Trang 3

LI M U
Ch ha kh (hay cn gi l bnh xng con) c s dng trn t t nhng
nm u ca nghnh cng nghip ny.Nhng ngy nay Ch ha kh ang dn c
thay th bng h thng Phun xng in t vi nhiu u im vt tri c bit l c
th to nn ha kh c t l l tng tt c cc xi lanh .
Nhn thy c s thay i cho nn , nhm chng em di s hng dn
ca thy Ng Phi Long hon thnh . M hnh ng c phun xng 7A-FE s dng
h thng phun xng in t . Vi vic hon thnh m hnh ny , trc ht chng em
c th nng cao kin thc ca mnh ng thi to iu kin cho cc th h sinh vin
mai sau c iu kin tham kho v hc tp.
Trong qu trnh thc hin , mc d c gng hon thnh vi tt c s n lc
ca bn thn , nhng chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st .Chng em knh
mong nhn c s cm thng v tn tnh ch bo gp ca qu thy c .
Xin chn thnh cm n ! .

Trang 4

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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K xc nhn ca gio vin hng dn

Trang 5

NHN XT CA GIO VIN K DUYT

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K xc nhn ca gio vin duyt

Trang 6

LI CM N
u tin,chng em xin chn thnh cm n Khoa C Kh ng Lc , trng
Cao ng K Thut Cao Thng to iu kin cho chng em c th hon thnh tt
ti n tt nghip ny.
c bit , chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy Ng Phi Long
ngi tn tnh hng dn , ch bo chng em trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti.
Xin ni ln lng bit n su sc i vi ng B ,Cha M chm sc ,nui
dy chng con nn ngi.
Xin cm n tt c cc bn hc cng kha nhit tnh chia s nhng kinh
nghim , nhng kin thc qu bu , cng nh lun ng vin v gip chng ti
trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.
Mc d c gng hon thnh n vi tt c s n lc ca bn thn , nhng
chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st .Chng em knh mong nhn c s
cm thng v tn tnh ch bo gp ca qu thy c v cc bn.
Cui cng , xin gi n tt c mi ngi li cm n chn thnh nht

Trang 7

MC LC

Trang

A . PHN M U .............................................................................. 8
B . NI DUNG CHNH ....................................................................... 9
CHNG 1 . TN HIU CC NG VO ................................................. 9
1.1 . Ngun cung cp ECU ................................................................... 9
1.2 . Cm bin p sut ng ng np................................................. 11
1.3 . Cm bin v tr bm ga ............................................................... 14
1.4 . Cm bin v tr piston ( G ) v tc ng c ............................. 15
1.5 . Cm bin nhit nc lm mt ................................................. 17
1.6 . Cm bin nhit kh np ............................................................ 20
1.7 . Cm bin oxy ................................................................................ 21
CHNG 2 . C CU CHP HNH ........................................................ 26
2.1 . iu khin nh la ..................................................................... 26
2.2 . iu khin nhin liu .................................................................... 42
2.2.1 . iu khin bm xng ...................................................... 42
2.2.2 . iu khin kim phun ....................................................... 45
2.3 . iu khin cm chng .................................................................. 55
CHNG 3 . H THNG T CHUN ON ........................................ 60
3.1 . Gii thiu ...................................................................................... 60
3.2 . Chc nng fail safe .................................................................... 63
3.3 . Chc nng Back up ................................................................... 65
3.4 . Chc nng ca n check engine ............................................ 66
C . KT LUN............................................................................................... 67
D . TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................... 68

Trang 8

A . PHN M U
Ch ha kh ( hay cn gi l bnh xng con ) c s dng rng ri trn t
nhng nm u ca ngnh cng nghip t . Tuy nhin vi s pht trin nhanh chng
ca nn khoa hc k thut n cng tr nn li thi lc hu m mt h thng tin tin
khc c thay th . l h thng phun xng bng in t vi nhiu u im
vt tri so vi b ch ha kh , c bit l n c th to nn mt t l ha kh l
tng tt c cc xy lanh ca ng c . hiu r thm v h thng phun xng in
t ny , chng ta bc u i vo phn ni dung m h thng phun xng c gii
thiu y l H thng phun xng in t ca ng c TOYOTA 7A FE .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

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B . NI DUNG
CHNG I . TN HIU CC NG VO
Tn hiu cc ng vo c pht ra t cc cm bin, n c nhim v cung cp
thng tin v tnh trng ca ng c cho ECU. S dng cm bin thu nhn cc bin
i v nhit , s dch chuyn v tr ca cc chi tit, chn khng...Chuyn i
thnh cc dng tn hiu in m c th truyn i, lu tr, so snh.
1.1 . NGUN CUNG CP ECU
C hai loi mch cp ngun cho ECU.Mt loi , dng in dng in chy trc
tip t kha in n cun dy ca rle EFI chnh kch hot rle (loi khng s
dng m t bc trong van iu khin ISC ). Cn loi kia, ECU ng c trc tip
kch hot rle EFI (loi s dng m t bc trong van iu khin ISC).
-

Ngun cp ECU y l loi iu khin bng kha in :

Hnh I- 1.1.1 : S mch ngun loi iu khin bng kha in .

Khi bt kha in ON , dng in chy vo cun dy ca rle chnh EFI , lm cho tip
im ng li . Vic ny cung cp in cho cc cc +B v +B1 ca ECU ng c .
in p ca c quy lun lun cung cp cho cc BATT ca ECU ng c trnh cho

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 10

cc m chun on v cc d liu khc trong b nh ca n khng b xa khi tt kha

in OFF .
Mch ni mass :

Hnh I-1.1.2 : S mch in ni mass

ECU ng c c 3 mch ni mt c bn sau :
Ni mass iu khin ECU ng c ( E1 ) :
Cc E1 ny l cc tip mass ca ECU ng c v thng c ni vi bung np kh
ca ng c .
Ni mass cho cm bin ( E2 , E21 ) :
Cc cc E2 v E21 l cc cc tip mass ca cm bin v chng c ni vi cc E1
trong ECU ng c .
Chng trnh cho cc cm bin khng b pht hin cc tr s in p li bng cch duy
tr in th tip mass ca cm bin v in th tip mass ca ECU ng c cng mt
mc
Ni mass iu khin b chp hnh ( E01 , E02 ) :

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 11

Cc cc E01 v E02 l cc tip mass cho b chp hnh , nh cho cc b chp hnh ,
van ISC v b sy cm bin t l khng kh nhin liu . Cng ging nh cc E1 ,
E01 v E02 c ni gn bung np kh ca ng c .
1.2 . CM BIN P SUT NG NG NP (Cm bin chn khng )
Cm bin p sut ng ng np l mt trong nhng cm bin quan trng nht
trong EFI kiu D .

Hnh I -1.2.1 :Cm bin p sut ng ng np

Trn h thng phun xng , lng kh np i vo xylanh c xc nh gin tip thng
qua cm bin ny . Khi ti thay i , p sut trong ng ng np s thay i v MAP
sensor s chuyn thnh tn hiu in th bo v ECU tnh ra lng khng kh i
vo xylanh . Sau da vo gi tr ny ECU s iu khin thi gian m kim phun v
thi im nh la .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 12

1.2.1 ) Cu to v nguyn l hot ng :

Hot ng da trn nguyn l cu Wheatstone . Mch cu ny c s dng
trong thit b nhm to ra mt in th ph hp vi s thay i in tr .
Cm bin bao gm mt tm silicon nh ( hay gi l mng ngn ) dy hn hai mp
ngoi ( khong 0,25 mm ) v mng hn gia ( khong 0,025 mm ) . Hai mp c
lm kn cng vi mt trong ca tm silicon to thnh bung chn khng trong cm
bin . Mt ngoi tm silicon tip xc vi p sut ng ng np . Hai mt ca tm
silicon tip xc vi p sut ng ng np . Hai mt ca tm silicon c ph thch
anh to thnh in tr p in ( Piezoresistor ) .

Hnh I 1.2.2 : Cm bin p sut ng ng np

1 . Mch bn dn , 2 . Bung chn khng , 3 . gic cm , 4 . Lc kh , 5 . ng ng
np
Khi p sut ng np thay i , gi tr ca in tr p in s thay i . Cc in tr p
in c ni thnh cu Wheatsone . Khi mng ngn khng b bin dng ( tng ng
vi trng hp ng c cha hot ng hoc ti ln ) , tt c bn in tr p in u
c gi tr bng nhau v lc khng c s chnh lch in p gia 2 u cu . Khi p
sut ng ng np gim , mng silicon b bin dng dn n gi tr in tr cng
thay i v lm mt cn bng Wheastone . Kt qu l gia 2 u cu s c s chnh
lch in p v tn hiu ny c khuch i iu khin m transistor ng ra ca
cm bin c cc C treo . m ca transistor ph thuc vo p sut ng ng np
dn ti s thay i in p bo v ECU .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Hnh I 1.2.3 : S nguyn l cm bin p sut ng ng np

1.2.2) Mch in :

Hnh I 1.2.4 : Mch in ca cm bin p sut ng ng np

1.2.3) ng c tnh :

Hnh I 1.2.5 : ng c tnh ca MAP sensor

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Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 14

1.3 . CM BIN V TR BM GA
Cm bin v tr bm ga c lp trn c hng gi. Cm bin ny chuyn ha
gc m bm ga thnh mt in p v gi n n ECU nh l mt tn hiu v gc m
bm ga. C hai loi cm bin v tr bm ga nh sau:
- Loi tip im
- Loi tuyn tnh
Trong ni dung ny xin gii thiu Cm bin v tr bm ga loi tuyn tnh do
n c s dng trn ng c phun xng 7A-FE.
1.3.1)Cu to

Hnh I 1.3.1 : Cm bin bm ga loi tuyn tnh

Loi ny c cu to gm hai con trt , u mi con trt c thit k c cc tip
im cho tn hiu cm chng v tn hiu gc m cnh bm ga , c cu to nh hnh I
1.3.1 .
1.3.2)Mch in

Hnh I 1.3.2 : Mch in cm bin v tr bm ga

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 15

Mt in p khng i 5V t ECU cung cp n cc VC . Khi cnh bm ga m , con

trt dc theo in tr v to ra in p tng dn cc VTA tng ng vi gc m
cnh bm ga . Khi cnh bm ga ng hon ton , tip im cm chng ni cc IDL
vi cc E2 .
1.4 .CM BIN V TR PISTON ( G ) V TC NG C ( NE )
Tn hiu G v NE c to ra bng rto hay cc a to ra tn hiu ny nhn
bit gc ca trc khuu v tc ng c. Cc tn hiu ny v cng quan trng cho h
thng EFI.
Cc cm bin to ra tn hiu ny c th chia thnh ba loi da trn v tr lp t,
nhng kt cu c bn v hot ng ca chng l nh nhau:
-

Loi t bn trong b chia in

Loi cm bin v tr cam

Loi tch ri

Hnh I 1.4.1 : S b tr cm bin NE v G ca TOYOTA

Trong ni dung ny xin gii thiu loi cm bin t trong b chia in.Trong
loi ny b chia in ca h thng iu khin ng c bao gm cc rto v cc cun
nhn tn hiu cho cc tn hiu G v NE

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 16

1.4.1)Cm bin v piston ( TDC sensor hay cn gi l cm bin G) :

Tn hiu G bo cho ECU bit gc trc khuu tiu chun , c s dng xc
nh thi im nh la v phun nhin liu so vi im cht trn ( t im thng
TDC) ca mi xylanh .

Hnh I 1.4.2 :S chung gm : tn hiu G v tn hiu NE

Hnh I 1.4.3 :Dng xung ca tn hiu G

Cc b phn ca b chia in s dng to tn hiu ny bao gm :
Rto ca tn hiu G . c bt vo trc ca b chia in v quay mt vng trong hai
vng quay ca trc khuu .
Cun nhn tn hiu G ( y l mt cun tn hiu), c lp trong v ca b chia in
1.4.2)Cm bin tc ng c ( Engine speed; cranks angle sensor hay cn
gi l tn hiu NE) :
Dng bo tc ng c tnh ton hoc tm gc nh la ti u v lng
nhin liu s phun cho tng xi lanh.

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 17

Hnh I 1.4.4 :S chung gm : tn hiu G v tn hiu NE

Cm bin ny cng c dng vo mc ch iu khin tc cm chng hoc ct
nhin liu ch cm chng cng bc.Tn hiu NE c sinh ra trong cun dy
nhn tn hiu nh rto. y rto tn hiu NE c 4 rng , n kch hot 2 cun nhn tn
hiu NE 4 ln trong mt vng quay ca trc b chia in , to tn hiu dng sng nh
hnh :

Hnh I 1.4.5 :Dng xung ca tn hiu NE

T tn hiu ny , ECU ng c nhn bit tc ng c cng nh thay i tng 1800
mt ca gc quay truc khuu .
1.5 . CM BIN NHIT NC LM MT
Dng xc nh nhit ng c , c cu to l mt in tr nhit (
thermistor ) hay l mt diode .
1.5.1)Nguyn l :
in tr nhit l mt phn t cm nhn thay i in tr theo nhit . N
c lm bng vt liu bn dn nn c h s nhit in tr m ( NTC negative
temperature co efficient ) . Khi nhit tng ln in tr gim v ngc li . S thay

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 18

i gi tr in tr s lm thay i gi tr in p c gi n ECU trn nn tng cu

phn p .

Hnh I 1.5.1 : Mch in ca cm bin nhit nc lm mt .

Theo s :
in p 5V qua in tr chun ( in tr ny c gi tr khng i theo nhit ) ti
cm bin ri tr v ECU v mass . Do in tr chun v nhit in tr trong cm
bin to thnh mt cu phn p . in p im gia cu c a n b chuyn i
tn hiu tng t - s ( b chuyn i ADC analog to digital converter ) .
Khi nhit ng c thp , gi tr in tr cm bin cao v in p gi n b bin
i ADC ln . Tn hiu in p c chuyn i thnh mt dy xung vung v c
gii m nh b vi x l thng bo cho ECU bit ng c ang lnh . Khi ng c
nng , gi tr in tr cm bin ko theo in p t gim , bo cho ECU bit l ng
c ang nng .
1.5.2)Cu to :
Thng l tr rng c ren ngoi , bn trong c gn mt in tr dng bn dn
c h s nhit in tr m .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 19

Hnh I 1.5.2 : Cm bin nhit nc lm mt

1.u ghim , 2 . V , 3 . in tr ( NTC )
1.5.3)Mch in :

Hnh I 1.5.3 : Mch in cm bin nhit nc lm mt

1.5.4)ng c tnh :

Hnh I 1.5.4 : ng c tnh cm bin nhit nc lm mt

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 20

1.6 . CM BIN NHIT KH NP

1.6.1Cu to , hot ng:

Hnh I 1.6.1 :Cm bin nhit kh np

V bn cht cm bin nhit kh np hot ng ging nh cm bin nhit
nc lm mt . Vic xc nh nhit kh np l cn thit v khi thay i nhit dn
n s thay i p sut v mt khng kh . V khng kh m c hn khi lnh v
long hn khi nng . xc nh c m c ca khng kh nhit hin ti ,
ECU s tnh ton da vo hai d liu a vo l : nhit kh np , chn khng ti
hng ht .
Tn hiu cm bin nhit kh np c ECU s dng :
-

iu khin kim phun nhin liu lm m /long nhin liu

Kt hp vi cm bin chn khng xc nh lu lng kh np

Van hi lu kh thi .

T trng ca khng kh thay i theo nhit . Nu nhit khng kh cao , hm

lng oxy trong khng kh thp . Khi nhit khng kh thp , hm lng oxy trong
khng kh tng . Trong h thng iu khin phun xng , lu lng khng kh c o
bi cc b o gi khc nhau ch yu c tnh bng th tch . Do , khi lng
khng kh s ph thuc vo nhit kh np . ECU xem nhit 200C l mc chun ,
nu nhit kh np ln hn 200C th ECU s iu khin gim lng xng phun , nu
nhit kh np nh hn 200C th ECU s iu khin tng lng xng phun . Vi
phng php ny , t l hn hp s c m bo theo nhit mi trng .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 21

1.6.2)Mch in :

Hnh I 1.6.2 :Mch in ca cm bin nhit kh np

1.6.3)c tnh :

Hnh I 1.6.3 :c tnh ca cm bin nhit kh np

1.7 . CM BIN OXY ( Cm bin nng oxy )
Cm bin oxy nhn bit t l nhin liu khng kh l m hay nht hn so vi
t l l thuyt. N c lp trong ng x, trong on ng x trc cc loi cm bin
oxy ang s dng ch khc nhau ch yu v vt liu ca phn t cm nhn:
-Loi zirconia
-Loi titan

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 22

1.7.1)Cm bin Oxy loi zirconia

Hnh I 1.7.1 : Cm bin oxy

a)Cu to
Cm bin oxy loi Zirconia c mt phn t ch to bng ioxit Zirconia ( ZrO2
, mt loi gm ).

Hnh I 1.7.2 : Cu to ca cm bin oxy

1 .Thn ; 2 .m ; 3 .Dy ni ; 4 .V;5 .Thanh tip xc;6 .Gm ZrO2;7.Mng bo v
Thn cm bin c gi trong mt chn c ren , bao ngoi ng bo v v c ni vi
cc u dy in .
B mt ca cht ZrO2 c ph mt lp platin mng c mt trong ln mt ngoi .
Ngoi lp platin l lp gm ZrO2 rt xp v kt dnh , c nhim v bo v lp platin
khng b hng do va chm cc phn t rn c trong kh thi . Mt ng kim loi bo v
bao ngoi cm bin ti u mi in un kp gi lin vi v ng ny c mt l b

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 23

tr p sut trong cm bin v l xo a . gi cho mui than khng ng vo

lp gm ZrO2 , u tip xc kh thi ca cm bin c mt ng c bit c cu to dng
rnh kh thi v phn t kh chy i vo s b gi v khng tip xc trc tip vi
thn gm ZrO2.
c im ca pin oxy vi ZrO2 l nhit lm vic phi trn 3000C . Do , gim
thi gian ch , ngi ta dng loi cm bin c in tr nung bn trong . in tr dy
nung c lp trong cm bin v c cung cp in t c quy .
b)Hot ng
Nu nng oxy trn b mt trong ca phn t zirconia chnh lch ln so vi
b mt bn ngoi ti nhit cao ( 4000C hay cao hn ) , phn t zirconia s to in
p ng vai tr nh mt tn hiu OX n ECU ng c , bo v nng oxy trong
kh x ti mi thi im .
Khi t l khng kh nhin liu l nht , s c nhiu oxy trong kh x , nn ch c s
chn lch nh vi nng gia bn trong v bn ngoi phn t cm bin . V th in
p do n to ra nh ( gn 0V) . Ngc li , nu t l khng kh nhin liu m , oxy
trong kh x gn nh bin mt . iu to ra chnh lch ln v nng oxy bn
trong v bn ngoi ca cm bin , nn in p to ra tng i ln ( xp x 1V)

Hnh I 1.7.3 : Biu din t l khng kh nhin liu l thuyt

Platin ( ph bn ngoi phn t cm bin ) c tc dng nh mt cht xc tc , lm cho
oxy v CO ( Monoxit Cacbon ) trong kh x phn ng vi nhau . N lm gim lng
oxy v nhy ca cm bin .
Da trn tn hiu pht ra t cm bin ny , ECU ng c tng hay gim lng phun
duy tr t l khng kh nhin liu lun gn vi gi tr l thuyt .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

Trang 24

c)Mch in

Hnh I 1.7.4 :Mch in ca cm bin oxy

1.7.2)Cm bin Oxy vi thnh phn titannium
a)Cu to

Hnh I 1.7.5 : Cm bin Oxy loi titanium

Cm bin ny c cu to tng t nh loi zirconium nhng thnh phn nhn
bit oxy trong kh thi c lm t titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) . c tnh ca cht ny l
s thay i in tr theo nng oxy cn trong kh thi .
Khi kh thi cha lng oxy t do hn hp giu nhin liu , phn ng tch oxy khi
TiO2 d xy ra . Do in tr ca TiO2 c gi tr thp lm dng qua in tr tng ln
. Nh vy in p t vo cng so ca OP AMP qua cu phn p t gi tr 600 900
mV . Khi kh thi cha lng oxy nhiu do hn hp ngho , phn ng tch oxy ra khi
TiO2 c gi tr cao lm dng qua in tr gim , in th cng s gim xung
khong 100 400 Mv .

Tn hiu cc ng vo

b)Mch in

Hnh I 1.7.6 : Mch in ca Cm bin Oxy loi titanium

Trang 25

C cu chp hnh

Trang 26

CHNG 2 . C CU CHP HNH

2.1 .IU KHIN NH LA
2.1.1)M t
H thng ESA ( nh la sm in t ) l h thng iu khin thi im nh
la ca h thng nh la bng ECU. Trong h thng ny, vic iu khin gc nh
la sm v gc ngm in s c my tnh m nhn . Cc thng s nh tc ng
c, ti, nhit c cc cm bin m ha tn hiu a vo ECU x l v tnh ton
a ra gc nh la sm ti u theo tng ch hot ng ca ng c

Hnh II 2.1.1 : H thng nh la bn dn kiu ESA

u im :
-

Gc nh la sm c iu chnh ti u cho tng ch hot ng ca ng

c.

Gc ngm in lun lun iu chnh theo tc ng c v theo hiu in th

c quy , bo m in p th cp c gi tr cao mi thi im .

ng c khi ng d dng , cm chng m du , tit kim nhin liu v gim

c hi ca kh thi .

Cng sut v c tnh ng hc ca ng c c ci thin r rt .

C kh nng iu khin chng kch n cho ng c

C cu chp hnh

Trang 27

t b h hng , c tui th cao v khng cn bo dng .

c th xc nh chnh xc thi im nh la cho tng xylanh ca ng c theo

th t th n , ECU cn phi nhn c cc tn hiu cn thit nh tc ng c , v
tr piston , p sut ng ng np , nhit ng c S tn hiu vo cng nhiu th
vic xc nh gc nh la sm ti u cng chnh xc . S h thng nh la vi
c cu iu khin gc nh la sm bng in t c th chia thnh ba phn : tn hiu
vo ( input signals ) , ECU v tn hiu ECU ra iu khin ingiter ( output signals ) .

Hnh II 2.1.2 : S khi h thng nh la vi c cu iu khin gc nh

la sm bng in t
2.1.2)Cu to h thng nh la
a . B bin
B bin to ra in p cao phng tia h quang gia hai in cc ca bugi. Cc
cun s cp v th cp c qun quanh li. S vng ca cun th cp ln hn cun
s cp khong 100 ln. Mt u ca cun s cp c ni vi IC nh la, cn mt
u ca cun th cp c ni vi bugi. Cc u cn li ca cc cun c ni vi c
quy.

C cu chp hnh

Trang 28

Hot ng ca b bin
Khi ng c chy, dng in t c quy chy qua IC nh la, vo cun s cp,
ph hp vi tn hiu thi im nh la (IGT) do ECU ng c pht ra. Kt qu l cc
ng sc t trng c to ra chung quanh cun dy c li trung tm.

Hnh II 2.1.3 : Hot ng ca b bin

b . IC nh la
Hot ng
IC nh la thc hin mt cch chnh xc s ngt dng s cp i vo b bin
theo tn hiu nh la (IGT) do ECU ng c pht ra. Khi tn hiu IGT chuyn t ngt
sang dn, IC nh la bt u cho dng in vo cun s cp. Sau , IC nh la
truyn mt tn hiu khng nh (IGF) cho ECU ph hp vi cng ca dng s
cp. Tn hiu khng nh (IGF) c pht ra khi dng s cp t n mt tr s
c n nh IF1. Khi dng s cp vt qu tr s qui nh IF2 th h thng s xc
nh rng lng dng cn thit chy qua v cho pht tn hiu IGF tr v in th
ban u. (Dng sng ca tn hiu IGF thay i theo tng kiu ng c). Nu ECU
khng nhn c tn hiu IGF, n s quyt nh rng c sai st trong h thng nh
la. ngn nga s qu nhit, ECU s cho ngng phun nhin liu v lu gi s sai
st ny trong chc nng chn on. Tuy nhin, ECU ng c khng th pht hin cc
sai st trong mch th cp v n ch kim sot mch s cp nhn tn hiu IGF.

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Hnh II 2.1.4 : Hot g ca IC nh la

iu khin dng khng i

Hnh II 2.1.5 : Cc iu khin ca IC nh la

iu khin gc ng tip im
iu chnh qung thi gian (gc ng) tn ti ca dng s cp; thi gian
ny cn phi gim xung khi tc ca ng c tng ln . Khi tn hiu IGT chuyn t
dn sang ngt, IC nh la s ngt dng s cp. Vo thi im dng s cp b ngt ,

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in th hng trm vn c to ra trong cun s cp v hng chc ngn vn c to

ra trong cun th cp, lm cho bugi phng tia la.
c. Bugi
in th cao trong cun th cp lm pht sinh ra tia la gia in cc trung
tm v in cc ni mt ca bugi t chy hn hp ha kh c nn trong xy
lanh

Hnh II 2.1.6 : Cu to bugi

C cu nh la
S n ca hn hp ha kh do tia la t bugi c gi chung l s bc chy.
Tuy nhin, s bc chy khng phi xy ra tc khc, m din ra nh sau: Tia la xuyn
qua hn hp ha kh t in cc trung tm n in cc ni mt. Kt qu l phn hn
hp ha kh dc theo tia la b kch hot, phn ng ho hc (xy ho) xy ra, v sn
sinh ra nhit hnh thnh nhn ngn la. Nhn ngn la ny li kch hot hn hp
ha kh bao quanh, v phn hn hp ny li kch hot chung quanh n. C nh th
nhit ca nhn ngn la c m rng ra trong mt qu trnh lan truyn ngn la
t chy hn hp ha kh. Nu nhit ca cc in cc qu thp hoc khe h gia

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cc in cc qu nh, cc in cc s hp th nhit to ra t tia la. Kt qu l nhn

ngn la b tt v ng c khng n. Hin tng ny c gi l s dp tt in cc.
Nu hiu ng dp tt in cc ny ln th nhn ngn la s b tt.

Hnh II 2.1.7 : C cu nh la
c tnh nh la
Cc yu t sau y c nh hng n hiu qu nh la ca bugi:
Hnh dng in cc v c tnh phng in
Cc in cc trn kh phng in, trong khi cc in cc vung hoc nhn
li d phng in. Qua qu trnh s dng lu di, cc in cc b lm trn dn v tr
nn kh nh la. V vy, cn phi thay th bugi. Cc bugi c in cc mnh v nhn
th phng in d hn. Tuy nhin, nhng in cc nh th s chng mn v tui th
ca bugi s ngn hn. V th, mt s bugi c cc in cc c hn p platin hoc
iridium chng mn. Chng c gi l cc bugi c cc platin hoc iridium.

Hnh II 2.1.8 : c tnh nh la

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Khong thi gian thay th bugi: Kiu bugi thng thng: sau 10.000 n 60.000 km
Kiu c in cc platin hoc iridium: sau 100.000 n 240.000 km Khong thi gian
thay bugi c th thay i tu theo kiu xe, c tnh ng c, v nc s dng.
Khe h in cc v in p yu cu
Khi bugi b n mn th khe h gia cc in cc tng ln , v ng c c th b
my . Khi khe h gia cc trung tm v cc ni mass tng ln , s phng la gia cc
in cc tr nn kh khn . Do , cn c mt in p ln hn phng tia la . V
vy cn phi nh k iu chnh khe h in cc hoc thay th bugi .
Nu c th cung cp in p cn thit cho d khe h in cc tng ln th bugi s to
ra tia la mnh , mi la tt hn .
Cc bugi c in cc platin hoc iridium khng cn iu chnh khe h v chng khng
b mn .
Nhit t lm sch
Khi bugi t n mt nhit nht nh, n t chy ht cc mui than ng
trn khu vc nh la, gi cho khu vc ny lun sch. Nhit ny c gi l nhit
t lm sch. Tc dng t lm sch ca bugi xy ra khi nhit ca in cc vt
qu 4500 C. Nu cc in cc cha t n nhit t lm sch ny th mui than s
tch lu trong khu vc nh la ca bugi. Hin tng ny c th lm cho bugi khng
nh la c tt.

Hnh II 2.1.9 : Nhit t lm sch v t bn la

2.1.3)Cc tn hiu ca h thng ESA
H thng ESA c cc tn hiu c bn sau :
1 . Tn hiu tc ng c ( NE )

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2 . Tn hiu v tr piston ( G )
3 . Tn hiu ti
4 . Tn hiu t cm bin v tr cnh bm ga
5 . Tn hiu nhit nc lm mt
6 . Tn hiu in p c quy
7 . Tn hiu kch n
Ngoi ra cn c th c cc tn hiu vo t cc cm bin tc xe, cm bin oxy. Sau
khi nhn tn hiu t cc cm bin ECU s x l v a ra xung n Igniter iu
khin nh la.
Tn hiu IGT :
ECU ng c tnh ton thi im nh la ti u theo cc tn hiu t cc cm
bin khc nhau v truyn tn hiu IGT n IC nh la. Tn hiu IGT c bt ON
ngay trc khi thi im nh la c b vi x l trong ECU ng c tnh ton , v
sau tt i . Khi tn hiu IGT b ngt , cc bugi s nh la .

Hnh II 2.1.10 : Tn hiu iu khin nh la IGT

Tn hiu IGF :
IC nh la gi mt tn hiu IGF n ECU ng c bng cch dng lc in
ng ngc c to ra khi dng s cp n cun nh la b ngt hoc bng gi tr
dng in s cp . Khi ECU ng c nhn c tn hiu IGF n xc nh rng vic
nh la xy ra ( tuy nhin iu ny khng c ngha l thc s c nh la ) .
Nu ECU ng c khng nhn c tn hiu IGF , chc nng chun on s vn hnh
v mt DTC c lu trong ECU ng c v chc nng an ton hot ng v lm
ngng phun nhin liu .

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2.1.3)Nguyn l hot ng

Hnh II 2.1.11 : S mch in ca h thng nh la lp trnh c b chia in

Sau khi nhn tt c cc tn hiu t cc cm bin , b x l trung tm ( CPU ) s x l
cc tn hiu v a ra cc xung tn hiu ph hp vi gc nh la sm ti u np
sn trong b nh iu khin transitor T1 to ra cc xung IGT a vo igniter . Cc
xung IGT i qua mch kim sot gc ngm ( dwell angle control ) v s c xn
trc khi iu khin ng ngt transitor cng sut T2 . Cc E ca transitor cng sut
T2 mc ni tip vi in tr ( c gi tr rt nh ) cm bin dng s cp kt hp vi b
kim sot gc ngm in hn ch dng s cp trong trng hp dng s cp tng
cao hn quy nh . Khi transitor T2 ngt b pht xung hi tip IGF dn v ngc li ,
khi T2 dn b pht xung IGF ngt , qu trnh ny s to dng xung IGF . Xung IGF s
c gi tr li b x l trung tm trong ECU bo rng h thng nh la ang
hot ng phc v cng tc chun on . Ngoi ra , m bo an ton , xung IGF
cn c dng m mch phun xng . Trong trng hp khng c xung IGF , cc
kim phun s ngng phun sau thi gian vi giy . in p t cm bin in t trong
delco c a thng vo igniter . Ti y , sau khi chuyn thnh xung vung s gi
v ECU . ECU da vo xung ny xc nh ng thi tc ng c v v tr piston
da vo a ra xung IGT iu khin nh la sm .

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a . iu chnh gc nh la sm
Gc nh la sm c bn c xc nh bng cch dng tn hiu NE , tn hiu
VG hoc tn hiu PIM . Tn hiu NE v VG c dng xc nh gc nh la sm
c bn v c lu gi trong b nh ca ECU ng c .

Hnh II 2.1.12 : Biu th gc nh la c bn

Gc nh la sm thc t khi ng c hot ng c xc nh bng cng thc sau :

= bd + cb + hc
Trong :

: gc nh la sm thc t
bd : gc nh la sm ban u
cb : gc nh la sm c bn
hc : gc nh la sm hiu chnh

Hnh II 2.1.13 : Gc nh la sm thc t

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Yu cu :
Gc nh la sm nht 35 ~ 450
Gc nh la sm nht -10 ~ 00
Gc nh la sm ban u (bd) ph thuc vo v tr ca delco hoc cm bin v tr
piston ( tn hiu G ) . Thng thng gc nh la sm ban u c hiu chnh trong
khong t 50 n 150 trc t im thng tc cm chng . H thng nh la
vi c cu iu khin gc nh la sm bng in t , khi iu chnh gc nh la
sm , ta ch chnh c gc nh la sm ban u .
Da vo tn hiu NE v ti ng c ( t tn hiu p sut trn ng ng np ) , ECU s
c gi tr ca gc nh la sm c bn c lu tr trong b nh .
Gc nh la sm hiu chnh (hc) l gc nh la sm c cng thm hoc gim
bt khi ECU nhn c cc tn hiu khc nhau nh nhit ng c nhit kh np ,
tn hiu kch n , tn hiu tc xe V vy gc nh la sm thc t c tnh bng
gc nh la sm ban u cng vi gc nh la sm c bn v gc nh la sm
hiu chnh t c gc nh la sm l tng theo tng ch hot ng ca
ng c .

Hnh II 2.1.14 : Xung iu khin nh la IGT

Sau khi xc nh c gc nh la sm , b x l trung tm ( CPU central
processing unit ) s a ra xung in p iu khin nh la ( IGT ) . Hnh a bn
trn m t qu trnh dch chuyn xung IGT trong CPU v pha trc ca t im
thng khi c s hiu chnh v gc nh la c bn v gc nh la sm hiu chnh ,
ngoi ra xung IGT c th c xn trc khi gi qua Igniter nh hnh b .

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cn la cho h thng nh la vi c cu iu khin gc nh la sm bng in

t th phi bo cho ECU bit . Khi cn la ta ni hai u T v E1 ca check connector
trc lc cn la . Khi ECU s loi tr cc yu t nh hng n gc nh la sm
v vic iu chnh gc nh la sm mi chnh xc .
iu khin nh la khi khi ng
Khi khi ng , tc ng c thp v khi lng khng kh np cha n nh
, nn khng th s dng tn hiu VG hoc PIM lm cc tn hiu iu chnh . V vy ,
thi im nh la c t gc thi im nh la ban u . Gc thi im nh
la ban u c iu chnh trong IC d tr ECU ng c .
Ngoi ra , tn hiu NE c dng xc nh khi ng c ang c khi ng , v
tc ca ng c l 500 vng/pht hoc nh hn cho bit rng vic khi ng ang
xy ra .

Hnh II 2.1.15 : iu khin nh la khi khi ng

iu khin nh la sau khi khi ng
iu chnh nh la sau khi khi ng l vic iu chnh c thc hin trong
khi ng c ang chy sau khi khi ng . Vic iu chnh ny c thc hin bng
cch tin hnh cc hiu chnh khc nhau i vi gc thi im nh la ban u v
gc nh la sm c bn .
Thi im nh la bng gc thi im nh la ban u v gc nh la sm hiu
chnh . Khi thc hin vic iu chnh nh la sau khi khi ng , tn hiu IGT c
b vi x l tnh ton v truyn qua IC d tr ny .

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Hnh II 2.1.16 : iu khin gc nh la sau khi ng

iu chnh gc nh la sm theo nhit ca ng c
Ty thuc vo nhit ca ng c c nhn bit t cm bin nhit nc
lm mt m gc nh la sm c hiu chnh tng hoc gim thch hp vi iu kin
chy ca ha kh trong bung t. Khi nhit ca ng c nm trong khong -20o
n 60oC , gc nh la sm c hiu chnh sm hn t 0o n 15o. Nu nhit
ng c nh hn -20oC cng ch c cng thm 15o. Tng gc nh la sm khi
ng c ngui l khi nhit thp tc chy chm , nn phi ko di thi gian
chy nhin liu chy ht nhm tng cng sut ng c.

Hnh II 2.1.17 :Biu th hiu chnh khi hm nng

Khi ng c nm trong khong 60o n 110oC ECU khng thc hin s hiu
chnh gc nh la sm theo nhit . Trong trng hp ng c qu nng >110oC
s d gy ra hin tng kch n v lm tng nng NOx trong kh thi , v vy ECU
s iu khin gim gc nh la xung mt gc ti a l 5o .

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Hnh II 2.1.18 :Biu th hiu chnh khi qu nhit

iu chnh gc nh la sm theo s n nh ca ng c ch cm chng
Nu tc ca ng c khi chy khng ti thay i tr tc chy khng ti
mc tiu , ECU ng c s iu chnh thi im nh la lm cho tc ca ng
c c n nh .
ECU ng c lin tc tnh ton tc trung bnh ca ng c , nu tc ca
ng c gim xung di tc mc tiu ca ng c , ECU ng c s lm thi
im nh la sm ln theo gc c xc nh trc .
Nu tc ng c vt tc chy khng ti mc tiu , ECU ng c s lm
mun thi im nh la theo gc xc nh trc . Gc ca thi im nh la c
th thay i n mc ti a l -/+50 bng cch hiu chnh ny .

Hnh II 2.1.19 : iu chnh gc nh la sm theo s n nh ca ng c ch

cm chng

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iu chnh gc ngm in
Khi khi ng, hiu in p accu b gim do st p, v vy, ECU s iu khin
tng thi gian ngm in nhm mc ch tng dng in trong cun s cp. nhit
thp, do thi gian tch ly nng lng qu di (gc ngm in ln) gy lng ph nng
lng nn ECU s iu khin xn bt xung in p iu khin nhm lm gim thi
gian ngm in tit kim nng lng v trnh nng bobine. Trong trng hp dng
s cp vn cao hn gi tr n nh, b phn hn ch dng s lm vic v gi cho dng
in s cp khng thay i cho n thi im nh la.
iu khin chng kch n
Khi s dng xng c ch s octane qu thp hoc do ng c qu nng s xy
ra hin tng kch n trong xy lanh. Khi c hin tng kch n xy ra th ECU s iu
chnh gim gc nh la sm trnh hin tng kch n.
Thnh phn p in trong cm bin kch n c ch to bng tinh th thch
anh, l vt liu khi c p lc s sinh ra in p. Phn t p in c thit k c kch
thc vi tn s ring trng vi tn s rung ca ng c kh c hin tng kch n
xy ra hiu ng cng hng (f = 7KHz). Nh vy, khi c kch n, tinh th thch anh
s chu p lc ln nht v sinh ra mt in p ( tn hiu KNK ). Tn hiu in p ny
c gi tr nh hn 2,4V. Nh tn hiu ny, ECU ng c nhn bit hin tng kch n
v iu chnh gim gc nh la cho n khi khng cn kch n. ECU ng c c th
iu chnh thi im nh la sm tr li.
Gc ca thi im nh la gim ti a l 100 theo cch hiu chnh ny .

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Hnh II 2.1.20 : Biu th iu khin chng kch n

b . Cc hiu chnh khc
Hiu chnh phn hi ca t l khng kh nhin liu
Trong lc hiu chnh phn hi ca t l khng kh nhin liu , tc ca
ng c s thay i theo phun nhin liu tng/gim .
duy tr tc chy khng ti n nh , thi im nh la c lm sm ln trong
thi gian hiu chnh phn hi t l khng kh nhin liu cho ph hp vi lng phun
nhin liu .
Hiu chnh EGR ( tun hon kh x )
Khi EGR ang hot ng v tip im IDL b ngt , thi im nh la c
lm sm ln theo khi lng khng kh np v tc ca ng c tng kh nng
lm vic
Hiu chnh chuyn tip
Khi thay i t gim tc sang tng tc , thi im nh la s sm ln hoc
mun i theo s tng tc
Hiu chnh iu khin chy xe t ng

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Khi xe chy xung dc trong khi h thng iu khin chy xe t ng ang

hot ng , mt tn hiu c chuyn t ECU iu khin chy t ng n ECU ng
c lm mun thi im nh la nhm gim thiu s thay i momen quay ca
ng c sinh ra bng vic ct nhin liu trong lc phanh bng ng c thc hin
vic iu khin chy xe t ng c trn tru .
Hiu chnh iu khin lc ko
Thi im nh la c lm mun i khi vic iu khin lc ko ang c
thc hin gim moment quay ca ng c .
c .Nhng li thng gp
hot ng bnh thng , EFI cn rt nhiu thng s nh gc quay v tc
trc khuu, p sut ng ng np, nhit kh np, nhit nc lm mt, t l hn
hp, nng oxy kh thi... Nhng s liu ny c thu thp t cc cm bin t
khp ni trong ng c. Do vy khi mt trong cc cm bin ny gp vn hay h
hng th s c nhng nh hng vi nhng mc khc nhau n iu khin nh la
ca ng c.
2.2. IU KHIN NHIN LIU
2.2.1)iu khin bm xng
a)Cu to bm xng
Ty theo nh ch to v nm sn xut m bm xng c t trong hay ngoi
thng xng . Hin nay , bm xng s dng cho h thng phun xng c 2 loi .
-

Loi cnh qut .

Loi con ln .

Loi bm cnh qut : loi ny thng t trong thng xng . So vi loi con ln th
loi ny c u im l t gy ting n v khng to ra dao ng trong mch nhin
liu nn c dng rng ri .
Bm xng c cu to bi cc thnh phn nh sau :
-

Motor in .

B phn cng tc ca bm .

Van kim tra ( van mt chiu ) .

Van gim p v lc .

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Hnh II 2.2.1 : Cu to bm cnh qut

Motor : l ng c in mt chiu .
Bm tuabin :

Hnh II 2.2.2 : Bm tuabin

Bm tuabin bao gm mt hoc hai cnh bm c dn ng bng motor , v v np
bm to thnh bm . Khi motor quay , cc cnh bm s quay cng vi n . Cc cnh
qut b tr dc chu vi bn ngoi ca cnh bm a nhin liu t ca vo n ca ra

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Nhin liu bm t ca ra i qua motor v c bm ra t bm qua van mt chiu .

Bnh cng tc : c t 1 2 cnh , quay nh motor in . Khi motor quay bnh cng
tc s ko xng t ca vo a n ca sau . Sau khi i qua ca vo xng s i quanh
motor in v n van mt chiu .
Van mt chiu : van mt chiu s ng khi bm ngng lm vic . Tc dng ca n l
gi cho p sut trong ng ng mt gi tr nht nh gip cho vic khi ng li d
dng . Nu p sut trong mch khng c gi , do nhin liu bc hi hoc quy v
thng th vic khi ng li s rt kh khn
Van an ton : van lm vic khi p sut ra vt qu gi tr quy nh . Van ny c tc
dng bo v mch nhin liu khi p sut vt qu quy nh gii hn cho php ( trong
trng hp nght ng ng chnh ) .
Lc xng : dng lc cn bn trong nhin liu c gn trc bm .
b)S mch iu khin bm xng

Hnh II 2.2.3 : S mch iu khin bm xng

Khi ng c hot ng :
- Khi ng c ang quay khi ng , dng in chy qua cc IG ca kha in
n cun dy L1 ca role EFI chnh , lm role ny bt ON . Ti thi im , dng
in chy t cc ST ca kha in n cun dy L3 ca role m mch , bt role ny v
lm cho bm xng hot ng .

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Sau my khi ng hot ng v ng c bt u quay , lc ny ECU ng c s

nhn tn hiu NE . Tn hiu ny lm cho transitor trong ECU bt ON v do dng
in chy n cun L2 ca role m mch .
Khi ng c khi dng :
Sau khi ng c khi ng v kha in c tr v v tr ON ( cc IG ) t
v tr START ( cc ST ) dng in chy n cun dy L3 ca role m mch b ct .
Tuy nhin , dng n tip tc chy n cun L2 khi ng c ang chy do transitor
trong ECU ng c bt ON . Kt qu l . role m mch vn bt ON , cho php bm
xng tip tc hot ng .
Khi ng c ngng :
Khi ng c ngng , tn hiu NE n ECU ng c b ngt . N tt transitor ,
do ct dng in chy n cun dy L2 ca role m mch . Kt qu l , role m
mch tt , ngng bm xng .
Role m mch : in tr R v t in C trong role m mch dng trnh cho cc
tip im ca role khng b m ra khi dng in ngng chy trong cun dy L2 do
nhiu in ( bm xng iu khin bng ECU ) hay do gim t ngt lng kh np (
bm xng c iu khin bi cng tc bm ) . Chng c tc dng dp tia la in to
ra ti tip im ca role .
2.2.2)iu khin kim phun
a . Nguyn l kt cu kim phun

Hnh II 2.2.8 : S tng qut h thng phun nhin liu

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b . Kt cu kim phun
Cu to kim phun gm : 1 . B lc :bo m nhin liu i vo kim phun phi
tht sch ; 2 . Gic cm:ni vi mch in iu khin ; 3 . Cun dy :to ra t trng
khi c dng in ; 4 . Ty kim :tc ng n s ng m ca van kim ; 5 . Van kim :
ng kn vi phun , khi c dng in s b nhc ln cho nhin liu phun ra ; 6 . Vi
phun :nh gc phun v x ti nhin liu ; 7 . V kim .

Hnh II 2.2.9 : Kt cu kim phun

c . Hot ng ca kim phun
Trong hot ng ca ng c , ECU lin tc nhn c nhng tn hiu u vo
t cc cm bin . Qua , ECU s tnh ra thi gian m kim phun . Qu trnh m v
ng ca kim phun din ra ngt qung . ECU gi tn hiu n kim phun trong lu ph
thuc vo rng ca xung . Gi s cnh bm ga m ln khi tng tc th cn nhiu
nhin liu hn . Do ECU s tng chiu di xung . iu ny c ngha l ty kim s
gi lu hn trong mi ln phun cung cp thm mt lng nhin liu .
Khi ng lnh
Chy vi iu kin lnh
Chy vi iu kin m
Chy sau hnh trnh di

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Tng tc
Cnh bm ga ng kn
Cm chng nng
Hnh II 2.2.10 : Xung iu khin kim phun ng vi tng ch lm vic ca ng
Khi dng in i qua cun dy ca kim phun s to mt lc t mnh thng sc
cng l xo , thng lc trng trng ca ty kim v thng p lc ca nhin liu ln
kim , kim s c nhch khi b khong 0.1 mm nn nhin liu c phun ra khi kim
phun
d . Qu trnh hot ng
Cn c vo th di y ta c th chia qu trnh hot ng ca kim phun lm
3 giai on c th sau :

Hnh II 2.2.11 :c tnh trong cun dy kim phun

Giai on 1 : Trong thi gian 1 ( t lc ty kim c nng ln ht c )

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Giai on la : Thi gian 1 mc d c hiu in th t vo nhng ty kim vn cha

nhc ln c . Khi dng in t gi tr lm Flc t > Fcn ty bt u di chuyn . Kt
thc giai on la .
Giai on lb : Thi gian 1 : dch chuyn kim t gi tr cc i , cng dng
qua kim gim t ngt do sc in ng t cm tng do L tng .
Giai on 2 : m ca kim vn gi nguyn , sc in ng t cm gim , dng tng
ln nh hnh v .
Trng hp kim b kt s khng c dch chuyn , lm 0 khng tng dn ti sc in
ng t cm khng tng nhng dng vn tng nh nt chm gch .
Giai on 3 : Transitor iu khin ng nhng do cun dy c sc in ng t cm
nn khi ngt in t ngt to thnh mch doa ng . Do , trong thi gian 3 vn
gi mc m no do sc in ng t cm . Sau sc cng l xo lm ng ty kim
li .
Kt lun : T qu trnh hot ng ca kim phun chng ta nhn thy thi gian 1 v 3
l khng th iu chnh ; thi gian ny c tn gi l thi gian cht ( dead time ) , cn
2 th c th thay i . Do m bo chnh xc v thi im v thi gian phun
ca qu trnh phun nhin liu , chng ta phi tm cch gim 1 v 3 n mc thp nht
, c ngha l phi tng nhy cm .
e . Phng php iu khin kim phun
Mt kim phun c in tr thp c gn trc tip vi ngun dng c iu
khin trc tip bng cch ng m transistor trong ECU .
Khi c xung a n cun dy ca kim phun , mt dng 8A chy qua , gy nn s
tng dng t ngt . iu ny lm cho van kim m nhanh , nh ci thin c s
p ng qu trnh phun v gim thi gian phun khng iu khin c .
Trong khi ty kim c gi , dng c gim xung cn 2 A gim s tiu hao cng
sut do sinh nhit .

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Hnh II 2.2.12 : iu khin kim phun c lp

Mch in iu khin hot ng ny c miu t nh hnh sau y .

Hnh II 2.2.13 :Mch in iu khin kim phun c lp

Khi cng tc my bt v tr ON , relay an ton chnh m nh ni mass mch iu
khin kim phun thng qua u Fs ca ECU . iu ny lm Tr1 trong ECU m cho
dng chy n cun dy kim phun .

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Trang 50

Dng in chy qua kim cho n khi in th ti im A tin n gi tr no th Tr1

s ng . S ng m Tr1 c lp i lp li vi tn s khong 20 kHz trong sut thi
gian phun . Bng cch ny , dng n cun kim phun c kim sot ( khi in p + B
l 14V , dng trong kim l 8A khi ty kim b gi dng trong kim khong 2A ) . Tr2 hp
thu sc in ng t cm xut hin trn kim phun khi Tr1 ang ng m , v vy ngn
nga c s gim dng t ngt .
f . Chc nng ca ECU trong vic iu khin kim phun
Phng php phun v thi im
Phun c lp :

Hnh II 2.2.14 : Phun c lp

iu khin thi gian phun nhin liu
Thi gian phun nhin liu thc t c xc nh bi hai i lng
tb : Thi gian phun c bn ( da ch yu vo lng kh np v tc ng c )
tc : Thi gian iu chnh ( da vo cc cm bin cn li )
tc + tb = ti
Tuy nhin , trong qu trnh khi ng ng c thi gian phun nhin liu c xc
nh theo cch khc , bi v lng kh np khng n nh .

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Hnh II 2.2.15 :iu khin thi gian phun nhin liu

2.2.2.1) iu khin kim phun khi khi ng
Trong qu trnh khi ng , rt kh xc nh chnh xc lng kh np vo , do c s
thay i ln v tc ng c . V l do ny , ECU ly t trong b nh thi gian phun
c bn cho ph hp vi nhit ng c khng tnh n lng kh np vo . Sau
cng thm thi gian hiu chnh theo nhit kh np v in p c quy to thi
gian phun thc t ti .

Hnh II 2.2.16 : iu khin kim phun khi khi ng

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2.2.2.2.iu khin sau khi khi ng

Sau thi gian khi ng , ECU s xc nh thi gian phun bng cch :
ti = tb + tc + taccu
Trong :
tc : chu nh hng bi : nhit nc lm mt , nhit kh np , cm bin bm ga
tb : chu nh hng bi tn hiu lng gi v tc ca ng c .
2.2.2.3 . Thi gian phun c bn
Thi gian phun c bn c xc nh bi p sut ng ng np v tc
ng c . B nh bn trong ca ECU cha d liu v thi gian phun c bn khc nhau
2.2.2.4 . S hiu chnh thi gian phun
ECU lun c thng bo v iu kin vn hnh ca ng c mi lc bng
nhng tn hiu t cm bin v hnh thnh xung hiu chnh khc nhau trong thi gian
phun thc t ca ng c .
2.2.2.5 .S hiu chnh theo nhit kh np
Hiu s hiu chnh :

Hnh II 2.2.17 : c tnh hiu chnh bi nhit kh np

Mt kh np thay i theo nhit . V l do ny , ECU phi bit tht chnh xc v
nhit kh np c th iu chnh thi gian phun nhm duy tr t l ha kh m
ng c yu cu . ECU xem 200C l nhit chun v tng gim lng nhin liu ph
thuc vo thay i kh np so vi nhit ny .
S hiu chnh dn n s tng hoc gim lng phun nhin liu ti a vo khong
10% .

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2.2.2.5 . S lm giu nhin liu khi khi ng

H s hiu chnh :

Hnh II 2.2.18 : S hiu chnh lm giu sau khi khi ng

Ngay sau khi khi ng , ECU iu khin phun thm mt lng nhin liu ph trong
mt giai on xc nh trc , h tr vic n nh s vn hnh ca ng c . S
hiu chnh lm giu sau khi ng ban u ny c xc nh bi nhit nc lm
mt . Khi nhit thp s lm giu v c bn s tng gp i s lng nhin liu phun
vo .
2.2.2.6 . S lm giu hm nng

Hnh II 2.2.19 :S lm giu hm nng

Khi s bc hi nhin liu khng tt lc tri lnh , ng c s hot ng khng
n nh nu khng c cung cp mt hn hp giu xng . V l do ny , khi nhit
nc lm mt thp , cm bin nhit gi tn hiu n ECU hiu chnh tng lng
nhin liu phun , cho n khi nhit t n nhit c xc nh trc ( 600 ) .

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2.2.2.7 . S lm giu y ti .
Khi ng c hot ng ch y ti , lng nhin liu phun vo tng ln
ty theo ti m bo s vn hnh ca ng c . S lm giu ny c th tng 10 30%
tng lng nhin liu
2.2.2.8 . S hiu chnh t l ha kh trong qu trnh thay i tc
Qu trnh thay i tc y c ngha l lc ng c tng hoc gim tc .
Trong sut qu trnh thay i , lng nhin liu phun vo phi c tng hay gim
m bo s vn hnh chnh xc ca ng c.
2.2.2.9 . S hiu chnh lc tng tc
Khi ECU nhn ra s tng tc ca ng c da vo tn hiu t cm bin bm
ga , lng nhin liu phun c tng ln ci thin s hot ng tng tc ca ng
c
2.2.2.10. S hiu chnh lc gim tc
Khi ECU nhn ra s gim tc , n gim lng nhin liu phun vo khi cn thit
ngn nga hn hp qu m trong sut qu trnh gim tc .
2.2.2.11 . S ct nhin liu
Ct nhin liu khi gim tc : Trong qu trnh gim tc , nu bm ga ng
hon ton , ECU ngt kim phun ci thin tnh kinh t nhin liu v gim ng k
lng kh thi . Khi tc ng c gim xung di mt tc n nh hoc cnh
bm ga m , nhin liu c phun tr li . Tc ng c ngt nhin liu v tc
ng c khi phun nhin liu tr li s cao hn khi nhit nc lm mt thp nh
th

Hnh II 2.2.20 : th biu din s ct nhin liu

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Ct nhin liu ti tc ng c cao : ngn nga ng c vt tc , kim phun s

ngng phun nu tc ng c tng ln trn mc gii hn . S phun nhin liu c
phc hi khi tc ng c gim xung di gii hn .
2.2.2.12 .S hiu chnh theo in p c quy

Hnh II 2.2.21 : Hiu chnh lng phun theo in p

C mt s tr hon gia thi gian m ECU gi tn hiu n kim phun cng ngn
so vi lng tnh ton trong ECU v lng nhin liu phun b gim i mt i mt t
, khng p ng ch ti ca ng c . Do , cn phi c s hiu chnh thi
gian nhc kim theo in p .
Trong khi hiu chnh theo in p , ECU b tr cho s tr hon ny bng cch ko di
thi gian tn hiu m kim phun thm mt on ty theo di ca on tr hon
2.3 . IU KHIN CM CHNG
iu khin tc cm chng , ngi ta cho thm mt lng gi tt qua
cnh bm ga vo ng c nhm tng lng hn hp gi tc cm chng khi
ng c hot ng cc ch ti khc nhau . Lng gi i tt ny c kim sot
bi mt van in gi l van iu khin cm chng . i khi bin php m thm bm
ga cng c s dng
2.3.1)Cu to van iu khin cm chng
Van iu khiu cm chng c cc loi sau :
- Kiu motor bc
- Kiu Solenoid
- Kiu van xoay
Trong phn ni dung xoay quanh loi kiu xoay .

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Hnh II 2.3.5 :Cu to van cm chng kiu xoay

Nam chm vnh cu : t u trc van c hnh tr . N s quay di tc dng lc
y hoc lc ko ca hai cun T1 v T2 .
Van :t treo tit din gia ca trc van . N s iu khin lng gi i qua mch r
. Van xoay cng vi trc ca nam chm .
Cun T1 v T2 : t i din nhau , gia l nam chm vnh cu . ECU ni mass mt
trong hai cun dy iu khin ng m van .
Cun l xo lng kim : dng iu khin ng m van theo nhit nc khi mch
iu khin in khng lm vic . Mt u cun l xo lng kim c bt vo cht c
nh , cn im kia bt vo chu bo v . Trn chu bo v c mt rnh . Mt cht
xoay lin vi trc van s i vo rnh ny .
Cht xoay s khng kch hot s hot ng ca l xo lng kim khi h thng iu
khin cm chng hot ng tt cng nh lc l xo lng kim khng tip xc vi mt
ct c vt rnh trn chu bo v. C cu ny l thit b an ton khng cho tc cm
chng qu cao hay qu thp nu mch in b h hng
a)Hot ng
ECU iu khin cc transitor ln lt ni mass cho cun stator . Da vo
nguyn l : cc cc cng tn y nhau , cc cc khc tn ht nhau s to ra mt lc t
lm xoay mt bc . Chiu quay ca rotor s thay i nh s thay i th t dng
in i vo bn cun stator .

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V trc van gn lin vi rotor nn khi rotor quay , trc van di chuyn ra vo lm gim
hoc tng khe h gia van vi b van .
b)Mch in

Hnh II 2.3.6 : Mch in cm chng loi van xoay .

2.3.2)Cc ch iu khin
Ch khi ng
Khi ng c ngng hot ng , tc khng c tn hiu tc ng ng c gi n
ECU th van iu khin m hon ton , gip ng c khi ng li d dng
Ch sau khi khi ng
Nh thit lp trng thi khi ng ban u , vic khi ng d dng v lng
gi ph vo nhiu hn . Tuy nhin , khi ng c n ( tc tng ) nu van vn m
ln hon ton th tc ng c s tng qu cao . V vy , khi ng c t c mt
tc nht nh ( ph thuc vo nhit nc lm mt ) , ECU gi tn hiu n van
iu khin cm chng ng t v tr m hon ton n v tr c n nh theo
nhit nc lm mt .

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Hnh II 2.3.1 : iu khin cm chng ch sau khi khi ng

V d ng c khi ng khi nhit nc lm mt 200C th van iu khin cm
chng s ng dn t v tr m hon ton A n B t tc n nh
Ch hm nng
Khi nhit ng c tng ln , van iu khin tip tc ng t B n C cho n
khi nhit nc lm mt t 800C .

Hnh II 2.3.2 : iu khin cm chng ch hm nng

Ch my lnh
Khi ng c ang hot ng , nu ta bt iu ha nhit , do ti ca my nn
ln s lm tc cm chng ng c tt xung . Nu s chnh lch tc tht s ca
ng c v tc n nh ca b nh ln hn 20 v/p th ECU s gi tn hiu n van

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iu khin tng lng kh thm vo qua ng bypass nhm mc ch tng tc

ng c khong 100 v/p .

Hnh II 2.3.3 : Ch my lnh

Theo ti my pht
Khi bt cc ph ti in cng sut ln trn xe , ti ng c s tng do lc cn
ca my pht ln . tc cm chng n nh trong trng hp ny , ECU s b
thm nu thy ti ca my pht tng . nhn bit tnh trng ti ca my pht c cch
l : ly tn hiu t cng tc n , xng knh .

Hnh II 2.3.4 : iu khin cm chng theo ti my pht

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CHNG 3 . H THNG T CHUN ON

3.1 . Gii thiu
Vi h thng phun phc tp v tinh vi , khi xy ra s c k thut ( my khng
n c , khng chy chm c , khng ko ti c , tc tng c ) khng
d pht hin c s c k thut xy ra . gip ngi s dng xe , th sa cha
nhanh chng pht hin h hng trong h thng phun xng , ECU c trang b h
thng t chun on . N ghi li ton b nhng s c a s cc b phn quan trng
trong h thng v lm sng n kim tra ( check engine lamp ) , thng bo cho li xe
bit h thng c s c . Khi thy n bo hiu s c sng , ti x s ngng xe chun
on . Cch chun on nh sau :
Trong mng in ca xe c b tr nhng gic h ( c y np bo v ) c gi l
gic kim tra (check connector ) . Cch thao tc gm 2 bc :
-

Normal mode : tm chun on h hng cc b phn xe

Test mode : Dng xa b nh c ( code c ) v np li t u ( code mi )

sau khi sa cha h hng .

Normal mode:phi p ng cc iu kin sau :

-

Hiu in th accu bng hoc ln hn 11V

Cnh bm ga ng hon ton ( cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng )

Tay s v tr N .

Ngt tt c cc cng tc ti in khc .

Bt cng tc b v tr ON ( khng n my )

Dng on dy in ni tt 2 u ca gic kim tra : l E1 v TE1 . Khi n check

engine chp theo nhng nhp ph thuc vo tnh trng ca h thng . Nu tnh trng
bnh thng th n chp u n 2 ln/giy .
Nu xe c s c b phn no ca h thng phun xng th bo s c s chp theo
nhng chui khc nhau , mi chui chp ng vi mt m h hng .
V d : i vi la phun xng c cm bin o gi cnh trt , n sng trong 0,5 s
ngh 1,5s v chp sng tip 2 ln vi khong cch sng 0,5 s , khong ngh 0, 5s s l
m s 12 . Nu nhy sng 3 ln lin , ngh 1,5 s v chp sng 1 ln s l m 31 .

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Hnh III 3.1.1 : Dng m li trong h thng chun on

Nu trong h thng ch c mt s c th cc m ny s lp li sau khong ngh 4,5 s .
Nu c nhiu s c th h thng chun on s pht ln lt cc m s s c t thp
n cao. Khong ngh gia s c ny vi s c kia l 2,5 s . Sau khi pht ht ln lt
cc m s c , n s tt 4,5 s v li ln lt pht li cc m s cho n khi no ta rt
dy ni tt l E1 v TE1 gic kim tra ra . khng b nhm ln , tt nht nn ghi
li chui m s c vi ln .
Bng m chun on
S m

Nhp n bo

Thuc h

--

Bnh thng

12

Tn hiu (G v NE )

13

Tn hiu NE

14

nh la (IGT )

15

Tn hiu (IGF )

17

Tn hiu ( G )

21

Cm bin Oxy

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22

Cm bin nhit nc lm mt

24

Cm bin nhit kh np

25

Ha kh ngho

26

Ha kh giu

27

Cm bin Oxy th hai

31

Cm bin o gi

41

Cm bin v tr bm ga

42

Cm bin tc

43

Tn hiu khi ng

51

iu ha nhit

52

Cm bin kch n s mt

55

Cm bin kch n s hai

71

Cm bin van EGR

Cn c vo m s c v bng m ta c th tm pan khc phc

T nm 1995 tr li y , thng nht ha cc h thng cc tiu chun , h thng
OBD II ( on board diagonosis ) ra i . Vic chun on c th khng thng
qua n check engine m qua may qut m li ( code scanner ) . Cng vi m li , cc
d liu v thng s lm vic ca ng c nh nhit nc lm mt , tc ng c ,
gc nh la sm cng c c qua ng TE2 . Khi thc hin thao tc chun
on th trn mn hnh my qut s bo lun cc m s c hnh v .

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Hnh III 3.1.2 : H thng t chun on bng my qut

Test mode : phi tha mn cc iu kin sau :
-

Hiu in th c quy 11 V hoc ln hn

Cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng

Tay s v tr N .

Tt c cc cng tt ph ti khc phi tt

Dng on dy in ni tt chn E1 v TE2 ca TDCL ( Toyota diagnostic

communication line ) hoc check connector . Sau , bt cng tc sang ON ,
quan st n check engine chp , tt cho bit ang hot ng ch test
mode .

Khi ng ng c lc ny b nh RAM s xa ht cc m chun on v ghi vo b

nh cc m chun on mi . Nu h thng chun on chun on nhn bit ng c
vn cn b h hng th n check engine vn sng . Mun tm li m s c , phi xa
b nh . Nu khng xa , n s gi nguyn cc m c v khi c s c mi ta s nhn
c thng tin sai . C th tin hnh xa b nh bng cch n gin sau : tho cu ch
chnh ca h thng phun xng ra t nht l 10 s , sau lp li . Nu khng bit cu
ch u th c th tho cc c quy ra khong 15s .
3.2 . Chc nng fail safe
Khi c s c k thut trong h thng phun xng khi xe ang hot ng ( mt tn
hiu t cm bin ) vic iu khin n nh xe tr nn kh khn hn . V th , chc
nng fail safe c thit k ECU ly cc d liu tiu chun trong b nh tip tc
iu khin ng c hot ng hoc ngng ng c nu cc s c nguy him c
nhn bit

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Tn hiu mt

Trang 64

Hin tng

Chc nng fail safe

Tn hiu nh H hng h thng nh la v vic Ngng phun nhin liu

la ca ( IGF )

nh la khng th xy ra ( tn hiu
IGF khng gi n ECU )

Tn hiu t cm Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny , Nu ni tt cc T v E1

bin

sut lng xng phun c bn khng c ,ECU s ly gi tr tiu

ng ng np tnh v kt qu l ng c b cht my chun ( 30 kPa ) thay th

( Map sensor )

hoc kh khi ng .

Tn hiu o gi

Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng th Gi tr chun c ly t

cho tn hiu ny .

nhn bit lng gi np tnh lng tn hiu cm chng cho vic

xng phun c bn , kt qu l ng c tn lng xng phun v thi
b cht my hay kh khi ng .

im nh la

Tn hiu v tr Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng th ECU s ly gi tr tiu

bm ga

nhn bit v tr bm ga m hay ng chun trong b nh thay

hon ton . iu ny s lm ng c th cho tn hiu ny .
cht my hay chy khng m .

Tn hiu cm Mt tn hiu ny ECU s hiu rng ECU s ly gi tr chun

bin nhit nhit nc < -500C hay > 1390C trong b nh ty thuc vo
nc v cm .iu ny s lm t l ha kh tr nn loi ng c vi nhit
bin nhit qu giu hay qu ngho . Kt qu l nc : 890C v nhit kh
kh np

ng c b cht my hoc chy khng np l 200C

m

Tn hiu t cm Nu v bc ngoi ca cm bin oxy Khng thc hin vic hiu

bin Oxy

b ng bn , ECU khng th nhn chnh hi tip t l ha kh

bit hm lng oxy tp trung kh
thi v th n khng th duy tr ha
kh mc ti u

Cm bin p Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny , Ly gi tr p sut kh tri

sut kh tri

ECU s hiu rng p sut kh tri mc tiu chun l 101 kPa (

lun gi tr ti a hay ti thiu . 60mmHg ) thay th cho tn

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iu ny lm ha kh qu ngho hay hiu ny .

qu giu
Tn hiu t cm Nu mt tn hiu ny , ECU khng iu chnh thi im nh
bin kch n

th nhn bit khi ng c b kch n la tr ti a

v th n s khng iu chnh gim
gc nh la sm .

Tn hiu iu Nu c h hng trong ECU iu Khng hiu chnh gc nh

khin hp s t khin hp s , hp s hot ng la theo sc ko
ng

khng tt

Tn hiu t p Nu c s tng bt thng trong p Ngng cung cp nhin liu

sut

tng

ng c .

p sut ng c hoc lng gi np , c cho ng c .

th lm h hng ng c

3. 3 . Chc nng Back up

Chc nng Back up c thit k khi c s c k thut ECU , Back up
IC trong ECU s ly ton b d liu lu tr duy tr hot ng ng c trong thi
gian ngn

Hnh III 3.3.1 : Chc nng back up

ECU s hot ng chc nng Back up trong cc iu kin sau :
ECU khng gi tn hiu iu khin nh la ( IGT )
Mt tn hiu t cm bin p sut ng ng np ( PIM )

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Lc ny Back up IC s ly tn hiu d tr iu khin thi im thi im nh la

v thi im phun nhin liu duy tr hot ng ng c . D liu lu tr ny ph hp
vi tn hiu khi ng v tn hiu t cng tc cm chng , ng thi n Check
engine s thng bo cho ti x bit .
3.4 . Chc nng ca n check engine
Chc nng kim tra n
n check engine sng ln khi bt kha in n v tr ON thng bo cho
li xe rng n khng b chy . Tt i khi tc ng c t n 500 v/ph .
Chc nng bo li
Khi c h hng v ECU nhn bit n xy ra mt trong cc mch tn hiu
vo/ra ni vi ECU , n s sng cnh bo cho li xe . n s tt khi tnh trng tr
li bnh thng
Chc nng bo m chun on
Nu cc T hay TE1 c ni vi cc E1 ( sau khi kha in bt ON ) ,m
chun on c pht ra theo th t t m nh n m ln vi s ln nhy n check
engine bng vi s ca m li .
Ch chun on v n check engine
Cc ch chun on ( bnh thng v th ) v cc tn hiu pht ra t n
check engine c th la chn bng cch thay i tnh trng ni gia cc cc T hay
TE1 , TE2 v E2 trong gic kim tra hay TDCL nh trong bng sau :
Bng 3 .4 Kim tra tnh trng ca cc cc
CC TE1 hay T
v E1

CC TE2 v M chun

n check engine

E1

on

Bnh thng Bo cho li xe l c h hng

H
Ni

Th

Bnh thng

Ni

Th

Ni

Bo cho k thut vin h hng

Pht ra kt qu chun on bng s
ln nhy n
Pht ra kt qu chun on bng s
ln nhy n

Trang 67

C . KT LUN
Trong qu trnh lm vic trn ng c 7A FE , chng em bit c nhiu tnh
vt tri ca ng c dng h thng phun xng in t so vi nhng ng c dng b
ch ha kh (hay cn gi l bnh xng con ) c s dng trn t t nhng nm u
ca nghnh cng nghip ny . Do , vic khng ngng nghin cu v hon thin
ng c dng h thng phun xng in t ngy cng cp thit vi xu th pht trin
nh hin nay .
H thng phun xng in t ca ng c 7A FE kim sot , iu chnh lng
nhin liu phun ra gip cho ng c lm vic m du khi tng tc , gim lng kh
thi xy ra mi trng bn ngoi . Qua n gip ngi s dng tit kim lng
nhin liu tiu hao v tit kim khong thi gian khi ng . Vi phng chm ca
Toyota tin ti tng lai khng ngng nghin cu v ngy cng hon thin
nhng ng c nhng i sau ny . ng c 7A FE l kiu mu khng ch cho sinh
vin hc tp v nghin cu , n cn l phng tin cn thit cho ngi s dng .
Sau thi gian lm vic v nghin cu thc t , chng em c thm nhng kin
thc b ch v n s l hnh trang tip bc cho chng em vo ngh thm phn t tin
hn .
Vi kin thc c hn trong qu trnh lm vic cn mc nhiu thiu st , knh
mong cc thy c thng cm cho chng em . Mt ln na xin chn thnh cm n .!

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D. TI LIU THAM KHO

1 . Trang b in v in t trn t hin i Trang 171 280 , VN DNG ,
NXB I HC QUC GIA TP .HCM .
2 . Ti liu o to TCCS ( H thng iu khin bng my tnh ca Toyota ) , giai
on 3 Trang 55 64 .
3 . Ti liu o to ca Toyota ( TEAM 21 ) .
4 . Gio trnh h thng nh la Khoa c kh ng lc , Trng H SPKT
TP.HCM
5 . Thc tp in t I L Thanh Phc , Trng H SPKT TP.HCM
6 . www.oto-hui.com
7 . www.thuvienoto.com
8 . www.otomaykeo.com
9 . www.tailieu.vn
10 . www.spkt.net