Nhng iu c bn v container (St)

Contents
1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 5. 5.1 5.2 6. 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8. 8.1 Khi nim container (cng ten n) ...................................................................................................................2 Li ch ca vic vn ti hng ha bng container .............................................................................................2 i vi ngi c hng ..............................................................................................................................2 i vi ngi chuyn ch ........................................................................................................................2 i vi ngi giao nhn ...........................................................................................................................3 Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container ..............................................................................................................3 Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container trn th gii .................................................................................3 Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container ti Vit Nam ................................................................................5 Container ha-Mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc vn ti ..............................................................................6 Cc cng c, tiu chun quc t v container .................................................................................................7 Cng c quc t ......................................................................................................................................7 Tiu chun quc t: ...................................................................................................................................7 Kch thc container.......................................................................................................................................11 Cu trc container ...........................................................................................................................................12 Khung (Frame) ........................................................................................................................................12 y v mt sn (bottom and floor) .........................................................................................................13 Tm mi (roof panel) ..............................................................................................................................14 Vch dc (side wall) ...............................................................................................................................14 Mt trc (front end wall) ......................................................................................................................14 Mt sau v ca (rear end wall and door) .................................................................................................14 Gc lp ghp (corner fittings) .................................................................................................................14 Phn loi container..........................................................................................................................................17 Container bch ha (General purpose container) ....................................................................................17

8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.

Container hng ri (Bulk container) .......................................................................................................17 Container chuyn dng (Named cargo containers) .................................................................................18 Container bo n (Thermal container) ....................................................................................................18 Container h mi (Open-top container) ..................................................................................................18 Container mt bng (Platform container)................................................................................................19 Container bn (Tank container) ..............................................................................................................20 K m hiu container ......................................................................................................................................20 H thng nhn bit (identification system) .............................................................................................21 M kch thc v m kiu (size and type codes) ....................................................................................22 Cc du hiu khai thc (operational markings) .......................................................................................23 Tnh s kim tra container ..........................................................................................................................36

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1.

Khi nim container (cng ten n) Theo tiu chun ISO 668:1995(E), container hng ha (freight container) l mt cng c vn ti c nhng c im sau:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C c tnh bn vng v chc tng ng ph hp cho vic s dng li c thit k c bit c th ch hng bng mt hay nhiu phng thc vn ti, m khng cn phi d ra v ng li dc ng; c lp t thit b cho php xp d thun tin, c bit khi chuyn t mt phng thc vn ti ny sang phng thc vn ti khc; c thit k d dng cho vic ng hng vo v rt hng ra khi container; C th tch bn trong bng hoc hn 1 mt khi (35,3 ft khi). C ba loi di tiu chun ca cngten l 20 ft (6,1 m), 40 ft (12,2 m) v 45 ft (13,7 m) .Sc cha cngten (ca tu, cng v.v.) c o theo TEU (vit tt ca twenty-foot equivalent units trong ting Anh, tc "n v tng ng 20 foot"). TEU l n v o ca hng ha c cngten ha tng ng vi mt cngten tiu chun 20 ft (di) 8 ft (rng) 8,5 ft (cao) (khong 39 m th tch). Phn ln cc cngten ngy nay l cc bin th ca loi 40 ft v do l 2 TEU. Cc cngten 45 ft cng c tnh l 2 TEU. Hai TEU c quy cho nh l 1 FEU, hay forty-foot equivalent unit. Cc thut ng ny ca o lng c s dng nh nhau. Cc cngten cao ("High cube") c chiu cao 9,5 ft (2,9 m), trong khi cc cngten bn cao, c s dng chuyn ch hng nng, c chiu cao l 4,25 ft (1,3 m) Thc t thng hay gp thut ng container tiu chun quc t (ISO container), l nhng container hng ha (nh nu trn) tun theo tt c cc tiu chun ISO lin quan v container ang c hiu lc ti thi im sn xut container. Li ch ca vic vn ti hng ha bng container
i vi ngi c hng

6.
2.1

1. 2. 3.

Bo v tt hng ha, gim n mc thp nht tnh trng mt cp, h hng m t nhim bn. Tit kim chi ph bao b Do thi gian xp d hng cc cng gim thp, vng quay tu nhanh hn, hng lun chuyn nhanh tn ng. Hng ha c a t ca n ca ( DOOR TO DOOR) rt thun li, thc y vic mua bn pht trin hn.

2.2

i vi ngi chuyn ch Page 2

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4.

Gim thi gian xp d, ch i cng khin tu quay vng nhanh hn. Ngi ta tnh ton trn mt tuyn tu nh tuyn nh s dng container chi ph xp d h t 55% n 15% trong tng chi ph kinh doanh. Tn dng c dung tch tu do gim c nhng khong trng Gim trch nhim khiu ni tn tht hng ha

5. 6.
2.3

i vi ngi giao nhn

7. 8. 7.

C iu khin s dng container lm cng vic thu gom, chia l hng ha v thc hin vn ti a phng thc a hng t ca n ca tranh chp khiu ni do tn tht hng ha gim bt.
Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container trn th gii

Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container

1.

T thi xa, ngi La M bit s dng cc thng cha hng ln c th dng c nhiu ln xp d ln tu mt cch nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container ch bt u t trc chin tranh th gii ln th 2. Hin cng c nhiu ti liu khc nhau ni v lch s pht trin ca phng php chuyn ch container. Do vy, ngi ta kh c th xc nh chnh xc thi im xut hin chic container u tin. Ch c th tm thi phn chia s pht trin ca container ra lm bn giai on 1. Giai on 1 t trc chin tranh th gii ln th 2 n nm 1955. Trong giai on ny, mt s nc bt u th nghim vic s dng cc container loi nh vo chuyn ch trong vn ti ng st. Lc by gi, container c c cu v cng dng khng ging hin nay. Khong thi gian gia hai cuc chin tranh th gii, mt s nc nh: Anh, Php, M, c, Lin X tip tc m rng phm vi s dng container trong chuyn ch hng ha. n chin tranh th gii ln th 2, M s dng kh rng ri container chuyn ch v kh v vt liu chin tranh. C th ni, mt trong nhng tin ti container ha l vic pht trin v s dng thng Conex (Conex box) ca Hi qun M trong chin tranh th gii th 2. Conex box l mt thng tiu chun 6 foot, c coi l tin thn cho nhng chic container hin i sau ny. Trong nhng nm 50, c ti 100.000 chic thng conex c s dng. ng thi, phm vi s dng container cng c m rng sang cc phng thc vn ti khc nh ng bin v ng t.Tuy nhin, phng php chuyn ch container cng mi ch p dng trong vn ti ni a v s dng container loi nh v trung bnh(trng ti di 5 tn, dung tch 1-3m). 1. Giai on 2 : t nm 1956-1966. C th ni, giai on 2 l thi k bt u cuc cch mng container trong chuyn ch hng ha. y l thi k bt u p dng container trong chuyn ch ng bin quc
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t, l thi k xut hin tu container. Chic tu u tin s dng chuyn ch container l cc tu du c thay i ca cng ty Sealand Service Inc. Thc cht y l cc tu bn container ch chy cc tuyn ni a trong phm vi nc M. Sau , Sealand cho ng chic tu container chuyn dng u tin v c vn hnh vo nm 1957. ng thi, chuyn ch container ti cc nc Chu u trong giai on ny cng pht trin vi tc nhanh. Nm 1955, cc nc Chu u khai thc trn 152.000 chic container cc loi, n nm 1960, s lng ny ln ti 282.000 chic, tuy nhin ch yu l container loi nh v trung bnh. Phi cho n nhng nm 1960, container loi ln mi c cc nc Chu u pht trin s dng. Mt s tuyn vn ti container u tin ni Bc M v Chu u c a vo khai thc vo nhng nm cui thp k 60. Mt s kin ni bt trong giai on ny l t chc tiu chun ha quc t ln u tin cng b tiu chun container loi ln vo nm 1964. Mt s tiu chun quc t quy nh c th v t ng, k m hiu, kch thc, yu cu thit k, phng php th nghim cho container cng c a ra. 2. Giai on 3T nm 1967-1980.Giai on ny c vi c im ni bt: Container theo tiu chun ca ISO c p dng kh ph bin. Hnh thnh h thng vn ti container bao gm c vn ti ng st, ng b, ti nhiu nc khc nhau.S lng container loi ln, lng tu container chuyn dng cng nh thit b xp d container tng kh nhanh.Mt s tuyn bun bn quc t c container ha cao nh cc tuyn ni Bc M v Chu u, Nht Bn v Australia. Nhiu cng bin, ga ng st, thch hp cho chuyn ch container v phc v vn ti container c hnh thnh. Mt phng php vn ti mi-vn ti a phng thc bt u c nghin cu pht trin. Cho n nm 1977, trn th gii c ti 38 tuyn container ni b bin ng-Ty v cc cng vng h ln ca M vi hn 100 cng khc trn th gii. C th ni, giai on 3 l thi k pht trin kh nhanh v rng ri ca vn ti container. Cho n gia nhng nm 1970, vn ti container chuyn sang thi k ngy cng hon thin v k thut, t chc v t kt qu kinh t cao. 3. Giai on 4 t nm 1981 n nay. y c coi l giai on hon thin v pht trin su ca h thng vn ti container vi vic s dng container hu ht cc cng bin trn th gii. Tu chuyn dng ch container c ng to hn vi trng ti ln ti 6.000 TEU. Trong hm tu, container c xp thnh 10-12 tng, cao 8-9 lp, trn boong tu, container c xp ti 4 lp vi 13-16 hng. Cc trang thit b phc v tu container c ln ny c pht trin c tm vi di hn(trn 40m k t mp cu tu. Giai on ny cng l thi k container c vn chuyn a phng thc. Cng phi nhc ti mt xu hng ph bin trong nhng nm u thp k 90 l s lin minh st nhp ca cc cng ty container ln trn th gii, nh du s thit lp quan h hp tc lu di v tng nng lc cnh tranh. Mt s mc pht trin chnh trong giai on ny c th k ra nh sau:
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Nm 1981: cng Rotterdam tr thnh cng container ln nht th gii thay cho cng New York. Nm 1984: cng ty Evergreen bt u kinh doanh tuyn ton cu. Nm 1987: cng ty DSR-Senator bt u kinh doanh tuyn tan cu. Nm 1988: chic tu container Panamax u tin c ng cho cng ty APL ca M. Nm 1990: cng ty thu mua container ln nht th gii l Genstar mua Nm 1990: cng ty thu mua container ln nht th gii l Genstar mua li mt s cng ty cho thu container nh khc. Nm 1991: Sealand v Maersk hp nht tuyn thi Bnh Dng. Nm 1993: lng container thng qua ton th gii ln u tin vt mc 100 triu TEU. Nm 1994: Lng container thng qua cng Hongkong v Singapore vt qua con s 10 triu TEU. Trong nm ny, i tu container trn th gii t 5175 tu vi tng trng ti 4,1 triu TEU. n nm 1998, s lng tu container tng hn 15%, tn g trng ti cng tng hn 32%.
1. Qu trnh hnh thnh vn ti container ti Vit Nam

Ngay t trong thi k chin tranh chng M cu nc, ng v Nh nc ta rt ch trng pht trin ngnh vn ti bin vi mc tiu chi vin ti a cho cch mng min nam Vo nm 1970, Nh nc thnh lp cng ty vn ti bin Vit Nam p ng yu cu v nhim v mi khi min Nam c hon ton gii phng. Tnh n nm 1980, c nc c 3 cng ty tu l Vosco, Vietcoship, Vitranschart cng thm mt cng ty mi gii v thu tu bin Vietfracht. Thm vo , nhng u vit trong quy trnh vn chuyn hng ho bng Container lm cho lng hng ho vn chuyn bng ng bin tng ln t bin vt qua mi d on ca ngnh hng hi cng nh ca mi t chc nghin cu quc t. Vi nhu cu cn hi nhp nhanh chng vo nn kinh t th gii th Vit Nam khng th tip tc ng ngoi cuc. Vo nm 1988, mt lin doanh gia pha Vit Nam (Tng cng ty hng hi VN) v Php (CGM Company general maritime) thnh lp hng Gemartrans (General Maritime Transportation Company), y l mt lin doanh vn chuyn Container u tin Vit Nam.

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Nhng do y l loi hnh dch v mi, cc ch hng cha quen cng nh iu kin kinh t lc by gi nn sn lng khng ng k. Nm 1990 xut hin lin doanh sn xut v Container ca Hn Quc vi UBND qun 10 TP HCM. Ti thi im ny, i tu Container c 9 chic trc tip do Tng cng ty Hng hi Vit Nam qun l vi tng trng ti 94.637 DWT (6.106 TEU) hin hot ng ch yu thu gom v tr hng xut nhp khu hng ni a dc theo cc cng chnh ca Vit Nam (Hi Phng - Nng Quy Nhn TP HCM Cn Th) v gia Vit nam vi Singapore, Hng Kng, Nam Triu Tin, Philipine, Malaisia, (Feeder Service) t cc tu ca cc hng nc ngoi vn chuyn tip i cc ni khc nh tuyn chu u, ng Bc .. Bng s liu sau y th hin mc tng trng v sn lng container ca Vit nam so vi mt s nc trong khu vc giai on t nm 1990 -2000 v d bo cho tng lai gn nm 2005.

Bng 3 Tc tng trng sn lng Container (triu TEU) Nc 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000 2005 Vit Nam 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.27 0.42 0.65 1.4 3.5 Trung Quc 1.3 1.72 2.11 2.63 3.33 4.2 8.83 17.6 Hng Kng 4.2 5.74 7.5 9.2 10.15 11.14 18.33 23.25 3.2 4.12 5.18 6.8 7.65 8.94 14.39 25.04 i Loan Ngun: Review of Maritime Transport 1998 (UN)

4.

Container ha-Mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc vn ti C th ni, container ho trong lnh vc vn ti bin l cuc cch mng ln nht th gii sau cuc cch mng v cng ngh thng tin. Xu th ny bt u pht trin mnh t nhng nm 1960. Ngay sau khi xut hin nm 1956, container c s pht trin thn k. Giai on 1975 - 1994, s lng container c xp d tng 7 ln t 17,4 triu ln 126,6 triu TEU. Xu th tng trng ny vn c duy tr cho ti u th k 21. Theo d bo,n nm 2005 v 2010, s lng container c xp d ti cc cng s l 342 v 525 triu TEU, tng ng vi tc tng trng hng nm l 9%. Theo mt ti nghin cu gn y, Chu Thi Bnh Dng l khu vc vn chuyn container nhiu nht, chim 43,7%. Theo tnh ton ca Ocean Shipping Consultant, mc tng trng hng nm trong cc tuyn ni vng Chu l 30,5% trong giai on 1983-1993, t mc 9.705.000 TEU trong nm 1993, ln hn khong 2,5 ln tng s

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vn chuyn cc tuyn Chu -Chu u v ln hn khong 1,6 ln lng hng trn tuyn Chu -Bc M. Mc tng trng cao ny c d tnh s vn c duy tr v t khong 27.850.000 TEU trong nm 2001. Dch v vn ti v cc dch v khc ni Chu v Bc M chim ti 26% tng s dch v trn th gii. Cng tng t nh vy, dch v vn ti trn tuyn Vin ng-Chu u chim v tr th 2 v chim ti 19%. Ngc li, nu nh trc kia, dch v vn ti ni i Ty Dng( tuyn Chu u v Bc M) c coi l trung tm bun bn th gii th nay chuyn sang v tr th ba. i vi vn chuyn container, trong giai on 1990-1996, mc xp hng trn vn gi nguyn v tr, tuy nhin, t l c nhng bin i khc nhau. Theo thng k ca Singapore, trong nhng nm 90 ca th k 20, khi lng vn ti bin ca vng Chu -Thi Bnh Dng chim 65% tng lng hng vn ti ng bin th gii v khong 65% ca tng s hng nhp khu ca M nm vng ny. Cng trong thi gian ny, c khong 40% tng s hng vn chuyn ng bin v khong 70% s hng bch ho c vn chuyn bng container. i vi khu vc Chu -Thi Bnh Dng, c nhng thay i ng k trong ngnh vn ti. Nhng thay i ny to ra nhng tc ng ln ln cc cng ty vn ti, v container ho tip tc ng mt vai tr thit yu cho s tng trng v thng mi quc t ca khu vc trong qu trnh ton cu ho. Nh vo s pht trin v thng mi cng nh ngnh sn xut v tiu dng ca hng ho, khi lng hng c vn chuyn bng container tng ng k. iu ny gip cho container ho tr thnh mt kt qu tt nhin ca nhng thay i trong xu hng thng mi quc t. 5. Cc cng c, tiu chun quc t v container container c th lu thng mt cch an ton v hp l, vic ch to phi m bo tun th cc cng c, tiu thun quc t v container.
1. Cng c quc t

1. 2. 3. 4.

Cng c Hi quan v Container (Customs Convention on Containers) Tham kho sch Container, 2 tp Cng c quc t v an ton container (International Convention for Safe Containers CSC) Cng c Hi quan TIR Cng c v s chp nhn tm thi (Convention on Temporary Admission)
1. Tiu chun quc t:

hin nay c trn 20 tiu chun ISO lin quan n container ch hng)
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ISO 668:1995 1 ISO 668:1995/Amd 1:2005 ISO 668:1995 Amd 2:2005 ISO 830:1999 2 ISO 830:1999 Cor 1:2001 ISO 1161:1984 3 ISO 1161:1984 Cor 1:1990 / / /

Series 1 freight containers Classification, dimensions and ratings Amendment 1:2005 to ISO 668:1995 Amendment 2:2005 to ISO 668:1995, 45 containers Freight containers Vocabulary Technical 830:1999 Corrigendum 1:2001 to ISO

Series 1 freight containers Corner fittings Specification Technical Corrigendum 1161:1984 1:1990 to ISO

ISO 1496-1:1990

Series 1 freight containers Specification and testing Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes / Amendment 1:1993 to ISO 1496-1:1990, 1AAA and 1BBB containers Amendment 2:1998 to ISO 1496-1:1990

ISO 1496-1:1990 Amd 1:1993 ISO 1496-1:1990 Amd 2:1998 4 ISO 1496-1:1990 Amd 3:2005 ISO 1496-1:1990 Amd 4:2006 ISO 1496-1:1990 Amd 5:2006 ISO 1496-2:1996 6 ISO
CONTAINER

Amendment 3:2005 to ISO 1496-1:1990

Amendment 4:2006 to ISO 1496-1:1990 Amendment 5:2006 to ISO 1496-1:1990, Door end security Series 1 freight containers Specification and testing Part 2: Thermal containers

1496-2:1996

Amendment 1:2006 to ISO 1496-2:1996

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Amd 1:2006 Series 1 freight containers Specification and testing Part 3: Tank containers for liquids, gases and pressurized dry bulk / Amendment 1:2006 to ISO 1496-3:1995, Testing of the external restraint (longitudinal) dynamic Series 1 freight containers Specification and testing Part 4: Non-pressurized containers for dry bulk / Technical Corrigendum 1:2006 to ISO 14964:1991 Amendment 1:1994 to ISO 1496-4:1991, 1AAA and 1BBB containers Series 1 freight containers Specification and testing Part 5: Platform and platform-based containers / Amendment 1:1993 to ISO 1496-5:1991, 1AAA and 1BBB containers Amendment 2:1994 to ISO 1496-5:1991 Hooks for lifting freight containers of up to 30 tonnes capacity Basic requirements Series 1 freight containers Handling and securing / Amendment 1:2000 to ISO 3874:1997, Twistlocks, latchlocks, stacking fittings and lashing rod systems for securing of containers Amendment 2:2002 to Vertical tandem lifting ISO 3874:1997,

ISO 1496-3:1995 7 ISO 1496-3:1995 Amd 1:2006

ISO 1496-4:1991

8 ISO 1496-4:1991 Cor 1:2006 ISO 1496-4:1991 Amd 1:1994

ISO 1496-5:1991

9 ISO 1496-5:1991 Amd 1 :1993 ISO 1496-5:1991 Amd 2:1994 1 ISO 2308:1972

ISO 3874:1997

1 ISO 3874:1997 Amd 1:2000 ISO 3874:1997 Amd 2:2002

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ISO 3874:1997 Amd 3:2005 1 ISO 6346:1995

Amendment 3:2005 to ISO 3874:1997, Double stack rail car operations Freight containers Coding, identification and marking Freight containers Air/surface (intermodal) general purpose containers Specification and tests Series 1 freight containers Interface connections for tank containers

1 ISO 8323:1985

ISO 9669:1990 1 4 ISO 9669:1990 Amd 1:1992 1 ISO 9711-1:1990 /

Amendment 1:1992 Sections 3 and 4

to

ISO

9669:1990,

Freight containers Information related to containers on board vessels Part 1: Bay plan system Freight containers Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) General communication codes / Technical 9897:1997 Corrigendum 1:2001 toISO

ISO 9897:1997 1 6 ISO 9897:1997 Cor 1:2001 1 ISO 10368:2006 ISO 10374:1991 1 ISO 10374:1991 Amd 1:1995 1 ISO 14829:2002

Freight thermal containers condition monitoring

Remote

Freight containers Automatic identification / Amendment 1:1995 to ISO 10374:1991 Freight containers Straddle carriers for freight container handling Calculation of stability Series 1 freight containers Handling and securing Rationale for ISO 3874 Annex A
Page 10

2 ISO/TR 15069:1997

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ISO/TR 15070:1996 2 1 ISO/TR 15070:1996 Amd 1:2005 2 ISO/PAS 17712:2006 2 ISO 18185-3:2006 /

Series 1 freight containers Rationale for structural test criteria Amendment 1:2005 to ISO 15070:1996, Guidance on structural integrity Freight containers Mechanical seals Freight containers Electronic seals Part 3: Environmental characteristics

Cc tiu chun trn y c in trong cun s tay tiu chun ISO v container ISO Standards Handbook Freight Containers 5. Kch thc container Container 40ft l loi container tiu chun thng dng nht trn th gii hin nay. Loi di hn cng dn ph bin, c bit l Bc M. Nhng loi ngn hn (chng hn nh loi 10ft) ngy cng t c s dng. Container (cng ten n) c nhiu loi, v kch thc c th tng loi c th khc nhau t nhiu ty theo nh sn xut. Tuy vy, do nhu cu tiu chun ha c th s dng trn phm vi ton cu, kch thc cng nh k m hiu container thng c p dng theo tiu chun ISO. C nhiu b tiu chun ISO lin quan n container, trong ISO 668:1995 quy nh kch thc v ti trng ca cng c mang hng ny. Theo ISO 668:1995(E), cc container ISO u c chiu rng l 2,438m (8ft). V chiu di, container 40 c ly lm chun. Cc container ngn hn c chiu di tnh ton sao cho c th xp kt t di container 40 v vn m bo c khe h 3 inch gia. Chng hn 2 container 20 s t kht di 1 container 40 vi khe h gia 2 container 20 ny l 3 inch. V l do ny, container 20 ch c chiu di xp x 20 feet (chnh xc l cn thiu 1,5 inch). V chiu cao, hin ch yu dng 2 loi: thng v cao. Loi container thng cao 8 feet 6 inch (86), loi cao c chiu cao 9 feet 6 inch (96). Cch gi container thng, container cao ch mang tnh tp qun. Trc y, ngi ta gi loi cao 8 feet l container thng, nhng hin nay loi ny khng cn c s dng nhiu na, thay vo , container thng c chiu cao 86. Theo tiu chun ISO 668:1995(E), kch thc v trng lng container tiu chun 20 v 40 nh bng di y. Kch thc
CONTAINER

Container

20' Container 40' thng Container

40'

cao

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Di Bn ngoi Rng Cao

(20'DC) (40'DC) h Anh h mt h Anh 19' 10,5" 6,058 m 40' 8' 8'6" 2,438 m 8' 2,591 m 8'6" 5,867 m 2,330 m 2,350 m

h mt 12,192 m 2,438 m 2,591 m 11,998 m 2,330 m 2,350 m 67200 lb

(40'HC) h Anh 40' 8' 9'6"

h mt 12,192 m 2,438 m 2,896 m 11,998 m 2,330 m 2,655 m

Di Bn trong Rng (ti thiu) Cao

Trng lng ton b 52900 lb 24000 kg 30480 kg (hng & v)

30480 kg 67200 lb

Tiu chun ny cng chp nhn rng ti mt s quc gia, c th c cc gii hn v mt php lut i vi chiu cao v ti trng i vi container. Chng hn ti Vit Nam, tiu chun Vit Nam m Cc ng kim Vit Nam p dng l TCVN 6273:2003 Quy phm ch to v chng nhn cngten vn chuyn bng ng bin, trong quy nh ti trng ton b cho container 20 ti a l 20,32 tn (nh hn tiu chun quc t nu trn). Trn thc t, hng ng container ti Vit Nam chy tuyn ni a thng qu ti kh nhiu. Nhiu ch hng c th ng trn 25 tn i vi container 20' v trn 28 tn i vi container 40'. 6. Cu trc container Container c nhiu loi, mi loi c mt hoc mt s c im cu trc c th khc nhau (tuy vn tun theo tiu chun m bo tnh thng nht v tnh thun li cho vic s dng trong vn ti a phng thc). V c bn container bch ha (General Purpose Container) l khi hp ch nht 6 mt gn trn khung thp (steel frame). C th chia thnh cc b phn chnh sau: 1. Khung (frame) 2. y v mt sn (bottom and floor) 3. Tm mi (roof panel) 4. Vch dc (side wall) 5. Mt trc (front end wall) 6. Mt sau v ca (rear end wall and door) 7. Gc lp ghp (Corner Fittings)
1. Khung (Frame)

Khung container bng thp c dng hnh hp ch nht, v l thnh phn chu lc chnh ca container. Khung bao gm:
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1. 4 tr gc (corner post) 2. 2 x dc y (bottom side rails) 3. 2 x dc nc (top side rails) 4. 2 dm y (bottom cross members) 5. 1 x ngang trn pha trc (front top end rail) 6. 1 x ngang trn pha sau (door header)

1.

y v mt sn (bottom and floor)

y container gm cc dm ngang (bottom cross members) ni hai thanh thanh x dc y. Cc dm ngang b sung ny h tr kt cu khung, v chu lc trc tip t sn container xung. Cc thnh phn ny cng c lm bng thp, m bo tnh chu lc.

Dm y container (bottom cross members) Pha trn dm y l sn container. Sn thng lt bng g thanh hoc g dn, c x l ha cht, dn bng keo dnh hoc inh vt. thun li cho vic bc d, y container c th c thit k thm chc nng (forklift pocket) dng cho xe nng, hoc ng ng c ngng (gooseneck tunnel) dng cho xe c thit b bc d kiu c ngng.

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Rnh c ngng (Gooseneck tunnel)

2. Tm mi (roof panel)

L tm kim loi phng hoc c dng un ln sng che kn nc container. Vt liu tm mi c th l thp (steel), nhm (aluminum), hoc g dn ph lp nha gia c si thy tinh (plywood with glass fiber-reinforced plastic coating).
3. Vch dc (side wall)

Tng t tm mi, vch dc l tm kim loi (thp, nhm, hoc hoc g dn ph lp nha gia c si thy tinh), thng c dng ln sng (corrugated) tng kh nng chu lc ca vch.
4. Mt trc (front end wall)

Mt trc c cu to tng t vch dc. Mt trc ca container l mt khng c ca, nm i din vi mt mt sau c ca.
5. Mt sau v ca (rear end wall and door)

Mt sau gm 2 cnh ca (door leaf) bng kim loi phng hoc ln sng. Cnh ca gn vi khung container thng qua c cu bn l (hinge). Dc theo mp ca c gn lp giong kn nc (door gasket) ngn nc lt vo bn trong container. Thng thng mi cnh ca c hai thanh kha ca (door locking bar) trn lp 2 tay quay (door handle) gn vi tai kp ch (xem hnh v).
6. Gc lp ghp (corner fittings)

Gc lp ghp (cn gi l gc c corner casting) c ch to t thp, hn khp vo cc gc trn v di ca container, l chi tit m kha (twistlock) ca cc thit b nng h (cu, xe nng) hay thit b chng buc (lashing) mc vo trong qu trnh nng h, xp chng, hay chng buc container. Kch thc, hnh dng ca gc lp ghp c
CONTAINER Page 14

quy nh trong tiu chun ISO 1161. V tr ca cc gc lp ghp trn container quy nh trong tiu chun ISO 668:1995.

Gc lp ghp Trn y l cu trc c bn ca container bch ha tiu chun. Vi nhng loi container c bit nh container lnh, container m nc, container bn, cu trc c khc i, ph hp vi mc ch s dng ca tng loi container. Cc thut ng v cu to container (ting Anh v ting Vit)

Cc b phn chnh trong container ch hng Hnh trn minh ha cc b phn c bn ca container bch ha tiu chun. Cc b phn ny c trong ting Vit c th hin bng di y. Ting Anh
CONTAINER

Ting Vit
Page 15

corner fitting; corner casting gc corner post bottom side rail top side rail bottom end rail; door sill front top end rail; door header roof panel floor door door leaf front end wall side panel; side wall bottom cross member gooseneck tunnel forklift pocket door locking bar hinge cam cam keeper door gasket door handle
CONTAINER

gc lp ghp; chi tit ni

tr ng; tr gc x dc di; x dc y x dc trn; x dc nc x ngang di; ngng ca x ngang trn pha trc tm mi sn c a cnh ca vch ngang pha trc vch dc dm y rnh c ngng chc nng thanh kha ca bn l cam mc gi cam giong ca tay quay ca
Page 16

7.

Phn loi container Cc loi container ng bin c chia thnh hai nhm chnh: theo tiu chun v khng theo tiu chun ISO. Loi khng theo tiu chun c th tng t container ISO v hnh dng kch thc, nhng khng c s dng rng ri v nht qun do khng c tiu chun ha. y, chng ta ch xem xt cc loi container theo tiu chun ISO (ISO container). Theo tiu chun ISO 6346 (1996), container ng bin bao gm mt s loi chnh sau:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Container bch ha (General purpose container) Container hng ri (Bulk container) Container c th (Named cargo container) Container nhit (Thermal container) Container h mi (Open-top container) Container mt bng (Platform container) Container bn (Tank container)
1. Container bch ha (General purpose container)

Container bch ha thng c s dng ch hng kh, nn cn c gi l container kh (dry container, vit tt l 20DC hay 40DC). Loi container ny c s dng ph bin nht trong vn ti bin.

2.

Container hng ri (Bulk container)

L loi container cho php xp hng ri kh (xi mng, ng cc, qung) bng cch rt t trn xung qua ming xp hng (loading hatch), v d hng di y hoc bn cnh (discharge hatch). Loi container hng ri bnh thng c hnh dng bn ngoi gn ging vi container bch ha, tr ming xp hng v ca d hng. Hnh di y th hin container hng ri vi ming xp hng (pha trn) v ca d hng (bn cnh) ang m.

CONTAINER

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3.

Container chuyn dng (Named cargo containers)

L loi thit k c th chuyn ch mt loi hng no nh t, sc vt sng... - Container ch t: cu trc gm mt b khung lin kt vi mt sn, khng cn vch vi mi che bc, chuyn ch t, v c th xp bn trong 1 hoc 2 tng ty theo chiu cao xe. (Hin nay, ngi ta vn ch t trong container bch ha kh ph bin)

- Container ch sc vt: c thit k c bit ch gia sc. Vch dc hoc vch mt trc c gn ca li nh thng hi. Phn di ca vch dc b tr l thot bn khi dn v sinh.

4.

Container bo n (Thermal container)

c thit k chuyn ch cc loi hng i hi khng ch nhit bn trong container mc nht nh. Vch v mi loi ny thng bc ph lp cch nhit. Sn lm bng nhm dng cu trc ch T (T-shaped) cho php khng kh lu thng dc theo sn v n nhng khong trng khng c hng trn sn. Container bo n thng c th duy tr nhit nng hoc lnh. Thc t thng gp container lnh (refer container)
5. CONTAINER Container h mi (Open-top container) Page 18

Container h mi c thit k thun tin cho vic ng hng vo v rt hng ra qua mi container. Sau khi ng hng, mi s c ph kn bng vi du. Loi container ny dng chuyn ch hng my mc thit b hoc g c thn di.
6. Container mt bng (Platform container)

c thit k khng vch, khng mi m ch c sn l mt bng vng chc, chuyn dng vn chuyn hng nng nh my mc thit b, st thp Container mt bng c loi c vch hai u (mt trc v mt sau), vch ny c th c nh, gp xung, hoc c th tho ri.

CONTAINER

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7.

Container bn (Tank container)

Container bn v c bn gm mt khung chun ISO trong gn mt bn cha, dng ch hng lng nh ru, ha cht, thc phm Hng c rt vo qua ming bn (manhole) pha trn mi container, v c rt ra qua van x (Outlet valve) nh tc dng ca trng lc hoc rt ra qua ming bn bng bm. Trn thc t, ty theo mc ch s dng, ngi ta cn phn loi container theo kch thc (20'; 40'...), theo vt liu ch to (nhm, thp...). 8. K m hiu container Trn container c rt nhiu k m hiu bng ch v bng s th hin nhng ngha khc nhau. Tiu chun hin hnh quy nh i vi cc k m hiu ny l ISO 6346:1995, theo , cc k m hiu ny chia thnh nhng loi sau: - H thng nhn bit (identification system)
CONTAINER Page 20

- M kch thc v m loi (size and type codes) - Cc k hiu khai thc (operational markings)
1. H thng nhn bit (identification system)

H thng nhn bit ca container bao gm 4 thnh phn 1. 2. 3. M ch s hu (owner code) K hiu loi thit b (equipment category identifier / product group code) S s-ri (serial number / registration number) Ch s kim tra (check digit)

1. M ch s hu (owner code): M ch s hu (cn gi l tip u ng container) bao gm 3 ch ci vit hoa c thng nht v ng k vi c quan ng kim quc t thng qua c quan ng kim quc gia hoc ng k trc tip vi Cc container quc t - BIC (Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal). Sau khi ng k, vic s hu m ny mi c chnh thc cng nhn trn ton th gii. Mt hng c th s hu mt hoc nhiu m khc nhau, mc d BIC hn ch iu ny, v a ra nhng iu kin nht nh cho vic ng k nhiu m. Vit Nam, n u nm 2010, c 6 cng ty ng k m tip u ng vi BIC, chi tit nh di y. TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 M BIC GMDU GMTU NSHU VCLU VNLU VNTU Tn cng ty Gemadept Gematrans Nam Trieu shipping Vinashin-TGC Vinalines container Vinashin-TGC

(Ghi ch: container u ng GMTU hin do Gemadept qun l; Vinashin -TGC ng k 2 tip u ng VCLU v VNTU)
CONTAINER Page 21

Mt s cng ty khc ang s hu, khai thc container vi nhng u ng nht nh, nhng cha ng k vi BIC, chng hn nh Bin ng dng u ng BISU, Vinafco dng u ng VFCU... Vic s dng cc u ng khng ng k nh vy c mt s bt li. Th nht, iu ny tri vi ni dung quy nh trong Ph lc G ca tiu chun ISO 6343, c iu khon quy nh v ng k m xc nh ch s hu vi BIC c bo v quyn s hu i vi m ny trn phm vi quc t. Th hai, BIC khuyn co, container khng c ng k tip u ng, trong qu trnh lu thng, c th b hi quan gi, kim tra, v c th khng c lu thng t do nh trong Cng c hi quan v container (Customs Convention on Containers) quy nh. iu ny s gy bt li hoc thm ch cn tr ton b qu trnh vn ti. Th ba, vic khng ng k v khng c tha nhn v quyn s hu i vi tip u ng v ko theo l quyn s hu container d dn n nhm ln, khiu ni, v c th dn n mt container. 2. K hiu loi thit b: l mt trong ba ch ci di y vit hoa, tng ng vi mt loi thit b: U: container ch hng (freight container) J: thit b c th tho ri ca container ch hng (detachable freight containerrelated equipment) Z: u ko (trailer) hoc mooc (chassis) Vic s dng bt k ch ci no khng thuc ba ch ci trn (U; J; Z) lm k hiu loi thit b c coi l khng tun theo tiu chun ISO 6346. - S s-ri (serial number): y chnh l s container, gm 6 ch s. Nu s s-ri khng 6 ch s, th cc ch s 0 s c thm vo pha trc thnh 6 ch s. Chng hn, nu s s-ri l 1234, th s thm 2 ch s 0, v s s-ri y s l 001234. S s-ri ny do ch s hu container t t ra, nhng m bo nguyn tc mi s ch s dng duy nht cho mt container. - Ch s kim tra (check digit): l mt ch s (ng sau s s-ri), dng kim tra tnh chnh xc ca chui k t ng trc , gm: tip u ng, s s -ri. Vi mi chui k t gm tip u ng v s s-ri, p dng cch tnh ch s kim tra container, s tnh c ch s kim tra cn thit. Vic s dng s kim tra l gim thiu ri ro sai st trong qu trnh nhp s container. Thc t l s container c nhiu i tng s dng (ch hng, forwarder, hng tu, hi quan), nhiu ln, trn nhiu chng t (B/L, Manifest, D/O), do kh nng nhp sai s l rt ln. Mi s container (gm tip u ng v s s-ri) s tng ng vi mt ch s kim tra. Do , vic nhp sai s phn ln s b pht hin do ch s kim tra khc vi thc t. Tuy vy, cng cn lu iu ny khng phi tuyt i, bi nu sai 2 k t tr ln th c th s kim tra vn ng, v sai st khng b pht hin ra.
1. M kch thc v m kiu (size and type codes)

CONTAINER

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- M kch thc: 2 k t (ch ci hoc ch s). K t th nht biu th chiu di container, ch s 4 trong v d trn th hin chiu di container ny l 40ft (12,192m). K t th hai biu th chiu rng v chiu cao container, ch s 2 biu th chiu cao 8ft 6in (2,591m). - M kiu: 2 k t. K t th nht cho bit kiu container, trong v d trn: G th hin container hng bch ha. K t th hai biu th c tnh chnh lin quan n container, s 1 (sau ch G) ngha l container c ca thng gi pha trn. Tm li, 42G1 trong hnh trn th hin container bch ha di 20ft, cao 8ft 6in, thng gi pha trn. Tiu chun ISO 6346:1995 quy nh chi tit ngha cc m kch thc v m kiu.
2. Cc du hiu khai thc (operational markings)

Cc du hiu trong khai thc gm hai loi: bt buc v khng bt buc - Du hiu bt buc: ti trng container, cnh bo nguy him in; container cao. 1. Trng lng ti a (maximum gross mass) c ghi trn ca container, s liu tng t nh trong Bin chng nhn an ton CSC. Mt s container cng th hin trng lng v (tare weight), trng ti hu ch (net weight) hay lng hng xp cho php (payload)

2.

Du hiu cnh bo nguy him in t ng dy in pha trn, dng cho tt c cc container c lp thang leo.

3.

Du hiu container cao trn 2,6 mt: bt buc i vi nhng container cao trn 8ft 6in (2,6m). Chng hn, hnh trn th hin container cao 9ft 6in (2,9m)

CONTAINER

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- Du hiu khng bt buc: khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass), m quc gia (country code) 4. Khi lng hu ch ln nht (max net mass) dn trn ca container, pha di du hiu trng lng container ti a.

5.

M quc gia (country code) gm 2 ch ci vit tt th hin tn quc gia s hu container. Trong hnh di y, US vit tt ca United Stated Hoa K.

Country code Country names A AFGHANISTAN LAND ISLANDS ALBANIA ALGERIA AMERICAN SAMOA ANDORRA ANGOLA
CONTAINER

Count ry code

AF AX AL DZ AS AD AO
Page 24

ANGUILLA ANTARCTICA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA ARMENIA ARUBA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN B BAHAMAS BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BERMUDA BHUTAN BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA

AI AQ AG AR AM AW AU AT AZ

BS BH BD BB BY BE BZ BJ BM BT BO BA BW

CONTAINER

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BOUVET ISLAND BRAZIL BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BULGARIA BURKINA FASO BURUNDI C CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CAPE VERDE CAYMAN ISLANDS CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD CHILE CHINA CHRISTMAS ISLAND COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS COLOMBIA COMOROS CONGO CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE

BV BR IO BN BG BF BI

KH CM CA CV KY CF TD CL CN CX CC CO KM CG CD

CONTAINER

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COOK ISLANDS COSTA RICA CTE D'IVOIRE CROATIA CUBA CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC D DENMARK DJIBOUTI DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC E ECUADOR EGYPT EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA ERITREA ESTONIA ETHIOPIA F FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) FAROE ISLANDS

CK CR CI HR CU CY CZ

DK DJ DM DO

EC EG SV GQ ER EE ET

FK FO

CONTAINER

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FIJI FINLAND FRANCE FRENCH GUIANA FRENCH POLYNESIA FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES G GABON GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GIBRALTAR GREECE GREENLAND GRENADA GUADELOUPE GUAM GUATEMALA GUERNSEY GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU GUYANA

FJ FI FR GF PF TF

GA GM GE DE GH GI GR GL GD GP GU GT GG GN GW GY

CONTAINER

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H HAITI HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE) HONDURAS HONG KONG HUNGARY I ICELAND INDIA INDONESIA IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ IRELAND ISLE OF MAN ISRAEL ITALY J JAMAICA JAPAN JERSEY JORDAN K JM JP JE JO IS IN ID IR IQ IE IM IL IT HT HM VA HN HK HU

CONTAINER

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KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KIRIBATI KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT KYRGYZSTAN L LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC LATVIA LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG M MACAO MACEDONIA, REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALAYSIA
CONTAINER

KZ KE KI KP KR KW KG

LA LV LB LS LR LY LI LT LU

MO THE FORMER YUGOSLAV MK MG MW MY

Page 30

MALDIVES MALI MALTA MARSHALL ISLANDS MARTINIQUE MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MAYOTTE MEXICO MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF MONACO MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO MONTSERRAT MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR N NAMIBIA NAURU NEPAL NETHERLANDS

MV ML MT MH MQ MR MU YT MX FM MD MC MN ME MS MA MZ MM

NA NR NP NL

CONTAINER

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NETHERLANDS ANTILLES NEW CALEDONIA NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGER NIGERIA NIUE NORFOLK ISLAND NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS NORWAY O OMAN P PAKISTAN PALAU PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY PERU PHILIPPINES PITCAIRN POLAND

AN NC NZ NI NE NG NU NF MP NO

OM

PK PW PS PA PG PY PE PH PN PL

CONTAINER

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PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO Q QATAR R RUNION ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA S SAINT BARTHLEMY SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS SAINT LUCIA SAINT MARTIN SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES SAMOA SAN MARINO SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SERBIA
CONTAINER

PT PR

QA

RE RO RU RW

BL SH KN LC MF PM VC WS SM ST SA SN RS
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SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SOLOMON ISLANDS SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS SPAIN SRI LANKA SUDAN SURINAME SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN SWAZILAND SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC T TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA TAJIKISTAN TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF THAILAND
CONTAINER

SC SL SG SK SI SB SO ZA GS ES LK SD SR SJ SZ SE CH SY

TW TJ TZ TH
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TIMOR-LESTE TOGO TOKELAU TONGA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TUNISIA TURKEY TURKMENISTAN TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS TUVALU U UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS URUGUAY UZBEKISTAN V VANUATU VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM

TL TG TK TO TT TN TR TM TC TV

UG UA AE GB US UM UY UZ

VU VE VN

CONTAINER

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VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S. W WALLIS AND FUTUNA WESTERN SAHARA Y YEMEN Z ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE

VG VI

WF EH

YE

ZM ZW

Ngoi ba loi k m hiu chnh, trn v container cn cc du hiu m t cc thng tin cn thit khc. 1. Bin chng nhn an ton CSC 2. Bin Chp nhn ca hi quan 3. K hiu ca t chc ng st quc t UIC (IC codes) 4. Logo hng ng kim 5. Test plate (ca ng kim), du hiu xp chng (stacking height) 6. Tn hng (Maersk, MSC), logo, slogan (nu c) 7. Mc hng ch to (CIMC, VTC) 8. Ghi ch vt liu ch to vch container (corten steel), hng dn sa cha (repaired only with corten steel) 9. Bng vt liu ch to cc b phn container; cc lu 10. 11. Thng tin v x l g (vn sn) Nhn hng nguy him (nu c)

12.

Tnh s kim tra container Ch s kim tra container l ch s cui cng (trong by ch s) trn v container. Ch s ny thng c vit tch ring trong mt hnh ch nht bao quanh (nh s 9 trong hnh di).

CONTAINER

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Theo quy nh v k m hiu container, mi container c mt dy 10 k t nhn bit. Trong c 4 ch ci v 6 ch s, nh trong hnh trn l SUDU 307007. Vi cc container tiu chun, ch s ny l duy nht cho mt container v khng c 2 container trng m nhn bit ny. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, s container c nhiu i tng s dng (ch hng, forwarder, hng tu, hi quan), tn sut nhiu ln, trn nhiu chng t (B/L, Manifest, D/O). Mt kh nng d xy ra l nhp nhm s container, v hu qu thng l kh nghim trng. gim thiu nguy c ny, ngi ta dng mt ch s th 7 kim tra (check digit). V c bn, s kim tra ny l kt qu tnh ton theo quy tc nh ca 10 k t nu trn. Nu nhp nhm s, ch s kim tra s khc vi s thc t, nh ngi ta pht hin ra li. Chng hn trong v d trn, s container l SUDU 307007 c ch s kim tra l 9. Gi s, nu ngi nhp s container sai mt k t thnh SUDU 307107, khi s kim tra s phi l 5 (khng ng vi 9). S sai khc ny ch ra rng vic nhp s container b sai st, cn phi kim tra li. Thng th li ny c th kim tra bng cch t tnh tay, nhng cch ny phc tp v mt thi gian. Hin nhiu ngi vit ra cc hm trong Excel kim tra, hay cc macro kim tra t ng. Cch tnh ch s kim tra container V l thuyt, mi ngi u c th kim tra tnh chnh xc ca container bng h s kim tra. Di y, ti s minh ha cch tnh cho s container trong v d nu trn SUDU137007. Do tip u ng SUDU l ch ci, nn cn quy i cc ch ny ra s c th tnh ton. Mi ch ci Latin c gn mt s nht nh nh trong bng di y, bt u t 10 tng dn ln n 38. Lu : cc s tng dn nhng b qu cc s 11, 22, 33 (bi s ca 11), v bc tip theo s c phn chia cho 11, nn phi b qua gi tr ny trnh nhm ln.

A 1 2

B 1 3

C 1 4

D 1 5

E 1 6

F 1 7

G 1 8

H 1 9

I 1 0

J 2 1

K 2 3

L 2 4

M 2

CONTAINER

Page 37

N 2 6

O 2 7

P 2 8

Q 2 9

R 2 0

S 3 1

T 3 2

U 3 4

V 3 5

W 3 6

X 3 7

Y 3 8

Z 3

1. Thay 4 ch trong tip u ng SUDU bng 4 s tng ng trong bng trn (phn mu vng), phn s 307007 s c gi nguyn, ta c ct (b) bng di. Trong ct (c), ly 2 ly tha ln lt t 0 n 9. Sau , ly s trong ct (b) nhn tng ng vi s trong ct (c) s c kt qu trong ct (e).

K t (a) S U D U 3 0 7 0 0 7 Tng

S tng ng (b) 30 32 14 32 3 0 7 0 0 7

Ly tha 2n (c) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Chi tit (b)x(c) 30 x 20 32 x 21 14 x 22 2 x 23 3 x 24 0 x 25 7 x 26 0 x 27 0 x 28 7 x 29

Tch s (e) 30 64 56 256 48 0 448 0 0 3584 4486

CONTAINER

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Tnh tng cc s trong ct (e) trong bng trn c 4486, sau em chia cho 11, s d chnh l s kim tra: 4486 : 11 = 408 d 9. Vy s kim tra ca container SUDU 307007 l 9.

CONTAINER

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