(things) () .

John, chair
. . at, in, on
. , ' ', () ()
.
, .
() ,
() . chair ''
.
1-a. John is at the chair. (X at Y)
1-b. John is on the chair. (X on Y)
1-c. John is in the chair. (X in Y)
, '(space)' at, on, in, over .

1. At
Point 1
at 0 , '(point)'
, [X at Y] X Y '(coincide)'
.
2-a. Chulsoo is now at the library.
2-b. Chulsoo is now at the City Hall.

at Y : Y '(0 )'
'' '' 3 , (point) .
3 . Library City Hall at
. (2) '(location)' ,
'' '(point)' at (location point at)

X at Y: X Y '(Coincidence)'
[X at Y] X Y '' . '' , ' '
. 'X Y ' . (2-b) (
) , , , ,
. (point) 1
.
X (point) Y .
3-a. Long's bookstore is at the corner of Third and High.(= around)
3-b. Mary is at the gate. (= next to/by)
3-c. The runners are at the starting line. (= along)
3-d. John stood at the door. (= in front of)
3-e. We landed at Sokcho Airport. (= on)
(3-a) Long's 3 High Street 4 '' , (3-b)
Mary '' , (3-c) '' , (3-d) John '' , (3-e)
'' .
[X at Y] X , . X '' '', '' , '
', '', '' Y .
4-a. John did his homework at Mary's house.
4-b. The meeting was at Mary's house.
4-c. Everything was quiet at Mary's house.

(4) John , , Mary

, Mary .

() '' at
at '(point)' 2 '' . at 1
() '' , () .
5-a. John always gets up at five.
5-b. Shakespeare died at the age of 52.
5-c. The airplane was cruising at 10,000 feet.
5-d. The diver worked at a depth of 300 feet.
(5-a) John 24 '' () '5' ,
(5-b) Shakespeare '' () '52' . (5-c)
'' () 10,000 feet , (5-d) ''
() 300 feet .
, at Y Y '(point)' , Y '(location)'
( ), [X at Y] X Y .

Point 2
(X Y ) [X at Y] X Y (= )
.
X Y (institution) [X at Y] '' .
' (at) ' ' ' ' '
. at '' .
At '' '' (6c).
6-a. Mr. Dowty's son is at Ohio State University.
6-b. Several hundred workers at the factory are on strike.
6-c. Prof. Zwicky is now at Stanford University.
(6-a) Dowty , , ,
. (6-b) workers , (= ) . (6-c)
. Zwicky ,
.

Point 3
(X Y ) [X at Y] X Y
.
X Y (artifact) [X at Y] 'X Y / '
, at . ' ' '
' ' ' , .
7-a. Ken is at the desk.(= studying)
7-b. Mary is at the table.(= eating)
7-c. John is at the typewriter.(= typing)
7-d. Susan is at the telephone.(= telephoning)
(7-b) Mary ,
. (7-c) (7-d) John Susan
.
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2. On
Point 1
on 2 , (surface)
, [X on Y] X Y '(contact)'
.
8-a. John is on the chair.
8-b. John is in the chair.

on Y : Y '(2 )'
Chair() (image) .
( ) . The
boss is in the chair , 3 in ' ', '',
'' 3 .
, chair bartender . , seat
(bar stool) . ''
. John John is on the chair ,
'seat' 2 .

X on Y : X Y '(Contact)'
[X on Y] X Y '' . X Y . (9) (X)
(Y) '' , (Y) '' , (Y) '' . (Y ''
) X Y ' (contact)' .
9-a. There is a fly on the desk.
9-b. There is a fly on the ceiling.
9-c. There is a fly on the wall.
On '' . [X on Y] '' .
10-a. A beautiful carpet was on the floor.(= cover)
10-b. John put the poster on the wall.(= attachment)
10-c. There are still apples on the tree.(= suspension)
10-d. John has an ugly scar on his face.(= unification)
10-e. The picture on the cover of the book is well known.(= part of)
10-f. The house on the lake is reserved. (= contiguity)
(10-a) '' , (10-b) '' , (10-c)
() '' , (10-d) '' , (10-e) ''
, (10-g) '' .
on '' , on ''
.

Point 2
(X, Y '' ) [X on Y] X Y (contact)
, /
11-a. We demand cash on delivery.
' .'
11-b. On getting his telegram, I set off immediately for London.
' London .'
11-c. On boarding the train, people rushed for seats.
' .'

(11-a) , ' ' , (11-b)

London , ' ' ' ', (11-c)
' ' .

Point 3
Y (e.g., committee, staff, board, jury, etc.) [X on Y] X Y
'(member)'
[X on Y] 'X is part of Y' . 'a knob on the door( )'
, (part of the door) . Y board, staff, committee, jury
[X on Y] 'X is a member of Y', X Y .
Board() () ,
.
12-a. Prof. Kim is on John's dissertation committee.
12-b. Everyone on my staff is qualified for his or her job.
12-c. Only one person on the board (of trustees) resigned.
12-d. No one on the jury has read about the accident.
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3. In
Point 1
in 3 , (volume)
, [X in Y] X Y '(included)'
.
13-a. There is a bird in the cage.
13-b. John could see only one pickle in the jar.
13-c. The milk is in the glass.
3 , 3 ,
3 .

in Y : Y '/(3 )'
(13) Y '' 3 , '' in . (14)
in .
14-a. John put sugar and milk in the coffee.
14-b. There were a lot of fish in the water.
14-c. John raised his glasses in the air.
(14) '', '', '' , in
.

X in Y : X Y '(Inclusion)'
[X in Y] X Y . [X in Y] X Y ''
. (15) X '' Y in .
15-a. There was only one Santa Claus in a red coat.
' .'
15-b. The man in a black hat is Chulsoo.
' .'
15-c. A woman in high-heel shoes came to me.
' .'

(15-a) , (15-b)
, (15-c) .<> (15) ()
.
(15)
.
in ' ' ' ' ,
.

Point 2
Y '' 3 [X in Y] X Y
'(situation, condition)'
16-a. We are all in a state of profound shock.
16-b. The company is in financial difficulty.
16-c. Tom is always in good health.
16-d. Mary was in a hurry.
(16-a) , (16-b) , (16-c) Tom
, (16-d) Mary .

Point 3
(Y 3 ) [X in Y] X
Y
17-a. The two former presidents are in jail. (= They are serving time in jail.)
17-b. John's children are in school. (= They are attending school.)
17-c. My son is in (the) hospital. (= He is hospitalized.)
17-d. John is in church at 11 0'clock. (= He is attending church service.)
(17-a) '' (serving time) , (17-b)
' (attending school)', (17-c) ''
, (17-d) John '' .
(17) /(institution) ,
. John is in the church John .

[X in Y] ''(area)
Y 3 2 / , [X in Y] '2 ' Y (included) .
18-a. Seoul is in Korea, which is in Asia.
18-b. Chulsoo lives in the slum area.
(18-a) 2 (= ) , 2
. (18-b) 2 .
[X in Y] Y '' 2 , X Y '/'
.(in='in the field of')
19-a. John is in politics. ' .'
19-b. Mary is in insurance. ' .'
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4. The squirrels are on/in the grass ?

 [4.2] [4.3] on '(contact)' in '(inclusion)' . , on '2

' in '3 ' on the chair in the chair
. in on '/' .
42-a. The squirrels are playing on the grass. ' '
42-b. The squirrels are playing in the grass. ' '
Grass , chair , 2 3 . The squirrels are playing on the grass
, . on '' ,
'(depth)' .
.
, The squirrels are playing in the grass , .
in '' , ''
. . In '' .
, on/in the tree on/in the grass .
43-a. The bird on the tree is beautiful. '() '
43-b. The bird in the tree is beautiful. ' '
tree 2 . (43-a) on the tree
on '' '(contact)' . tree in
(43-a) , , . , (43-b) in 3
'' () .
on/in .
44-a. The frost made a pattern on the window.
44-b. A face appeared in the window.
(44-a) on the window . 2 on
. (44-a) '(contact)' . (44-b)
in the window . 2 in window 3
. , (44-b) 3 ( )
.
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5. There's a truck on/in the road ?

on/in the road [4.7] on/in the window .
in 2 3 . in the road in
in the window .
45-a. There was a truck on the road.
45-b. There was a truck in the road.
(45-a) on the road . road 2 on
. () . , (45-b) in the road . , 2
in 3 . , (45-b)
'' , '' .
on/in the way . On the way ' ' , in the way
' (block one's way)', ' (be a hindrance)' .
46-a. Am I in your way? ' ?'
46-b. Can you move the chair? It's in the way.
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6. on the bus on the car ?

' ' , , on (e.g., We got on the bus) in
(e.g., We got in(to) the car) . in on
.
. [ ]
.

on in
" in on . .
'' '' ! [=] ,
. ..."

We
We
We
We

ride in a car. (car in )

ride on a bus, train, or subway. ( on )
fly on (not in) a plane. ( in on .
are not sitting on top of the plane.)

, '(car)' on in . [4.2] on 2
, 2 '', . 3
in .
, . 2 , on
. *get in board get on board .
, , '()' in . ''
'' .
47-a. John was in the bus when the accident occurred.
47-b. You have to stay in the train until I call you.
47-c. My baggage is still in the plane.

(II): /
1.
2.
3. (Can you) speak French speak in French ?

1.
(32) ,
. , .
32-a. John kicked the ball. ' .'
32-b. John pulled the rope. ' .'
32-c. John hunted rabbits. ' () .'
32-d. The cat bit the leather strap. ' .'
(32-a) John , , . (32-bd)
, , .
' ' ' ' ,
. (33) , ''
.
33-a. John kicked at the ball. ' .'
33-b. John pulled on the rope. ' .'
33-c. John hunted for rabbits. ' .'
33-d. The cat bit on the leather strap. ' .'
, (33-a) John '(at)' , ,

(33-b) John '(on)' , (33-c) John '

(for)' ( ) , (33-d) '(on)'
, ( ) .
(32) (33) . (32)
, (33) '' () (
).
, [ + ] . , He kicked at the door for twenty
minutes and eventually he did kick it down kick (33-a) ,
.
.
[ + ] affect
verb( ) corporeal verb( ,
(34) .

Affect verbs:
hit, strike, hammer, cut, saw, punch, kick, scrape, rub, tear ( at )
Corporeal verbs:
bite, chew, nibble, suck (on at ), smell, sniff (at )
34-a. John hammered at the nail.
(cf. John hammered the nail.)
34-b. Mary munched on the potato chips.
(cf. Mary munched the potato chips.)
, affect verb hold . (35-a) hold
, , (35-b)
. hold on(to) (35-c) .
35-a. John held the pig. ' () .' ( )
35-b. John held onto the pig. ' ' ( )
35-c. John held onto the post. ' .' ( )
(36-b) ,
. (37-a, b) .
36-a. John won that game of chess last night. ' .'
36-b. John usually wins at chess. ' .'
37-a. John reported the accident. ' .'
37-b. John reported on the accident. ' .'
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2.
, , , () .
, ,
. 1, 2, (
) 3 . , (, )
, . ,
.
'' . jump (over), climb (up), swim (across)
, (38) .
38-a. John jumped over the fence. ' .'
38-b. John climbed up the hill. ' .'
38-c. John swam across the stream. ' .'
. (39) .
39-a. John jumped the six-foot fence. ' 6 .'
39-b. John climbed Everest. ' .'
39-c. John swam the English channel. ' .'

(38-a) (39-a) jump . , the fence '

' ' ' . , 3 2 .
.

, ' ' . ,
. (39-a) 6 , (39-b)
, (39-c) .
'() ' (38) .
? .
. (39-a) , jump the fence() '',
over jump the fence over .
, (40-a, b) jump up/down , (40-c) , '
' ' ' .
40-a. John jumped up onto the platform. ' .'
40-b. John jumped down onto the platform. ' .'
40-c. John jumped onto the platform. (?)
.
41-a. John peed into the potty. ' .'
41-b. John peed (into) his pants. ' .'
(= He wetted his pants ' .')
(41-a) into . potty( ) pee
. (41-b) into ,
( ) .
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3. (Can you) speak French speak in French ?

[4.6] ''
, .
Speak- , ''
. , (48-a) (48-b) .
48-a. Can you speak in French? ' ?'
48-b. Can you speak French? ' () ?'
. (49-b) (49-a) , / .
49-a. We are talking about money / time!
' / !'
49-b. We are talking money / time!
' / !'