MN HC

THANH TON QUC T

CHNG 1:

NHNG VN C BN TRONG
THANH TON QUC T
1. Thanh ton quc t, c im v
vai tr ca thanh ton quc t
2. Cc iu kin trong thanh ton
quc t

Chng 1: NHNG VN C BN
TRONG THANH TON QUC T
I. Thanh ton quc t, c im v vai tr ca thanh ton quc t:
1. Thanh ton quc t (International Payment)
Thanh ton quc t l qu trnh thc hin cc khon thu chi tin t
quc t thng qua h thng ngn hng trn th gii nhm phc v cho
cc mi quan h trao i quc t pht sinh gia cc nc vi nhau
2. c im ca hot ng thanh ton quc t
- c thc hin bng hnh thc chuyn khon hoc b tr thng qua
h thng ngn hng
- ng dng cc phng thc thanh ton tin tin v hin i, m bo
an ton, chnh xc
3. Vai tr ca thanh ton quc t trong nn kinh t
a. i vi lnh vc ngoi thng: thc y ngoi thng pht trin
b. i vi lnh vc ti chnh - ngn hng: m rng quan h ti chnh - ngn
hng quc t
c. i vi lnh vc ngoi giao x hi: m rng quan h ngoi giao x hi
3

II. Cc iu kin trong thanh ton quc t

1. iu kin v tin t:
iu kin v tin t c ngha l vic quy nh s
dng n v tin t ca nc no tnh ton v thanh
ton trong hp ng thanh ton quc t, ng thi quy
nh cc x l khi c s bin ng v gi tr ca ng
tin trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng xut - nhp
khu hng ha v thanh ton.
a. Phn loi tin t trong thanh ton quc t:
thng nht vic la chn ng tin trong thanh ton
quc t cn thit phi phn loi tin t trong thanh ton
- Cn c vo phm vi lu thng ca tin t:
+ Tin t th gii (World curency)
+ Tin t quc t (International currency)
+ Tin t quc gia (National curency)
4

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

a. Phn loi tin t trong thanh ton quc t (tt):
- Cn c vo kh nng chuyn i ca tin t:
+ Tin t do chuyn i (Free convertible curency)
T do chuyn i ton b
T do chuyn i tng phn
+ Tin t chuyn nhng (Transferable curency)
+ Tin t song bin (Clearing curency)
- Cn c vo hnh thc tn ti ca ng tin:
+ Tin mt (Cash)
+ Tin tn dng (Credit currency)
5

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

a. Phn loi tin t trong thanh ton quc t (tt):
- Cn c vo mc ch s dng ng tin trong thanh ton:
+ Tin t tnh ton (Account currency)
+ Tin t thanh ton (Payment currency)
Vic la chn ng tin tnh ton v ng tin thanh
ton ty thuc vo:
So snh u th ca hai bn
V tr ca ng tin trn th trng quc t
Tp qun s dng ng tin trong thanh ton quc t
Cc tha thun trong cc lin minh kinh t hay
thng mi.
6

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

b. iu kin m bo hi oi:
m bo gi tr tin t c nhn ng bng gi tr
hng ha trao, cc bn tham gia thanh ton k vi
nhau iu kin m bo hi oi, bao gm cc hnh thc
sau:
- iu kin m bo bng vng: C 2 cch:
+ m bo theo khi lng vng:
Khi k kt hp ng, quy nh n gi v tng gi tr hp
ng c quy i trc tip bng mt s lng vng
nht nh; khi thanh ton, da vo khi lng vng
tnh thanh ton
Cch m bo ny hin nay hu nh khng cn s
dng
7

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

+ m bo theo gi vng:
Khi k kt hp ng, n gi v tng gi tr hp ng
mua bn c quy nh ra mt loi tin t v xc nh
gi vng theo ng tin ny. n khi thanh ton, nu gi
tr vng ca ng tin thay i th gi c hng ha v
tng gi tr hp ng mua bn hng ha thay i, iu
chnh theo tng ng.
Nhng vn cn lu khi s dng cch m bo ny:
Hai bn thng nht ly gi vng th trng no,
thi im no.
Hai bn thng nht cch ly gi vng l gi thp nht,
cao nht hay gi bnh qun trong ngy.
Hai bn thng nht tui vng.
8

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

- iu kin m bo ngoi hi:
iu kin m bo ngoi hi thng c hai cch quy
nh:
+ Trng hp 1: ng tin tnh ton v ng tin thanh
ton cng loi, ngi ta la chn ng tin khc tng
i n nh hn lm cn c m bo; n khi thanh
ton, nu t gi gia ng tin m bo v ng tin
thanh ton thay i th iu chnh li gi c hng ha v
gi tr hp ng.
+ Trng hp 2: ng tin tnh ton v ng tin thanh
ton l hai ng tin khc nhau, ngi ta la ng tin
no n nh hn lm ng tin tnh ton trong khi ng
tin cn li l ng tin thanh ton. n khi thanh ton
cn c vo t gi ti thi im thanh ton xc nh s
tin phi tr.
9

1. iu kin v tin t (tt)

- iu kin m bo theo r tin t:
Ngy nay ngi ta khng da vo bt k mt ngoi t
no m da vo nhiu ngoi t lm cn c m bo
hi oi. Cch m bo ny gi l m bo ngoi hi
theo r tin t.
Khi p dng cch m bo ny, hai bn cn lu :
+ Thng nht la chn ngoi t no a vo r tin t
lm m bo.
+ Thng nht cch xc nh t gi ca ng tin thanh
ton vi cc ng tin trong r vo thi im k hp
ng v thi im thanh ton lm cn c iu chnh
tr gi hp ng.
V d
10

V d 1: Tr gi hp ng l 286.000 USD, hai bn thng

nht la chn cc ngoi t a vo r v t gi ti thi
im k hp ng v thanh ton cho bng sau:
T gi USD so
T gi USD so
vi ngoi t trong vi ngoi t trong
Tn ngoi t
r lc k hp
r lc k thanh
ng
ton

T l bin
ng (%)

EUR

0,9821

0,9718

- 1,0488

JPY

112,12

110,26

- 1,6589

CAD

1,6524

1,6328

- 1,1861

CHF

1,6782

1,5890

-5,3152

Tng

116,4327

114,4536

-9,2090
11

Th nht: iu chnh tng tr gi hp ng cn c vo mc

bnh qun t l bin ng ca t gi gia USD v c r
tin t.
Mc bnh qun t l bin ng: -9,2090/4 = -2,3023%.
Tng tr gi hp ng c iu chnh nh sau:
286.000 x 102,3023% = 292.584,58 USD
Th hai: iu chnh tng gi tr hp ng cn c vo t l
bin ng bnh qun ca t gi USD so vi r tin t gia
lc k hp ng v thanh ton.
Bnh qun t gi lc k hp ng: 116,4327/4 = 29,1082
Bnh qun t gi lc thanh ton: 114,4536/4 = 28,6134
T l bin ng bnh qun t gi:
- (28,6134/29,1082) = - 1,6999%.
Tng tr gi hp ng c iu chnh li nh sau:
286.000 x 101,6999% = 290.861,71 USD.
12

2. iu kin v a im thanh ton

iu kin v a im thanh ton c ngha l quy
nh ngha v thanh ton tin trong hp ng thng mi
quc t s c tr u.
- Vic la chn a im thanh ton ph thuc vo quan
h gia hai bn mua v bn bn, ngoi ra cn ph thuc
vo ng tin thanh ton.

- Trong thanh ton quc t, bn no cng mun chn

nc mnh lm a im thanh ton v:

+ Trnh ng vn nu l ngi nhp khu v thu tin
nhanh chng nu l ngi xut khu.
+ To iu kin nng cao a v ng tin ca nc
mnh trn th trng quc t.
+ To iu kin cho ngn hng nc mnh thu ph
nghip v.
13

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton

iu kin v thi gian than ton quy nh r thi hn m
ngi nhp khu tr tin cho ngi xut khu.
C 3 cch quy nh thi gian thanh ton:
a. Tr tin trc:
Bn nhp khu tr tin mt phn hay ton b cho bn
xut khu trc khi giao nhn hng ha.
Thng thng, tr tin trc c hai kiu:

- Tr trc mt thi gian k t ngy k hp ng hoc

k t ngy hp ng c hiu lc
14

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton (tt)

a. Tr tin trc (tt):
+ Mc ch: cp tn dng thng mi cho ngi xut khu
+ S tin tr trc ca bn nhp khu ph thuc vo nhu cu
vay ca bn xut khu v kh nng cp tn dng ca bn
nhp khu.
Phn chit khu hng ha c xc nh nh sau:
D=

A[(1 R ) N 1]
Q

Trong : D: phn chit khu trn mt n v hng ha theo

hp ng, A: s tin ng trc, R: li sut (thng, nm), N:
thi gian ng trc (thng, nm), Q: s lng hng ha theo
hp ng
15

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton (tt)

a. Tr tin trc (tt):
- Tr tin trc ngy giao hng mt thi gian
Ngy giao hng c hiu l ngy giao chuyn hng u tin
c quy nh trong hp ng.
+ Mc ch: nhm rng buc ngi mua thc hin hp ng
nhp khu
+ S tin ng trc nhiu hay t ty thuc vo mi quan h
gia ngi mua v ngi bn cng nh kh nng thng
lng gia hai bn.
Ph bin c hai trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: Ngi bn k c hp ng vi gi kh
cao so vi gi bnh qun trn th trng.
16

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton (tt)

a. Tr tin trc (tt):
- Tr tin trc ngy giao hng mt thi gian (tt)
phng nga ngi mua hy hp ng, ngi bn yu cu
mt khon ng trc l:
A = Q (P Pa)
Trong : A: khon ng trc, Q: s lng hng ha, P: gi c
hp ng, Pa: l gi bnh qun trn th trng.
Trng hp 2: Ngi bn khng tin tng vo ngi mua
Trong trng hp ny, h yu cu ngi mua ng trc mt
khon tin l:
A = B [(1+R)N 1] + F
Trong : A: s tin ng trc, B: tr gi hp ng, R: li vay
ngn hng, N: thi hn vay ca ngi xut khu, F: tin pht
do bi c hp ng
17

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton (tt)

b. Tr tin ngay:
Ngi mua tr tin cho ngi bn ngay khi ngi bn hon
thnh ngha v giao hng.
iu kin tr tin ngay c quy nh theo mt trong 4 hnh
thc sau:
- Ngi mua tr tin cho ngi bn ngay sau khi hon thnh
ngha v giao hng (cha a ln phng tin vn ti) ti ni
giao hng c ch nh
- Ngi mua tr tin ngay cho ngi bn ngay sau khi ngi
bn hon thnh ngha v giao hng trn phng tin vn ti
ni giao hng quy nh
- Bn mua tr tin ngay cho bn bn ngay sau khi nhn c b
chng t thanh ton t bn bn
- Ngi mua tr tin ngay cho ngi bn sau ngay khi nhn
xong hng ha ti ni quy nh hoc cng n
18

3. iu kin v thi gian thanh ton (tt)

c. Tr tin sau:
Ngi mua tr tin cho ngi bn sau mt thi hn nht
nh. Vic tha thun tr sau c th thc hin bng nhiu
cch:
- Bn mua tr tin cho bn bn sau X ngy k t ngy nhn
c thng bo ca ngi bn hon thnh ngha v giao
hng (cha a ln phng tin vn ti) ti ni giao hng
c quy nh.
- Bn mua tr tin cho bn bn sau X ngy k t ngy bn bn
hon thnh ngha v giao hng trn phng tin vn ti ti
ni giao hng trn phng tin vn ti ti ni giao hng c
quy nh.
- Bn mua tr tin cho bn bn sau X ngy k t ngy nhn
c b chng t thanh ton.
- Bn mua tr tin cho bn bn sau X ngy k t ngy nhn
xong hng ha.
19

4. iu kin phng thc thanh ton

Phng thc thanh ton tc l cch thc ngi bn
thu tin v v ngi mua thc hin chi tr.
- Trong thanh ton quc t c nhiu cch khc nhau
thc hin vic thanh ton do vic quy nh iu kin
phng thc thanh ton rt quan trng
- Vic la chn phng thc no cn ty thuc vo cc
yu t sau:
Tnh cht v u nhc im ca tng phng thc
Quan h gia ngi mua v ngi bn c thng
xuyn v tin tng nhau hay khng

20

CHNG 2:

T GI HI OI
1. Tng quan v t gi hi oi
2. Phng php yt t gi
3. Xc nh t gi cho
4. iu tit t gi

21

Chng 2: T GI HI OI
I. Tng quan v t gi hi oi:
1. Ngoi hi:
- Khi nim: Ngoi hi l mt thut ng dng ch cc phng
tin c gi tr c s dng trong thanh ton gia cc quc gia
- Thnh phn ca ngoi hi:
Ngoi t: l ng tin ca cc quc gia c lu thng trn th
trng quc t
Cc giy t c gi ghi bng ngoi t nh: hi phiu, lnh
phiu, sc thng mi, tri phiu, c phiu v cc giy t c
gi khc.
Vng tin t
ng ni t c s dng trong thanh ton quc t
2. T gi hi oi:
Ty gi hi oi l gi c ca mt n v tin t nc ny c
biu hin bng s lng n v tin t ca nc khc
22

3. C s hnh thnh t gi hi oi
a. Ngang gi vng (Gold Parity)
- Trong ch bn v vng:
Ty gi c xc nh trn c s ngang gi hm lng vng tc ng
gi vng.
V d: Trc 1914:
Hm lng vng ca 1 USD = 1,504 g vng
Hm lng vng ca 1 GBP = 7,3224 g vng
So snh hm lng vng ca GBP vi USD ta c:
Hm lng vng ca mt GBP = 4,8670 hm lng vng ca USD.
- Ch tin t Bretton Woods (1944-1971):
Ty gi c xc nh trn c s so snh hm lng vng ca tin t
cc nc vi hm lng vng ca USD
V d: Sau i chin Th gii ln 2:
HLV ca 1 GBP = 2,488281gr
HLV ca 1 USD = 0,88671 gr
Ta c: 1GBP = 2,488281/0,88671 = 2,8 USD
b. Ngang gi sc mua (Purchasing Power Parity)
23
Ty gi hi oi l s so snh sc mua ca hai tin t hai nc vi nhau

4. Cc loi t gi hi oi
a. T gi chnh thc (Official Exchange Rate)
- Khi nim: T gi do NHTW cng b, chnh thc xc nhn t l
chuyn i gia ng tin trong nc vi ng tin nc ngoi
- ngha: T gi chnh thc l t gi ch o i vi cc loi t
gi khc
- C ch qun l:
+ C ch c nh t gi
+ C ch th ni t gi
+ C ch th ni c qun l
+ C ch iu chnh linh hot
b. T gi thng mi (Commercial Exchange Rate)
- Khi nim: T gi do cc ngn hng xc nh v cng b p
dng trong hot ng kinh doanh ngoi hi
24

b. T gi thng mi (Commercial Exchange Rate)-tt

- Phn loi t gi thng mi
+ Cn c vo phng thc kinh doanh: T gi mua v t gi bn
+ Cn c vo thi im mua bn ngoi hi: T gi m ca v t
gi ng ca
+ Cn c vo k hn giao dch: T gi giao ngay v t gi k hn

25

II. Phng php yt t gi

1. Mt s quy nh v t gi hi oi
a. K hiu tin t
T chc Tiu chun Quc t (International Standard
Organization - ISO) quy c tn n v tin t ca mt quc
gia c vit bng 3 k t: hai ky t u l tn quc gia, ky t
sau cung l tn goi n v tin t ca quc gia
V d: Quy c k hiu tn n v tin t
- Tn n v tin t ca Vit Nam l VND:
+ Hai k t u (VN) vit tt ca Vit Nam.
+ K t sau cng (D) vit tt tn ca ng.
b. Cch vit t gi
- T gi c nhiu cch vit:
+ Cch vit y :
1 USD = 20.828 VND
+ Cch vit gn hn:
USD/VND = 20.828
(ng tin yt gi)/(ng tin nh gi)
26

b. Cch vit t gi - tt
- Theo tp qun kinh doanh tin t ca th trng quc t t gi
thng c nim yt nh sau:
+ Cch vit y :
USD/SEK = 7,5510 - 7,5590
+ Cch vit gn hn: USD/SEK = 7,5510 - 90
c. Cch c t gi
Khi c mt t gi, ta chia t gi ra thnh nhiu cm c,
hai ch s cui c l im (Point), hai ch s tip theo c
l s (Figure)
Khi c thng ch bo im ca t gi mua v im ca t
gi bn
Cho php s dng phn s biu hin cho phn im.
V d: 25 im c l mt phn t.
75 im c l ba phn t.
27

2. Phng php yt gi
Trn th trng ngoi hi quc t ni chung c hai cch yt
gi:
- Yt gi trc tip: l phng php biu th gi tr 1 n v
ngoi t thng qua mt s lng ni t nht nh.
V d: Ti Singapore: USD/SGD = 1,4560
Ti Vit Nam: USD/VND = 18.544
- Yt gi gin tip: l phng php biu th gi tr 1 n v
ni t thng qua mt s lng ngoi t nht nh.
V d: Ti London: GBP/USD = 1,5897

Ti Newyork: USD/JPY = 112,56

28

3. Xc nh t gi cho
T gi cho l t gi gia hai ng tin
c tnh ton thng qua mt ng tin th ba.
ng th ba ny thng l ng dollar M
a. Tnh t gi gia hai ng tin cng da vo
mt ng tin yt gi
V d: Th trng bo gi:
USD/CHF = 0,9198 01
USD/SGD = 1,2613 18
Xc nh t gi cho CHF/SGD?
29

3. Xc nh t gi cho (tt)
b. Tnh t gi gia hai ng tin cng da vo mt
ng tin nh gi
V d: Th trng bo gi:
CHF/VND = 22.471 22.822
SGD/VND = 16.406 16.732
Xc nh t gi cho CHF/SGD?
c. Tnh t gi gia hai ng tin khi mt ng tin
v tr ng tin yt gi v mt ng tin v tr ng
tin nh gi
V d: Th trng bo gi:
EUR/USD = 1,3109 12
USD/CAD = 0,9911 15
Xc nh t gi cho EUR/CAD?

30

4. iu tit t gi
a. Cc nhn t nh hng n t gi hi oi
- Sc mua ca ng tin biu th qua ch s lm pht
- Cn cn thanh ton quc t
- Li sut
- Cc chnh sch v m
- Cc yu t khc: tm l, yu t chnh tr...
b.Bin php iu chnh t gi hi oi
- Chnh sch li sut ti chit khu
- Ph gi tin t
- Nng gi tin t
- Chnh sch hi oi
- Lp qu bnh n hi oi
31

CHNG 3:

TH TRNG NGOI HI
1. Tng quan v th trng ngoi hi
2. Cc nghip v kinh doanh trn th
trng ngoi hi

32

Chng 3: TH TRNG NGOI HI

I. Tng quan v th trng ngoi hi (Foreign Exchange Market)
1. Khi nim
- Th trng ngoi hi l th trng mang tnh quc t l ni thc
hin tt c cc giao dch mua bn ngoi t v cc phng tin
c gi nh ngoi t.
- Theo ngha hp, th trng ngoi hi l th trng thc hin cc
giao dch mua bn, trao i cc loi ngoi t v cc hot ng
kinh doanh c lin quan n ngoi t.
2. c im ca th trng ngoi hi
- L th trng giao dch mang tnh cht quc t
- Hot ng lin tc 24 trn 24 gi
- Ch giao dch mt s ngoi t mnh, trong USD c coi l
ng tin chun.
- Phng thc giao dch trn th trng ngoi hi ch yu l giao
dch khng qua quy OTC (over the couter)
33

3. Cc thnh phn tham gia giao dch

a. Ngn hng trung ng (Central bank)
- L ngi ng vai tr t chc, gim st v iu hnh hot ng
ca th trng ngoi hi
- Tham gia mua bn ngoi t nhm n nh s hot ng ca th
trng ngoi hi, n nh gi c v t gi hi oi
b. Cc ngn hng thng mi (Commercial bank)
- Kinh doanh ngoi t kim li
- Mua bn ngoi t theo y thc ca khch hng hng hoa
hng
c. Cc nh ch phi ngn hng: tham gia th trng ngoi hi khng
ch kim li m cn gii quyt nhu cu v ngoi t cng nh
phng chng ri ro khi t gi bin ng
d. Cc cng ty v nh u t: giao dch cho chnh mnh
e. Cc nh mi gii: l nhng ngi tham gia trn th trng vi t
cch l trung gian trong cc giao dch mua bn hoc mua bn
thay cho ngi khc nhm thu hoa hng trong tng giao dch
34

4. Phn loi th trng ngoi hi

a. Cn c vo hnh thc t chc
- Th trng hi oi chnh thc: y l loi th trng hi oi
c t chc (organized market), c quy ch hot ng ca th
trng, c quy nh tiu chun ca thnh vin, c quy trnh
thanh ton c quy nh cht ch, an ton
- Th trng t do: y l loi th trng hi oi khng c t
chc (unorganized market) cn gi l th trng ch en
b. Cn c vo nghip v kinh doanh
- Th trng giao ngay (spot market)
- Th trng k hn (forward market
- Th trng hon i tin t (swaps market)
- Th trng quyn chn (options market)
- Th trng giao sau (future market)
c. Cn c vo quy m th trng
- Th trng quc t
- Th trng khu vc (a phng)
35

5. Vai tr ca th trng ngoi hi

-

L c ch hu hiu p ng nhu cu mua

bn, trao i ngoi t nhm bi trn cho cc
hot ng dch v c lin quan n ngoi t.
L phng tin gip cho cc nh u t
chuyn i ngoi t phc v cho kht vng
kim tin v lm giu ca h thng qua cc
hnh thc u t vo ti sn hu hnh hay
ti sn ti chnh.

L cng c Ngn hng Trung ng c

th thc hin chnh sch tin t nhm iu
khin nn kinh t theo mc tiu ca chnh
ph.

36

II. Cc nghip v kinh doanh trn th trng

ngoi hi
1. Nghip v hi oi giao ngay (Spot Operation)
a. Khi nim: Nghip v hi oi giao ngay l nghip v mua
hoc bn ngoi t m vic chuyn giao ngoi t c thc hin
ngay hoc chm nht l trong hai ngy lm vic k t khi tha
thun hp ng mua bn
b. Nhng thut ng cn lu
- Ngy giao dch (Trade date): ngy hp ng c k kt
- Ngy gi tr (Value date): ngy thc hin hp ng
V d: Th ba, ngy 05/05/2009, ngn hng A v cng ty B k
hp ng mua bn ngoi t giao ngay. Trong , ngn hng A l
bn bn, cng ty B l bn mua:
+ Loi ngoi t giao dch: USD
+ S lng 1.000.000
+ i khon: VND
+ T gi giao ngay: USD/VND = 17.785
Th Nam , ngay 07/05/2009 hai ben thc hien hp ong :
+ NHA chuyen 1.000.000 USD vao tai khoan cua CTy B
+ CTy B chuyen 17.785.000.000 VND vao tai khoan cua NHA
Ben nao cham tre se b phat theo quy nh

37

Bi tp 1
Vo ngy 21/9/2011, NH TMCP Ngoi thng
Vit Nam bo gi:
GBP/VND = 32.540 32.978
USD/VND = 20.830 20.834
a. Vi 50.000 USD KH mua c bao nhiu
GBP?
b. KH bn 30.000 GBP th thu c bao nhiu
USD?
38

Bi tp 2
Vo ngy 21/9/2011, th trng bo gi:
GBP/USD = 1,5733 1,5735
USD/CHF = 0,8872 0,8875
a. KH mua 50.000 CHF th phi chi ra bao nhiu
GBP?
b. KH mua 50.000 GBP th phi chi ra bao
nhiu CHF?

39

1. Nghip v hi oi giao ngay (Spot Operation)

tip theo
c. V d: Cng ty Eximax xut khu l hng qun o tr gi 100.000
GBP v nhp khu l hng nguyn vt liu tr gi 758.000 EUR theo
iu kin tr ngay. ng thi s d trn ti khon c 500.000 AUD
v 5.000.000.000 ni t (VND). Do nhu cu cn ni t thanh ton
hp ng trong nc, cng ty chuyn ht ngoi t ang c sang ni
t. Hi cng ty c s d l bao nhiu trn ti khon ni t? Bit
rng:
GBP/USD = 1,7347/52
EUR/USD = 1,1688/91
AUD/USD = 0,7302/06
USD/VND = 15888/90
d. Tc dng:
- p ng nhanh chng nhu cu ngoi t ca cc i tng tham gia
trn th trng khi cn mua hoc cn bn ngoi t
- To c hi cho cc nh u t c th kinh doanh vt kh nng
vn t c, kch thch tng doanh s trn th trng giao dch ngoi
t.
- Gip cc NHTM iu chnh trng thi ngoi hi mt cch kp thi v
hp l nhm hn ch n mc thp nht v ri ro hi oi
40

2. Nghip v kinh doanh chnh lch t gi

(Arbitrage Operation)
a. Khi nim: Arbitrage l nghip v kt hp vic mua (bn) ngoi t vi
thc hin bn (mua) ngoi t nhm thu li nhun do chnh lch ty gi
gia cc th trng.
b. Nguyn tc:
Mua ngoi t ni gi thp v bn ngoi t ni gi cao.
Cc nh u t so snh thu nhp do chnh lch t gi phi b p
chi ph pht sinh v m bo c li th nghip v Arbitrage mi thc
hin c.
c. Phn loi:
- Cn c vo tnh cht giao dch:
+ Arbitrage giao ngay: thc hin mua, bn giao ngay khi giao dch
trn cc th trng.
+ Arbitrage k hn: thc hin mua, bn k hn khi giao dch trn cc
th trng.
+ Arbitrage li sut: kinh doanh chnh lch li sut trn th trng
- Cn c vo s lng th trng giao dch
+ Arbitrage gin n: thc hin mua, bn ngoi t qua 2 th trng.
+ Arbitrage phc tp: thc hin mua, bn ngoi t t 3 th trng tr
41
ln.

2. Nghip v kinh doanh chnh lch t gi

(Arbitrage Operation) tip theo
d. Mt s giao dch Arbitrage:
- Mua bn ngoi t trn th trng hi oi quc t:
+ Giao dch qua hai th trng
Mt nh u t kho st t gi hi oi v la chn cc th trng sau:

Th trng New York

EUR/USD

1,1020 26

Th trng London

EUR/USD

1,1025 29

Th trng Singapore

EUR/USD

1,1030 38

Th trng Tokyo

EUR/USD

1,1035 40

Vi 1 triu EUR nh u t nn giao dch nh th no trn th

trng c li cho mnh?

42

d. Mt s giao dch Arbitrage (tip theo)

+ Giao dch t ba th trng tr ln
Mt nh u t kho st t gi hi oi v la chn
cc th trng sau:

Th trng New York

GBP/USD

1,8990 15

Th trng London

GBP/SGD

2,8450 70

Th trng Singapore

USD/SGD

1,5020 40

Vi 1 triu USD nh u t nn giao dch nh th no trn

th trng c li cho mnh?
43

2. Nghip v kinh doanh chnh lch t gi

(Arbitrage Operation) tip theo

*ng dng arbitrage trong thanh ton

Bi tp: Cng ty Eximax xut khu l hng qun
o tr gi 500.000 GBP v nhp khu l hng
nguyn vt liu tr gi 458.000 EUR theo iu
kin tr ngay. Bit thng tin trn th trng:
T gi giao ngay:
GBP/USD = 1,7347/52
EUR/USD = 1,1688/91
Hy ng dng arbitrage trong thanh ton v
xc nh s GBP cn li sau thanh ton l bao
nhiu?
44

Bi tp 2
Cng ty Cholimex (EUR) ngy 3/4 nhn c
thng bo:
Trong cng ngy h phi chi tr 950.000 CHF,
ng thi h c thanh ton 1.000.000 CAD.
Anh (ch) hy ng dng Arbitrage trong giao
dch v xc nh s d bng EUR ca cng ty
Cholimex l bao nhiu?
Bit thng tin th trng: T gi giao ngay:
EUR/USD = 1,2235 - 75
USD/CHF = 1,4652 50
CAD/USD = 0,8678 18
45

3. Nghip v hi oi c k hn (Forward Operation)

a. Khi nim: Nghip v hi oi c k hn l

nghip v trong hai bn cam kt mua, bn
vi nhau mt khon ngoi t nht nh theo
mt mc ty gi c xc nh ngay khi hp
ng c k kt, song vic chuyn giao
ngoi t s c thc hin vo mt thi im
trong tng lai c xc nh trc.
b. Yt gi c k hn:
- T gi k hn theo kiu outright
- T gi theo kiu swap: th trng ch cng b
cc im k hn.
46

3. Nghip v hi oi c k hn (Forward Operation)

tip theo
Bng: Yt gi c k hn th trng Chicago
Yt gi theo
kiu swap

Giao ngay

1 thng

3 thng

6 thng

GBP/USD

1,6440 - 50

99 - 97

278 - 275

536 - 530

USD/CHF

1,7140 - 50

4-2

0-3

13 - 19

USD/CAD

1,1720 - 30

40 - 43

105 - 109

175 - 181

USD/JPY

145,80 - 90

22 - 20

48 - 45

136 - 130

Yt gi theo
kiu outright

Giao ngay

1 thng

3 thng

6 thng

GBP/USD

1,6440 - 50

1,6341 - 53

1,6162 - 75

1,5904 - 20

USD/CHF

1,7140 - 50

1,7136 - 48

1,7140 - 53

1.7153 - 69

USD/CAD

1,1720 - 30

1,1760 - 73

1,1825 - 39

1,1895 - 911

USD/JPY

145,80 - 90

145,58 - 70

145,32 - 45

144,44 - 60
47

3. Nghip v hi oi c k hn (Forward
Operation) (tt)

c. Cng thc tnh t gi mua v t gi bn k hn:

DM khn = DM

DB khn

DmT 2m - T1b N
+
36.000 T 1b.N

DbT 2b - T1mN
= DB +
36.000 T1m.N

48

3. Nghip v hi oi c k hn (Forward Operation)

(tt)
c. Cng thc tnh t gi mua v t gi bn k hn: (tt)

Trong :
DM, DB : ln lt l t gi mua v t gi bn giao
ngay
T1M, T1B (%/nm): ln lt l li sut huy ng (tin
gi) v li sut cho vay ca ng tin 1
(ng tin yt gi)
T2M, T2B (%/nm): ln lt l li sut huy ng (tin
gi) v li sut cho vay ca ng tin 2
(ng tin nh gi)
N:
s ngy chnh xc ca k hn

49

Bi tp:
Tnh t gi k hn 3 thng USD/CHF
Bit t gi giao ngay USD/CHF = 1,1225 35
Li sut huy ng v cho vay k hn 3 thng
(%/nm) ca cc ng tin nh sau:
USD: 4 4,5
CHF: 3- 3,5

d. *ng dng arbitrage trong thanh ton

Bi tp: Trong ngy 11/2, cng ty Hong Long nhn c
thng bo 3 thng ti h c thanh ton 300.000 GBP,
ng thi phi chi tr 250.000 USD. Bit thng tin trn
th trng:
T gi giao ngay:
GBP/USD = 1,6595 - 05
Li sut th trng 3 thng (%/nm) ca cc ng tin nh
sau:
GBP: 8,5 9
USD: 5 5,5
Hy ng dng arbitrage trong thanh ton v xc nh s
GBP cn li sau thanh ton l bao nhiu?
51

Cng ty Galaxy ngy 12/3 nhn c thng bo:

Trong cng ngy h c thanh ton khon tin hng tr gi
900.000 SEK v 200.000 GBP, ng thi h phi chi tr
500.000 CHF.
2 thng ti h nhn c 250.000 GBP v phi chi tr
200.000 USD.
Anh (ch) hy ng dng Arbitrage trong giao dch v d bo ti
khon trong 2 thng ti cho cng ty Galaxy l bao nhiu GBP?
(Gi thit mi s d khng sinh li).
Bit thng tin th trng:
- T gi giao ngay:
GBP/USD = 1,7395 05
USD/SEK = 7,8340 97
USD/CHF = 1,4652 50
- Li sut th trng 2 thng (%/nm) ca cc ng tin nh sau:
GBP: 8,5 9
52
USD: 4 4,25

3. Nghip v hi oi c k hn (Forward Operation)

tip theo
e. Tc dng:
- Giao dch hi oi k hn c coi nh cng c phng
chng ri ro khi t gi bin ng cho cc i tng tham
gia th trng hi oi
- a dng ha cc nghip v kinh doanh
- Tng thu nhp cho ngn hng thng mi, cn i trng
thi ngoi ngoi t trong kinh doanh, m bo trng thi
ngoi hi
- Cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu, cc nh u t xc
nh chi ph, doanh thu ngay t lc ban u h c th
la chn v a ra quyt nh kinh doanh chnh xc v
c li cho mnh

53

4. Nghip v hon i tin t ( Currency Swaps)

a. Khi nim: Giao dch hon i tin t l s kt hp ca mt
giao dch giao ngay vi mt giao dch k hn i mt lng c
nh ngoi t ny ly mt lng bin i ngoi t khc trong
thi gian xc nh bng cch cng mt lc k hai hp ng: mt
hp ng k mua - bn giao ngay v mt hp ng bn - mua
k hn tng ng.

b. c im:
- Thc cht ca giao dch hon i l s chuyn nhng tm
thi t ng tin ny ly ng tin khc p ng nhu cu
kinh doanh

- Giao dch hon i bao gm 2 giao dch - l giao dch giao

ngay v giao dch k hn - c kt hp v rng buc bng
mt hp ng.
54

c. Tc dng:
- p ng nhu cu ngoi t trc mt v k hn cho khch hng
- Va p ng nhu cu kinh doanh va duy tr trng thi ngoi t
- Giao dch hon i l cng c kinh doanh c hiu qu v l mt
cng c phng nga ri ro hi oi hu hiu cho cc nh kinh
doanh

5. Nghip v quyn chn (Options operation)

a. Khi nim: Quyn chon tin t l mt cng c ti chnh m cho
php ngi mua c quyn, nhng khng bt buc, c mua
(call) hay bn (put) mt s lng tin t mt mc gi v thi hn
c xc nh trc.
b. c im:
- Ngi mua quyn chn khng b rng buc bi hp ng quyn
chn c k kt.
- Quyn chn trong hp ng ch dnh cho ngi mua quyn chn,
cn ngi bn quyn chn bt buc phi thc hin hp ng
55

- Giao dch quyn chn l cng c phng nga ri ro hi oi c

hiu qu, ng thi l cng c kinh doanh nng ng v c hiu
qu trong lnh vc kinh doanh ngoi t.
c. Phn loi quyn chn :
- Theo tnh cht quyn chn:
+ Quyn chn kiu M (American Options): cho php ngi mua
quyn chn c thc hin hp ng vo bt c thi im no
nm trong gii hn ca quyn chn
+ Quyn chn kiu Chu u (European Options):ch cho php
ngi mua quyn chn thc hin hp ng khi n ngy n hn
- Theo i tc mua quyn chn:
+ Quyn chn mua (Call options): ngi mua quyn chn c
quyn thc hin hay t b quyn c mua mt s lng ngoi
t vi t gi c nh vo mt thi im trong tng lai

56

+ Quyn chn bn (Put options): ngi mua quyn chn c quyn

thc hin hay t b quyn c bn mt s lng ngoi t vi
mt t gi c nh vo mt thi im trong tng lai
d. Ph quyn chn:
- L khon chi ph m ngi mua quyn chn phi tr cho ngi
bn quyn chn, thng c tr trc
- Ph quyn chn thng c quy nh bng t l phn trm (%)
so vi tng gi tr hp ng quyn chn khi thc hin cc giao
dch quyn chn vi ngn hng hoc bng mt s lng ni t so
vi mt ngoi t giao dch quyn chn.
e. Tc dng:
- Giao dch quyn chn l mt cng c cc doanh nghip kinh
doanh thng mi quc t t bo him ri ro do bin ng t gi
- Gip khch hng va p ng nhu cu ngoi t va la chn
phng n kinh doanh ngoi t ti u
57

Cng ty Hong Long c khon phi tr 100.000

GBP sau 3 thng vi gi tha thun chn
mua GBP/USD = 1,7115, ph quyn chn:
1GBP l 0,04 USD. Gi s t gi giao ngay
khi n hn sau 3 thng l: GBP/USD =
1,6795. Cng ty nn:
a. B hp ng quyn chn thc hin theo th
trng
b. Thc hin theo hp ng quyn chn
58

6. Nghip v tng lai (Futures operation)

Giao dch tng lai l mt tha thun mua bn mt s lng
ngoi t nht nh theo t gi c nh ti mt thi im c nh
c xc nh bi trung tm giao dch.
Giao dch tng lai (cn gi l giao dch giao sau) cng tng t
nh giao dch cc loi hng ha.

59

60

I. HI PHIU
(BILL OF EXCHANGE)

1. Khi nim

HI
PHIU

Hi phiu l t mnh lnh i tin v

iu kin do mt ngi k pht cho
mt ngi khc yu cu ngi ny
khi nhn thy hi phiu, hoc n mt
ngy c th nht nh, hoc n mt
ngy xc nh trong tng lai phi
tr mt s tin nht nh cho mt
ngi hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny
tr cho mt ngi khc, hoc tr cho
ngi cm hi phiu
61

I. HI PHIU
(BILL OF EXCHANGE)
Nhng i tng c lin quan

Ngi th
hng
(beneficiary)

Ngi k
pht
(drawer)

Hi phiu
Ngi tr
tin
(drawee)
62

Quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn lin

quan n hi phiu
Ngi k pht hi phiu (Drawer):

L ngi lp hi phiu, ngi bn, nh xut khu, ngi cung

ng dch v
Quyn li:
- Quyn c hng s tin trn hi phiu
- Quyn chuyn nhng quyn hng li cho ngi khc
Trch nhim:
- K pht hi phiu theo ng lut
- K tn vo gc phi, pha di mt trc hi phiu
- Trong trng hp hi phiu b t chi thanh ton: hon tr tin
cho ngi hng li ca hi phiu

63

Quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn lin

quan n hi phiu
Ngi tr tin hi phiu (Drawee):

L ngi c hi phiu gi ti ngi c trch nhim tr tin,

ngi mua, nh nhp khu, ngi nhn dch v hoc mt ngi
no khc do ngi tr tin ch nh
Quyn li: c quyn t chi tr tin hi phiu khi hi phiu cha
k chp nhn
Trch nhim:
- Tr tin hi phiu theo nhng quy nh ghi trn hi phiu
- Nu l hi phiu c k hn, ngi tr tin phi k chp nhn
hi phiu khi nhn thy hi phiu. Vic chp nhn ny l v iu
kin

64

Quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn lin

quan n hi phiu

Ngi hng li hi phiu (Beneficiary):

L ngi c quyn nhn tin ca hi phiu

C th l ngi k pht hi phiu, hoc c th l ngi
khc do ngi k pht hi phiu ch nh, hoc do ngi
hng li chuyn nhng quyn hng li hi phiu
ca mnh cho ngi bng th tc hi phiu

65

Lut lin quan n hi phiu

Cng c Geneve nm 1930 v Lut thng nht hi
phiu - Uniform Law for Bill of Exchange ULB 1930
(ph bin nht)
Lut hi phiu ca Anh 1882 - Bill of Exchange Act BEA 1882 (Anh)
Lut thng mi thng nht nm 1962 ca M - Uniform
Commercial Code - UCC 1962 (M)
Cng c Lin hp quc v hi phiu v lnh phiu
quc t nm 1982 - International Bill of Exchange and
International promissory note
Vit Nam s dng hi phiu trong khun kh ca ULB
1930, Lut cc cng c chuyn nhng Vit Nam 2005
66

2. c im ca hi phiu

Tnh bt buc: ngi tr tin bt buc phi tr tin theo ng

theo yu cu ca t hi phiu. Tnh bt buc ca hi phiu
c php lut m bo
Tnh tru tng: trn t hi phiu ghi s tin tr cho ai, thi
gian a im k pht hi phiu m khng ghi r nguyn nhn
pht sinh hi phiu, tc ni dung kinh t ca hi phiu

Tnh lu thng: hi phiu c th chuyn nhng t tay

ngi ny sang tay ngi khc thng qua th tc k hu
hoc trao tay trong thi gian hiu lc ca hi phiu

67

3. Thnh lp hi phiu
a. V hnh thc
Hi phiu phi c lp thnh vn bn
Ngn ng to lp phi bng mt th ting nht
nh v thng nht, thng l ting Anh
Khng c vit trn hi phiu bng vit ch, mc
d phai hay mc
Hi phiu c th lp hai hay nhiu bn

68

69

3. Thnh lp hi phiu
b. V ni dung
(1) Tiu
(2) S hiu
(3) a im k pht
(4) Ngy k pht
(5) Thi hn tr tin
(6) Mnh lnh i tin v iu kin
(7) S tin
(8) Ngi tr tin
(9) Ngi th hng
(10)Ngi k pht
(11)a im thanh ton
70

Mu 1 (dng trong phng thc nh thu)

2
No:

For: ..
7

BILL OF EXCHANGE
Place

3 , date
4

At ... 5 sight of this first bill of exchange (second of the

same tenor and date being unpaid)
6 Pay to the order of .
9
The sum of .
7

To:.
8
.
11

Drawers signature 10

71

Mu 2 (dng trong phng thc tn dng chng t)

No:
2
For: ..
7

BILL OF EXCHANGE
Place

3 , date
4

At ... 5 sight of this first bill of exchange (second of the same

tenor and date being unpaid)
9
6 Pay to the order of ..
The sum of .
7
Value received as per our invoice(s)N0....dated:
Drawn under .
Irrevocable L/C N0..dated:
8
To:.

..
11

Drawers signature 10
72

No 108/ BL

BILL OF EXCHANGE

For : USD 500,000.00

Tokyo, March 12, 2009

At 90 days after sight of this first bill of exchange ( Second of the same tenor and date being
unpaid)
Pay to the order of the Sumimoto Bank , Tokyo . Japan
The sum of United states Dollar five hundred thousands only
To : Global Co, Ltd
68 Le Thi Rieng street
District 1, HCM City, VN

Musimi Trading Co, Ltd

Signed

73

No 116/ BL

BILL OF EXCHANGE

For : USD 1,590,000.00

Tokyo, May 15, 2009

At sight of this Second bill of exchange ( First of the same tenor and date being unpaid)
Pay to the order of the Bank of China, Taiwan Branch
The sum of United states Dollar One million five hundred and ninety thousands only
Value received as per our invois No 003/CT/09 dated May 15, 2009
Drawn Under : Bank for foreign Trade of VN, HCM Branch
Irrevocable L/C No 200865/784 dated May 03, 2009
To: Bank for foreign Trade of VN
HCM City, VN

Tagaka, Co, Ltd

Signed

74

Mu hi phiu dng trong phng thc nh thu

S: AG 90/6321

S tin: 100.000 USD

HI PHIU
Paris, ngy 20 thng 9 nm 2007

120 ngy sau khi nhn thy bn th nht ca hi phiu ny (Bn th hai c
cng ni dung v ngy thng khng phi tr tin). Tr theo lnh ca ngn
hng Chu u - Paris mt s tin l mt trm ngn la M chn.
Gi : Cng ty Imexco,
Tp. H Ch Minh

Cng ty Alcatel Paris

(K tn)

75

Mu hi phiu dng trong phng thc

tn dng chng t
S: AG 90/6321
S tin: 100.000 USD

HI PHIU

Paris, ngy 20 thng 11 nm 2007

120 ngy sau khi nhn thy bn th nht ca hi phiu ny (Bn th hai c cng
ni dung v ngy thng khng phi tr tin). Tr theo lnh ca ngn hng Chu
u - Paris mt s tin l mt trm ngn la M chn.
Tr gi theo ha n ca chng ti s V6/80/4500 k ngy 15 thng 9 nm 2007
K pht cho cng ty IMEXCO, TP.HCM
Theo L/C khng hy b, min truy i, s 40/SX/65 ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007
Gi : Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
Chi nhnh TP. HCM

Cng ty Alcatel Paris

(K tn)

76

4. Phn loi hi phiu

a. Cn c vo ngi k pht hi phiu
Hi phiu thng mi
Hi phiu ngn hng
b. Cn c vo thi hn tr tin
Hi phiu tr tin ngay (hi phiu tr ngay)
Hi phiu tr tin sau mt k hn (hi phiu c k hn)
c. Cn c vo chng t km theo
Hi phiu trn
Hi phiu km chng t
d. Cn c vo ngi th hng
Hi phiu ch danh hay hi phiu c ghi tn
Hi phiu v danh hay hi phiu khng ghi tn
Hi phiu tr theo lnh
77

5. Cc nghip v c lin quan n vic lu

thng hi phiu
a. Chp nhn hi phiu (Acceptance):
Khi nim: Chp nhn hi phiu l s ng v cam kt tr tin ca
ngi tr tin khi hi phiu n hn thanh ton.
Ngi chp nhn hi phiu: chnh l ngi tr tin hi phiu
K thut chp nhn: Chp nhn hi phiu c th thc hin bng
cch ghi vo mt trc ca hi phiu dng ch Chp nhn
(Accepted) hoc cc t khc c ULB cng nhn nh xc nhn,
ng ..., sau ngi chp nhn k tn bn cnh. Nu mt
trc y kn, th ngi chp nhn tr tin c th chp nhn
bng mt thng bo chp nhn (vn th, in thng bo).
Yu cu:
Chp nhn hi phiu l chp nhn thanh ton v iu kin
Chp nhn phi r rng, n gin, thi hn chp nhn phi l
trc ngy ht hn xut trnh hi phiu
78

b. K hu hi phiu (Endorsement)
Khi nim: K hu hi phiu l th tc chuyn giao quyn s hu
hi phiu t ngi ny sang ngi khc
Ngi k hu: l ngi th hng, ngi ang s hu hi phiu
K thut k hu: c thc hin ngay trn vn bn hi phiu bng
cch ngi k hu k vo mt sau ca t hi phiu theo ng
th tc quy nh v trao t hi phiu cho ngi c chuyn
nhng.
ngha php l ca hnh vi k hu:
+ Tha nhn quyn hng li ca ngi c chuyn nhng
+ Xc nh trch nhim ca ngi k hu v vic tr tin ca
hi phiu c chuyn nhng nhm bo v quyn li ca
ngi th hng k tip.

79

b. K hu hi phiu (Endorsement) - ttheo

Cc hnh thc k hu:
+ K hu trng (Blank endorsement): l hnh thc k hu
khng ghi tn ngi th hng k tip l ai, ngi k hu ch k
tn vo mt sau ca hi phiu.
+ K hu theo lnh (Order endorsement): l hnh thc k hu
khng ch nh c th m ch suy on ngi th hng s tin
ca hi phiu.
+ K hu hn ch (Restrictive endorsement): l hnh thc k hu
ch r ngi th hng v ch c ngi m thi.
+ K hu min truy i (Without recourse endorsement): l hnh
thc k hu m ngi th hng khng c i tin ngi k
hu trong trng hp ngi tr tin t chi thanh ton.

80

c. Bo lnh hi phiu (Aval)

Khi nim: Bo lnh hi phiu l s cam kt ca ngi th ba v vic
tr tin cho ngi th hng khi hi phiu n hn.
V hnh thc: bo lnh c th c thc hin bng cch ghi ch
Bo lnh (good as aval) vo mt trc hoc sau ca t hi phiu
v ngi bo lnh s k tn ln hi phiu.
Ngoi hnh thc bo lnh theo ULB cn c hnh thc bo lnh
bng mt vn bn ring c gi l bo lnh mt.

d. Khng ngh vic t chi tr tin hi phiu (Protest

for non - payment)
Khi n hn tr tin m ngi tr tin v l do g khng thc
hin thanh ton cho ngi th hng th ngi th hng c
quyn khng ngh hi phiu.
T khng ngh do ngi th hng lp trong vng hai ngy lm
vic k t ngy ht hn thanh ton v phi chuyn n cho ngi
chuyn nhng trc tip trong vng 4 ngy lm vic ngi ny
i tin ngi chuyn nhng trc na hoc i tin ngi k
pht.
81

e. Chit khu hi phiu (Discount)

Chit khu hi phiu l nghip v tn dng ca ngn hng.
Ngi bn hoc ngi hng li hi phiu xut trnh hi
phiu cha n hn tr tin cho ngn hng. Nu h cn bn
hi phiu ly tin ngay, ngn hng s mua hi phiu vi
mt gi thp hn s tin ghi trn t hi phiu . Nu hai bn
ng , ngi hng li hi phiu s thc hin nghip v k
hu chuyn nhng hi phiu cho ngn hng.

82

I. HI PHIU
(BILL OF EXCHANGE)
V d 1: Cng ty Savimex va hon thnh l hng xut
khu tr gi 48.285 USD theo hp ng tr ngay s
21/2009HDXK k ngy 02/9/2009 cho nh nhp
khu l cng ty ST&Tran Co. c tr s 26
Greenfield Street, Bankstown NSW 2200, Australia.
a im giao hng l cng Si Gn v thanh ton
qua Ngn hng Thng mi Chu (Asia
Commercial Bank). Da vo thng tin cho v
thng tin t cho nu cn, bn hy k pht mt hi
phiu i tin ngi nhp khu
83

I. HI PHIU
(BILL OF EXCHANGE)
V d 2: Ngy 28/11/2008 Cng ty Cholimex k mt
hp ng s 022/2008 HDXK xut khu tm ng
lnh sang Nht Bn tr gi 92.857 USD. Hp ng
c thanh ton bng tn dng th tr chm 90
ngy. Hng c giao vo ngy 03/01/2009 ti
cng Si Gn theo tn dng th s 0214357/LC do
Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi k pht ngy
10/12/2008. Da vo thng tin cho v thng tin
t cho nu cn, bn hy k pht mt hi phiu i
tin ngi nhp khu
84

II. LNH PHIU (PROMISSORY NOTES)

1. Khi nim:
Lnh phiu l loi chng t, trong ngi k pht cam kt
s tr mt s tin nht nh vo mt ngy nht nh cho ngi
th hng c ch nh trn lnh phiu hoc theo lnh ca
ngi th hng tr cho mt ngi khc.
2. c im ca lnh phiu:
- K hn ca lnh phiu c quy nh r trn t mnh lnh ny.
- Mt lnh phiu c th do mt hay nhiu ngi cng tham gia k
pht cam kt tr tin cho mt hay nhiu ngi hng li.
- Lnh phiu cn c s bo lnh ca Ngn hng hoc cng ty Ti
chnh m bo kh nng thanh ton ca lnh phiu.
- Lnh phiu ch c mt bn chnh duy nht do con n k pht
chuyn cho ngi hng li trn lnh phiu .
85

3. Ni dung ca lnh phiu

Mt lnh phiu bao gm 7 ni dung bt buc sau y:

(1) Tiu : PROMISSORY NOTE

(2) Li ha v iu kin tr mt s tin nht nh
(3) Thi hn tr tin

(4) a im tr tin
(5) Ngi th hng
(6) Ngy v ni k pht
(7) Ch k ca ngi k pht

86

Mu lnh phiu

No 12345/96
For USD 1,000.00

PROMISSORY NOTE
New York, 25th December 2007

On the 25th December 2008 fixed by the promissory-note, we promise

to pay to the order of HOANGLONG EXPORT - IMPORT COMPANY
HANOI, VIETNAM
The sum of ONE THOUSAND UNITED STATE DOLLARS ONLY.
For and on behalf of
Sister and Brother Company Ltd.,
129 New Street, New York, USA
(signature)
87

III. SC (CHEQUE, CHECK)

1. Khi nim
Sc l mnh lnh v iu kin do ch ti khon k pht yu
cu ngn hng trch tin t ti khon ca mnh tr cho
ngi cm sc hoc cho ngi c tn trn sc, hoc tr theo
lnh ca ngi ny.
* Cc bn lin quan n sc:
- Ngi k pht hnh sc
- Ngn hng chi tr sc
- Ngi th hng
* C s php l ca sc:
Sc c p dng theo cng c Geneve nm 1931 vi Lut
thng nht v sc (Uniform Law on Cheque ULC1931).
Lut cc cng c chuyn nhng Vit Nam nm 2005
88

2. Mt s quy nh v sc
- iu kin c pht hnh sc:
+ Ngi k pht phi c ti khon ngn hng, ti khon
phi c s d chi tr khi sc c pht hnh.
+ Sc c gi tr thanh ton trc tip nh tin t nn sc phi
c lm bng vn bn, phi c y s ghi ch bt buc
theo lut nh.
Thng thng sc c in theo mu, ngi k pht phi ghi
y , chnh xc cc ni dung trn sc
- Theo ULC, thi hn hiu lc ca t sc c quy nh nh sau:
+ 8 ngy nu sc lu thng trong cng mt nc
+ 20 ngy nu sc lu thng ra ngoi nc nhng trn cng
mt chu
+ 70 ngy nu sc lu thng gia cc nc nhng khc chu
89

3. Ni dung ca sc
- Tiu : mt mnh tr tin ch c coi l sc khi no c ghi tiu
CHEQUE, CHECK trn
- S tin ca t sc: trn t sc phi ghi r rng s tin, k c n v
tin t. S tin t sc th hin va bng s va bng ch v
phi khp nhau
- a im v ngy thng pht hnh sc
- Tn, a ch, s hiu ti khon ca ngi pht hnh sc
- Tn, a ch, s hiu ti khon (nu c) ca ngi th hng
- Ch k ca ngi k pht
- S s ri (Series)

90

91

92

4. Phn loi sc
a. Cn c vo ngi th hng
Sc ch danh (Nominal check): l loi sc ghi r tn ngi
th hng, do khng th chuyn nhng bng th tc
k hu
Sc v danh (Nameless check or Check to bearer): l loi
sc khng ghi tn ngi th hng m ghi cu Tr cho
ngi cm sc (Pay to the bearer holder), do vy loi sc
ny c th chuyn nhng thng qua hnh thc trao tay
Sc tr theo lnh (Check to order): l loi sc khng ch
nh r ngi th hng m ch ghi tr theo lnh ca ngi
th hng, nh vy loi ny c th chuyn nhng c
thng qua th tc k hu
93

4. Phn loi sc (tt)

b. Cn c vo c im s dng sc
Sc gch cho (Crossed check): l loi sc m trn mt trc
ca sc c hai gch cho song song vi nhau. Gch cho l
ch t sc khng c rt tin mt, ch dng thanh
ton qua ngn hng. Sc gch cho cn chia ra thnh hai loi:
Sc gch cho thng (Check crossed generally): gia hai
gch cho khng ghi tn ngn hng
Sc gch cho c bit ( Check crossed specially): gia hai
gch song song c ghi tn mt ngn hng no
Sc xc nhn (Certified check): l loi sc c ngn hng xc
nhn m bo vic tr tin
Sc du lch (Travellers check) hay cn gi l sc l hnh: l loi
sc do mt ngn hng pht hnh v c tr tin ti bt c
mt chi nhnh hay i l ca ngn hng . Ngn hng pht
hnh sc ng thi l ngn hng tr tin sc. Ngi th
hng l khch du lch, l ngi mua t sc. Thi hn hiu
94
lc ca sc du lch l v hn nn thun tin trong du lch

IV. TH THANH TON (PLASTIC CARD)

1. Khi nim
Th thanh ton l phng tin thanh ton m ngi s hu th c
th s dng n rt tin mt ti cc my, cc quy t ng ca
ngn hng ng thi c th s dng th thanh ton tin hng
ha dch v ti cc c s chp nhn th v cn l phng tin
ch th c th giao dch vi ngn hng m khng cn gp nhn
vin ngn hng.
2. M t k thut
- Mt trc ca th:
+ Biu tng
+ S th
+ Thi gian hiu lc ca th
+ H v tn ngi s hu (ch th)
+ K t an ninh
- Mt sau ca th:
+ Di bng t
+ Di bng ch
95

3. Cc loi th thanh ton

a. Cn c vo cng ngh sn xut :
- Th khc ch ni (Embossed card)
- Th bng t (Magneic stripe)
- Th thng minh (Smart card)
b. Cn c vo hn mc ca th
- Th vng (Gold card)
- Th thng (Standard card)
c. Cn c vo tnh cht thanh ton ca th
- Th tn dng (Credit card)
- Th ghi n (Debit card)
- Th rt tin mt (Cash card)
- Th lu gi gi tr (Stored Value card)
d. Cn c vo ch th pht hnh th
- Th do ngn hng pht hnh
- Th do cc t chc phi ngn hng pht hnh
96