-

The Engineering Institute of Thailand under H.M. The Kings Patronage

2557-2559
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.

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..
..
..

..
..

..
.

..

..

1
2
3

II
28.
29.
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31.
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33.
34.

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.

..
.

..

()

()

1 ()
2 ()
1 ()
2 ()

III

2557-2559
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.

.
.
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.
.

..
..

IV
28.
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..2554-2556
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VI
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VII

1 ( 2)
2557-2559

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2.

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10.

..

VIII

(.)
.

.

IEC 4
1
2
3
4
. 4 IEC
1 IEC 62305-1 Protection against lightning Part 1: General principles
. .
(.)
.
. ,

.

.. 2551 2553
1

IX

2
IEC 62305-1
1 .. 2006 2 .. 2010
.

2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.1
5.2
6.
6.1
6.2
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

(LPL)
(LPZ)

.
.
.
.
1

3
3
3
9
9
9
12
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
20
24

26
37
42
46

XI
.
.
.
.

1 .
-
-

64
71
104
110

XII

1
2
3
4
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.1
.2
.3

1-4
2
14
( 3)
22

23
( 4)
26
( T2 <2 )
27
( 2 < TLONG < 1 )
(
)
27
(/)
28
(
95 5)
33

38

38

39

39
40

40
I
41

43
.3
44

45

XIII
.4

45
.1
54
.2
54
55
.3 F .2
.4 F .2
55
.1.1
72
.1.2 .1.1
72
.1.3 .1.2
72
.1.4
74
.1.5 .1.4
74
.1.6 .1.5
74
.1.7
76
.1.8
77
.1.9
79
.2.1
.
.
82
83
.2.1.1
.2.2.1
83
.2.2.2
84
.2.2.3
84
.2.2.4 16 mm2

85
.2.2.5

85
.2.2.6 imax / T1

86
.3.2.5
87
1

XIV
88
.3.1.1 Imax CIGRE
.3.2.1
89
.3.2.2
90
.3.2.3
90
.3.3.1
91
.3.4.1
92
.3.4.2
93
94
.4.1
.4.2

94
.4.3
95
.5.1.1 TN-S (
Y)
97
.5.1.2 TN-S (
)
98
.5.1.3 TN-S
98
99
.5.1.4 TN-C-S 3 4
.5.1.5 TN-C-S 3 4 PEN PE N
99
.5.1.6 TN-C-S 1 2 PEN PE N
100
.5.1.7 TN-C

100
.5.2.1 TT
(
Y)
101
.5.2.2 TT
(
Y)
101
.5.3.1 IT
102
.5.3.2 IT
102

XV

1
2
3
4

10

13

19

20
20
5

.1 CIGRE (Electra 41
30
69*[3], [4])
.2 -
log 95 5 CIGRE (Electra 41
31
69*[3], [4])
.3 P I
32
.1 .1
37
.1

43
.2
43
.3
44
.1

47
.2
50
.3 W/R
51
66
.1 Z Z1
.2
67
.3
68
75
.1.1 Z Z1
.1.2
77
1

XVI
.1.3
.1.4
.3.1
.4.1
.5.1

( 5 )
1 1
.5.1.1 .5.3.2

78
81
92
95
97

()

2
1 - 4

-
3
-
4
1-4 1

1 1-4

1
1

(Railway systems)

- 2
- 3

- 4

3.1 (lightning flash to earth)

3.2 (downward flash)

(subsequent impulses)

3.3 (upward flash)

4
(multiple
superimposed impulses)

3.4 (lightning stroke)

3.5 (short stroke)

T2 2 ( .1)

3.6 (long stroke)

Tlong ( 10 10 )
2 1 ( .2)

3.7 (multiple strokes)

3-4 50

20-30 10
250

3.8 (point of strike)

3.9 i (lightning current)

3.10 I (peak value)

3.11 (average steepness of the front of impulse

current)
t = t2 t1
i = i(t2) i(t1)
t = t2 t1 ( .1)

3.12 T1 (front time of impulse current)

1.25 10
90 ( .1)
1

5
3.13 O1 (virtual origin of short stroke current)
10 90
( .1) 0.1 T1 10
3.14 T2 (time to half value of short stroke current)
O1
( .1)
3.15 T (flash duration)

3.16 Tlong (duration of long stroke current)

10 10
( .2)
3.17 QFLASH (flash charge)

3.18 QSHORT (impulse charge)

3.19 QLONG (long stroke charge)

3.20 W/R (specific energy)

3.21 (specific energy of short stoke current)

3.22 (structure to be protected)

3.23 (line)

3.24 (telecommunication lines)

6
3.25 (power lines)

(LV) (HV)
3.26 (lightning flash to a structure)

3.27 (lightning flash near a structure)

3.28 (electrical system)

3.29 (electronic system)


3.30 (internal system)

3.31 (physical damage)

()

3.32 (injury of living beings)

( D1)

3.33 (failure of electrical and electronic

system)

3.34 (lightning electromagnetic impulse : LEMP)

3.35 (surge)
/

3.36 (Lightning protection zone : LPZ)

1

3.37 (risk : R)

3.38 (tolerable risk : RT)

3.39 (lightning protection level : LPL)

3.40 (protection measures)

3.41 (lightning protection : LP)

(LPS and SPM)
3.42 (lightning protection system : LPS)

3.43 (external lightning protection system)

3.44 (internal lightning protection system)

/

3.45 (air-termination system)

3.46 (down-conductor system)

3.47 (earth-termination system)

3.48 (external conductive parts)


3.49 (lightning equipotential bonding)

3.50 (conventional earthing impedance)

3.51 (LEMP protection measures : SPM)

3.52 (magnetic shield)

3.53 (surge protective device) SPD

1
3.54 (coordinated SPD protection)

3.55 UW (rated impulse withstand voltage)

3.56 (isolating interfaces)

(conducted surges)

9
1
(opto-isolators)
2

5
5.1

5.1.1

- ( )
- (
)
- (
)
- ( )
- (
)
- (

)
1

10
1

-
-

- (
)
-

-


- ( )
-

11
5.1.2

) S1
) S2
) S3
) S4
)
- /
(
) ()
- /

)
-

)
- /

)
-

12

1 IEC 61000-4-5
2
3
( 3)

3
- D1
- D2

- D3
5.2

- L1 ()
- L2
- L3
- L4 ( )

L1 L2 L3
L4

2

13

S1

D1
D2
D3

L1, L4a
L1, L2, L3, L4
L1b, L2, L4

S2

D3

L1b, L2, L4

S3

D1
D2
D3

L1, L4a
L1, L2, L3, L4
L1b, L2, L4

S4

D3

L1*, L2, L4

a
b

14

a
b

D2

L3

L2

L1

D1

1)

1)

D3a

D2

D3

D2

L4

D1b

D2

D3

6
6.1

L1, L2 L3

2
5.2
- R1 :
- R2 :
- R3 :
1 R4 :
( 6.2)

R (R1 R3) RT
R RT
1

15
R (R1 R3)
RT
R RT

(L1, L2 L3) R RT
RT

2

3
2

6.2


L4
R4
R4

CRL
CPM CL

CRL + CPM CL

7
7.1

7.2

16
-

(exposed conductive parts)

1
( 8 3)
2
3

7.3

-
-
-
-
- ()
1
3
2 (fireproof compartments)

3

7.4
(SPM)






1 S1

17
2

7.5
7.2 7.3 7.4




2

8
8.1

/

-
-

(
)
1

18
8.2 (LPL)
4 (I IV)

1
I

2
I 2

I 99 ( .2
) I 10
I 1 ( .3)
I
75 II 50 III IV
( I, Q di/dt W/R
)
3
IV
2

3 (

)
( )

( .4) LPZ 0B
( 8.3 3 4)
4
LPZ 0B ( 8.3)

19
3

kA
I

C
Qshort

MJ/
WR

s/s
T1 T2
a

kA
I

kA/s
di dt

s/s
T1 T2

kA
I

kA/s
di dt

s/s
T1 T2

Qlong

C
Tlong

C
Qflash
a

I
200
100
10

I
100
100

I
50
200

I
200

I
300

II
III
150
100
75
50
5.6
2.5
10/350

II
III
75
50
75
50
1/200

II
III
37.5
25
150
100
0.25/100

II
III
150
100
0.5

II
III
225
150

IV

IV

IV

IV

20
4

I
II
III
IV

I
kA
3
5
10
16

r
m
20
30
45
60
.5

( 5)
5

I
II
III
IV
3
0.99
0.98
0.95
0.95
4
0.99
0.97
0.91
0.84
3 4

8.3 (LPZ)




( 3 4)
LPZ 0A

21
LPZ0B

LPZ 1
/

LPZ2 , , n
/

1

(
)
2

22

1
2
3
4
5

LPZ0A
LPZ0B
LPZ 1

S1
S2
S3
S4
r
s

LPZ 1 s

3
( 3)

23

1
2
3
4
5
6

( LPZ 1)
S1

S2

S3

S4
( LPZ 2)
r
ds

LPZ0A
LPZ0B
LPZ 1
LPZ 2
LPZ 1 LPZ 2 ds

4
( 4)

24
8.4
8.4.1
LPZ0B

- ()
- ()
- ()

s ( )

4 ( I, II, III IV )

( )
( )


-

3
8.4.2

-
1

25
-

- (apparatus)


EMC ( 2 4)

LPZ 1
()
/

LPZ

LPZ 4

26

( )

.1
2
-
-

/
(effective height) ( .
2)

- 2 ( .1)
- 2 ( .2)

O1
I

T1
T2

.1 ( T2 < 2 )
1

27

TLONG

--QLONG

.2
( 2 < TLONG < 1 )
()
(, ) .3
.4

.3
( )
1

28

.4
(/)



1

29

.2

International Council on Large Electrical Systems : CIGRE .1

log .2
.5

10 90


.3

30
.1 CIGRE
(Electra 41 69*) [3],[4]

95%

50 %

5%

50

4a
4.9

20a
11.8

90
28.6

200

4.6

35

250

1.3
20
1.1
0.22

7.5
80
4.5
0.95

40
350
20
4

16

150

20

6
0.55
25
9.1
9.9
0.2

55
6
650
24.3
39.9
2.4

550
52
15,000
65
161.5
32

di/dt30%/90%
(kA /s)

200

4.1

20.1

98.5

QLONG(C)
TLONG(s)

200
0.5

(kA)

QFLASH(C)

QSHORT(C)

W R

300

100

(kJ/)
10,000

di/dtmax
(kA /s)

(s)

(s)

(ms)

1.8
0.22

5.5
1.1

18
4.5

3.5

22

200

30
6.5

75
32

200
140

25

230

2,000

33

150

b
b

()

()

b
b

()

()

0.15
13
1,100 ()
31
180
900
()
14
85
500

a
I = 4 kA I = 20 kA 98% 80%
b
Electra 69

(ms)

.5
1A + 1B
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

31
.2
log 95 5
CIGRE (Electra 41 69*) [3],[4]

(kA)

QFLASH (C)
QSHORT(C)

W R (kJ/)

di/dtmax

(kA /s)
di/dt30%/90%
(kA /s)
QLONG(C)
TLONG(s)

(s)

(s)

(ms)

(ms)

.5

log

(61.1)
33.3
11.8
33.9
7.21
83.7
4.69
0.938
17.3
57.4
5.35
612
24.3
40.0
2.53

0.576
0.263
0.233
0.527
0.452
0.378
0.383
0.383
0.570
0.596
0.600
0.844
0.260
0.369
0.670

(80%)b
(80%)b
b
()

()

b
b

1A
1B
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

20.1

0.420

15

200
0.5
5.69
0.995
26.5
77.5
30.2
224

0.304
0.398
0.534
0.250
0.405
0.578

()

()

32.4

0.405

12.8
167
83.7

1.175
0.445
0.472

()
()

log= log(X16%) log(X50%) X

Electra 69

32
.3 P I
I
P
(kA)
0
1
3
0,99
5
0,95
10
0,9
20
0,8
30
0,6
35
0,5
40
0,4
50
0,3
60
0,2
80
0,1
100
0,05
150
0,02
200
0,01
300
0,005
400
0,002
600
0,001

33

.1 .2

.5
( 95 5)
1

34

(Lightning Location System)

.3 I
.3.1
(I) (W/R)
(W/R)
(Q)
(di/dt)
(I,Q,W/R, di/dt)

.3.2

I,QW/R
( 10
1 ) .5 ( 3, 5, 8, 11
14) 10
I
= 200 kA
QFLASH = 300 C
QSHORT = 100 C
W/R = 10 MJ/
di/dt = 20 kA//s
.1

T1 = I / (di/dt) = 10 s
(T1 )

( T1 T2)
QSHORT = (1/0.7) IT2
1

35
W/R = (1/2) (1/0.7) I2T2

T2 = 350 s

QLONG = QFLASH QSHORT = 200 C
.2 .1
TLONG = 0.5 s
.3.3

.5 ( 1
12) 1
= 100 kA
I
di/dt = 100 kA/s
.1
T1 = I/(di/dt) = 1.0 s

T2 = 200 s (T2 )
.3.4

(di/dt)
(
1 1
10 ) .5 (
2 15) 1
= 50 kA
I
di/dt = 200 kA/s
.1
T1
= I/(di/dt) = 0.25 s

T2
= 100 s
(T2 )
1

36
.4



(electro-geometricmodel) r (
) IEEE[5]

(.1)
R = 10I0.65

r ()
I ()
r
I
.5 ( 1A 3)

10 90 (
5)

37

( )

- 10/350 s
-
1/200 s
- 0.25/100 s

(t / 1)10
I
i
exp (-t / )
2
k 1 (t / )10

(.1)

I
k
t
1
2

.1
.1 .6
.1 .1

I (kA)
k

1 (s)
2 (s)

I
II
III-IV
200 150
100
0.93 0.93
0.93
19
19
19

I
II
III-IV
100
75
50
0.986 0.986 0.986
1.82 1.82
1.82

I
II
III-IV
50
37.5
25
0.993 0.993 0.993
0.454 0.454 0.454

485

285

143

485

485

285

285

143

143

38

.1

.2

39

. 3

.4
1

40

.5

.6
1

41
I
TLONG 3

.7

.7 I

42

( )

.1



.2
.1 .2
.1

(I,
W/R QSHORT) .1
T2 350 s
( QLONG
TLONG) .2

43

.1

.1

I
QSHORT
W/R

(kA)
(C)
(MJ/)

I
II
III-IV
200
150
100
100
75
50
10
5.6
2.5

%
10
20
35

.2

QLONG
TLONG

(C)
(s)

I
II
III-IV
200
150
100
0.5
0.5
0.5

%
20
10

.3

(loop)

44
i t ( .2)
.3
.3 .4 (
)

.3 .2

.3

i
(kA)
t
(s)

i
(kA)
t
(s)

I
II
III-IV

200
10

150
10

100
10

10

50
0.25

37.5
0.25

25
0.25

10

.2 .3
1

20

20

45

.3

.4

46

()

.1
.



( )

.2

I, Q, W/R, T,
di/dt


.5
.1 I, Q, W/R,T di/dt

47
.1

(
)

(
,
)

(
,
)

(
)

I
II
IIIIV

I
II
IIIIV

QLONG
T
C
200
< 1s
150
(
100
QLONG
)
T
W/R (kJ/)
10,000
W/R
5,600

2,500

I(kA)
W/R (kJ/)

I
II
IIIIV

200
150
100
I (kA)

I
II
IIIIV

200
150
100

I
II
IIIIV

QLONG
C
200
150
100
I(kA)

I
II
IIIIV

200
150
100

QSHORT
C
100
75
50
I (kA)
200
150
100

I
II
IIIIV

I
(
II

IIIIV
)

10,000
5,600
2,500
W/R (kJ/)
10,000
5,600
2,500

T
< 2ms
(I
W/R
)

T
< 1 s (
QLONG
)
QSHORT
C
100
75
50

W/R (kJ/)
10,000
5,600
2,500

/
(
)
di/dt (kA/s) I, QSHORT
W/R
( <2 ms)
200
150
i/t
100

T
< 2 ms
(I
)

48
.3
.1


( )

kc (
3)

ke ke


Ip = k I
(.1)
Qp = k Q
(.2)
(.3)
W R p k 2 W R
di
di
k
dt p
dt

(.4)

xp ( Ip Qp (W/R)p
(di/dt)p) p
x ( I Q (W/R)
(di/dt))
k
- kc
(
3)
- ke, ke
( )
1

49
.4
.4.1

(attachment point)
(
)
.4.1.1

.4.1
/

(dissipated)
:
P (t ) = i 2 (t ) R
(.5)


(J) - (Ws)

W = R i 2 (t ) dt

(.6)

50
(
)

1
R
(.7)
0 exp(
)
1

q 2 Cw

.7
.2

0
(, K)

(1/, 1/K)
W/R (/, J/)
0
(-, m)
(, m2)
q
(/, kg/m3)

Cw (/-, J/kgK)
Cs
(/, J/kg)
s
(, C)
.2

0 (m)
29 x 10 -9
(1/K)
4.0 x 10 -3
3
(kg/m )
2700
s (oC)
658
Cs(J/kg)
397 x 10 3
Cw(J/kgK)
908
a

120 x 10 -9
6.5 x 10 -3
7700
1530
272 x 10 3
469

17.8 x 10 -9
3.92 x 10 -3
8 920
1080
209 x 10 3
385

a
700 x 10 -9
0.8 x 10 -3
8 000
1500
500

51
.3 .7
W/R
.3
W/R

W/R(MJ/)
2.5
5.6
10
4
10
564
16
146 454
25
52
132 283
50
12
28
52
100
3
7
12
a

(mm2)

W/R(MJ/)
2.5
5.6
10
1120
211
913
37
96
211
9
20
37

W/R(MJ/)
2.5 5.6 10
169 542 56 143 309
22 51 98
5
12 22
1
3
5

a
W/R(MJ/)
2.5 5.6 10
940
190 460 940
45 100 190

(
(200300 ))

( )
()

.4.1.2

52


.4.1.2.1

.4.1.2.2

W / ua,c
Q

(.8)
W ua,c (t ) i (t )dt ua,c i (t ) dt
0
0
ua,c
(Q)
/ ua,c ( 20 30 )

(.9)
u Q
1
V a, c
(.9)

Cw s u Cs

V (, m3)
ua,c / () (, V)
Q (, C)
(,kg/m3)

Cw (/-, J/kgK)
s (,oC)
1

53
u

Cs

(,oC)
(/, J/kg)

(characteristic)
.2

.4.2

()
.4.2.1

(magnetic interaction)






.4.2.1.1

i l
d () .1

I
I
(.10)
F (t ) o i 2 (t ) 2 10- 7 i 2 (t )
2
d
d

F(t) (,N)
i
(, A)
0 () 4x10-7 H/m
I
(, m)
d (, m)
1

54

.1

.2
.3
100 kA
0.5 .4

.2

55

.3 F .2

100 kA 0.5

.4 F .2
.4.2.1.2

F(t)
i 2(t)
(t) k
() (
)
()

56




(
)

(
)
.4.2.2

.4.3

( )

.4.4

57
2

2




(breakdown voltage)


.5
.5.1

.5.2

( .5.3
)

(
)
2

(0.5 1
)

58
.5.3

2
-
-
(
)

.5.3.1

.4.1.1

-

(conservative data)
-

(
)
.5.3.2

.4.2.1
(
)

59








()
3
(rigid system)

- (
)

(plastic deformation)

60
.5.3.3

.5.3.4

61

(0.5 1 )
.6
.6.1

.6.2

2
-

(conservative data)

62



(TN TT IT)

(
)

.6.3

63

.7
.1

.1

.3

.1
.3

64

( )

.1


()
()
.2 ( S1)
.2.1

(.1)
IF ke I

ke
-
- (conventional)

(.2)
(.3)

Z
Z1 ( .1)

65
Z2
Z1 .1 (
)
1

n1
n2
I
Z2= Z1
ke
ke 0.5 / (n1 n2 )
(.4)
()
n
(.5)
ke ke / n
n
ke
n
(.6)
ke ke / RS / (n RS RC )

Rs
Rc
2

66
.1 Z Z1

100

200
500
1000
2000
3000

Z1a

b
Z

8
11
16
22
28
35

I
4
6
10
10
10
10

II
4
6
10
15
15
15

III-IV
4
6
10
20
40
60

(10/350s)
a 100 100
(500 m) Z1
b 5.4 3

.2.2

-
L/R
-

1 (N) (N)
(L1, L2 L3) 50
(N) 50 3 ( 17)
(N), L1, L2 L3 25

- (
)
-
(
)
-

2 . 4

67
.3
.3.1 ( S3)

Iimp .2 .3
Iimp (LPL)
.2

()

III-IV
II
I

a
a

S3
S4
S2
S1
b
c
()
()
()
()
d
d
10/350 8/20 s 8/20 8/20
s
s
s
kA
kA
kA
kA
5
2.5
0.1
5
7.5
3.75
0.15
7.5
10
5
0.2
10

.2 (
50 m2 5 m) 1
(kC = 0.5) KS1, KS2, KS3
( .4 2)

(3 + )

10/350 s

68
.3
a

b
b

()

III-IV
II
I

S3
()c

10/350 s
kA
1
1.5
2

S4
S2
S1
d
() ()
()
8/20 8/20 8/20
s
s
s
kA
kA
kA
0.035
0.1
5
0.085
0.15
7.5
0.160
0.2
10

ITU-T K.67[6]

.3 (
50 m2 5 m) 1
(kC= 0.5)
KS1, KS2, KS3 ( .4 2)

.2 0.5

.3.2

( S4)

( S3)
.2 .3
.2 .3
0.5

69
.4 ( S1 S2)
.4.1

( S2)
1 ( S1) , (typical)
8/20 s
1 1 2
.4.2

1
1 (
3 5 )

.2 .3
.4.3

(
5 . 4)
.4.2

2
1 2
.5
IEC
61643 1[7] IEC 61643 21[8]

) ( 1
MDB)
- Iimp (10/350 s)
1
1

70
- In ( 8/20 s)
2
) ( 2
SB SA)
- Iimp ( 10/350 s)
1
- In ( 8/20s)
2
- ( 8/20s)
3

[1] IEC60664-1:2007, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1: Principles,
requirements and tests
[2] IEC61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques
Surge immunity test
[3] BERGER K., ANDERSON R.B., KRNINGER H., Parameters of lightning flashes. CIGRE Electra No 41
(1975), p.23-37
[4] ANDERSON R.B., ERIKSSON A.J., Lightning parameters for engineering application. CIGRE Electra No 69
(1980), p.65-102
[5] IEEE working group report, Estimating lightning performance of transmission lines Analytical models.
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 8, n.3, July 1993
[6] ITU-T Recommendation K.67, Expected surges on telecommunications and signaling networks due to
lightning
[7] IEC61643-1, Low-voltage surge protective devices Part 1: Surge protective devices connected to lowvoltage power distribution systems Requirements and tests
[8] IEC61643-21, Low-voltage surge protective devices Part 21: Surge protective devices connected to
telecommunications and signaling networks Performance requirements and testing methods

71

( )

1 .
.1
.2.1

(.1)
IF ke I

ke
-
- (conventional)

-
Z

(.2)
ke
Z1
Z1 Z (n1 n2
Z2

ke

Z
Z2 Z (n2 n1 2
Z1

(.3)

Z
Z1 ( .1)
Z2
Z1 .1 (
)

72
1

n1
n2
I
.1.1

IF
I

IF

Z2/n2

Z1/n1

.1.1
IF

.1.2 .1.1
I

IF

.1.3 .1.2
1

73

If

I
1+ Z1 n1
ZZ2

n2 Z + Z2
I
=
1+ n2Z + Z2 Z1
n1 ZZ2

I n1 ZZ2
n1 ZZ2 + Z1 n2 Z + Z2
I Z
=
Z
Z + 1 n2 Z + Z1
n1 Z2 n1
=

I Z
Z1 + Z + Z1 Z n2
n1 Z2 n1
I Z
=
Z1 + Z 1+ Z1 n2
n1 Z2 n1
I Z n1
If =

Z
1
Z1 + Z n1 + n2
Z2

If =
I Z
n1 Z + Z n + Z1 n
1 1 Z 2
2

74
.1.2

IF
I

Z2

Z1/I1

.1.4
IF
I

IF

.1.5 .1.4
IF

.1.6 .1.5

75

I
1+ Z2 n2
ZZ1

n1Z + Z1
I

nZ+ Z
1+ Z2 + 1 1
n2
ZZ1

IF =

IZ1 - Zn2
n2ZZ1 + Z2 n1Z + Z1
IZ

Z
Z + 2n1 + Z2
Z1n2 n2

IZ
Z2 + Z 1+ n1 Z2
n2 n2 Z1
IZn2

Z2 + Z n2 + Z2 n1
Z1

IZn2

Z
2
Z2 + Z n2 + n1
Z1

IF

IZ
n2 Z + Z n + n Z2
2 1
2
Z1

.1.1 Z Z1

100

200
500
1000
2000
3000

Z1a

b
Z

8
11
16
22
28
35

I
4
6
10
10
10
10

II
4
6
10
15
15
15

III-IV
4
6
10
20
40
60

(10/350s)
a 100 100
( 500 m) Z1
b 5.4 3

76
3
-
-
-
.1.1
I

IF
IE
ZE

Z1IF

.1.7

.2
Z
ke =
Z1 + Z n1 + n2 Z1
Z2

Z
=
Z1 + ZZ1 n1 + n2
Z1 Z2
n2 0 ()

Z
Z1 + ZZ1 n1
Z1
Z
ke =
Z1 1+ Z n1
Z1

ke =

77
.1 IF ke I

.1.2

II

III-IV

Z1

n1

n1
Z1

ke

IE

IF

100
1,000
3,000
100
1,000
3,000
100
1,000
3,000

8
22
35
8
22
35
8
22
35

4
10
10
4
15
15
4
20
60

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.125
0.045
0.029
0.125
0.045
0.029
0.125
0.045
0.029

0.667
0.313
0.778
0.333
0.405
0.3
0.333
0.474
0.63

200
200
200
150
150
150
100
100
100

67
138
156
100
89
105
67
53
37

133
63
64
49.5
61
45
33
47
63

.1.2
I

IF
Z2IF

IE
Z

.1.8

ke =

Z
Z2 + Z n2 + n1 Z2
Z1

78

Z2 + ZZ2 n2 + n1
Z2 Z1

n1 0

ke =

Z
Z2 1+ Z n2
Z2

Z2 = Z1 Z1 .1

.1 IF ke I
.1.3
.1.3

II

III-IV

Z2

n2

n2
Z2

ke

IE

IF

100
1,000
3,000
100
1,000
3,000
100
1,000
3,000

8
22
35
8
22
35
8
22
35

4
10
10
4
15
15
4
20
60

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

0.125
0.045
0.029
0.125
0.045
0.029
0.125
0.045
0.029

0.333
0.313
0.778
0.333
0.410
0.213
0.333
0.474
0.63

200
200
200
150
150
150
100
100
100

133
138
156
100
89
118
67
53
63

67
63
64
50
61
32
33
47
37

79
.1.3
I

Z2Ifo

Z1Ifu

.1.9
(keu) .2
Z
keu =

Z1 + Z n1 +n2 Z1 Z1
Z2 Z1

Z
keu =

Z2 + ZZ1 n1 + n2
Z1 Z2
(keo) .3
Z
keo =
Z2 + Z n2 + n1 Z2
Z1

Z
keo =

Z2 + ZZ2 n1 + n2
Z1 Z2

( n1 ) ( n2 )

n1 = n2 =1
1

80
.1.1 I 100 -
Z = 4 , Z1 = Z2 =8
Z
keu =
keu ;
Z2 + ZZ1 n1 + n2
Z1 Z2
4
=
8+ 48 1 8+1 8
= 4 =4
8+8 16
= 0.25
Z
keo =
keo ;
Z2 + ZZ2 n1 + n2
Z1 Z2
4
=
8+ 48 1 8+1 8
= 4 =4
8+8 16
= 0.25
.1.1 I = 1,000 -
Z = 10 , Z1 Z 2 = 22
10
keu ;
keu =
22+1022 1 22+1 22

= 10
22+102
= 0.24

keo ; keo = 0.24

.1.1 I = 3,000 -
Z = 10 , Z1 Z 2 = 35
10
keu ;
= 0.18
keu
35+1035 1 35+1 35

keo ; keo = 0.18

keu keo .1.4

81
.1.4

100
1,000
3,000

Z1 Z2

n1

n2

n1
Z1

n2
Z2

keu keo

8
22
35

4
10
10

1
1
1

1
1
1

0.125
0.045
0.029

0.125
0.045
0.029

0.25
0.24
0.18

8
22
35

0.25
0.24
0.18

Ifu

Ifo

IE

200
200
200

50
48
36

50
48
36

100
104
128

.2
4
1.
2.
3.
4.

82

US

US
US

Rst

.
i

0.25 ... 10 s
100 s

.2.1
.
.
.2.1

83

PAS

Rst

U = IRst
Rst= 1 , I = 200 kA
U 200 1 = 200 kV

.2.1.1
.2.2

ua,c

.2.2.1
.2.1
150 (C) 20
30 ()

84
Qi= 150 (C)
u = 20C

.2.2.2

.8 W = ua,cx Q
= 30 x 150 = 4,500
u Q
1
.9 V a, c

Cw ( s u ) Cs
4,500
1
;
=1.7 X 10-6.. = 1.7..
V

2,700 908 (658 - 20) 397 103

4,500
1
; V
= 0.60 X 10-6.. = 0.60..

7,700 469 (1,530- 20) 272 103

4,500
1
;
= 0.82 X 10-6.. = 0.82..
V

8,920 385 (1,080- 20) 209 103

.2.3

.2.2.3

85
.2.2 W/R = 5.6 MJ/
( .3)
W/R = 5.6 MJ/

q =16 mm2

.2.2.4 16 mm2

.7
W

0
1
0 exp R2
1

q Cw

.2

1
5.6 106 3.92 103 17.8 109 1
0
exp

3.92 103
(16 106 )2 8,920 385

= 143
.2.3
W/R = 5.6 MJ/ ( .3)

W/R = 5.6 MJ/

1.4 MJ/

1.4 MJ/
1m

10 cm

.2.2.5

86

F.dt

I 2
I
i (t ) dt 2 10- 7 WR
d
d

l = 1 ,

= 0.1

1
F (t ) 2 10- 7 5.6 106
4

1
= 2.8
0.1

.2.4

( 3)
imax/T1

1
3

s3
2

s1
s2

100 %

90 %

imax

10 %

T1

U
T1

1) S1
2) S2
3) S3

.2.2.6
imax/T1
.2.4 U 150
kA/s
1

87
= 150

di
0.1 10- 6 150 109
dt
= 15103 V
= 15 kV

U M
U

M= 0.1 H

.3.2.5
.3

.3.1

8.2
99%
1 .2
I 10%
I 1% ( .2)

88

.3.1.1 Imax CIGRE

.3.1.1
Imax = 200 kA
- (3) 8% ( 10%)
- ( 1A+1B) 0.2% ( 1%)
( 10% 90%)
= 0.1 8% + 0.9 0.2%
= 0.8 + 0.18 = 0.98 %
1%
I
= (100-1) %
= 99%

89
.3.2

.3.2
.3.2 (
10 % 1%
) .5 10%
.3.2.1 .3.2.2

.3.2.1

Qflash = 300 C ( 5 Qflash 10% 1% Qflash (

4) )
Qshort = 100 C ( 8 Qshort 10% 1% Qshort (
6, 7) )

90

.3.2.2
= 10 MJ/ ( 11 10%
1% )
W R

.3.2.3
( 14)

di dt = 20 kA/s 14 10%

91
.3.3

.3.4
(di/dt)
(
1 1
10 ) .5 (
2 15) 1

(di/dt)30-90%

(di/dt)30-90% (kA/s)

.3.3.1
.3.3.1 12 15
1%

(di/dt )30 - 90% = 200 kA/s

15 12 15 1%
200 kA/s 13 14 ( 10%)
.3.4

92
.3.1 ( 5 )

II
III

IV

0.99

0.98

0.95

0.95

0.99

0.97

0.91

0.84

.3.1
.3.4.1

.3.4.2
99.8
99.5
99
98

1A

95
90

probability

80

16
13
8
2.1

70
60
50
40
30
20

1B
1A + 1B
3

3
10
5
2

1
0.5

0.2
10

3 4

6 8 10

3 4

6 8 10

3 4

6 8 10

150kA
100kA 200kA

.3.4.1

3 4

Imax (kA)

6 8 10

93

99.8
98.9
97.9
96.6

99.5
99

1A + 1B
3

1A

98

95

93.5
91.3
84.7
84.0
73.7

90
80
70
60
50
40
30

1B

probability

20

10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
10

3 4

2.9

5.4

8 10

3 4

6 8 10

3 4

10.1 15.7

8 10

Imax (kA)

.3.4.2

.4 .2
.2 I
10 kA
S3
.4.2

6 8 10

94

.4.1

Zflash = 5

Iimp10/350 s

.4.2


50 (flashover)
1
1 Zflash= 5
3
1 1 2
1
1 37.5 .4.1
1 5
1

95
1/3
3
5 200 kA
I 10 kA
1 1
.2
I(% )
100 %

1 5%

.4.3
.4.1 1 1



1 1
Ipeak
Q
Ipeak
Q
Ipeak
Q
Ipeak
Q
100%
100%
37.5%
33%
20%
16%
5%
4%
Ipeak Q

( .3 .4)
1. Peter Hasse, Johannes Wiesinger, Wolfgang Zischank, Handbuch fr Blitzschutz und
Erdung, 5 Auflage,Pflaum, 2006.
2. Wolfgang Trommer, Ernst-August Hampe, Blitzschutzanlagen, Hthig, 2005.

96
3. Fridolin Heidler, Z. Flisowski, W. Zischank, Ch. Bouquegneau,C. Mazzetti, Parameters of
Lightning Current Given in IEC 62305 Background, Experience and Outlook, Proceedings
29th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Uppsala, 2008.
4. Josef Birkl, Dr.Peter Zahlmann, Lightning current in Low Voltage Installations,
Proceedings 29thInternational Conference on Lightning Protection, Uppsala, 2008.
.5 IEC 60364-1
IEC 60364-1
- TN
- TT
- IT
-
T (Terra) -
I (Isolate) -
(
)
T

N - (

)
( ) ()
S
()
C - ( PEN)
.5.1

TN
TN
TN 3

1

97
- TN-S
- TN-C-S

- TN-C

1 .5.1.1 .5.3.2
2

.5.1 .5.1.1 .5.3.2

(N)
(PE)
(PEN)
()

PE

.5.1.1 TN-S
( Y)

98
()

PE

.5.1.2 TN-S
( )
()

PE

.5.1.3 TN-S

99
()

PEN PE

.5.1.4 TN-C-S 3 4
PEN PE N
()

PEN PE

.5.1.5 TN-C-S 3 4
PEN PE N

100
()

PEN PE

.5.1.6 TN-C-S 1 2
PEN PE N
()

PEN

.5.1.7 TN-C

.5.2

TT
TT

101
()

PE

.5.2.1 TT
( Y)
()

PE

.5.2.2 TT
( )
.5.3

IT
IT

102
()

1)

PE
1)
2)

.5.3.1 IT

()

1)

PE
1)
2)

.5.3.2 IT

103

IEC 60364-1,Fifth edition 2005-11, Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 1: Fundamental

principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions

104

-
acceptance test
air terminal
attachment point
authority
BIL (Basic Impulse Insulation Level)
bonding
bonding bar
bonding conductor
bonding connection
bonding network
brazing
bus conductor
cable
CFO (Critical Flashover Voltage)
characteristic
clamp
cloud charges
common ground
complete breakdown
conductivity
conductor
conventional earthing impedance
copper-clad steel
corona inception voltage
counterpoise
coupling
critical field gradient
dielectric strength

()

(BIL)

,
,

()
,

105
diffusion
direct breakdown
direct stroke
displacement
down conductor
downward flash
earth electrode
earth resistance meter
earth termination
earth termination system
earth termination voltage
earthing reference point
electric field intensity
electric field stress
electrical damage
electrodynamic
equipotential bonding
equipotential contour
equipotential line
equivalent collection area
exothermic weld
external conductive parts
external lightning protection system
external surge
extraneous conducting part
fastener
first return stroke
first stroke
flash charge
flash duration

()
,

106
flashover
foundation earth electrode
frequency of damage by lightning
grid
ground terminal
impulse charge
impulse resistance
induced voltage
inspection
installing contractor
interaction
intercept
interconnected reinforce steel
internal discharge
internal down- conductor
internal lightning protection system
internal surge
internal system
isolated lightning protection system
isolating interfaces
joint
leader
lightning arrester
lightning attachment point
lightning current
lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP)
lightning equipotential bonding
lightning flash
lightning protection design engineer
lightning protection level (LPL)
lightning protection zone (LPZ)

,
,

(),

107
lightning stroke
local bonding bar
long stroke
magnetic induction
mechanical damage
mesh
mesh method
metal installation
mild steel
multiple strokes
natural component
negative flash
negative impulse
neutral
non- isolated lightning protection system
non- uniformfield
overhead groundwire
overvoltage arrester
partial breakdown
performance
point of strike
polarity of lightning current
positive impulse
power supply cable
protection level
protection measures
protective angle
protective angle method
protective gap
protective zone
proximity

108
puncture
radial
return stroke
ring conductor
ring earth electrode
rod
rolling sphere method
routine test
safety distance
screening
shielding
short stroke
side flash
single stroke
space to be protected
spark gap
spark over
spatial shielding
specific energy
standard impulse
steel frame structure
step potential
step voltage
streamer mechanism
striking distance
strip
stroke duration
subsequencial stroke
surface discharge
surface resistance
surge

W/R

109
surge diverter
surge impedance
surge protection device (SPD)
surge suppressor (SS)
surrounding
testing joint
tolerable risk : RT
touch potential
touch voltage
type test
uniform field
upward flash
vertical earth electrode
zone of protection

110

lightning current
streamer mechanism
lightning arrester
overvoltage arrester
displacement
screening, Shielding
spatial shielding
puncture
exothermic weld
surface discharge
internal discharge
inspection
bonding
bonding connection
common ground
type test
routine test
acceptance test
direct breakdown
complete breakdown
lightning equipotential bonding
equipotential bonding
diffusion
brazing
magnetic induction

111

(BIL)

( )

(),

critical field gradient

polarity of lightning current
ground terminal
standard impulse
electric field intensity
dielectric Strength
BIL (Basic Insulation level)
electric field stress
surface resistance
impulse resistance
frequency of damage by lightning
tolerable risk : RT
mechanical damage
electrical damage
coupling
CFO (Critical Flashover Voltage)
characteristic
cable
power supply cable
earth resistance meter
clamp
bonding network
attachment point
joint
testing joint
earth termination
point of strike
lightning attachment point
earthing reference point
stroke duration
flash duration

112

spark gap
protective gap
extraneous conducting part
external conductive parts
intercept
conductors
bonding conductor
bus conductor
down conductor
internal down- conductor
air terminal
ring conductor
fastener
mesh
grid
strip
proximity
rod
bonding bar
local bonding bar
radial
equipotential contour
protective zone , Space to be protected
equivalent collection area
partial breakdown
sparkover
cloud charges
flash charge
impulse charge
authority
installing contractor

113
W/R

()

specific energy
direct stroke
electrodynamic
protection measures
protective angle
zone of protection
lightning protection zone (LPZ)
protection level
lightning protection level (LPL)
non- isolated lightning protection system
isolated lightning protection system
external lightning protection system
internal lightning protection system
internal system
earth termination system
safety distance
striking distance
earth electrode
counterpoise
vertical earth electrode
foundation earth electrode
ring earth electrode
corona inception voltage
step voltage
touch voltage
induced voltage
earth termination voltage
lightning stroke
lightning stroke
long stroke
short stroke

114

multiple strokes
single stroke
return stroke
first return stroke
subsequencial stroke
first stroke
lightning flash
upward flash
downward flash
negative impulse
side flash
flashover
mesh method
rolling sphere method
protective angle method
lightning protection design engineer
step potential
touch potential
non- uniform field
uniform field
conductivity
performance
isolating interfaces
overhead ground wire
neutral
metal installation
surrounding
steel frame structure
equipotential line
surge
external surge

115

internal surge
surge impedance
leader
mild steel
copper-clad steel
interconnected reinforce steel
natural component
interaction
positive impulse
lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP)
negative impulse
conventional earthing impedance
surge suppressor (SS)
surge protection device (SPD)
surge diverter