B lut HAMMU RABI v lut 12 bng

LUT HAMMURABI (*)

Thn Anu[1] v i, vua ca Anunc [2] cng vi thn Enlin [3] cha t ca tri dt quyt
nh vn mnh ca t nc, ban cho Mcc[4], con trng ca thn Ea [5] quyn
thng tr[6] c nhn loi, t r quyn lc trc cc thin thn, v ly ci tn trang
nghim ca mnh t tn cho Babilon, lm cho n tr thnh k ln mnh nht trong mun
phng, v trong xy dng mt vng quc bt h cng lu bn vi tri t.

Trong lc , v hnh phc ca loi ngi, thn Anu v thn Enlin ra lnh cho trm,
Hammurabi, mt v vua quang minh v ngoan o, pht huy chnh ngha i, dit tr
nhng k gian c khng tun theo php lut, lm cho k mnh khng h hip ngi yu,
lm cho trm ging nh thn Samt,[7] soi n dn en, t nh sng khp mt t.

Trm, Hammurabi, k chn dt dn do thn Enlin ch nh, k lm nn s phn vinh v
giu c, lm nn tt c cho thnh ph Nippua[8], lm cho tri t iu ho, v tr thnh
k bo h ca n cua[9] quang vinh.


Trm, v vua bch thng, lm cho thnh ph Eriu[10] phc hng, v lm cho l nghi
n Eapzu[11]c quy c.

Trm, k bo h ca bn phng, lm rng r tn tui ca Babilon, lm cho v cha ca
trm l thn Mcc thnh thc vui lng v hng ngy n lm l n Exjin.

Trm, ci v tr qu gi ca bc vng gi, do thn Xin1 lp nn, lm cho thnh
Urucs giu c, v l k cu nguyn c lng thnh, lm cho n Ekitsigan y ca ci.

Trm, v vua hp php y sc mnh trung thnh vi thn Samt, tng cng c nn
mng ca thnh Xippa, lm cho m ca Aii2 li xanh , li cn xy dng n Ebara lm
cho n ny ging nh cung in nh tri.

Trm, mt chin s tha ti cho thnh Lacxa3 xy dng n Ebapba cho k ng minh
ca mnh l Ista.

Trm, vm tri ca c t nc, tp hp nhn dn li tn ca thnh Ixin, lm cho n
ganma cng thm giu c.

Trm, k thng tr ca cc vua, anh em vi thn Sabaha4 bo v nh ca thnh Kt, tu
sa v trang sc n Emtua lm cho n ny tr nn huy hong trng l, cn chnh l
li nhng l ln ca thn Ista, quan tm n n Huaxacalam, mt n lu ngn chn k
ch.

Trm, k lm nguyn vng ca mnh c bn mnh l thn Ira5 chp nhn, lm cho
thnh Ct c vng mnh v lm cho n Mexlam c tng cng.

Trm, con b mng bng vng dng mnh xng vo k ch, k c thn Tutu6 yu
mn, lm cho Boxippa7 vui mng kch ng, v cn lun lun quan tm n n
Edida.

Trm, v thn ca cc vua, thng minh v tr tu, m rng rung t trng trt cho
thnh Binbt, cn lm cho va la ca thn Urat8 y m p.

Khi thn Mcc ra lnh cho trm thng tr mun dn v lm cho nc nh c hng
hnh phc, trm lm cho cng bng v chnh ngha to khp t nc v mu cu hnh
phc cho nhn dn t nay v sau:

iu 1: Nu dn t do tuyn th t co dn t do phm ti git ngi m khng c bng
chng th ngi t co s b x t.

iu 3: Dn t do a ra ti trng trong cc v kin tng m khng km theo bng
chng, nu bn n c lin quan n vn tnh mng, th s b x t.

iu 4: Nu nhng bng chng a ra thuc v nhng v kin v thc hoc bc th phi
x bng nhng hnh pht m bn n ng phi chu.

iu 6: Nu dn t do n trm ti sn ca thn hoc ca cung nh s b x t, k nhn
tang vt ca ngi n trm cng b t hnh.

iu 7: Nu dn t do mua ca con hoc n l ca dn t do hoc tr gip hc cho h
bc hoc vng hoc n l, hoc n n l, hoc b, hoc cu, hoc la, hoc bt c vt g,
m khng c ngi lm chng hoc giy chng nhn th tc l n trm, s b x t.

iu 8: Nu dn t do n trm b hoc cu, hoc la, hoc thuyn, nu cc th l vt
s hu ca thn hoc l vt s hu ca cung nh th ngi s b pht tin gp 30 ln,
nu cc th l vt s hu ca muxknu th phi pht tin gp 10 ln. Nu ngi n
trm khng c vt g bi thng th s b x t.

iu 11: Nu ngi b mt ca khng a ra c ngi lm chng bit vt mnh mt,
th ngi ny l k ni lo phm ti vu co, s b x t.

iu 15: Nu dn t do em nam n l hoc n n l ca cung nh hoc ca muxknu ra
khi thnh, s b x t.


iu 16: Nu dn t do che giu n l ca cung nh hoc ca muxknu chy n nh
mnh, m khng theo mnh lnh ca ngi truyn lnh em tr li th ch nh ca nh
ny s b x t.

iu 21: Nu dn t do xm phm ch ca ngi khc th b x t v chn ngay ch
xm phm.

iu 22: Nu dn t do phm ti n cp m b btg th b x t.

iu 25: Nu nh no b chy m ngi t do n cha chy dm ng ti sn v ly bt
c mt vt g, th ngi y b nm vo la .

iu 26: Nu rdum hoc bairum1 i lm nhim v ca vua giao cho m b bt lm t
binh, sau rung vn ca ngi ny giao cho k lm thay ngha v qun dch, nu
ngi ny li c tr v qu hng ca mnh th phi tr rung vn cho ngi v
ngi ny li t m nhim ngha v qun dch.

iu 29: Nu con ngi cn nh tui, khng th lm ngha v thay cha, th phi gioa
1/3 rung vn cho ngi m, ngi m nui con.

iu 30: Nu rdum v bairum v nhim v nng n, b rung vn nh ca v, sau k
khc ly lm rung vn nh ca v lm ngha v thay ngi ny qu 3 nm, nu
ngi ny tr v v i li rung vn nh ca th khng c tr. Ngi ly rung
vn, nh ca v lm ngha v thay ngi ny phi m nhim ngha v qun dch.

iu 36: Rung vn nh ca ca rdum, bairum hoc ca ngi np cng1 khng c
bn.

iu 38: Rdum, bairum hoc ngi np cng khng c a rung vn nh ca c
lin quan n ngha v m mnh phi m nhim tng li cho v v con gi ca mnh,
cng khng c dng cc th gn n.

iu 39: Nu rung vn nh ca l do nhng ngi ny mua v th nhng ngi ny
c em tng cho v v con gi v cng c dng gn n.

iu 41: Dn t do dng ti sn ca mnh i ly rung vn nh ca ca rdum v
bairum hoc ngi np cng vn c th tr v rung vn nh ca ca mnh v c th
ly li s tin ph thm ca mnh.

iu 42: Dn t do thu rung cy, nu rung khng c thc th ngi ny b coi l
cha ht sc chm bn, phi ly ngi bn cnh lm tiu chun np thc cho ch
rung.

iu 43: Nu khng cy cy m rung b hoang, th ngi ny phi cn c theo ngi
bn cnh np thc cho ch rung v cn phi cy ba rung b hoang cho bng
phng ri tr li cho rung.

iu 44: Daan t do thu t ca con gi cha ly chng trong vng 3 nm khai khn
trng trt nhng li bing khng cy cy, th n nm th t phi cy p, i ba
phng t ri tr li cho ch rung v cn phi np cho ch rung mi bua2 l 10 guru3
thc.

iu 45: Dn t do em rung ca mnh pht canh cho nng dn, v thu tin thu
rung m v sau thn Adt lm ngp rung hoc lt ph hu mt hoa mu, th ngi nng
dn thu rung phi chu s thit hi .

iu 46: Nu ngi ny khng thu tin thu rung, m s cn c theo thu hoch thu t
hay 1/3 th thu hoch ca rung t s do nng dn v ch rung cn c theo t l
nh chia nhau.

iu 47: Nu trong nm u nng dn cha thu c hoa li m ni: Ti s v mnh m
cy rung th ch rung khng c khng chp nhn iu , tha rung phi
cho nng dn ny cy, cy n khi thu hoch s cn c theo giy giao ko o thu t.

iu 48: Nu dn t do mc n c li tc, m thn Adt lm ngp rung ca ngi ny,
hoc nc lt ph hoi hoa mu, hoc v hn hn hoa mu khng mc c, th ngi
ny nm khng phi ra thc cho ch n v xo b giao ko, li tc nm cng
khng phi tr.

iu 49: Nu dn t do vay bc ca tamca v giao cho tamca rung c th trng la hoc
rung c th trng vng v ni vi tamca rng: Rung ny do ng trng la hoc vng
trn rung, do ng thu hoch. Nu nng dn1 trng la hoc vng trn rung th khi thu
hoch thc hoc vng trn rung l thuc v ch rung, nhng phi np thc cho tamca
b vo s bc vay v li tc, nhng tn ph ca tamca tr khi cy rung.

iu 50: Nu m rung m ngi ny em li vt bo m vay n trng la hoc
trng vng, th s thc hoc vng thu hoch c l thuc v ch rung v phi dng bc
tr vn v li cho tamca.

iu 51: Nu ngi ny khng c bc tr th c th dng thc hoc vng cn c theo
gi quy nh ca nh vua np cho tamca tr s bc vay v li tc.

iu 52: Nu nng dn ca tamca khng trng la hoc vng trn m rung th giy
giao ko cng khng c thay i.


iu 53: Nu dn t do li bing khng chu cng c p bn rung ca mnh, do
p b v, nc ngp rung t, cy cy ( ca cng x), th ngi dn do c p
b v phi bi thng s hoa mu b thit hi.

iu 54: Nu ngi ny khng th bi thng c bn thn ngi ny cng vi ti sn
phi em bn ly bc chia cho nhng ngi c rung b nc ph hoi mt hoa mu.

iu 55: Nu dn t do m cng ca mnh, khng cn thn lm ngp rung ca ngi
bn cnh, th ngi ny phi cn c theo khu vc bn cnh n thc.

iu 56: Nu dn t do tho nc lm nc ngp rung gieo trng ca ngi bn
cnh, th ngi ny phi n thc c mi bua l 10 gru.

iu 57: Nu ngi chn sc vt cha thng lng vi ch rung v vic cho cu n
c, cha bo cho ch rung m chn cu rung th ch rung c gt m rung
ca mnh, ngoi ra ngi chn sc vt khng bo vi ch rung m chn cu n rung
y phi n thc cho ch rung c mi bua l 20 guru.

iu 58: Sau khi ri khi mc trng m c n sc vt b bt gi li trong ca thnh,
nu ngi chn sc vt vn th cu rung v cho cu n rung, th ngi chn cu
phi trng coi m rung mnh cho cu n, n khi thu hoch phi n cho ch rung
c mi bua l 60 guru thc.

iu 59: Nu dn t do cht cy ci trong vn ca dn t do m khng bo cho ch
vn bit th phi n minabc.

iu 60: Nu dn t do em rung t giao cho ngi trng vn lm vn trng cy
n qu m ngi trng vn trng thnh vn cy n qu trong vng 4 nm, th n nm
th 5, ch vn v ngi trng vn chia u nhau2 ch vn c chn trc phn ca
mnh.

iu 63: Nu l t hoang, th ngi ny phi sa sang li t ri tr li cho ch rung
v phi n thc cho ch rung c mi nm mi bua l 10 guru.

iu 64: Nu dn t do em giao cho ngi trng vn trng cy cha l th ngi trng
vn phi np 2/3 s thu hoch trong vn m mnh qun l cho ch vn, cn mnh
c 1/3.

iu 66: Nu dn t do vay tin ca tamca, tamca n i n, m ngi ny khng c g
tr do em vn qu mnh trng cho tamca v ni vi tamca rng Xin ng ly
s ch l trong vn ch do ch vn thu hoch, v theo quy nh trong giy giao ko,
tr bc vn v li cho tamca, s ch l trong vn cn li vn thuc quyn s hu ca ch
vn.

iu 89: Nu tamca cho vay thc hoc bc ly li, th mi guru ( c th thy li 100 ca1
thc. Nu cho vay bc trng th mi xikh2 bc c th ly li 1/6 v 6 sun2.

iu 90: Nu dn t do mc n c li, nhng khng c bc trng tr n m ch c
thc, th theo quy nh ca vua, tamca ch c tnh mi guru l 100 ca, v ly thc tr
li.

iu 91: Nu tamca khng tun theo quy nh l thc th mi guru ly li 100 ca, bc
trng th mi xikh ly li 1/6 xikh v 6 sun m tng thm li tc th ngi ny b mt
vt cho vay.

iu 101: Nu khng thu c li ni n th samenlum3 phi tr li gp bi cho
tamca s bc nhn.

iu 102: Nu tamca cho samelum vay bc m khng ly li m samenlum b thit hi
ni n ( bun bn), th ngi ny phi tr li ton b s vn cho tamca.

iu 103: Nu gia ng b gic cp mt tt c cc th ang chuyn i th samenlum
phi th trc thn, v c min khng phi bi thng.

iu 104: Nu tamca giao cho samenlum bn thc, lng cu, du, hoc bt c th g
khc, th samenlum phi kt ton s bc trao li cho tamca. Samenlum ly chng t c
ng du v s bc m mnh giao cho tamca.

iu 105: Nu samenlum qun ly chng t c ng du v s bc mnh np cho
tamca, th s bc khng c chng t c ng du khng c tnh n.

iu 106: Nu sau khi samenlum nhn bc tamca ri m trc mt tamca kin quyt
khng tha nhn, th tamca phi chng thc vic samenlum nhn bc trc thn v
ngi lm chng cn samenlum th phi tr li gp 3 s bc m mnh nhn ca tamca.

iu 107: Nu tamca gi cho samenlum vt g v samenlum tr li cho tamca tt c
nhng th m tamca giao cho mnh nhng tamca khng tha nhn l ly li nhng vt
m samelum tr li, th ngi samelum ny phi vch mt tamca trc thn, v ngi lm
chng, cn tamca th v vic i c vi samenlum m phi tr li gp 6 ln tt c cc th
m mnh ly li.

iu 108: Nu m hng ru khng chu ly thc khi bn ri xikra1 m li dng cn
gi ly bc v s lng ru xikra quy nh li thp hn s lng thc quy nh th
m hng ru b t gic v b nm vo la.


iu 109: Nu t tp nh m hng ru, m m hng ru khng bo bt nhng
ngi t gii n cung nh th m hng ru b x t.

iu 110: Nu v thn hoc ch ca thn 2 khng trong nh t, m li m qun ru
hoc vo qun ru cng th ngi ph n t do s b thiu cht.

iu 111: Nu mua hng ru bn chu 60 ca ru, n ma thu hoch s c ly 60 ca
thc.

iu 112: Nu dn t do trn n i nh mt dn t do khc chuyn ch gip bc vng
qu hoc nhng ca ci (khc) ca mnh, m ngi dn t do ny khng a nhng
vt c gi n ni n chn, m chim hu cc th , th ngi gi ca phi t co
ti khng giao li nhng vt gi ca ngi kia. Ngi dn t do phi bi thng
gp 5 ln ton b s ca ci giao cho mnh.


iu 113: Nu ngi dn t do cho mt ngi dn t do khc vay thc hoc bc, khng
bo cho ngi ch c thc t tin n ly thc trong kho hoc trn sn thc, th ngi
dn t do s b t co v vic khng bo cho ch c thc m t tin ly thc trong
kho hoc trn sn. Ngi phi tr li ton b s thc v mt ton b (s n).

iu 114: Nu dn t do khng phi l ch n v thc hoc bc ca mg dn t do khc
m gi con tin ca ngi kia th ngi ny phi bi thng c mi ngi l con tin l 1/3
mina bc.


iu 115: Nu dn t do l ch n ca mt ngi dn t do khc, v gi con tin ca
ngi ny, m ngi lm con tin v s mnh m cht nh ngi gi mnh lm con tin,
th vic khng th lm cn c t co.


iu 116: Nu ngi lm con tin b nh p hoc ngc i m cht nh ngi gi
mnh lm con tin, th ngi ch ca con tin c t co ti ca tamca. Nu (ngi lm
con tin) l con trai ca dn t do, th phi git con trai ca ngi , nu l n l ca dn
t do th ngi phi n 1/3 mina bc, v b mt ton b (s n).


iu 117: Nu dn t do v mc n phi bn v, con trai hoc con gi, hoc lm n l v
n th h phi phc dch nh ngi mua hoc ngi ch n 3 nm, n nm th 4 h
c tr li t do.


iu 118: Nu ngi ny gn nam n l hoc n n l v n ,th tam ca c th tip tc
chuyn nhng, c th bn khng c kin co i tr n.


iu 119: Nu dn t do mc n, em bn n n l tng con ci, th ngi ch ca
ngi n n l c th tr bc cho tamca chuc li nhng ngi n l ca mnh.

iu 121: Dn t do gi thc nh dn t do, th mi nm c mi guru thc phi np 5
ca thu kho.


iu 122: Dn t do em bc, vng hoc bt c th g nh mt ngi dn t do khc ct
gi th phi c ngi lm chng, chng nhn nhng vt m ngi y gi v lm giy
giao ko, xong th c th nh ct gi.


iu 127: Nu dn t do x v ch ca thn hoc v ca dn t do m khng chng minh
c ti li th ngi dnt ny phi a n quan to v co tc mai ca y.


iu 128: Nu dn t do ci v m khng lm giy t th ngi ph n khng phi
l v ca y.


iu 129: Nu v ca dn t do ng vi ngi n ng khc m b bt, th phi tri c
hai ngi ny li v nm xung sng. Nu ngi ch ca ngi v cho v mnh c
sng th vua cng bo ton tnh mng cho ngi n l1 ca mnh.


iu 130: Nu dn t do hip dm v ca dn t do ( cn nh cha m cha h tip xc
vi chng) m b bt, th ngi t do b x t, ngi ph n ny c min truy ti.

iu 133: Nu dn t do b bt lm t binh, m trong nh y c cc t liu sinh sng, th
v y phi . v gi ly ti sn ca mnh, khng c n nh ngi khc. Nu
ngi n b ny khng gi ly li ti sn ca mnh m n nh ngi khc, th s b t
co, v b nm xung nc.


iu 134: Nu dn t do b bt lm t binh, m nh y khng c t liu sinh sng, do
v y n nh ngi khc v c sinh con ci, m sau chng th tr v tm li v ca
mnh, th ngi n b ny phi tr v ni chng trc, con cith thuc v cha n.

iu 137: Nu ngi dn t do mun b v ngi v l tng con trai cho y, hoc
ngi n b khng sinh lm cho y c con trai th phi tr li ca hi mn ca
ngi n b v phi cho th mt phn rung vn v ti sn, th c th nui nng
con ci. n khi th nui nng con ci thnh ngi thi phi chia cho th mt phn ti
sn bng phn ca mt k k tha trong ton b ti sn chia cho con ci, v sau th
c i ly ngi chng m mnh yu.


iu 138: Nu dn t do mun b v cha sinh con ci th phi cho th mt s bc tng
ng vi l hi v phi tr li nhng ca hi mn m th mang t nh cha m v, sau
c th b.


iu 141: Nu v dn t do sng nh dn t do m lng ni khc, n tiu lng ph,
lm khuynh gia ti sn, chng chu ting xu th th b t co. Nu chng th quyt nh
b th th c th b. Khi th i ni khc, chng li phi cho th li d ph. Nu chng th
quyt nh khng b th, th c th ly mt ngi n b khc, cn ngi n b ny phi
li nh chng lm n n l.


iu 142: Nu v ght chng v ni vi chng rng: Anh khng c chim hu ti
th phi tm ngi hng xm ca h iu tra vic ny. Nu nh th trinh tit khng c
ti li m chng th thng i ra ngoi v cn lm ti l tnh th, th ngi n b
khng c ti, th c ly ca hi mn ca mnh tr v nh cha m.


iu 143: Nu th khong trinh tit thng i ni khc lm cho gia nh ph sn, chng b
ting xu th ngi n b ny phi nm xung sng.


iu 144: Nu dn t do ly mt ngi n b khng sinh ,ngi n b khng sinh
ny cho chng mt ngi n l do sinh c con ci, m ngi dn t do ny cn
mun ly v b th khng cho php ngi dn t do c ly v b.


iu 148: Nu dn t do ly v, ngiv b hi, m ngi ny mun ly mt ngi khc,
th y c th ly ngi khc, nhng khng c b ngi v b bnh hi, ngi v
c trong nh y, y phi nui nng ngi v sut i.


iu 149: Nu ngi n b khng mun sng nh chng mnh, th y phi tr li ca
hi mn m th mang t nh cha m v cho th, th c th b i.


iu 150: Nu dn t do tng cho v mnh rung vn nh ca hoc cc ti sn khc v
c cho th vn kh c ng du th sau khi chng cht, con ci ca th khng c i kin
th hoc xin th bt c iu g. Ngi m c em cc ti sn cho a con mnh thng
nht sau khi mnh cht, duy ch khng c em nhng ti sn tng anh em mnh.

iu 153: Nu v v ngi n ng khc m git chng th b x ti ngi bn chng

iu 155: Nu dn t do ci v cho con trai v con trai mnh quan h vi ngi y,
sau y li gian dm vi ngi th m b pht gic, th phi tri ngi dn t do nm
xung nc.


iu 162: Nu dn t do ly v, ngi v sinh con ci cho y, m v sau ngi n b
cht, th b th khng c i li ca hi mn ch thuc v con ci.


iu 163: Nu dn t do ly v, ngi v cha sinh con ci cho y m v sau ngi n
b ny cht, nu b v li l hi ca ngi t do ny th ngi chng ca ngi n b
khng c i ca hi mn ca ngi n b , ca hi mn ca th ch thuc v gia
nh b th.


iu 164: Nu b v khng tr li l hi, th y c khu tr l hi trong s ca hi mn
ca ngi n b ny, v em ca hi mn tr li cho gia nh v.


iu 165: Nu dn t do tng rung vn nh ca cho k k tha m mnh yu thch v
cho ngi ny giy t c ng du hn hoi th sau khi ngi cha cht, khi anh em chia ti
sn, ngi con trai ny c nhn nhng tng phm ca ngi cha, ngoi ra cc anh em
vn chia u ti sn ca cha.


iu 166: Nu dn t do ly v cho cc con trai m cha ci v cho con trai t th
sau khi ngi cha cht, khi anh em chia ti sn, th trong gia sn ca ngi cha, ngoi
phn m ngi t cha ly v chng c hng, cn cho mt s bc v tin l hi
ngi ny ly v.


iu 167: Nu dn t do ly v sinh con ci cho y, m v sau ngi n b ny cht,
sau khi v cht y li ly v, ngi v ny li sinh con ci, th sau khi ngi cha cht, cc
con khng c cn c theo m chia ti sn. Nhng ngi con ny c ly ca hi
mn ca m mnh v chia u ti sn ca ngi cha.


iu 169: Nu ngi con phm ti ln b tc ot quyn k tha ca mnh, th
quan to c th rng lng tha th cho ngi con ny phm ti ln u, nu ngi con
ny li phm ti ln ln na, th ngi cha c tc ot quyn k tha ca ngi con
ny.

iu 170: Nu ngi v chnh thc ca dn t do sinh con ci cho y, n n l ca y cng
sinh con ci cho y, v khi ngi cha ang sng ni nhng a con do n n l sinh ra l:
con ca ti coi nhng a con ngang hng vi nhng a con ca ngi v chnh
thc th sau khi ngi cha cht, nhng a con ca ngi v chnh thc v nhng a
con ca ngi n n l phi cng nhau chia u gia ti ca cha. Khi chia ti sn, con ca
ngi v chnh thc c u tin chn phn ca mnh.


iu 172: Nu ngi chng khng cp cho th tin nui thn ca ngi v go th phi
tr li ca hi mn ca th v mt phn trong s ti sn ca chng th bng phn ca mt
k k tha. Nu con ci ca th i vi th khng tt mun ui th ra khi nh, th quan
to phi iu tra vic v x pht nhng a con ca th. Ngi n b ny khng nn
ri khi nh chng mnh. Nu ngi n b ny mun i, th th phi li cho con ci s
tin nui thn ca ngi v go m chng th cp cho.


iu 175: Nu n l ca cung nh hoc n l ca muxknu ly con gi ca dn t do,
ngi con gi ny c sinh con ci th ch ca ngi n l khng c bt con ci do
ngi con gi ca dn t do sinh ra lm n l.


iu 177: Nu b go c con cn nh tui, nu mun vo nh ngi khc m khng bo
vi quan to th khng c i. Khi th vo nh ngi khc, quan to phi iu tra tnh
hnh gia nh ngi chng trc kia ca th, v phi gi ti sn ca ngi chng trc
cu th cho ngi chng sau ca th, v phi bt h lm giy. H phi gi gn nh ca ca
ci, nui nng nhng a con cn b, v khng c bn dng trong nh. K no mua
dng trong nh ca con ci, ca b go th phi chu mt s bc ca mnh, ti sn phi
tr li cho ch ca n ( tc nhng a b con b go).


iu 179: Ngi cha em ca hi mn cho th thn, bo v thn hoc k n ca thn, v
c lm giy c ng du, trong giy vit cho b ta c ghi r b ta s c dng ca ci
cn li sau khi cht, t mun cho ai th cho php b ta c t do chi phi th sau khi
ngi cha cht, b ta c em nhng vt cn li sau khi b ta cht t mun cho ai th
cho, anh em ca b ta khng c v vy m i kin b ta.


iu 180: Ngi con gi lm k n ca thn hoc th thn trong cc t, nu cha khng
cho b ta ca hi mn th sau khi ngi cha cht, b ta c nhn mt phn bng phn
ca mt k k tha trong gia sn ca ngi cha, v c hng nhng th , cho n
sut i. Ca ci cn li sau khi b ta cht th thuc v anh em ca b ta.

iu 182: Con gi lm th thn Mcc ca Babilon, nu cha khng cho ca hi mn,
khng cho giy c ng du th sau khi ngi cha cht, b ta c cn c theo tiu chun
ca anh em, nhn 1/3 phn ca k k tha trong gia sn ca ngi cha, b ta khng c
ngha v g, th ca thn Mcc c t em cho nhng ca ci b ta li sau khi
cht.

iu 183: Nu ngi cha em ca hi mn ca con gi do ngi v b sinh ra, v kn
chng cho th, lm giy c ng du, th sau khi ngi cha cht, th khng c nhn
phn ca mnh trong gia sn ca ngi cha.


iu 196: Nu dn t do lm hng mt ca con ca bt c ngi dn t do no, th phi
lm hng mt ca y.


iu 197: Nu y lm gy xng ca dn t do, th phi lm gy xng ca y.


iu 198: Nu y lm hng mt ca muxknu hoc gy xng ca muxknu th phi bi
thng mt mina bc.


iu 199: Nu y lm hng mt n l ca dn t do, hoc lm gy xng ca n l dnt
do, th phi bi thng gi mua cu ngi n l .


iu 200: Nu dn t do nh gy rng ca ngi dn t do ngang hng vi mnh, th
phi nh gy rng ca y.


iu 201: Nu dn t do nh gy rng ca muxknu, th phi n 1/3 mina bc.


iu 202: Nu dn t do tt vo m ngi c a v tng i cao, th phi nh y 60 roi
da b trong cuc hp.


iu 203: Nu con cu dn t do nh con ca dn t do ngang hng vi mnh th phi
bi thng 1 mina bc.


iu 204: Nu muxknu tt vo m muxknu, th phi bi thng 10 xikh bc


iu 205: Nu n l ca dn t do tt vo m ca con ca dn t do th phi ct mt tay
ca n.


iu 212: Nu ngi ph n ny cht th y phi bi thng mina bc.


iu 213: Nu y nh n n l ca dn t do, n ni lm cho ngi n n l b xy
thai th y phi bi thng 2 xikh bc.


iu 214: Nu ngi n n l cht, th y phi bi thng 1/3 mina bc.


iu 215: Nu thy thuc dng dao ng thau m mt trng hp kh khn cho dn t
do v cha cho ngi lnh bnh, hoc dng dao ng thau ct lc mt (?) cho dn t
do v cha cho ngi ny lnh mt, th ngi thy thuc c 1 xikh bc.


iu 216: Nu ( ngi bnh l muxknu, th ngi thy thuc 5 xikh bc.


iu 217: Nu (ngi bnh) l n l ca dn t do th ch ngi n l phi a cho thy
thuc 2 xikh bc.


iu 218: Nu thy thuc dng dao ng thay m mt trng hp rt kh khn cho dn
t do lm ngi dn t do cht, hoc dng dao ng thau ct lc mt (?) cho dn t
do v lm hng mt ca dn t do, th ngi thy thuc b cht ngn tay.


iu 221: Nu thy thuc ni xng b gy cho dn t do hoc cha lnh ch sng (?) th
ngi bnh phi a cho thy thuc 5 xikh bc.


iu 222: Nu (ngi bnh) l con ca muxknu th y phi tr 5 xikh bc.


iu 223: Nu (ngi bnh) l n l ca dn t do, th ch ca ngi n l phi tr cho
thy thuc 2 xikh bc.


iu 226: Nu ngi th ct tc cha bo vi ngi ch ca n l m co mt du hiu
n l ca ngi n l khngphi ca mnh, th ngi th ct tc b cht ngn tay.

y l php lut do vua Hammurabi bch thng t ra em li hnh phc chn chnh v
t nn thng tr nhn t.


Trm Hammurabi c vua v ch, trm cha h khinh mit dn en m thn Enlin
ban cho, v trch nhim chn dt dn n m thn Mcc giao ph cho th trm cng
cha h li l, trm lo tm kim t c tr an ton cho dn en gii quyt nhng kh
khn to ln, chiu di nh sng ca h.


Trm, vi v kh mnh m do thn Sababa v thn Isata ban cho, vi tr tu do thn Ea
ban cho, vi uy lc ca thn Manc ban cho nh ui c k th.

trn di, nh ch phn tranh lm cho t nc c hng thi bnh, ni n chn ca
nhn dn c che ch, khng c g phi lo u s hi.


Trm, nhn mnh lnh ca c thn minh v i m lm cho k chn dt nhn t, trn ci
ht ca mnh thng thn rng n c ca trm, bao trm ly thnh tr ca trm, trm
che ch ngi Xume v ngi Acct trong lng trm, nh s gip ca n thn bo h
ca trm v anh em ca ngi, trm c ho bnh ng tr mi ngi trn th gian v dng
tr tu ca mnh che ch h.


cho ngi mnh khng h hip k yu, cho nhng ngi c qu c ch nng ta
thnh Babilon, ni m v th lnh ca n c thn Anu v thn Enlin khen ngi, n
Exajin m nn mng ca n lu bn cng vi tri t, cho to n trong nc tin vic
xt x, cho s tuyn n trong nc tin vic quyt nh, cho nhng k b thit thi
c trnh by chnh ngha, trm khc nhng li vng ngc ca trm ln ct ca trm
trc bc tng ca trm cng tc l bc tng ca mt v vua cng bng.


Trm v vua ng tr trn cc vua, li ni ca trm siu qun xut chng, uy lc ca trm
khng ai c th ch ni. Theo mnh lnh ca v quan to v i ca tri t Samt chnh
ngha ca trm tt nhin c th chiu ri khp th gian, tun theo ch ca cha Mcc
ca trm, ch do trm t ra tt khng ai c th thay i c. Trong n Exajin m
trm a thch, tn tui ca trm tt c s vnh vin c tng nh.


Nu c c dn t do no i kin m b thit thi th n trc bc tng ca trm tc
l n trc bc tng ca v vua cng bng c ci ct m trm khc ch, lng nghe
nhng li vng ngc ca trm, cict ca trm lm r v n cho ngi ngi
c xt x mt cch cng bng, cho lng c nh nhm m ln tintgs (?) ni
rng: V cha Hammurabi ca mnh qu l v cha hin ca loi ngi, ngi tun theo
li ca cha Mcc ca ngi, v thn Mcc nh Nam dp Bc (?) v thu c
thng li. Vui lng c cha Mcc ca ngi vnh vin em li hnh phc cho mi
ngi v s cng bng thng tr t nc. ngi thnh tm cu phc cho trm
trc cha Mcc, n cha Xaxpant v cc thn bo h.


T nay cho n ngn vn i sau, cc vua trong nc phi tun theo nhng li chnh
ngha ca trm khc trn ct ca trm, khng c thay i vic xt x t php do
trm quyt nh v vic thm tra t php do trm xc lp, khng c ph hoi
nhng ch do trm t ra.


Nguyn thn tri t v i, tt c Anunc, thn bo h cc n miu hy cng nhau dng
nhng li tr ng s nguyn ra bn thn ngi , nguyn ra co chu ca ngi
, nguyn nhn v qun i ca ngi .


Nguyn thn Enlin hy dng li vng ngc ca mnh ln ting nguyn ra ngi , v
tc khc lm cho s nguyn ra ca ngi ging ln ngi .











LUT XII BNG


( Duedecim Tabulae)


Son tho nm 499 TCN khc trn 12 bng ng, mi chng 1 bng, nay khng cn ch
c ghi li tng on trong nhng th tch c khc nhau; cc nh c s su tm tp
hp thnh h thng tng i ( khng hon chnh vi cu)


LNG NINH


Dch v ch thch


BNG I


Nu (ngi no) oc gi n to, th (ngi ) phi n. Nu (ngi )khng n, th
(ngi gi) yu cu nhng ngi lm chng xc nhn (li gi ca mnh), sau th buc
ngi kia phi n.

Nu ( ngi c gi) vin c ( thoi thc) hay nh trn, th (ngi gi) s t tay ln
ngi 1
.
Nu b cn tr (khin ngi c gi khng c mt to c) v l do m au hay gi
c th [ngi gi ( m to) (Usher) cp cho ngi y mt con vt ch (jumentum)[ hay]
xe ko ( Arcera). Nu khng mun th cng khng bt buc c mt2
Ch ngi no c nn kinh t ca mnh mi c l ngi bo tr [trc to] cho ngi
sng bng kinh t ca mnh. i vi cng dn khng c kinh t, ngi no tnh nguyn,
c th tr thnh ngi bo tr.

Nex . foreti, sanates3
Ci g c tho thun th [bn nguyn] cng phi trnh iu [trc to]4
Nu [ hai bn nguyn b] khng i n tho thun th trong mt na ngy [h] phi n
tranh kin Forum hay Comitia5 . C hai bn c mt s ln lt t bin bch vic lm
ca mnh.
Qua mt na ngy thm phn s xc nhn yu cu ca bn c mt [ phin to].
Nu c hai bn u c mt phin to th n khi mt tri ln l hn cui cng ca phin
to.
BNG II


( Gaius (hin php, IV,14): i vi mi v kin 1000 as tr ln th phi np [ vo ngn
sch n miu] tin n ph [l 500 as], i vi mi v kin v s tin t hn th np 50 as,
l iu c lut XII bng quy nh. Nu tranh chp v s t do ca mi ngi, th
tuy rng gi ngi tht cao, nhng chnh lut trn quy nh rng tin n ph [v
ngi m s t do ca ngi b tranh chp] cng ch phi np (di 50as).
Nu mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ny, nh l . m nng hay [ngy gi n to
trng] vi ngy b tr kt ti [ngi no ] v s phn bi1, [s cn tr] thm phn,
ngi lm chng th bay hay bn tha kin [c mt phin to xt x], th [vic ] phi
ri sang mt ngy khc.

[ Ngi tha kin (bn chuyn)] no khng chng c cn phi i n ca nh [ ngi
lm chng khng n d phin to] v lin trong ba ngy gi [ngi ] r to.

BNG III

Phi chiu c [cho ngi mc n] ba mi ngy thi hnh n sau khi [ ngi ] tha
nhn n hay sau khi nh n [i vi ngi ].

[ Khi ht hn nh] th [bn nguyn] t bn tay [ln ngi mc n]. Phi dn ngi
ti phin to [ thi hnh n].

Nu [ngi mc n] khng thi hnh n [mt cch t nguyn] v cng khng ai g ti cho
ngi trc phin to, th [bn nguyn dn ngi n v mnh v eo cho ngi
gng hay cm nng khng m hay nu mun, c th hn 15 bng2
[ Trong thi gian b giam gi ngi mc n] nu mun c th sng bng ca ring ca
mnh. Nu ngi khng c, th [ngi no giam gi ngi ] phi cho ngi mi
ngy mt bng ct, hay nu ngi xin th cng c th cho hn.
( Aulius Hellius, Nhng m Attch, XX, 1.46): Trong thi gian [m ngi mc n b
giam gi], ngi c quyn cu ho (vi bn nguyn, nhng nu [hai bn] khng ho
gii c, th [nhng ngi mc n ] phi b giam gi 60 ngy. Trong sut thi hn ,
ngi ta dn h lin 3 ln vo nhng phin ch n pretor3 Comitia4 v [ ] ngi ta
cng b s tin pht h. n phin ch th ba, h b kt n t hnh hay b bn ra ngoi,
ngoi Tibris5

n phin ch th 3 th ngi ta em cht con n thnh tng khc. Nu ngi ta cht
nhiu hn hay t hn th cng khng c [ti] g vi con n 1
Vic x kin k phn bi cn phi c hiu lc mt cch vnh vin.

BNG IV

( Cicero (V lut php, III, 8,9) : Tr con [khc thng] nh c d hnh c bit, theo lut
XII bng, cng b git cht vi cch thc n gin nh vy).
Nu ngi cha bn con 3 ln, th ngi con c t do [ khng chu quyn] ca cha.
Cicero ( Philippi, II 28, 69) ; [ S dng] iu quy nh trong XII bng, [ngi chng]
ra lnh cho v cm ly mi vt thuc ring mnh, ri thu ly cha kho [ ngi v] v
ui [v ] i.

( Aulius Hellius (m Attch), III.16,12).

Ti c bit rng [khi] ngi n b . sinh vo thng 11 sau khi ngi chng
cht, th [ ] c vic dng nh ngi n b c mang sau khi chng cht, bi v u
ban 10 ngi ghi rng con ngi sinh ra vo thng th 10, chc khng phi thng th
11.
BNG V


( Gaius (Hin php, I, 144-145): T tin [chng ta] xc nh rng ngay c nhng ph
n n tui trng thnh, do bn tnh nh d ca h m h cn phi c s bo tr.. Ch
tr c cc n ng trinh l nhng ngi m ngi c Rma trng v chc v tn gio
ca h nn mi khng chu bo tr2
( Gaius (hin php, II, 47): Lut XII bng xc nh rng res mancipi3
Ngi no khi cht m s dng ti sn ca mnh hay quyn bo tr [i vi ngi di
quyn mnh] th iu d phi c m bo.
Nu mt ngi no khong c ai di quyn mnh m khi qua i cng khng tri li
v ngi k tha di sn th kinh t ca ngi s do
agrat4 gn nht [ca ngi ] qun l.
Nu [ngi cht] khng c agnat th nn kinh t [ li sau khi ngi cht] do nhng
ngi thn qun l.
Gaius (Hin php I, 155): Theo lut XII bng, ngi bo tr [khi qua i] khng tri li
[hay di chc li] v ngi bo tr cho ngi c bo tr, th agnat ca [ngi bo tr]
s l ngi bo tr cho ngi c bo tr.
a. Nu c mt ngi b mt tr (tm thn) th quyn i vi ti sn v vi chnh mnh
ngi ny s thuc v agnat hay h hng ca ngi ny.
7. b. Ulpianus (I, 1, pr.D.XXVII, 10): Theo lut XII bng, ngi hoang tong ( sinh hot
v chi tiu ba bi) khng c qun l ti sn thuc v mnh.
7.c. Ulpianus (Lib, sing regularum XII,2): Lut XII bng quy n nhng ngi mt tr
v hoang tong m ti sn ca h b cm s dng ca h b cm s dng, s do cc agnats
ca h bo m i sng ca h.

8. a. Ulpianus (Lib. sing regularum, XXXX,1): Lut XII bng chuyn cho ngi ch
phn di sn ca cng dn Rma xut thn l libertus1 li trong trng hp ngi ny
b cht m khng c ai thn thuc v cng khng tri li iu g.

b. Ulpianus (I, 195, I D, L.16): [V mi quan h gia ch v libertus], lut XII bng ni
rng ti sn ca libertus c quyn chuyn [nhng] t gia nh ny sang gia nh
khc.2 Cng trong trng hp ny, lut ni v [gia nh l s kt hp] cc c nhn ring
l.
a. Gordianus (I, 6,III, 36): Theo lut XII bng, ti sn nhng khon i n [ca ngi
cht i vi nhng ngi khc] th c th trc tip (ngha l c th khng cn th tc
php l no , em chia cho nhng ngi cng c tha k theo cc phn di sn m h
c hng.
9. b. Diocltianus (I,26, III,3): Theo lut XII bng, nhng mn n ca ngi cht em
chia trc tip [cho nhng ngi k tha] t l vi phn di sn [m h c hng].
10. Vic kin tng [v s chia di sn] phi da trn c s nhng iu quy nh ca lut
XII bng.

BNG VI

Nu ngi no k kt hp ng t bn mnh3 hay cm c vt [c mt 5 ngi lm
chng v ngi cn lng] th li ni trong khng c xo b.
Cicero (V ngha v; III, 16) : Theo lut XII bng th c a ra nhng bng c v iu
c pht biu [khi k kt hp ng] l v nu ngi no ni m li chi li th
phi np pht gp i.
Cicero (Top IV,23): Thi im chim hu i vi phn rung t c quy nh l 2
nm, i vi vt khc l 1 nm.
( Gaius (Hin php I,3): Lut XII bng xc nh rng ngi n b nu khng mun
chu quyn ca chng i vi mnh [biu hin bng thi gian chung sng vi v] th hng
nm cn phi ri khi nh mnh 3 m v nh vy tc l gin on ci quyn chim hu
trong nm i vi mnh.
a. Aulius Hellius ( m Attch, XX, 17,8): T mnh bo v [ vt ca mnh] trong
phin to. iu c ngha l t ln vt m cuc tranh ci phin to ang tin hnh
v n, [ngha l n mt cch khc] trong khi tranh chp vi i phng th ly tay gi ly
ci vt tranh ci v bo v ci quyn v vt vi nhng l l chin thng. Vic t tay
ln vt, din ra mt a im nht nh vi s c mt ca pretor, da trn c s lut
XII bng, ni c d ch: Nu c ai mun t mnh bo v vt ca mnh trc
to.
5. b. ( Pavelus (Fragn, Vat, 50): Lut XII bng xc nh [vic cm c vt] bng hp
ng, tin hnh vi s c mt ca 5 ngi lm chng v cn lng, m cng c th bng
cch t b quyn s hu v vt , phin to, trc mt pretor) .
6. (Titus Livitus (III, 44): Nhng ngi bnh vc [ cho Virginia] yu cu [Appius
Clandius], theo lut php do chnh ng xng, ban b quyt nh s b v ngi
con gi c s ng tnh v s t do ca c y).

7. [Ngi s hu] khng c rt ly thanh g [hay ci so] [ ca mnh], [ do ngi
khc] s dng xy nh hay trng nho.

8. (Ulpianus, I, 1, pr, D, XLVII, 3: Lut XII bng khng cho php ly v coi g v so
ly cp lm ca ring mnh em dng xy nh hay trng nho, m trong vic ny li
cn x pht gp i [gi nhng th ] ivi k no phm li dng n).

9. Khi no nho hi c th [ gin ] cng phi c d ra1

BNG VII

(Festus, De verborum significatu, 4: ng vng [nghiax l ch khng xy nh] xung
quanh nh phi rng 2,5 chn2 ).
( Gaius, I, 13, D, X, 1: Cn ch rng trong vic kin tng v ranh gii, cn phi coi s
ch nh ca [luaatj XII bng ] c xc nh theo cch thc php lnh nh sau v
iu nh ngi ta ni do Solon xng Aten: nu dc theo t lng ging m o
ho th cng khng vt qu gii hn,nu [t] hng ro th cn li [cch t lng ging ]
1 chn, nu l nh th li cch 2 chn, nu o h hay huyt th h rng bao nhiu phi
li cch by nhiu, nu o ging th phi li 6 chn, nu trng liu hay v, th li cch
t lng ging 9 chn, cn nhng cy khc th 5 chn).
( Plinius (Lch s t nhin) 19,4,50). Trong XII bng hon ton khng thy dng ch
tri [villa], m ch ci , th thng (dng) ch hortus [ni c ro quanh] [nhm cho
n ci ngha] l ti sn ca cha].
( Cicero (V lut php I,21,55): Lut XII bng cm khng c lm b ro rng qu 5
chn, theo l c).
( Cicero (V lut php I,21,55): Theo lu nh ca XII bng, khi ny ra tranh ci v ranh
gii th s tin hnh phn nh vi s tham gia ca 3 ngi trung gian ci v ranh gii th
s tin hnh phn nh li vi s tham gia ca 3 ngi trung gian ci v ranh gii th s
tin hnh phn nh li vi s tham gia ca 3 ngi trung gian.
( Gaius (I, 8, D, VIII, 3): Theo lut XII bng, chiu rng ca ng i, ch thng c
quy nh l 8 chn, ch vng l 16 chn.
[Nhng ngi s hu t ven ng, () khng ph hoi [ng] bng [cch xp]
hay ci sc vt ch m i li no c th c.
a. Nu nc ma gy ra thit hi..... 1
8 b. Pavelus ( I,5, D, XLIII, 8): Nu sui chy trn t cng hay cng dn nc gy
thc hi n s hu t nhn th s hu ( ti sn ) c theo lut XII bng, kin i bi
thng thit hi.

9. a. Ulpianus ( I,1, 8, D, XLIII, 27): Lut XII bng nh mc l nhng cy ci cao
15 chn th phi xn chung quanh bng ca n khi gy thit hi n t lng ging.

9.b. (Pomponius (I, 2, D, XLIII, 27): Nu cy ca t lng ging m nghing cnh sang
t ca anh th theo lut XII bng, anh c th tha kin i cht i.

10. Plinius (Lch s t nhin: XVII.5,15): Lut XII bng cho php thu lm qu si trn
t lng ging ri sang.

11. ( Justinianus (I,41,1,II,1): Vt em bn hay chuyn nhng ch tr thnh s hu ca
ngi mua trong trng hp m ngi tr cho ngi bn theo gi mua hay bng
cch no tha mn [ yu cu ca ngi bn], v d nhn lm ngi u hay cho
mt ci g di hnh thc vt tin. l iu c quy nh trong lut XII bng.

12. (Ulpisnus (Lib, sing, regularum, II,4): Nu [mt ngi di sn] a ra mt iu
quy nh nh th ny: [ti s gii phng mt n l c t do vi iu kin] l n l ny
tr cho ngi tha k ca ti 10.000 sestertium th tuy n l khng c rng buc vi
ngi tha k cng ch c t do khi tr cho ngi s tin ni trn. l iu
c quy nh trong lut XII bng.

BNG VIII.

1a. Ngi no ht mt bi ht cay c...

1b. ( Cicero (V ch cng ho, IV, 10,12): Lut XII bng quy nh x t hnh mt s
t hnh vi phm ti, trong coi l cn thit phi p dng trong trng hp m mt ngi
no t ra hay bi ht c ni dung vu khng hay lng nhc ngi khc.

2. Nu lm b thng v cng dn ho vi [ngi b tn hi] th k gy ra cng phi chu
li nh vy.

3. Nu dng tay hay gy xng mt ngi t do th phi np pht 300 as, nu l n l th
phi 150 as.

4. Nu gy ra mt lng, s tin pht l 25.

5. ........... Lm hng th phi bi thng

6. ( Ulpianus (I, 1pr. D. LX, 1): Nu c ai ku ca v vic gia sc gy tn hi th lut XII
bng ra lnh phi giao gia sc gy nn thit hi [cho ngi b thit] hay phi bi
thng gi tn hi).

7. ( Ulpianus ( I,14, 3,D, XIX, 5) : Nu nhng qu si cy ca anh ri sng t nh ti v
ti cho sc vt ra n, th theo lut XII bng, anh cng khng c quyn tha kin, v s
thit thi, v sc vt khng phi n trn t ca anh, hay v s tn hi do sc vt gy
nn, m cng khng th v s thit hido hnh vi phi php no em li).

8a. Ngi no gieo ht ging......

8b. Khng c ly hoa li ca ngi khc mang [v t ca mnh].

(Plinius (Lch s t nhin, 18,3,12): Theo lut XII bng, ngi ln m i ph hoi hay
ban m ct trm hoa li trn rung lm bng cy, th ng ti cht. [XII bng] ghi
l phi x t hnh i vi ngi phm ti ivi n thn mtr. i vi tr cha
trng thnh [m phm ti tng t] th c s chng kin ca pretor hoc l x pht roi,
hoc l x pht tin gp i s thit hi).
(Gaius (Hin php I, 9, D, XLVII, 9): Lut XII bng nh phi cm v sau khi pht roi
th x t hnh k no t ng rm gn nh, nu [ k pham ti] c thc hin. [Nu
m chy xy ra ] mt cch ngu nhin, ngha l khng ch tm th lut ghi, [l k
phm ti] phi bi thng thit hi; nu ngi ngho tng th gim nh ti.
(Plinius, Lch s t nhin, 17, 1, 7): Trong XII bng c ghi l nu cht cy ci ca ngi
khc mt cch th bo th phi n mi cy l 25as.
Nu i n trm ban m m b git [ti ch] th vic git [k ] c coi l hp php
Gia ban ngy..... nu b [(ngi khc) tn cng] bng v kh [cm tay], th ku gi nhn
dn.
Aulius Hellius ( Nhng m Attch, XI, 18,8): U ban 10 ngi ghi l nhng ngi t
do , n trm b bt qu tang th phi chu nhc hnh v k ly trm s b a [ra to] l
n l th pht roi ri nm xung vc; nhng [ i vi tr cha trng thnh] th lut xc
nh l phi chu nhc hnh trc mt pretor hay bt bi thng thit hi.
a. ( Gaius (III,191): Theo lut XII bng, tin pht c quy nh gp 3 ln gi vt,
trong trng hp m vt tm thy c mt ngi no trong khi khm xt theo th
thc, hay khi vt c mang n ngi tng tr v tm thy ngi .
15.b. (Gaius ( Hin php, III, 192): Lut XII bng ghi l trong vic tin hnh khm
xt, [ngi khm] khng c mc qun o g, m ch c qun mt mnh vi v cm
trong tay ci cc).
16. Nu tha kin v vic mt trm [trong k ly trm khng b bt qu tang] th to
n gii quyt s tranh chp [bng x pht] gp i gi vt1

17. (Gaius (Hin php, II, 45): Lut XII bng theo tc l c cm gi vt n trm).

18.a. (Tacitus, (Bin nin, VI, 16): Ln u tin XII bng quy nh l khng ai c cho
vay, ly li qu 1% [trong 1 thng] l ci vic trc y vn lm tu theo mun ca
nhng k giu c.

18.b. (Cato, v nng nghip, Li ni u 1: T tin chng ta c (tc l) v nh
trong lut php bt k n trm phi bi thng gp i gi (vt ly trm), x k cho vay
nng li1 phi (np pht) gp 4 ln ( phn li thu c.

19. ( Pavelus (Libri V sentiarum, II, 12, 11): Theo lut XII bng vt em tng tr m
b tha kin th phi tr gp i gi vt .

20. a. ( Ulpirnus( I, I, 2, D XXVI, 10): Cn ch rng s buc ti ( ngi bo tr v
hnh ng thiu lng tm ca ngi ) l rt ra t lut XII bng).

20. b. ( Triphonianus * I, I, 1 55, D, XXVI, 7). Trong trng hp ngi bo tr bin th
ti sn ca ngi di quyn, th phi xc nh rng c nn x pht gp i i vi mi
ngi bo tr, theo c quy nh trong XII bng khng).

21. Ngi ch no m lm hi n ngi ph thuc [mnh] th ng giao cho Dim
vng ( ngha l ng nguyn ra).

22. Nu [ngi no] tham d [ vo vic thc hin hp ng] vi t cch l ngi lm
chng hay ngi cn lng, [ri sau] li t chi lm chng vic , th [ngi b coi]
l khng gi danh d v b mt quyn lm chng.

23. Anlius Hellius (m Attch, XX, 1,53): Theo lut XII bng, k b pht hin lm
chng gi mo phi b nm xung vch ni Tacp.

24a. ( Plinicus (Lch s t nhin, XVIII, 3, 12, 8 9): Theo XII bng, ti b mt ph hoi
ma mng [b x] t hnh.... nng hn ti git ngi).

25. Gaius (1.236, pr. D, L, 16): Nu c ngi no hi v cht c th cn phi thm
rng ngi no mun c lm li hay lm hi n sc kho, v thuc cng l cht
c).

26. ( Porcicus, Lampo (Decl in Catill, 19):nh chng ta bit, trong XII bng ghi l
khng ai c t chc nhng cuc t hp ban m thnh ph).

27. (Gaius (I, 4, D, XL, VII, 22): Lut XII bng cho php cc thnh vin collegin 2 [ca
x hi] quyn k kt vi nhau mi tho c, min l h khng ph hoi iu quy nh ca
mt s ai , c lin quan ti trt t x hi. Lut , dng nh mn lut php ca
Solon).

BNG IX

1.2: ( Cicero (V lut php , III 4, 11, 19, 44): Khng ai c i hi c quyn [ngha l
v li ch ca mnh m vi phm php lut]. Nhng n x t hnh cng dn La M khng
c duyt u ngoi Comitia centuriata.

Lut XII bng ni ting c 2 im, trong im th nht nhm loi tr mi s vi phm
lut php mu li c nhn v im th hai nhm cm thng qua n t hnh i vi
cng dn Rma ngoi Comitia centuriata).

3. ( Aulius Hellius ( m ttch, XX, 17): Phi chng l khc nghit, ci iu lut x t
hnh thm phn hay nhn chng no b gi ra trc to xt x mt vic v phi th
nhn l nhn l nhn mt khon tin th lao v vic []?.

4. (Pompeius (1,2 23, D, 1,2), Questorr no chng kin vic thi hnh n t hnh gi l cc
hnh quan, trong lut XII bng cng ni c ti nhng ngi ny).

5. ( Marcianus (I,3, D, XLVIII, 4): Lut XII bng ra lnh x t hnh k no xi gic qun
th ca nhn dn Rma tn cng Nh nc Rma hay k no np mt cng dn La M
cho k th).

6. ( Salvianus (V quyn ca thn thnh, VIII, 5): nhng iu quy nh ca XII bng cm
st hi mt cch phi php mt ngi, cho d ngi l th no i na).

BNG X

T thi khng c chn v thiu trong thnh ph.
Khng ai c lm hn iu . Ci dng vo [vic ho thiu ngi cht] khng c
ch bng ru.
( Cicero (V lut php, II, 23, 59): Sau khi hn ch chi ph [ v vic ma chay] l ch
c dng 3 mnh vi lim, mt o o di thm v 10 ci so, lut XII bng cng cm
than khc (ngi cht).
[Trong vic ma chay] n b khng c co cu m v khng c than khc ngi
cht.
Khng c thu thp xng ca t thi sau em mai tng, ( Cicero (V lut php, II,
23, 59): ch trng hp cht trn chin trng hay nc ngoi.
a. ( Cicero, v lut php, II, 23, 59: Ngoi ra, lut php cn xc nh [nhng nguyn tc
] sau y: b vic xoa du thm tm ra ca n l v ung bng cc trn, khng vy
nc long trng, khng dng dy hoa di, khng c l hng.
6. b. ( Phestus (Da verb, signif, 154): Lut XII bng quy nh l khng c t trc
ngi cht ung c pha du thm).
7. ( Nu mt ngi no c tng vng hoa, hoc l cho chnh mnh, hoc cho nga hay
n l ca mnh [ tham gia cuc thi u], hoc nu vng hoa tng cho ngi v lng
tt ca ngi , th khi cht i, cng khng cm t vng hoa nh ngi cht cng
nh Forum, i vi ngi thn thch ca ngi cng c php eo vng hoa khi d
tang l.

8. Cng khong c chn vng theo ngi cht. Nhng nu rng ngi cht c bt
vng th cng khng cm chn hay thiu ngi cht cng vi vng.

9. Cicero (V lut php II, 24, 61) : Lut ( XII bng) cm t hi ct hay phn m ngi
cht nh ca ca ngi khc di 60 chn1 nu khng c ngi ng .

10. ( Cicero (V lut php, II, 24, 61): Lut php cm khng c kim ch chn ct theo
tc c cng nh c ch thiu xc).

BNG XI

1. ( Cicero V ch cng ho , II, 36 36) [U ban 10 ngi kho hai]
thm hai bng gm nhng iu lut u tin [ trong ] ph chun iu lut v nhn
o nht l cm kt hn gia plebs v patriui .

2. ( Macrobius, Sat, I, 13,21): U ban 10 ngi thm hai bng, ngh nhn dn chun
y sa i lch.

BNG XII

(Gaius, Hin php, IV, 28: Vic chim ot vt nhm mc ch thanh ton n nn
cng c ghi trong lut php v theo lut XII bng th iu cng c xc nh x
ngi no c sc vt dng vo vic hin l m cha tr tin theo gi mua, v cng x c
ngi no cha tr tin cng thu sc vt ti , vi l dng tin cng thu sa mt
ba tic hin l).
a. Nu n l n trm hay gy ra thit hi.
b. (Gaius (Hin php IV, 75,76): Nhng v phm ti do ngi di quyn hay n l gy
ra m a n b kin co v s thit hi, th ngi ch nh hay ngi s hu n l c
trch nhim hoc l n b gi tn hi, hoc a k phm ti ra to nhng v kin co
[nh th] l do lut php hay sc lnh ca pretor nh ra. [Thuc v] nhng v kin do
lut php nh chng hn nh kin co v trm cp l do lut XII bng nh ra).
( Festus, De verb, Sigrig. 174) Nu mang ( n to) mt vt gi mo, hay chi ci li [
chnh ci chng c] ca to n th pretor c 3 ngi lm chng v theo quyt nh ca
nhng ngi ny m phi bi thng thit hi gp i gi [vt tranh chp].
( Gaius, 3, D, XL, IV, 6: Lut XII bng cm em cng cho n miu vt no b em
xt x to n, nu c lm th, s phi np pht gp i gi vt, nhng khng h nghe
ni r rng khon tin pht phi np cho Nh nc hay cho ngi i nhn vt .
( Livius, VII, 17,12: Trong lut XII bng c khon quy nh rng t nay v sau, mi
quyt ngh ca hi ngh nhn dn phi c hiu lc nh lut php).
* Nguyn Gia Phu dch theo bn Trung Vn ca Nht Tr in trong Th gii s t liu
tng san, s tp
[1] Anu: Thn tri

[2] Anuhc: Cc thn t

[3] Enlin: Thn t v l thn cao nht ca Xume, l cha v vua ca cc thn.

[4] Macc: Thn bo h Babilon Sau khi Babilon thnh kinh , thn Macc thnh
vua ca cc thn.

[5] Ea: Thn nc, con ca thn tri Anu.

[6] Quyn thng tr: nguyn ngha: Quyn lc ca Enlin

[7] Samt: Thn Mt tri, nh sng v xt x

[8] Nippua: thnh ph ca Xume, trung tm tn gio, c coi l th ca thn Enlin

[9] Ecua: n th Enlin Nippua

[10] Eriu: mt thnh ph ven b vnh Ba T

[11] Eapzu: n Eriu (Di y sau mi thnh ph l tn thnh ph ).

1 Xin: Thn mt trng

2 Aii: V ca thn Samt

3 Lacxa: Trc khi son b lut ny t lu, thnh Lacxa sau mt cuc chin tranh tn
khc b Hammurabi chim, do Hammurabi ni tha ti cho thnh Lacxa.

4 Sabaha: Thn chin tranh, trung tm th cng thn ny l thnh Kt

5 Ira: thn n nh v ng thi l thn cht.

6 Tutu: thn tr tu, trung tm th cng thn ny l vng Eoxipa

7 Boxippa: vng ngoi ca thnh Babilon

8 Urat: thn nng nghip, trung tm th cng thn ny l thnh inba.

1 Hai loi binh chng, c l l loi trang b v kh nng v v kh nh

1 Loi ngi lnh canh mt phn t ca vua v np cng cho nh vua.

2 1bua = 6ha35

3 1guru=121 lt

1 Nng dn: Nng dn y cng nh iu 52, ch nng dn v tamca thu cy
rung hoc ngi nng dn gn rung cho tamca sau li lnh canh m rung .

2 iu ny ni n m rung khng cy cy th trch nhim thuc v tamca, do
giy giao ko gia ngi vay n v tamca khng v vy m thay i.

1 1 ca= 0,400 lt n 0,800 lt

2 1 xikh = 8cm3 =180 sun 1 sun bng khong 0.05 cm3

3 Samenlum: nhng ngi bun chuyn phc v cho tamca

1 Xikra: mt loi ru mnh

2 Mt loi b ct

1 Mi ngi dn Babilon u b ci l n l ca vua

1 Du hiu tng trng c quyn vi ngi hay vt

2 Xem A. Hllius m Attich jumentum (latinh) ngha l con vt ch nn ngi tng
nhm l b co, tuy m vn b bt ngi trn lng b, nga, n hu to, thc ra ngha
nguyn thu ca n cng ging nh Arcera l xe c mui, c m c, dng ch ngi
m. ngi gi c: tuy nhin nu khng th i c, cng khng p.

3 Cu khng khi phc .

4 Gaius (I.22,II,4). Nu trn ng i, c hai bn, co v b co tho thun c vi
nhau, vn phi trnh to iu .

5 Forum l qung trng, bi ch, cng l ni hp cc Hi ngh nhn dn (Comitia,
centuriata, Comitia Tributa.

1 Status dies cumhoste, Hostis (ngi nc ngoi)

(= Peregrinus) cho nn theo Cicero (v ngha v I: 12,37) phin to c hon khi trng
vi ngy xt x ngi nc ngoi; nhng Hostis cn c ngha l k th k c bn trong
hoc bn ngoi m vic xt x khng c vng mt nhng nhn vt cn thit.

2 1bng bng khong 0.500kg

3 Php quan

4 i hi nhn dn

5 A.Gellius ni n n t hnh c th khng ng m cn n khng tr c, b bn lm
n l (t, Livius, VI,34) Cha hiu v sao phi bn ra ngoi Tibris ( con sng chy qua
Rma) ?

1 ( A. Gellius, m ttch, XX, I,48): Nu con n b ch n a ra to th U ban 10
ngi ( Decumvirat) c th ra lnh cho cht thn con n lm nhiu khc nhng ti cha
h nghe ni thi xa c ai b cht nh th

2 Cc Vestales, cc n ng trinh c chc nng phc v n th n thn Vesta, ch
yu l trng ci ngn la thing.

3 Res mancipi l cc ti sn nh rung t Italia, nl, sc vt che ch, v ko v
nhng vt khc gn vi rung t.

4 Agnat l nhng thn thuc ca mt gia nh gm v, anh em v c b m ca ch gia
nh.

1 Libertus: N l c ch gii phng ( cho thnh ngi t do)

2 Foehtus ni n mt trng hp tng t: Khi Libertus khng c ai thn thuc,
di quyn, qua i m khng kp tri li g, th ng sn do ngi ch c cho trc kia
li c chuyn v ch ch c.

3 Theo Varo Nexus l ngi t do mc n, khng tr c, phi t gn mnh lm n l

1 C th hiu iu 7,8,9 nh sau: Ly cp so ca ngi khc lm gin nho th b pht
gp i: pht hin so b ly cp, khng c t ph gin nho; nho thu hoch xong th
phi d gin.

2 Chn (Pes) = 2,96 cm

1 Cu ny khng , nn kh hiu

1 Cha r pht ai. Cu ny cn ti ngha, hay vit khng cht.

1 Theo iu 18a, phi chng li sut 1% th c cn qu 1% th phm php?

2 Collegin- Hip hi, tp hp nhng ngi cng ngh nghip

1 Pes (chn) = 29,6 cm