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CHNG IV. CNG NGH NUI CY T BO TRN DUNG HP T BO Lai t bo sinh dng l k thut to ra ging mi bng dung hp t bo trn (protoplast fusion). Trong k thut lai v tnh, nhn ca hai t bo c th c gi nguyn hoc nhn ca mt trong hai t bo b loi b. C hai trng hp, t bo cht ca hai t bo c hp nht vi nhau, v nh vy, c nhiu c tnh tt do cc gene trong t bo cht iu khin s c chuyn vo con lai. i vi loi cy trng nhn ging v tnh nh khoai ty, dung hp t bo trn v nhn dng v tnh s to ra cc ging khoai c th bi l v cho nng sut cao hn ging khoai ty thng. i vi la, ng, gene iu khin tnh bt dc c nm trong t bo cht, nu c chuyn vo ging m s gip cho cc nh chn ging to ra c ging bt dc c trong chng trnh chn to ging lai. Nh vy, k thut lai v tnh s rt ngn c thi gian to dng m rt nhiu so vi phng php lai li (backcross). 1. Khi nim t bo trn T bo trn l t bo c tch b thnh t bo. Lc ny, nguyn sinh cht v cc bo quan ch c bao bc bi mng nguyn sinh cht. T bo trn thc vt c gi l protoplast. T bo trn c hai c im quan trng: C kh nng tip nhn mt on hoc ton b DNA l. c tnh ny ch c t bo vi khun, cc t bo nguyn thy trong m thc vt khng c c tnh ny. Khi c a vo mi trng c y cht dinh dng thch hp, t bo trn c kh nng ti sinh vch t bo. y l c tnh ht sc c bit ca t bo trn. Nh , t bo trn mi phc hi c ton b chc nng ca mt t bo nguyn thy. Khi t bo trn ti to c vch v tr li thnh t bo nguyn thy, chng s li c kh nng pht trin v phn chia hon ton ging nh nhng t bo bnh thng. Khi to ra c t bo trn, cc nh khoa hc cho thy kh nng v cng ln ca n trong nghin cu cng nh trong sn xut: S dng t bo trn nh mt i tng sinh hc trong cng tc lai ging. Khi s dng cc t bo trn cng loi lai ging, vt cht di truyn ca cc c th trong cng mt loi c th trao i cho nhau. Kt qu l thu nhn c nhng tnh trng mi trong mi loi. Ngoi ra, cc nh khoa hc cn da vo kh nng
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tip nhn khng chn lc cc vt cht di truyn ca t bo trn tin hnh lai khc loi v t to ra c tnh a dng sinh hc. S dng t bo trn nh c th nhn cc vt liu di truyn t cc gii sinh vt khc. y l bc t ph rt quan trng trong Cng ngh sinh hc. Nh , cc nh khoa hc c kh nng to ra nhng ging mi khng ch c c tnh ca mt loi, khc loi m cn khc c gii sinh vt. Vic ti sinh t bo trn thnh cy hon chnh c ng dng nhiu trong nghin cu v trong sn xut. S dng t bo trn sn xut cc hp cht th cp ging nh phng php nui cy t bo n. 2. Cng ngh nui cy t bo trn 2.1. Chn mu v kh trng mu T bo trn thng c to ra t l thc vt. Vic chn mu l ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc ch nghin cu. Mu l c kh trng tng t nh i vi nhng mu thc vt dng trong nui cy m. Sau khi kh trng, mu c ngm trong dung dch manitol 13% trong 1 gi loi nc ra khi t bo cht. Mc ch ca vic ny l to ra hin tng co nguyn sinh mng t bo tch khi vch t bo, gip cho qu trnh x l vch c thun li hn. Sau khi ngm trong dung dch manitol, tin hnh tch mt di ca l lm tng din tch tip xc ca enzyme vi vch t bo. 2.2. X l enzyme to t bo trn Trong k thut to t bo trn, khng th s dng cc phng php c hc hoc ha hc ph v vch t bo v cn phi bo m hot tnh sinh hc ca t bo. Cc ch phm c cha enzyme cellulase thng c s dng to t bo trn. Enzyme cellulase s tham gia phn ct cellulose c rt nhiu thnh t bo m khng nh hng n mng t bo v cc thnh phn khc c trong t bo thc vt. Ngoi cellulase, cc ch phm enzyme cn cha nhiu loi enzyme khc nh hemicellulase, pectinase, lignase. 2.3. Tch t bo trn 2.3.1. Tch t bo trn t l T bo trn c tch t l qua 4 bc: kh trng l, lt v lp biu b, x l enzyme trong iu kin p sut thm thu thch hp v c lp t bo trn bng cch lc v ly tm. Mu l c ly t cy non c ra sch bng nc my. Kh trng s b bng cn 70 trong thi gian 1 5 pht, sau ra li bng nc ct v trng. L non thng c kh trng bng calcium hypochlorite hay sodium
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hypochlorite, thi gian kh trng ph thuc vo mu nui cy. Mu sau khi v trng s c a vo tch t bo trn. Sau , tch lp biu b di mt l enzyme c th ngm su vo nhu m tht l. L c ct ra thnh tng mnh nh v ngm vo dung dch enzyme. trnh tnh trng mng t bo b rch cn ngm mu l trong dung dch manitol, sorbitol, glucose, sucrose 8 20% hoc trong dung dch mui v c 0,3 0,5 M trong thi gian 45 60 pht t bo co nguyn sinh gip n nh mng t bo. Dung dch enzyme c v trng bng cch lc qua mng lc v trng c kch thc 45 m. Dung dch enzyme c s dng ring l hay phi hp vi nhau pH v p sut thm thu thch hp. Phng php c lp mt bc Cc mu l c ngm trong dung dch enzyme v trong ti qua m 25C s thu c hn hp t bo trn. Tin hnh loi b cc m v cm t bo khng b enzyme phn hy hon ton bng cch ht hn hp ra bng ng ht c chia . Sau cc t bo trn c lc trn mng lc Phng php c lp hai bc Trong phng php ny, cc mu l sau khi c lt b lp biu b s c ngm trong dung dch pectinase 0,5-2% c p dng thm thu thch hp v pH l 5,8. Cc bc tip theo tng t phng php c lp mt bc nhng dch t bo c ngm trong dung dch enzyme ln th 2 thu nhn hon ton cc t bo nhu m giu. 2.3.2. Tch t bo trn t m so Ngun nguyn liu l tng c lp t bo trn l m so ang trong giai on tng trng tch cc. Phng php c lp t bo trn t m so cng tng t nh i vi l nhng nng enzyme thch hp c bit l cellulase c th thp hn. Cc m so c nui cy lu ngy kh c th tch t bo trn hn l cc m so mi v vch t bo dy hn. V vy nn s dng m so mi tch t bo trn v thi gian gia 2 ln cy chuyn khng nn ko di qu 2 tun trc khi tin hnh c lp. 2.3.3. Tch t bo trn t huyn ph t bo Mt ngun nguyn liu khc c lp t bo trn l huyn ph t bo mi c nui cy v ang trong trng thi tng trng mnh. c lp t bo trn, dch huyn ph t bo c mt t bo cao c cho vo ng ly tm hnh nn v ly tm vi tc 100 vng trong 1-2 pht. Sau loi b phn dch ni v thu nhn phn t bo cn li. Phn t bo ny c cho vo mi trng MS ra v ly tm li. Phn trn mt c loi b v t bo c ngm trong 5 ml hn hp cc enzyme (14% cellulase v 0,5-2% pectinase) ri t trn my lc tc 75 vng/pht v c trong khong thi gian 2-6 gi.
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2.4. Xc nh mt t bo trn T bo trn c nhum bng phm nhum fluorescein diacetate xc nh s sng st ca t bo trn. Mt t bo c xc nh bng bung m hng cu. 2.5. Qu trnh nui cy v ti sinh t bo trn c trng c bn ca thc vt l tnh ton th, do t mt t bo trn c lp c th ti sinh thnh mt cy nguyn vn trong iu kin nui cy thch hp. Bc u tin trong qu trnh nui cy v ti sinh t bo trn l ti to vch t bo bao quanh pha ngoi mng t bo. Mi trng nui cy t bo trn thng cha 13% manitol (gip duy tr p sut thm thu ca mi trng trnh trng hp t bo b mt nc nh hng n kh nng sng v tng trng ca t bo). Khi vch t bo c ti to th s phn chia t bo c cm ng to ra nhng cm t bo. Nhng cm t bo ny c th c cm ng tip tc to ra nhng m so nh. M so c cy chuyn sang mi trng mi, nu mi trng mi c cha auxin th m so s tng sinh khi, nu mi trng mi khng c auxin v manitol th m so s pht sinh phi v phi ny s pht trin thnh cy hon chnh trn mi trng thch hp. Mi trng nui cy t bo trn Thnh phn mi trng nui cy t bo trn thng tng t nh thnh phn mi trng nui cy m so v huyn ph t bo. iu khc nhau ch yu l s n nh p sut thm thu trong c mi trng c lp v mi trng nui cy t bo trn thay th cho p lc ca thnh t bo ln mng t bo nh trong mt t bo nguyn vn. Nu nh khng c mt p sut thm thu thch hp th mng t bo trn s nhanh chng b co li. Nhiu nghin cu chng minh rng p lc thm thu ln mi trng nui cy t bo trn c lp t l c th b nh hng nghim trng bi cc iu kin mi trng xung quanh. Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng mun gim p lc thm thu trong mi trng nui cy th phi vt liu thc vt trong ti trong mt khong thi gian di trc khi c lp t bo trn. lm gim p lc thm thu ngi ta thng b sung manitol, sorbitol, glucose hoc sucrose vo hn hp enzyme. Cc nghin cu cho thy nng Fe2+, Zn2+, NH4+, trong mi trng nui cy m l qu cao so vi mi trng nui cy t bo trn. Vic tng nng Ca2+ trong mi trng nui cy t bo trn thch hp duy tr tnh nguyn vn ca mng t bo. Vitamin cng cn thit trong mi trng nui cy t bo trn v nng s dng cng tng t nh trong mi trng nui cy m. Thiamine, myoinositol, acid nicotinic v pyridoxine thng c b sung trong mi trng nui cy. Ngun nitrogen hu c thng c cung cp bi casein hydrolysate.
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Auxin v cytokinin cn thit cm ng s ti to thnh t bo v s phn chia ca t bo. 3. Dung hp t bo trn v s lai v tnh 3.1. Khi nim v dung hp t bo trn Mt trong nhng ng dng thc t quan trng nht ca t bo trn l s lai v tnh, mt qu trnh quan trng mt khi khng c s tng thch trong lai hu tnh v cc phng php lai khc b tht bi. Cc t bo trn c th dung hp vi nhau mt cch t nhin trong sut qu trnh c lp hoc s dung hp ny s xy ra trong mt iu kin c bit no . Trong qu trnh c lp, s dung hp s xy ra gia hai hoc nhiu t bo gn nhau. Qu trnh ny xy ra khi cu lin bo gia cc t bo trn nm cnh nhau gin ra v kt qu l nhn v t bo cht ca hai t bo trn s ha chung vi nhau thnh mt n v. Hin tng ny xy ra vi tn s cao gia cc t bo trn c lp t m so hay huyn ph t bo hn l cc t bo trn c lp t l. Tip theo s dung hp l t bo a nhn ny s ti to thnh t bo v nhn s bt u phn chia ngay cng lc . S dung hp cc t bo trn t cc ngun nguyn liu khc nhau phi c cm ng bi mt vi iu kin c bit v nhng iu kin c bit ny s lm cho cc t bo gn vi nhau m khng lm ph v tnh ton vn ca t bo. Nu nh nhng t bo trn c c lp t cc ngun t bo khc nhau m c x l c c s lai v tnh th t bo lai ny s cha cc vt cht trong nhn c ngun gc khc nhau v qu trnh ny c gi l lai v tnh. Cc t bo trn lai c th c nui cy bng phng php dn mng hoc cc cm t bo lai s c chuyn sang mi trng to m so. Trong iu kin mi trng thch hp th cc t bo trn lai c th ti sinh thnh mt thc vt lai v tnh. 3.2. Phng php cm ng s dung hp t bo trn Nm 1974, Kao v Michayluk pht hin polyethylene glycol (PEG) gy ra s kt dnh v dung hp tt t bo thc vt v xc nh c cc iu kin t tn sut to cc th lai cao. Mt trong nhng vn chnh ca k thut ny l vic phn bit v tch cc th lai. Cc sn phm dung hp c th c phn bit bng mt thng, bng gene nh du, bng cch dung mi trng chn lc, bng cch dng t bo trn t cc loi m khc nhau hoc c nhum bng cc cht pht hunh quang. Nhng nm gn y, nhng phng th nghim hin i dng phng php dung hp bng in tin hnh dung hp t bo trn ca nhiu loi cy. Ngi ta da vo xung in ca mt thit b to xung in tng tn sut dung hp t bo trn khi i qua cc cc ca my xung in. 3.2.1. Phng php x l c hc T bo trn c lp c gom li cho nm gn vi nhau nh mt dng c cm tay cc nh v mt micropipette. Mt phn ca u micropipette c chn
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li v vy cc t bo trn c gi li v c y i theo dng cht lng. S lng t bo dung hp nh phng php ny rt thp v v vy phng php ny khng thng dng. 3.2.2. X l bng nitrate sodium T bo trn c lp c c trong mt hn hp NaNO3 5,5% trong dung dch sucrose 10%. Dung dch c cha nhng t bo trn ny c gi n nh trong nc 35C trong 5 pht v sau em i ly tm 200 vng trong 5 pht. Sau khi ly tm, nhng phn ni ln trn mt c loi b v cc cm t bo c cho vo nc trong 30 pht. Trong sut qu trnh ny, hu ht cc t bo trn s tin hnh dung hp. Cc cm t bo c gn ra s c a vo trong mi trng nui cy c b sung 0,1% NaNO3. Cc t bo trn c yn trong mt khong thi gian, sau c ra ln th hai vi mi trng nui cy ri em i cy dn mng. 3.2.3. X l bng ion Ca2+ (pH cao) Keller v Melchers nghin cu vai tr ca ion Ca2+ v pH cao trong dung hp t bo trn thuc l. Trong phng php ny, t bo trn c ly tm trong 3 pht vi tc 50 vng/pht trong mi trng cm ng s dung hp gm c 0,5M manitol, 0,05M CaCl2.2H2O pH 10.5. Cc ng ly tm c cha t bo trn c ngm trong nc 37C trong 40-50 pht. Sauk hi x l xong c khong 20-50% t bo trn c dung hp. 3.2.4. X l bng Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Mt trong nhng phng php thnh cng nht trong cm ng s dung hp cc t bo trn l t t bo trn trong dung dch c cha PEG, dung dch ny lm tng s kt dnh ca t bo trn v cm ng s dung hp t bo trn ca mt s loi thc vt. Ht 1 ml dung dch mi trng c cha t bo trn vi mt thch hp cho vo ng nghim cha mi trng nui cy c 1 ml dung dch PEG 56%. ng nghim c lc trong 5 giy ri sau yn 10 pht. T bo trn sau c ra vi ln loi b PEG ri chuyn li vo trong mi trng nui cy. Ch khi mt t bo trn ph hp th mi c th s dng phng php ny cm ng s dung hp. T bo trn t hai ngun khc nhau c duy tr vi mt tng ng nhau v c cho 4-6 git (mi git c th tch khong
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100 l) vo mt hp petri nh v yn trong 5-10 pht nhit phng. Sau 2-3 git (50 l) PEG c nh bn ra git t bo trn cm ng s dung hp. Nh cc git c cha t bo trn ln tm knh y mu vt t trong mt a petri sau c th d dng chuyn t bo trn trong cc bc tip theo. Cch ny cng ngn khng cho t bo trn dnh vo thnh a petri v ng thi cng d dng cho vic c nh, nhum mu v quan st.
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