Formulae

p = h γ = hρg
Force acting on a plane surface immersed in a fluid = Pressure at the centroid ×
Area
Ixx
y ' = yc +
Ay c

p V2
Energy per unit weight of the fluid flowing, + + z = Const (Bernoulli equation)
ρg 2 g
for a streamline
Q = A.V
Sum of the forces acting on a CV in any direction = Momentum flow rate out of the
CV in that direction − Momentum flow rate in to the CV
Momentum flow rate = ρQV

2( p1 − p 2 )  A12 
Flow through a venturi meter, Q = C d A1 /  2 − 1
ρ  A2 
πR 4  dp 
Laminar flow through a pipe, Q = −  
8µ  dx 

L V2
Darcy-Weisbach equation hL = f
D 2g
ρVD VD
Reynolds number, Re = or =
µ υ
V
Froude number, Fr = gl

V
Mach number, Ma =
c
Inertia force = ρL2V2
Power = Work done per unit time or Energy per unit time
= (Energy per unit mass of fluid flowing) × Mass flow rate
Work done = force x distance
The Borda -Carnot head loss = V1 2 / 2g (1-A1/A2) 2