
Hay h kh vi trn R.
+ x = 0: Khi x = 0 nn h = 0 trn R. Suy ra h kh vi trn R.
Nh vy trong mi trng hp ta c hm h kh vi trn R.
(b) Ta c:
D
1
f(0, 0) = lim
h0
|f(h, 0) f(0, 0)|
|h|
= lim
h0
f(h, 0)
h
= lim
h0
h.g
_
h, 0
h
_
h
=
_

_
lim
h0
h.g
_
h, 0
h
_
h
vi h > 0
lim
h0
h.g
_
h, 0
h
_
h
vi h < 0
Suy ra D
1
f(0, 0) = 0.
Tng t ta cng tnh c:
D
1
f(0, 0) = 0 = lim
k0
|f(0, k) f(0, 0)|
|k|
= 0
By gi gi s f kh vi ti im (0, 0), ta c:
Df(0, 0) = (0, 0).
m
lim
(h,k)(0,0)
|f(h, k) f(0, 0) (h, k)|
(h, k)
= lim
(h,k)(0,0)
|f(h, k)|

h
2
+ k
2
= lim
(h,k)(0,0)
g
_
h, k

h
2
+ k
2
_
= 0
HNG DN GII BI TP 5
Nu tn ti (x
0
, y
0
) S
1
sao cho g(x
0
, y
0
) = 0 th ta c th gi s x
0
> 0.
Khi vi h > 0, k = h
y
0
x
0
ta c:
g
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
h, h.
y
0
x
0
_

h
2
+ h
2
.
y
2
0
x
2
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
= g
_
_
(x
0
, y
0
)
_
x
2
0
+ y
2
0
.x
0
_
_
= g
_
_
_
_
_
1,
y
0
x
0
_
_
x
2
0
+ y
2
0
.x
0
_
_
_
_
= g(x
0
, y
0
) = 0!!
Vy f khng th kh vi ti im (0, 0).
Bi tp 1.7. Nu vi mi (x, y) R
2
, ta c f

(x, y) = 0 th f l hm hng nn
f khng th n nh.
By gi gi s tn ti (x
0
, y
0
) R
2
sao cho: f

(x
0
, y
0
) = 0. Ta c th gi s
f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) = 0.
Khi tn ti mt tp m A cha (x
0
, y
0
) sao cho
D
1
f(x, y) = 0, (x, y) A.
Xt hm s g : R
2
R
2
, g(x, y) = (f(x, y), y), (x, y) R
2
.
Ta c:
g

(x, y) =
_
_
_
f
x
f
y
0 1
_
_
_
nn
det g

(x, y) =
f
x
(x, y) = 0, (x, y) A.
Suy ra tn ti hm ngc g
1
: g(A) A, g
1
(f(x, y), y) = (x, y).
Ta c:
g(x, y) = g(x

, y

)
_
_
_
y = y

f(x, y) = f(x

, y)
nn nu f n nh trn R
2
th g n nh kh vi trn R
2
. Suy ra tn ti g
1
n
nh kh vi trn R
2
(mu thun vi gi thit ca hm g).
Vy f khng th n nh.
6 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 1
Bi tp 1.8. Vi mi v
x
= (v, x) R
n
x
, x R
n
, ta c
(g f)
x
(v
x
) = [D(g f)(x)(v)]
(gf)(x)
= [D
g
(f(x))Df(x)(v)]
(gf)(x)
= g
f(x)
[Df(x)(v)]
f(x)
= g

[f

(v
x
)] = (g

)(v
x
)
Suy ra (g f)

= g

.
Bi tp 1.9. Ta c |L(x) L(y)| = |L(x y)| L|x y|, t suy ra nh
x L lin tc. Chng minh DL = L.
HNG DN GII BI TP 7
BI TP CHNG 2
Bi tp 2.1. Hnh 2.0.1
Hnh 2.0.1:
Bi tp 2.2. (t) =
_
sin t, cos t
_
Bi tp 2.3. t f(t) =
2
(t). Theo gi thit th

(t
0
) = min f(t)
=f

(t
0
) = 0
=2.(t
0
).

(t
0
) = 0 (1)
Do khng i qua gc ta nn (t) = 0, t. Do t (1) ta c (t
0
) trc
giao vi

(t
0
).
Bi tp 2.4. Nu

(t) = 0 (t) = c, t. Vy vt ca (t) l mt im.

Nu

(t) = c = 0 (t) = ct + a, t. Vy vt ca (t) l mt ng

thng hoc mt phn ca ng thng.
Bi tp 2.5. Theo gi thit ta c:

(t).v = 0

t
_
0

(t).v.dt =
t
_
0
0.dt
v.
t
_
0

(t).dt = 0
v. ((t) (0)) = 0
v.(t) v.(0) = 0 (1)
8 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Do (0) trc giao vi

v nn v.(0) = 0
(1) = v.(t) = 0
Vy (t) trc giao vi

v , t I.
Bi tp 2.6. Vi : I R
3
,

(t) = 0, t I, ta c
|(t)| = a
2
(t) = a
2
=2.(t).

(t) = 0
=(t)

(t), t I.
Bi tp 2.7.
(a) Ta c
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2
t
2
cos
2
t + a
2
t
2
sin
2
t
= a
2
t
2
(cos
2
t + sin
2
t)
= a
2
t
2
= 2z.
Vy vt ca ng tham s nm trn mt mt nn.
(b)
C(t) = (sin 2t, 1 cos 2t, 2 cos t)
= (2 sin t cos t, 2 sin
2
t, 2 cos t)
Ta c
x
2
+ y
2
= (2 sin t cos t)
2
+ (2 sin
2
t)
2
= 4 sin
2
t(cos
2
t + sin
2
t)
= 4 sin
2
t
= 4(1 cos
2
t)
= 4 4 cos
2
t
= 4 z
2
Suy ra x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 4.
Vy vt ca ng tham s C(t) nm mt mt cu c tm O(0, 0, 0) v bn
knh R = 2. Chng ta cng chng minh c vt ca C(t) nm trn mt tr
HNG DN GII BI TP 9
Hnh 2.0.2:
(Hnh 2.0.2).
Bi tp 2.8. Tip tuyn ng tham s (t) = (3t, 3t
2
, 2t
3
) nhn t =

(t) =
(3, 6t, 6t
2
) lm vector ch phng
ng thng (d) :
_
_
_
y = 0
z = x
c VTCP u = (1, 0, 1).
gc ((), d) = gc(t, u)
Ta c :
cos(t, u) =
t.u
|t| . |u|
=
3t.6t

2.

9 + 36t
2
+ 36t
4
=
3t.6t
2
(3 + 6t
2
).

2
=

2
2
.
Bi tp 2.9.
(a)
Theo Hnh 2.0.3, ta c
cos =
IH
IM
= IK IH = 1 cos
MH = | cos |
OK = l(KM) = IK. =
x = OB = OK MH = sin
C() = ( sin , 1 cos )
10 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Hnh 2.0.3:
Suy ra
|C

()| =
_
(1 )
2
+ sin
2

=
_
1 2 cos + cos
2
+ sin
2

=
_
2(1 cos ) |C

()| = 0
1 cos = 0
cos = 0
= k2 , k Z
Do C(k2) = (k2, 0)
Vy nhng im (k2, 0) l nhng im k d ca C().
(b) di mt nhp ca ng Cycloit.
l =
2
_
0
_
2(1 cos )d =
2
_
0

4 sin
2

2
d =
2
_
0
2.

sin

2

d
= 4
2
_
0
sin

2
d = 4.2. cos

2
|

0
= 8.
Bi tp 2.10.
(a) Ta c c(t) = (t, t
2
), c

(t) = (1, 2t), |c

(t)| =

1 + 4t
2
HNG DN GII BI TP 11
Vy l =
B
_
A
|c

(t)|dt =
B
_
A

1 + 4t
2
dt
t u =
_
1
4
+ t
2
du =
t
_
1
4
+ t
2
dt
dv = dt v = t

1
2
l = t
_
1
4
+ t
2

B
A

B
_
A
t
_
1
4
+ t
2
dt
= t
_
1
4
+ t
2

B
A

B
_
A
_
1
4
+ t
2
dt +
B
_
A
1
4
.
1
_
1
4
+ t
2
dt
t x = t +
_
1
4
+ t
2

1
x
dx =
dt
_
1
4
+ t
2
Vy l = (t
_
1
4
+ t
2
+
1
4
ln(t +
_
1
4
+ t
2
))|
B
A
(b) c : t (t, ln t)
c

(t) = (1,
1
t
) |c

(t)| =
_
1 +
1
t
2
l =
B
_
A
|c

(t)|dt =
B
_
A
_
1 +
1
t
2
dt
t u =
_
1 +
1
t
2
du =
2
t
3
.
1
_
1 +
1
t
2
du = dt v = t
l = t
_
1
t
2
+ 1

B
A
+ 2
B
_
A
t
t
3
_
1
t
2
+ 1
dt
= t
_
1
t
2
+ 1

B
A
+ 2
B
_
A
1
t
2
_
1
t
2
+ 1
dt
t x =
1
t
dx =
1
t
2
dt
B
_
A
1
t
2
_
1
t
2
+ 1
dt =
B
_
A
dx

1 + x
2
t y = x +

1 + x
2

dy
y
=
dx

1 + x
2
Vy l =
_
t
_
1 +
1
t
2
2 ln
_
1
t
+
_
1 +
1
t
2
__

B
A
(c) c : t (t, cosh
t
a
)
12 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
c

(t) = (1, sinh

t
a
)
l =
B
_
A
|c

(t)|dt =
B
_
A
_
1 + sinh
2
t
a
dt
=
B
_
A
_
cosh
2
t
a
dt =
B
_
A

cosh
t
a

dt
=

B
_
A
cosh
t
a
dt

= a

sinh
t
a

B
A
(d)
c : t (a sin t, a(1 cos t)) a > 0
= C

(t) = (a cos t, a sin) a > 0

= l =
B
_
A
|C

(t)|dt =
B
_
A
_
a
2
(cos
2
t + sin
2
t)dt
=
B
_
A
a.dt = a(B A)
(e)
c : t
_
a(ln tan
t
2
+ cos t), a sin t
_
a > 0
= C

(t) =
_
a(
1
sin t
sin t), a cos t
_
= |c

(t)| = a
2

cos
4
sin
2
t
+ cos
2
t = a| cos t|.

cos
2
sin
2
t
+ 1
=
a| cos t|
| sin t|
= a. cot t
=
B
_
A
= |c

(t)|dt =
B
_
A
a cot t.dt = a.
B
_
A
cos t
sin t
dt
= a.
B
_
A
d(sin t)
sin t
= a ln sin t|
B
A
= a ln
sin B
sin A
Bi tp 2.11.
(a) c(t) giao vi mt phng y = 0 khi 1 cos t = 0 t = k2, k Z
Chn k = 0, 1 ta c t
1
= 0, t
2
= 2.
HNG DN GII BI TP 13
Ta c c

(t) =
_
a(1 cos t), a sin t, 2a sin t/2
_
|c

(t)| =
_
a
2
(1 cos t)
2
+ a
2
sin
2
t + 4a
2
sin
2
t/2
= a
_
2 2 cos t + 2(1 cos t)
= 2a

1 cos t
l =
2
_
0
|c

(t)|dt = 2a
2
_
0

1 cos tdt
= 2

2a
2
_
0
| sin t/2|dt = 8

2a.
(b) c : t (cos
3
t, sin
3
t, cos 2t). D thy ng tham s cho c chu k 2.
Ta c c

(t) = (3 cos
2
t sin t, 3 sin
2
t cos t, 2 sin 2t)
l =
2
_
0
|c

(t)|dt =
2
_
0
_
9 cos
4
t sin
2
t + 9 sin
4
t cos
2
t + 4 sin
2
2tdt
=
2
_
0
_
25 cos
2
t sin
2
tdt =
5
4
2
_
0
_
sin
2
2tdt
=
5
2
_
_
_

2
_
0
sin 2tdt

2
sin 2tdt +
3
2
_

sin 2tdt
2
_
3
2
sin 2tdt
_
_
_
=
5
4
_
cos 2t|

2
0
+ cos 2t|

2
cos 2t|

+ cos 2t|
2
3
2
_
= 10.
Bi tp 2.12. Ta c
_

_
x
3
= 3a
2
y
2xz = a
2
=
_

_
y =
x
3
3a
2
z =
a
2
2x
Suy ra ng cong (c) c tham s ha l
c(t) =
_
t,
t
3
3a
2
,
a
2
2t
_
Khi y =
a
3
=
t
3
3a
2
=
a
3
= t = a.
Khi y = 9a =
t
3
3a
2
= 9a = t = 3a.
14 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Vy di phn ng cong cn tm bng
l(c) =
3a
_
a
|c(t)|dt =
3a
_
a

1 +
t
4
a
4
+
a
4
4a
4
dt =
3a
_
a

(2t
4
+ at)
2
4a
4
t
4
dt
=
3a
_
a
2a
4
+ a
4
4a
2
t
2
dt =
3a
_
a
_
t
2
a
+
a
2
2t
2
_
dt
=
_
t
3
3a

a
2
2t
_

3a
a
= 9a.
HNG DN GII BI TP 15
Bi tp 2.13.
(a) Ly P nm trn ng xixoit. Ta c P
_
2at
2
1 + t
2
,
2at
3
1 + t
3
_
Phng trnh ng thng OP : tx y = 0.
Giao im B ca (OP) vi ng thng x = 2a c ta B(2a, 2at).
Giao im C ca (OP) vi ng trn (x a)
2
+ y
2
= a
2
c ta
C
_
2a
1 + t
2
,
2at
1 + t
2
_
.
Ta c:
OP =

4a
2
t
4
+ 4a
2
t
6
(1 + t
2
)
2
BC =

4a
2
t
4
+ 4a
2
t
6
(1 + t
2
)
2
.
Vy OP = BC.
Phng trnh tham s ca ng trn (C) :
_

_
x = a cos t + a
y = a sin t
t [0, 2]
C (C) : C(t) = (a cos t
0
+ a, sin t
0
).
Phng trnh (OC) :
_

_
x = t(a cos t
0
+ a)
y = t sin t
0
, t R
P (OC) = P(t
1
(cos t
0
+ a), t
1
sin t)
B = OC AV = B
_
2a,
2a sin t
0
cos t
0
+ 1
_
.
Suy ra

CB =
_
a a cos t
0
,
a sin t
1 + cos t
0
(1 cos t
0
)
_
P (OC) = P(t
1
(cos t
0
+ 1), t
1
sin t
0
).
Suy ra CB
2
= 2a
2
(1 cos t
0
)
2
.
1
1 + cos t
0
, OP
2
= 2t
2
(1 + cos t
0
).
Do CB
2
= OP
2
nn
2a
2
(1 cos t
0
)
2
.
1
1 + cos t
0
= 2t
2
(1 + cos t
0
)
= t
2
1
=
a
2
(1 cos t
0
)
2
(1 + cos t
0
)
2
= t
1
=
a(1 cos t
0
)
1 + cos t
0
= P =
_
a(1 cos t
0
), a sin t
0
.
1 cos t
0
1 + cos t
0
_
16 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
t t
2
=
1 + cos t
sin t
0
. Khi , ta c:
_
2at
2
2
1 + t
2
2
,
2at
3
2
1 + t
2
2
_
=
_
a(1 cos t
0
), a sin t
0
.
1 cos t
0
1 + cos t
0
_
P
(b) Ta c

(t) =
_
4at
(1 + t
2
)
2
,
6at
2
+ 2at
4
(1 + t
2
)
2
_
=

(t) = (0, 0).

Vy O(0, 0) l im k d duy nht ca ng xixoit.
(c) Chn M
_
2at
2
1 + t
2
0
,
2at
3
1 + t
2
0
_
(t)
d(M, ) =

2at
2
0
1 + t
2
0
2a

1
2
+ 0
2
=
2a
1 + t
2
0
Suy ra
lim
t
0

d(M, ) = lim
t
0

2a
1 + t
2
0
= 0
Ta c
lim
t
0

(t) = lim
t
0

_
4at
(1 + t
2
)
2
,
6at
2
+ 2at
4
(1 + t
2
)
2
_
= (0, 2a).
Vy, khi t th c(t) dn v ng thng x = 2a v

(t) (2a, 0).

Bi tp 2.14.
(a) Ta c x(t) = sin t l hm s cp kh vi trn (0, ) v y(t) = cos t+ln(tan
t
2
)
xc nh trn (0, ) v kh vi trn (0, ).
Do (t) kh vi trn (0, ) .
HNG DN GII BI TP 17
Ta cng c

(t) =
_
cos t, sin t +
1
sin t
_

(t) = (0, 0)
_

_
cos t = 0
sin t +
1
sin t
= 0

_
cos t = 0
1 + sin
2
t
sin t
= 0

_
cos t = 0
cos
2
t = 0
cos t = 0
t =

2
+ k (k Z) ()
V t (0, ) nn ta c ti t =

2
th

(t) = 0
Do (t) khng chnh quy ti t =

2
.
(b) Ly M
_
sin t
0
, cos t
0
+ ln(tan
t
0
2
)
_
(t)
Ta c
t(t
0
) =

|
=
1

1 +
1
sin
2
t
0
_
cos t
0
, sin t
0
+
1
sin t
0
_
Tip tuyn i qua M nhn t(t
0
) lm vector ch phng c phng trnh l
(d) :
_

_
x = sin t
0
+ t cos t
0
y = cos t
0
+ ln(tan
t
0
2
) + (sin t
0
+
1
sin t
0
)t
, t R
Gi N = d Oy. Khi x
N
= 0 = y
N
= ln(tan
t
0
2
)
Suy ra N
_
0, ln(tan
t
0
2
)
_
MN =
_
sin
2
t
0
+ (ln tan
t
0
2
cos t
0
ln tan
t
0
2
)
2
=
_
sin
2
t
0
+ cos
2
t
0
= 1.
Bi tp 2.15.
(a) Ta c

(t) =
_
3a 6at
3
(1 + t
3
)
2
,
6at 33at
4
(a + t
3
)
2
_
.
Ti t = 0, ta c (0) = (0, 0).
18 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2

(0) = (3a, 0)

tip xc vi Ox.
(b) Ta c: lim
t
3at
1 + t
3
= lim
t
3a
t
2
1
t
3
+ 1
= 0
lim
t
3at
2
1 + t
3
= lim
t
3a
t
1
t
3
+ 1
= 0 lim
t
(t) = (0, 0)
Tng t ta cng c
lim
t
3a 6at
3
(1 + t
3
)
2
= lim
t
3a
t
3
6a
_
1
t
3
2
+ t
3
2
_
2
= 0
lim
t
6at 6at
4
(1 + t
3
)
2
= lim
t
6a
t
3
3a
_
1
t
2
+ t
2
_
2
= 0
lim
t

(t) = (0, 0).

(c) Tham s ha ca ng vi nh hng ngc li l
(t) =
_
3at
1 t
3
,
3at
2
1 t
3
_
Khong cch t (t) n ng thng
d =

3at
(1 + t
3
)
+
3at
2
(1 + t
3
)
+ a

2
=

3at + 3at
2
+ at
3
+ a
(1 + t
3
)

2
=
|a|

(1 + t)
3
1 + t
3

2
=
|a|

(1 + t)
2
1 t + t
2

2
Do
lim
t1
d = lim
t1
|a|

(1 + t)
2
1 t + t
2

2
= 0
Ta c vector ch phng ca tip tuyn ti (t) l vector cng phng vi
vector

(t) l vector

u = (3a 6at
3
, 6at 3at
4
)
HNG DN GII BI TP 19
Khi lim
t1

u = lim
t1
(3a 6at
3
, 6at 3at
4
) = (9a, 9a). Vector (9a, 9a)
cng phng vi vector (1, 1) cng l vector ch phng ca ng thng
(l) : x + y + a = 0.
Vy khi t 1. ng cong v tip tuyn ca n tin ti ng thng
x + y + a = 0
Bi tp 2.16.
(a) (t) = (ae
bt
cos t, ae
bt
sin t), t R, a > 0, b < 0
Ta c
0 < ae
bt
cos t < ae
bt
0, (t )
= ae
bt
cos t 0 khi t
Tng t ta c
ae
bt
sin t 0 khi t
Vy (t) O(0, 0) khi t
(b)

(t) = (abe
bt
cos t ae
bt
sin t, abe
bt
sin t + ae
bt
cos t)
Ta c
lim
t
(abe
bt
cos t ae
bt
sin t) = lim
t
(abe
bt
cos t) lim
t
(ae
bt
sin t) = 0
Tng t
lim
t
abe
bt
sin t + ae
bt
cos t) = 0
Vy

(t) (0, 0) khi t .

Mt khc ta c |

(t)| = ae
bt
.

b
2
+ 1
= lim
t
0

t
_
t
0
ae
bt
.

b
2
+ 1dt = a

b
2
+ 1. lim
t
0

e
bt
t
0

t
t
0
=
a

b
2
+ 1
b
lim
t
0

(e
bt
e
bt
0
)
=
a

b
2
+ 1
b
.e
bt
0
Vy lim
t
t
_
t
0
|

(t)|dt l hu hn.
20 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 2.17. p dng nh l gi tr trung bnh cho cc hm x, y, z.
Bi tp 2.18.
(a) Ta c
(q p)

v = ((b) (a))

v
= (t)

v

b
a
=
b
_
a
_

(t)

v + (t)

v

_
dt
Do

v l hng nn

v

= 0.
Suy ra (q p)

v =
b
_
a

(t).

v dt (1)
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopki ta c
|

(t)

v | |

(t)|.|

v | = |

(t)|
b
_
a

(t).

v dt |
b
_
a

(t).

v dt|
b
_
a
|

(t).

v |dt
b
_
a
|

(t)|dt (2)
T (1), (2), suy ra
(q p)

v =
b
_
a

(t).

v dt
b
_
a
|

(t)|dt.
(b) t

v =
(q p)
|p q|
, theo Cu (a) ta c
b
_
a
|

(t)|dt (q p)

v = (q p).
q p
p q
=
(q p)
2
p q
= |p q|
=
b
_
a
|

(t)|dt |(b) (a)|.

Bi tp 2.19. Gi s = (x, y) vi |

| = 1. Khi ta c:
_
_
_
x

(s) = cos (s)

y

(s) = sin (s)

_
_
_
x

(s) =

(s) sin (s)

y

(s) =

(s) cos (s)

HNG DN GII BI TP 21
Theo gi thit:
k =

(s) cos
2
(s) +

(s) sin
2
(s) =

(s)

(s) = const
(s) = cs + a

_
_
_
x

(s) = cos(cs + a)
y

(s) = sin(cs + a)
Vy, =
_
1
c
cos(cs + a) + c
1
,
1
c
sin(cs + a) + c
2
_
.
Do c vt nm trn ng trn C(I, r) vi I(c
1
, c
2
), r =
1
|c|
=
1
|k|
.
Bi tp 2.20.
(a) c

= (2t, 1, 3t
2
), c

= (2, 0, 6t), c

= (0, 0, 6).
Suy ra c

= (6t, 6t
2
, 2),
c

2
= 4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
, |c

| =

4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
(c

)
2
= 36t
2
+ 36t
4
+ 4, (c

, c

, c

) = 12
t =
_
2t

4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
,
1

4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
,
3t
2

4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
_
b =
_
3t

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
,
3t
2

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
,
1

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
_
n =
1

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1

4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
_
9t
4
1, t(2 + 9t
2
), 3t(1 + 2t
2
)
_
k =
2

9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
(4t
2
+ 1 + 9t
4
)
3/2
=
3
9t
4
+ 9t
2
+ 1
(b) c(t) = a cosh t, a sinh t, at)
c

= (a sinh t, a cosh t, a)
c

= (a cosh t, a sinh t, 0)
c

= (a sinh t, a cosh t, 0)
c

= (a
2
sinh t, a
2
cosh t, a
2
)
c

2
= 2a
2
cosh
2
t
|c

| = a

2 cosh t
(c

)
2
= 2a
4
cosh
2
t
|c

| = a
2

2 cosh t
(c

, c

, c

) = a
3
22 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
t =
_
sinh t

2 cosh t
,
1

2
,
1

2 cosh t
_
b =
_
sinh t

2 cosh t
,
1

2
,
1

2 cosh t
_
n =
_
1
cosh t
, 0,
sinh t
cosh t
_
k =
1
2 cosh
2
t
=
1
2a cosh
2
t
(c) c(t) = (e
t
, e
(t)
,

2t)
c

= (e
t
, e
(t)
,

2)
c

= (e
t
, e
(t)
, 0)
c

= (e
t
, e
(t)
, 0)
c

= (

2e
(t)
,

2e
t
, 2)
|c

| =
e
2t
+ 1
e
t
|c

| =

2(e
2t
+ 1)
e
t
(c

, c

, c

) = 2

2
t =
_
e
2t
e
2t
+ 1
,
1
e
2t
+ 1
,

2e
t
e
2t
+ 1
_
b =
_
1
e
2t
+ 1
,
e
2t
e
2t
+ 1
,

2e
t
e
2t
+ 1
_
n =
_

2e
t
e
2t
+ 1
,

2e
t
e
2t
+ 1
,
1 e
2t
e
2t
+ 1
_
k =

2e
2t
(e
2t
+ 1)
2
=

2e
2t
(e
2t
+ 1)
2
(d) c(t) = (cos
3
t, sin
3
t, cos 2t)
c

= (3 cos
2
t sin t, 3 sin
2
t cos t, 2 sin 2t)
c

= (6 sin
2
t cos t 3 cos
3
t, 6 cos
2
y sin t 3 sin
3
t, 4 cos 2t)
c

= (21 sin t cos

2
t 6 sin
3
t, 21 cos y sin
2
t + 6 cos
3
t, 8 sin 2t)
c

= (12 sin
2
t cos
3
t, 12 sin
3
t cos
2
t, 9 sin
2
t cos
2
t)
|c

| = 5

sin
2
t cos
2
t
|c

| = 15 sin
2
t cos
2
t
(c

, c

, c

) = 36 sin
3
t cos
3
t
t =
_
3 cos
2
t sin t

sin
2
t cos
2
t
,
3 sin
2
t cos t

sin
2
t cos
2
t
,
2 sin 2t

sin
2
t cos
2
t
_
HNG DN GII BI TP 23
b =
_
4 cos t
5
,
4 sin t
5
,
3
5
_
n =
_
sin
2
t cos t

sin
2
t cos
2
t
,
sin t cos
2
t

sin
2
t cos
2
t
, 0
_
k =
3
25

sin
2
t cos
2
t
=
4
25 sin t cos t
(e) c(t) = (2t, ln t, t
2
)
c

= (2,
1
t
, 2t), c

= (0,
1
t
2
, 0), c

= (0,
2
t
3
, 0).
c

= (
4
t
, 4,
2
t
2
), |c

| =
1 + 2t
2
t
.
|c

| =
2(1 + 2t
2
)
t
2
, (c

, c

, c

) =
8
t
3
.
t =
_
2t
1 + 2t
2
,
1
1 + 2t
2
,
2t
2
1 + 2t
2
_
b =
_
2t
1 + 2t
2
,
2t
2
1 + 2t
2
,
1
1 + 2t
2
_
n =
_
1 2t
2
1 + 2t
2
,
2t
1 + 2t
2
,
2t
1 + 2t
2
_
k =
2t
(1 + 2t
2
)
2
, =
2t
(1 + 2t
2
)
2
.
Bi tp 2.21.
(a) Ta c

(s) =
_

a
c
sin
s
c
,
a
c
cos
s
c
,
b
c
_
= |

(s)| =

a
2
c
2
_
sin
2
s
c
+ cos
2
s
c
_
+
b
2
c
2
=

a
2
+ b
2
c
2
= 1.
Vy tham s s l di cung.
(b) Ta c

(s) =
_

a
c
2
cos
s
c
,
a
c
2
sin
s
c
, 0
_
Hm cong k(s) = |

(s)| =

a
2
c
4
cos
2
s
c
+
a
2
c
4
sin
s
c
=
a
c
2
Tm hm xon
24 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Ta c
n =

(s)
|

(s)|
=
c
2
a
_

a
c
2
cos
s
c
,
a
c
2
sin
s
c
, 0
_
t =

(s) =

(s) =
_

a
c
sin
s
c
,
a
c
cos
s
c
,
b
c
_
b = t n =
_

b
c
sin
s
c
,
b
c
cos
s
c
,
a
c
_
= b

=
_

b
c
2
cos
s
c
,
b
c
2
cos
s
c
, 0
_
.
Suy ra =
b
c
2
(c) Mt phng mt tip ca (s) qua im
(s
0
) =
_
a cos
s
0
c
, a sin
s
0
c
, b
s
0
c
_
v nhn
b(s
0
) =
_

b
c
sin
s
0
c
,
b
c
cos
s
0
c
,
a
c
_
lm vector php tuyn nn n c phng trnh:

b
c
sin
s
0
c
_
x a cos
s
0
c
_
+
b
c
cos
s
0
c
_
y a sin
s
0
c
_
+
a
c
_
z b
s
0
c
_
= 0

b
c
sin
s
0
c
.x +
b
c
cos
s
0
c
.y +
a
c
.z +
abs
0
c
2
= 0.
(d) Ta c n(t) =
_
a cos
s
c
a cos
s
c
.t, sin
s
c
a sin
s
c
.t,
bs
c
_
t N = n(t)

Oz, suy ra N(0, 0, bs/c).

=cos(n(t), Oz) =

0
_
a cos
s
c
_
+ 0
_
a sin
s
c
_
+ 1.0

|a|
= 0.
gc gia n(s) v Oz bng /2.
(e) Ta c
cos(t(s), Oz) =

0
_

a
c
sin
s
c
_
+ 0
_
a cos
s
c
_
+ 1.
b
c

|1.1|
=

b/c

= const.
HNG DN GII BI TP 25
Bi tp 2.22. Ta c:
c

(t) =
_
a(1 cos t), a sin t, 2a sin
t
2
_
=
_
a(2 2 cos
2
t
2
), 2a sin
t
2
cos
t
2
, 2a sin
t
2
_
c(t) =
_
2a sin
t
2
cos
t
2
, a(2 cos
2
t
2
1), a cos
t
2
_
Khi ta c:
c

(t) c(t) =
_
4a
2
sin
6
t
2
+ 4a
2
sin
4
t
2
cos
2
t
2
+ 4a
4
sin
4
t
2
=
_
8a
2
sin
4
t
2
= 2

2a sin
2
t
2
.
|c

(t)|
3
=

_
8a
2
sin
4
t
2
_
3
= 16

2a
3
sin
3
t
2
.
Suy ra cong ca ng tham s trn l:
k(t) =
c

(t) c(t)
|c

(t)|
3
=
2

2a sin
2
t
2
16

2a
3
sin
3
t
2
=
1
8a sin
t
2
.
Khi bn knh cong ca ng cho bng
r(t) =
1
k(t)
= 8a sin
t
2
bn knh cong t cc tr a phng th
r

(t) = 0 cos
t
2
= 0 t = + k2
Suy ra cc im lm cho bn knh cong t cc tr a phng ng vi
t = + k2, k Z.
Bi tp 2.23. Gi s tham s l di cung v gi e l vector c nh. Theo
gi thit ta c:
e.t = 0, =e.t

= 0, = k.(e.n) = 0
26 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Do gi thit song chnh quy nn k = 0. T suy ra e.n = 0 (1), ly o
hm hai v biu thc (1), ta c
e.n

= 0 = e(k.t + .b) = 0.
Do e.t = 0 nn e..b = 0.
Mt khc e.n = e.t = 0 nn e.b = 0. Suy ra = 0.
Vy ng cong cho l mt ng cong phng.
Bi tp 2.24.
(a) Gi s c l tham s ha vi tham s di cung v gi l im c nh.
Theo gi thuyt ta c: (c(s) a) = c

(s). T y suy ra:

c

(s) = c

(s) +

(s).
iu ny c ngha l: k =
c

n
|c

|
2
= 0.
Do vt l mt ng thng hoc mt phn ng thng.
(b) Do b

= 0 nn = 0.
Bi tp 2.25.
(a) 120x 597y + 108z + 1752 = 0.
(b) 61/16(x 25/8) 3(y 2) 5/4(z 9/4) = 0.
HNG DN GII BI TP 27
Bi tp 2.26.
(a) Ta c
c

(t) = (a sin t, a cos t, b)

c

(t) = (a cos t, a sin t, 0)

= t =
c

(t)
|c

(t)|
=
1

a
2
+ b
2
(a sin t, a cos t, b)
b =
c

|c

|
=
a
a

1 + b
2
(b sin t, b cos t, a)
= c

= (ab sin t, ab cos t, a

2
)
n = b t =
a
2
b
2

a
2
+ b
2

1 + b
2
(cos t, sin t, 0).
Php tuyn n ca c(t) nhn n lm vector ch phng qua im c(t
0
) c
phng trnh tham s l
_

_
x = a cos t
0
+ cos t
0
t
y = a sin t
0
+ sin t
0
t
z = bt
0
, t R
Tng t ta c phng trnh tham s ca cc ng thng sau
Tip tuyn (t) :
_

_
x = a cos t
0
a sin t
0
t
y = a sin t
0
+ a cos t
0
t
z = bt
0
+ bt
Trng php tuyn (v) :
_

_
x = a cos t
0
+ b sin t
0
t
y = a sin t
0
b cos t
0
t
z = bt
0
+ at
Mt phng mt tip qua c(t) nhn b(t
0
) lm vector php tuyn c phng
trnh l
b sin t
0
(x a cos t
0
) b cos t
0
(y a sin t
0
) + a(z bt
0
) = 0
b sin t
0
x b cos t
0
y + az abt
0
= 0.
Mt phng trc t nhn n(t
0
) lm vector ch phng v qua c(t) c phng
trnh l
cos t
0
x + sin t
0
y a
2
= 0.
28 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
(b) Gi l gc to bi tip tuyn (t) v trc Oz
cos =
|t.

e
3
|
|t|.|

e
3
|
=
|b|
1
= |b|
Gi s M = n Oz th ta M l nghim ca h
_

_
a cos t
0
+ cos t
0
t = 0
a sin t
0
+ sin t
0
t = 0
bt
0
= c
=
_

_
cos t
0
t = a cos t
0
sin t
0
t = a sin t
0
()
H phng trnh () lun c nghim nn cc php tuyn ca c(t) lun ct
trc Oz.
Bi tp 2.27. Xt nh x :< a, b >< 0, 1 >, t (t) =
t a
b a
. D thy
l mt nh x vi phi. Khi ng cong = c
1
l ng cong tham s
tng ng cn tm.
Bi tp 2.28.
(a) Do f(t), g(t) l cc hm trn nn n kh vi v x(t) = t l hm s cp nn
kh vi.
T ta c: c

(t) =
_
1, f

(t), g

(t)
_
=

0 nn c l ng tham s chnh qui.

(b) Vi f(t) = sin t +t
2
v g(t) = e
t
(1 t
3
) th c(t) =
_
t, sin t +t
2
, e
t
(1 t
3
)
_
.
T :
c

(t) = (1, cos t + 2t, e

t
(1 t
3
) 3t
2
e
t
)
Suy ra vector tip xc cn tm l:
c

(t) =
_
1, cost + 2t, e
t
(1 3t
2
t
3
)
_
.
Bi tp 2.29. chng minh iu kin cn, ly o hm ca ng thc
|(s)|
2
= const 3 ln. chng minh iu kin , chng ta ly o hm
(s) = (s) + Rn R

Tb
chng ta c

(s) = t + R(kt b) + R

n (TR

b R

n
=
_
R + (TR)

_
b
HNG DN GII BI TP 29
Theo gi thuyt ta c R
2
+
_
R
2
_
T
2
= const, ly o hm hai v ta c
2RR

+ 2 (TR

) (TR

= 0
=
2R

_
R + (TR

_
= 0.
Do k

, = 0 nn

= 0. T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 2.30.
(a) t R =
1
k
, T =
1

. chng minh
c a =
1
k
.n (
1
k
)

.
1

.b = Rn R

Tb
ta chng minh c + Rn + R

Tb l hm hng.
Tht vy, ta c:
(c + Rn + R

Tb)

= c

+ R

n + Rn

+ (R

T)

.b + (R

T).b

= t + R

n + R(kt + b) + (R

T)

b + R

.(n)
= t + R

n
1
k
t + Rb + (R

T)

b R

n
= Rb + (R

T)

b
= (R + R

T)b (1)
p dng Bi tp 2.29, do vt ca c(I) nm trn mt cu nn
R
2
+ (R

T)
2
= const. (2.0.1)
Ly o hm hai v ng thc 2.0.1, ta c
2RR

+ 2(R

T)(R

T)

= 0

_
R + T(R

T)

_
= 0 (do = 0)
R +
1

(R

T)

= 0
R + R

T = 0 (2)
T (1) & (2) suy ra:
(c + Rn + R

Tb)

= 0
c + Rn + R

Tb = a (const)
c a = Rn R

Tb.
30 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
(b) Chng minh tng t Bi tp 2.29.
Bi tp 2.31. Gi s c
1
c
2
, tc l tn ti mt vi phi : (0, /2) (0, 1),
sao cho c
2
(t) = (c
1
)(t), t (0, /2). Khi , ta c
_
_
_

cos t = (t)
sin t = 1
2
(t)

_
_
_
cos t =
2
(t)
sin t = 1 cos t

_
_
_
cos t =
2
(t) (1)
sin t + cos(t) = 1. (2)
Do phng trnh (2) khng c nghim vi mi t (0, /2) nn c
1
v c
2
l
khng tng.
Chng minh tng t cho cc trng hp cn li.
Bi tp 2.32. Gi a l vector ch phng ca ng thng v (t) l gc gia
hai vector a v

(t).
Gi s = const, tc l t.a = const, suy ra n.a = 0. Do
a = t cos +b. sin .
Ly o hm hai v ta c
k.n. cos + n. sin = 0
=
k

= tan = const
Ngc li, nu
k

= const = tan th chng minh c

a = t cos +b. sin .
Bi tp 2.33. Gi s s = 0, xt biu din ca ca trong ln cn ca s = 0.
Khi P phi c dng z = cy hay y = 0. Mt phng (P) : y = 0 khng tha
mn iu kin th 2 ca bi. By gi xt trong ln cn rt nh ca s sao cho
y(s) > 0 v z(s) cng du vi s. Theo iu kin th hai c = z/y va dng li
va m, do P l mt phng c phng trnh z = 0.
HNG DN GII BI TP 31
Bi tp 2.34.
(a) Xem Bi tp 2.32
(b) Theo chng minh ca Cu (a), vector a vung gc vi n nn php tuyn
song song vi mt phng nhn vector a lm php vector.
(c) Nu l gc gia a v tip tuyn th vector trng php tuyn b to vi
vector a mt gc /2 .
Bi tp 2.35. S dng c s a phng.
Bi tp 2.36. Ma trn ca mt php bin i ng c c nh thc bng 1
v cng thc i bin ca tch phn bi.
Bi tp 2.37. Gi s l tham s ha vi tham s di cung v a R
3
l
im c nh.
Theo bi ta c
_
(t) a
_
.

(t) = 0

_
_
(t) a
_
2
_

= 0

_
(t) a
_
2
= r
2
Suy ra vt ca () l ng trn hoc mt phn ng trn tm a bn knh r.
Bi tp 2.38.
(a) ng cong phng.
(b) ng xon c.
(c) ng thng hoc mt phn ca ng thng.
Bi tp 2.39. Cc tnh cht ny tng ng vi iu kin ng xon c
tng qut.
Bi tp 2.40. Tng t Bi tp 2.24.
Bi tp 2.41.
(a) ng tractrix c phng trnh tham s l
c(t) =
_
sin t, cos t + ln tan
_
t
2
__
32 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
Ta c
x(t) = sin t = x

(t) = cos t; x

(t) = sin t
y(t) = cos t + ln tan
t
2
= y

(t) =
cos
2
t
sin t
; y

(t) = cos t
cos t
sin
2
(t)
.
Gi (t) = (X, Y ) l ng tc b ca th c phng trnh tham s l
_

_
X = x
x

2
+ y

2
x

.y

Y = y +
x

2
+ y

2
x

.x

_
X =
1
sin t
Y = ln
_
tan
t
2
_
(b) ng Hypebol c phng trnh tham s ha l:
c(t) :
_
_
_
x = a cosh t
y = b sinh t
x

(t) = a sinh t; x

(t) = a cosh t
y

(t) = b cosh t; y

(t) = b sinh t
Do c(t) c ng tc b c xc nh nh sau:
_

_
X = x
x

2
+ y

2
x

.y

Y = y +
x

2
+ y

2
x

.x

_
X = a cosh t.(1 + cosh 2t)
Y = b sinh t.
_
1
a
2
b
2
cosh 2t
_
Nu l ng tc b ca c(t) th c(t) l ng thn khai ca (t).
(c) ng cycloid c(t) =
_
R(t sin t), R(1 cos t)
_
x

(t) = R(1 cos t); x

(t) = Rsin t
y

(t) = Rsin t; y

(t) = Rcos t)
l ng tc b ca c th c phng trnh tham s l
_
_
_
X = R(t + sin t)
Y = R(1 cos t) Bi tp 2.42.
HNG DN GII BI TP 33
(a) Ta c
k =
x

y xy

(x

2
+ y

2
)
3
2
=
cosh t
_
1 + sinh
2
t
_
3
2
=
1
cosh
2
t
.
(b) Theo cng thc xc nh tham s ha ca tc b
_

_
X = x
x

2
+ y

2
x

y xy

Y = y +
x

2
+ y

2
x

y xy

_
_
_
X =t sinh t cosh t
Y =2 cosh t
Bi tp 2.43. Ellipse
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1 c tham s ha l
_

_
x(t) = a cos t
y(t) = b sin t
t (0, 2).
Cc nh n ng vi cc gi tr t = /2, , 3/2. T , chng ta xc nh
c cc cong tng ng l b/a
2
, a/b
2
.
Bi tp 2.44. Vi ng cong c(t) =
_
(t), t(t)
_
, ta c
c

(t) =
_

(t), (t) + t

(t)
_
c

(t) =
_

(t), 2

(t) + t

(t)
_
ng cong c l mt cung thng khi v ch khi k = 0. iu ny tng ng
vi ng thc sau:

(t)(2

(t) + t

(t))

(t)((t) + t

(t)) = 0
2

2
(t) + t.

(t).

(t)

(t).(t) t.

(t).

(t) = 0
2

2
(t)

(t).(t) = 0
Nu tn ti t
0
I sao cho (t
0
) = 0 th c khng chnh qui ti t
0
. Do o chng
34 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 2
ta c:
_
1
(t)
_

=
_

(t)

2
(t)
_

(t)
2
(t) + 2(t)

2
(t)

4
(t)
=

(t)(t) + 2

(t)

3
(t)
= 0

1
(t)
= at + b (t) =
1
at + b
Vy vi (t) =
1
at + b
th c l mt cung thng.
Bi tp 2.45. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 2.46. Tm biu thc ta ca i vi mc tiu {(t) : t(t), n(t), b(t)}.
Bi tp 2.47. Gi s ng cong cho c tham s ha t nhin. Khi
x = cos v y = sin . S dng cng thc tnh cong i s thit lp
phng trnh vi phn thng theo .
Bi tp 2.48. S dng biu thc quan h gia h ta cc v h ta
Decarter:
_

_
x = () cos
y = () sin
Thay cc ng thc trn vo cng thc tnh di v cong i s.
Bi tp 2.49. S dng bt ng thc ng cho l
2
4A. Suy ra khng tn
ti ng cong.
Bi tp 2.50. i xng min cho qua AB v s dng kt qu bi ton ng
cho suy ra l chnh l na ng trn ng knh AB.
Bi tp 2.51. Tnh ton trc tip.
Bi tp 2.52. Do l mt ng cong n ng nn ta c
_
l
0
k(s)ds = (l) = (0) = 2.
Do k(s) < c, nn ta c
2 =
_
l
0
k(s)ds
_
l
0
cds = cl
HNG DN GII BI TP 35
T suy ra l 2/c.
Bi tp 2.53. Theo nh l Jordan v ng cong th bao mt tp hp K.
Nu K l mt tp khng li th tn ti hai im p, q K sao cho on thng
pq cha mt s im khng nm trong K. Khi on thng pq ct ti mt
im r = p, q. Chng minh rng qp l mt tip tuyn ca ti cc im p, q, r,
t dn n mt iu mu thun.
Bi tp 2.54. Nu ng cong l lm th ly hai im p, q nm hai pha
ca phn lm . Di chuyn hai im p, q v pha lm sao cho pq tr thnh tip
tuyn ti p v q. Chng minh ng cong thu c gim chiu di tng din tch.
Bi tp 2.55.
(a) Gi L l ng thng qua im q (I). Nu vt ca nm mt pha
ca L th ng thng L l mt tip tuyn. Nu vt ca n nm hai pha so vi
L th s ct L ti im th hai.
(b) Chng minh tng t nh chng minh hm Cauchy-Crofton.
36 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
BI TP CHNG 3
Bi tp 3.1. Xt f : R
3
R, (x, y, z) x
2
+y
2
. Khi , ta c

f
x
(x, y, z) = 0
f
y
(x, y, z) = 0
f
z
(x, y, z) = 0

2x = 0
2y = 0
0 = 0

x = 0
y = 0
.
Vy f c gi tr ti hn l duy nht l 0. Suy ra C l mt mt chnh qui.
C th chn h bn
f
1
: (0, 2) R R
3
, (u, v) (cos u, sin u, v)
f
2
: (, ) R R
3
, (u, v) (sin u, cos u, v)
Khi h

(0, 2) R, f
1

(, ) R, f
2

l mt h bn ph C. Lu
h ny khng duy nht.
Bi tp 3.2. Tp (x, y, z) R
3
: z = 0, x
2
+y
2
1 khng phi l mt chnh
qui. Tp (x, y, z) R
3
: z = 0, x
2
+y
2
< 1 l mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.3. D thy (0, y, z) l cc im ti hn ca f v f
1
(0) l mt phng
Oyz nn n l mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.4. R rng X tha mn cc iu kin: kh vi, ng phi (do x > y).
Ta s chng minh X l n nh
Gi s X(u
1
, v
1
) = X(u
2
, v
2
). T biu thc ca X ta thy u
1
, v
1
v u
2
, v
2

l trng nhau v cng l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai X

2
(u+v)X+uv = 0.
Nhng u
1
> v
1
v u
2
> v
2
nn ta c u
1
= u
2
v v
1
= v
2
.
Vy X l n nh. Do X l mt tham s ha ca mt mt chnh qui.
HNG DN GII BI TP 37
Bi tp 3.5.
(a) Ta c

f
x
= 2(x +y +z 1) = 0
f
y
= 2(x +y +z 1) = 0
f
z
= 2(x +y +z 1) = 0
x +y +z 1 = 0
Vy cc im ti hn ca f l mt phng (P)x +y +z 1 = 0.
(b) Nu c ,= 0 th c l mt gi tr chnh qui ca f. Suy ra f(x, y, z) = c l
mt mt chnh quy. Nu c = 0 th f(x, y, z) = c x +y +z 1 = 0.
Do khi c = 0 th nhng im M(x, y, z) tha f(x, y, z) = c cng l 1 mt
chnh quy.
Tm li vi mi c R th f
1
(c) l mt mt chnh qui.
(c) Ta c

f
x
= yz
2
= 0
f
y
= xz
2
= 0
f
z
= 2xyz = 0

z = 0
x = y = 0
Vy tp hp tt c cc im ti hn nm trn mt phng z = 0 v ng
thng x = y = 0. T , suy ra f c gi ti hn duy nht l 0.
Nu c ,= 0 th tp hp cc im M(x, y, z) tha f(x, y, z) = c l mt mt
chnh qui.
Nu c = 0 th tp cc imM(x, y, z) tha f(x, y, z) = 0 khng phi l mt
mt chnh qui (do ti O(0, 0, 0) khng trn).
Bi tp 3.6. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.7. Xt nh x X : V R
2
R
3
, (u, v) (u, v, 0). Khi (V, X)
l mt bn ca S. Do , tp cho l mt mt chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.8. Xt nh x f(x, y, z) = x
2
y
2
z, chng minh (0, 0, 0) l mt
gi tr chnh qui. T suy ra S l mt mt chnh qui.
Xt X : R
2
R
3
, (u, v)

u, v, u
2
v
2

. Khi x, y, z l cc hm kh
vi. Mt khc, ta c X
u
= (1, 0, 2u), X
v
= (0, 1, 2v) c lp tuyn tnh do
38 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3

1 0
0 1

= 1 ,= 0. Do X l mt tham s ha.
(a) Ta thy
lim
u
v
x (u, v) = , lim
u+
v+
x (u, v) = +
lim
u
v
y (u, v) = , lim
u+
v+
y (u, v) = +
lim
u
v0
z (u, v) = +, lim
u0
v+
z (u, v) =
(b) Tham s ny ph phn S R
3
: z > 0.
Bi tp 3.9. X(u, v) = (a sinh ucos v, a sinh usin v, c cosh u).
Bi tp 3.10. S khng phi l mt chnh qui do n c 1 ng thng k d.
Bi tp 3.11. Chng minh trc tip. Cc ng cong X(const, v) l giao ca
S vi mt phng z = c cos u.
Bi tp 3.12. X(u, v) = (0, 0, bu) +

(a, bu, 0) (0, 0, bu)

v =

av, buv, bu(1

v)

. (S) l mt mt chnh qui.

Bi tp 3.13.
(a) Tnh ton trc tip.
(b) Dng php chiu t cc bc v cc nam ln mt phng R
2
.
Bi tp 3.14.
(a) Chng minh tng t nh mt chnh qui.
(b) Tng t nh Cu (a)
(c) Khng chnh qui ti O.
Bi tp 3.15. D thy A
2
= id
S
2 nn A = A
1
.
Bi tp 3.16. f(x, y) = x
2
+y
2
. Khi f bin mt phng R
2
thnh parabolid.
Bi tp 3.17. Xt f : (E) (S), (x, y, z) (x/a, y/b, z/c).
Bi tp 3.18. Chng minh theo nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.19. S dng tnh cht kh vi ca php i tham s.
HNG DN GII BI TP 39
Bi tp 3.20. Kim tra trc tip 3 iu kin phn x, i xng, bc cu.
Bi tp 3.21. Chng minh trc tip.
Bi tp 3.22. Nu p = (x, y, z) th F(p) nm trn giao ca H vi ng thng
t (tx, ty, z), t > 0. Do
F(p) =

1 +z
2

x
2
+y
2
x,

1 +z
2

x
2
+y
2
y, z

Chn U l ton b tr i trc Oz. Khi hm F : U R

3
xc nh nh trn
l mt hm kh vi.
Bi tp 3.23. ng cong C ch c cc im k d nm trn trc quay.
Bi tp 3.24. Chng minh trc tip bng nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.25. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.26. S dng nh ngha ca hm kh vi trn R
3
v trn mt chnh
qui chng minh.
Nu f l thu hp ca mt nh x kh vi th f kh vi (v d). chng minh
iu ngc li, chng ta xt X : U R
3
l mt tham s ha ca S ti p.
Chng ta c th m rng X thnh nh x F : U R R
3
. Ly W l mt
ln cn ca p trong R
3
sao cho F
1
l mt vi phi trn n. nh ngha hm
g : W R c xc nh bi g = f X F
1
trn W, vi l php chiu
t nhin t U R ln U. Khi , g l mt nh x kh vi v g[
WS
= f.
Bi tp 3.27. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.28. nh x F kh vi trn S
2
N, do n l hp ca cc nh x
kh vi. chng minh F kh vi ti N, xt php chiu ni t cc nam v t
Q =
S
F
1
S
. Chng minh rng
N

1
S
() = 4/. T ta c
Q() =

n
a
0
+a
1
+ +a
n

n
.
Do , Q kh vi ti 0. Suy ra F =
1
S
F
S
kh vi ti S.
Bi tp 3.29. Vi mi

v T
p
S, ta c

v =

(t) = (x

(t), y

(t), z

(t)) vi
(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t)) l mt ng cong nm trn S v (0) = p.
40 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
Do (t) nm trn S nn f((t)) = 0. Tc l ta c:
f(x(t), y(t), z(t)) = 0, t I
=f

x
(p)x

(0) +f

y
(p)y

(0) +f

z
(p)z

(0) = 0
=n(f

x
(p), f

y
(p), f

z
(p))v
=(TpS) : f

x
(p)(x x
0
) +f

y
(p)(y y
0
) +f

z
(p)(z z
0
) = 0.
Bi tp 3.30. Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ti (a, b, 0) ca mt phng
chnh qui cho bi phng trnh f(x, y, z) = x
2
+y
2
z
2
1 = c dng
T
p
S :f

x
(p)(x a) +f

y
(p)(y b) +f

z
(p)(z 0) = 0
2a(x a) + 2b(y b) = 0
2ax + 2bx 2a
2
2b
2
= 0.
Php vector ca (TpS) l n = (2a, 2b, 0) vung gc vi e
3
. Suy ra mt phng
(T
p
S) vung gc vi trc Oz.
Bi tp 3.31.
C th xem S l F
1
(0) vi F(x, y, z) = z f(x, y) hoc gii theo cch sau.
(a) Tham s ha ca S l X(u, v) = (u, v, f(u, v)). Khi chng ta c
X
u
= (1, 0, f
u
), X
v
= (0, 1, f
v
)
Suy ra n = (f
u
, f
v
, 1).
Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ca S ti p = (x
0
, y
0
, f(x
0
, y
0
)) vi c dng
f

u
(p)(x x
0
) +f

v
(p)(y y
0
) + (z f(x
0
, y
0
)) = 0
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)(x x
0
) +f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)(y y
0
) +f(x
0
, y
0
))
(b) Ta c F = Df
q
(x, y) =
f
x
(q)x +
f
y
(q)y. Suy ra
Gr(F) =

x, y,
f
x
(q)x +
f
y
(q)y

: (x, y) R
2

T suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Bi tp 3.32. p dng Bi tp 3.31.
Bi tp 3.33. Ta c X(u, v) = (u) +(v)
ng ta th I: X(t, c), t I.
HNG DN GII BI TP 41
t p = X(u, c). Khi ta c
X
u
=

(u), X
v
=

(v)
=N(p) =

(u)

(c)
Suy ra cc mt phng tip xc ca (S) dc theo ng ta th I song
song vi cc ng thng c vector ch phng l

(c).
Trng hp th hai chng minh tng t.
Bi tp 3.34. t p
1
= X(u
0
, v
1
); p
2
= X(u
0
, v
2
)
Ta s chng minh T
P
1
S = T
P
2
S. Tht vy
X
u
=

(u) +v

(u), X
v
=

(u)
= X
u
X
v
= (

(u) +v(u))

(u)
=

(u)

(u) +v

(u)

(u)
= v

(u)

(u).
Suy ra
T
p
1
S : v
1
.((u
0
)

(u
0
)) ((u) +v

(u) (u
0
) v
1

(u
0
)) = 0
Tnh ton tng t, chng ta c
T
p
2
S : v
2

(u
0
)

(u
0
)

((u) +v

(u) (u
0
) v
2

(u
0
)) = 0.
Mt khc, ta c
v
1
.((u
0
)

(u
0
)) [(u
0
) +v
2

(u
0
) (u
0
) v
1

(u
0
)] =
= v
1
.((u
0
)

(u
0
)).(v
2
v
1
).

(u
0
)
= v
1
.(v
2
v
1
) [((u
0
)

(u
0
)).

(u
0
)]
= v
1
.(v
2
v
1
) ((u
0
),

(u
0
),

(u
0
)) = 0
Suy ra p
2
l mt im ca T
p
1
S. T ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.35. Ly v T
P
S, (t) =

x(t), y(t), z(t)

, (0) = p,

(0) = v.
Ta c: f (t) = ((t) p
0
)
2
.
Do
Df
p
(v) =
d
dt
[f (t)]
t=0
= 2

(0)((0) p
0
) = 2v(p p
0
), v T
P
S.
42 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.36. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.37. Tnh ton trn Maple
with(LinearAlgebra);
X := [v*cos(u), v*sin(u), a*u];
XU := convert(diff(X, u), Vector);
XV := convert(diff(X, v), Vector);
N := simplify(&x(XU, XV));
X := convert([x, y, z]-X, Vector);
assuming([simplify(X.N)],
[x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, 0 < u and u < 2*Pi, a > 0]);
Mt phng tip xc cn tm c phng trnh
a sin (u
0
) x +a cos (u
0
) y +vau vz = 0
Bi tp 3.38. Ta c
X
s
=

(s) +r(n

(s) cos v +b

(s) sin v)
X
v
= r(n(s) sin v +b(s) cos v)
= N(s, v) = X
s
X
v
= (

(s) +r(n

(s) cos v +b

(s) sin v)

r(n(s) sin v +b(s) cos v)

= [T +r(k.T+) cos v + (.N) sin v][r(nsin v +b cos v)]

= TrN sin v +TBcos v +r(kT cos vN sin v) +r(k.TB) cos v
+r(.Bcos vN. sin v) +r(.BB) cos v r(NN) sin v +r(N. sin vB. cos v)
S dng cng thc Frenet ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.39. Ta c
X
u
= (f

(u) cos v, f

(u) sin v, g

(u));
X
v
= (f(u) sin v, f(u) cos v, 0);
HNG DN GII BI TP 43
Suy ra phng trnh php tuyn ca S l

(u
0
) cos v
0
(x x
0
) +f

(u
0
) sin v
0
(y y
0
) +g

(u
0
)(z z
0
) = 0
f(u
0
) sin v
0
(x x
0
) +f(u
0
) cos v
0
(y y
0
) = 0

(u
0
) cos v
0
(x x
0
) +f

(u
0
) sin v
0
(y y
0
) +g

(u
0
)(z z
0
) = 0
(f(u
0
) sin v
0
)x + (f(u
0
) cos v
0
)y = 0
D thy h phng trnh sau c nghim

(u
0
) cos v
0
(x x
0
) +f

(u
0
) sin v
0
(y y
0
) +g

(u
0
)(z z
0
) = 0
(f(u
0
) sin v
0
)x + (f(u
0
) cos v
0
)y = 0
x = 0, y = 0
Suy ra php tuyn ca S lun ct trc Oz.
Bi tp 3.40. Nhng im p = (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) thuc giao tuyn ca hai mt S
1
v
S
2
c tnh cht ax
0
= by
0
.
Php vector ca S
1
ti im p l n
1
= (2x
0
a, 2y
0
, 2z
0
); cn php vector
ca S
2
ti im p l n
2
= (2x
0
, 2y
0
b, 2z
0
). T suy ra n
1
n
2
.
Bi tp 3.41.
(a) Ly (t) l ng cong nm trn mt S sao cho (0) = p v

(0) = v.
Khi , ta c
Df
p
(w) =
w, (t) (0))
[(t) (0)[
= 0
Suy ra p l mt im ti hn ca f khi v ch khi Df
p
(w) = 0. Ta suy ra
c iu phi chng minh.
(b) Tng t cu (a).
Bi tp 3.42.
(a) S dng tnh cht lin tc ca hm f, chng minh trong mi khong
(, c), (c, b), (b, a) cha mt nghim ca f.
(b) iu kin cn v hai mt f(t
1
) = 1 v f(t
2
) = 1 trc giao vi nhau:
f
x
(t
1
)f
x
(t
2
) +f
y
(t
1
)f
y
(t
2
) +f
z
(t
1
)f
z
(t
2
) = 0
44 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
S dng nh ngha ca hm f v cc t
i
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.43. Chng minh rng d(X(u, v), I) = const t gi thuyt
(X I).X
u
= (X I).X
v
= 0
T suy ra im c nh I chnh l tm ca mt cu.
Bi tp 3.44. Mi ln cn a phng ca mt mt chnh qui l nghch nh
ca gi tr chnh qui ca mt hm kh vi. Do ta c th gi s S
1
= f
1
(0)
v S
2
= g
1
(0), vi 0 l gi tr chnh qui ca cc hm f v g. Trong ln cn ca
p, S
1
S
2
l nghich nh ca hm F : R
3
R
2
, q (f(q), g(q)). Do S
1
v S
2
c giao ngang nhau nn hai php vector (f
x
, f
y
, f
z
) v (g
x
, g
y
, g
z
) c lp tuyn
tnh. Do (0, 0) l gi tr chnh qui ca hm F v S
1
S
2
l mt ng cong
chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.45. Chng minh bng nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.46. S dng X(u, v) = X

u(u, v), v(u, v)

v cng thc o hm
ca hm hp.
Bi tp 3.47. Chng minh rng cc ng cong trn S ct mt phng (P) ti
1 im hoc nm trn mt phng (P). T suy ra (P) l mt mt phng tip
xc ca S.
Bi tp 3.48. Phng trnh mt phng tip xc ti im (x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) c dng
xx
0
a
2
+
yy
0
b
2
+
zz
0
c
2
= 1
ng thng (d) vung gc vi mt phng tip xc ca c phng trnh
xa
2
x
0
=
yb
2
y
0
=
zc
2
z
0
T biu thc trn, chng ta c
x
2
a
2
xx
0
+
y
2
b
2
yy
0
+
z
2
c
2
zz
0
=
x
2
a
2
+y
2
b
2
+z
2
c
2
xx
0
+yy
0
+zz
0
Tng t ta c
xx
0
x
2
0
/a
2
=
yy
0
y
2
0
/a
2
=
zz
0
z
2
0
/a
2
=
xx
0
+yy
0
+zz
0
1
.
HNG DN GII BI TP 45
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.49. Tng t nh chng minh ca hm nhiu bin.
Bi tp 3.50. Gi r l ng thng c nh v p l mt im nm trn S.
Mt phng P
1
cha im p v ng thng r, cha tt c cc php tuyn ti
cc im S P
1
. Xt mt phng P
2
qua im p v trc giao vi r. Do php
tuyn i qua p ct r nn P
2
c lp vi T
p
S. T suy ra P
2
S = C l mt
ng cong phng chnh qui. Hn na P
1
P
2
trc giao vi AT
p
S P
2
; Do
P
1
P
2
trc giao vi C. T suy ra cc php tuyn ca C i qua mt im c
nh q = rP
2
. S dng tnh cht lin thng ca S suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp 3.51. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.52. Gi v l vector tip xc ca C
1
v C
2
ti p, chng minh rng
(C
1
) v (C
2
) c chung vector ch phng l

(v).
Bi tp 3.53. Chn p l gc mc tiu, X
u
, X
v
l trc honh v trc tung,
N = X
u
X
v
l trc cao.
Bi tp 3.54.
(a) Cho q R, gi (U, ) l mt h ta a phng ca S ti p =
1
(q).
Nu q l mt gi tr chnh qui ca hm
1
th q c gi l gi tr chnh
qui ca hm .
(b) Suy ra trc tip t nh ngha gi tr chnh qui v ng cong chnh qui.
Bi tp 3.55. Lnh tnh ton vi Maple
[>restart;
with(linalg);
X := [a*sin(u)*cos(v), b*sin(u)*sin(v), c*cos(u)];
XU := diff(X, u); 1; XV := diff(X, v);
dk := a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, 0 < u and u < 2*Pi,
0 < v and v < Pi;
E = simplify((convert(XU, Vector).convert(XU, Vector)))assuming dk;
F = simplify((convert(XU, Vector).convert(XV, Vector)))assuming dk;
G = simplify((convert(XV, Vector).convert(XV, Vector)))assuming dk;
46 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
(a)
E = a
2
(cos (u))
2
(cos (v))
2
+b
2
(cos (u))
2
b
2
(cos (u))
2
(cos (v))
2
+c
2
c
2
(cos (u))
2
F = cos (u) cos (v) sin (u) sin (v)

a
2
b
2

G = (sin (u))
2

(cos (v))
2
a
2
b
2
(cos (v))
2
a
2

(b) E = 4 u
2
+a
2
F = 0
G = a
2
u
2
(c) E = a
2
(cosh (v))
2
+ 4 u
2
b
2
+b
2
(cosh (v))
2
F = cosh (v) usinh (v)

a
2
+b
2

G = u
2

b
2
(cosh (v))
2
a
2
+a
2
(cosh (v))
2

(d) E = a
2
(cosh (v))
2
+ 4 u
2
b
2
+b
2
(cosh (v))
2
F = cosh (v) usinh (v)

a
2
+b
2

G = u
2

b
2
(cosh (v))
2
a
2
+a
2
(cosh (v))
2

Bi tp 3.56. Cc h s ca dng c bn th nht

E = 16/(u
2
+v
2
+ 4)
2
F = 0
G = 16/(u
2
+v
2
+ 4)
2
Bi tp 3.57. Ly hai ng cong
1
= X(u
i
, v), i = 1, 2, ng cong
= X(u, v
0
). Xc nh giao im v ta c di ca on chn bng

2[u
2
u
1
[.
Bi tp 3.58. p dng cng thc tnh din tch ca mt tham s chnh qui
theo cc h s ca dng c bn th nht.
Bi tp 3.59. l cc mt trn xoay c ng sinh l cc ng tham s
ha di cung.
Bi tp 3.60. I = d
2
+
2
d
2
.
Bi tp 3.61.
(a) X(u, v) = (3usin v, 3ucos v, 3u
2
), u R, v (0, 2)
(b) N =

6u
2
sin(v), 6u
2
cos(v), u

HNG DN GII BI TP 47
(c) Cc h s dng c bn th nht v th hai
E = 36 u
2
+ 1, F = 0, G = u
2
e = 6/

36u
2
+ 1, f = 0, g = 6u
2
/

36u
2
+ 1.
(d) cong Gauss v cong trung bnh
K =
36
(36u
2
+ 1)
2
, H =
108u
2
(36u
2
+ 1)
(
3/2)
.
Bi tp 3.62. Cc im paraboloic nm trn ng trn X(/2, v) v X(3/2, v),
cc im eliptic nm trn phn X(u, v), u (0, /2) (3/2, 2), phn cn li
cha cc im hyperboloic.
Bi tp 3.63.
(a) K =
1
(1 + 2u
2
)
2
v H =
1 +u
2
(1 + 2u
2
)
(
3/2)
.
(b) H(0, 0) = 1 v K(0, 0) = 1. Suy ra k
1
= k
2
.
Bi tp 3.64.
(a) Tm tham s ha ca mt trn xoay v p dng cng thc tnh din tch
theo cc h s ca dng c bn th nht.
(b) A = 4
2
Ra.
Bi tp 3.65. S dng cng thc tnh din tch.
Bi tp 3.66. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.67. Chng minh trc tip.
Bi tp 3.68. Chng minh hm N lin tc.
Bi tp 3.69. Ly v d l M obius.
Bi tp 3.70. nh hng trn S
1
c cm sinh t
1
.
Bi tp 3.71. Tng t bi 3.70.
Bi tp 3.72. S dng bi 3.71.
48 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.73. Gi S l mt mt chnh qui tip xc vi mt mt phng dc
theo ng cong . N l php vector ca mt phng dc theo ng cong .
Suy ra N = const. Ta c:
= a.X
u
+b.X
v

= u

(t).X
u
+v

(t).X
v
= DN(

(t)) = (aN
u
+bN
v
).(t)
= u

(t)N
u
+v

(t).N
v
= N

((t)) = N

(t)
= DN(

(t)) = N

(t) = 0, (t) S.
Suy ra

(t) ng vi gi tr ring = 0.
T suy ra (t) l im paraboloic hoc l im phng.
Bi tp 3.74. Xem chng minh cng thc Euler.
Bi tp 3.75. Khng ng, v d mt cu.
Bi tp 3.76. Chng minh trc tip.
Bi tp 3.77. S dng nh ngha cong php dng.
Bi tp 3.78. S dng cng thc tnh cong chnh v phng chnh theo cc
h s c bn, cong Gauss v cong trung bnh.
Bi tp 3.79.
(a) Na mt cu di khng k ng xch o.
(b) Mt cu tr i cc Bc v cc Nam.
(c) Mt cu tr i cc Bc v cc Nam.
Bi tp 3.80. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.81. Chng minh vector trng php tuyn ca C l hng.
Bi tp 3.82. Xem ngha ca ch Dupin.
Bi tp 3.83. Xt module [
1
N
2

2
N
1
[ v s dng kt qu [ sin [ = [N
1
N
2
[
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
HNG DN GII BI TP 49
Bi tp 3.84. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.85. Tm phng chnh ca ti cc im nm trn ng trn trung
tm ca xuyn.
Bi tp 3.86. Tnh ton trc tip.
Bi tp 3.87. Tham s ha l X(u, v) = (u, v, auv) v dng cng thc tnh
cc cong theo h s ca dng c bn.
Bi tp 3.88. Tham s ha l X(u, v) = (u, v, uv) v s dng cng thc xc
nh cc ng tim cn v ng chnh khc.
Bi tp 3.89. ng tim cn u = const v v = const.
ng chnh ln(v +

v
2
+c
2
) u = const.
Bi tp 3.90. u v = const.
Bi tp 3.91. Tnh ton trc tip
Bi tp 3.92. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.93. Chng minh theo nh ngha.
Bi tp 3.94. Cc ng sinh v ng trn trc giao vi trc quay.
Bi tp 3.95. Ly mt mt cu cha mt mt (S) pha trong, gim bn knh
ca mt cu mt cch lin tc, xt cc lt ct chun tc ti cc giao im ca
mt cu v mt (S).
Bi tp 3.96. Sinh vin t gii.
Bi tp 3.97. Khng c im rn nu a ,= b ,= c.
Bi tp 3.98. Chng minh trc tip.
Bi tp 3.99. S dng nh ngha ca mt k, ng tht v tham s phn b.
Bi tp 3.100. S dng nh ngha ca ng tht.
Bi tp 3.101. S dng nh ngha ng cong chnh.
Bi tp 3.102. Sinh vin t gii.
50 Hng dn gii bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.103. Tnh ton trc tip.
Bi tp 3.104. Mt phng l mt mt cc tiu nhng khng b chn. Do
n khng compact.
Bi tp 3.105. Tnh ton trc tip.
Bi tp 3.106. S dng gi thuyt cong trung bnh ca S, S

bng khng
chng minh cong trung bnh ca mt cho l mt mt cc tiu.