ng gii hn kh nng sn xut Gi s, mt nn kinh t ch sn xut hai loi hng ha.

ngPPF ch ra cc sn lng khc nhau ca hai loi hng ha. Cng ngh v ngun lc u vo (nh: tai, ngun vn, lao ng tim nng) cho trc s sn xut ra mt mc gii hn tng sn lng u ra.im A trn th ch ra rng c mt lng FA thc phm v mt lng CA my tnh c sn xutkhi sn xut mc hiu qu. Cng tng t nh vy i vi mt lng FB thc phm v CB my tnh im B. Mi im trn ng PPF u ch ra tng sn lng tim nng ti a ca nn kinh t, m , sn lng ca mt loi hng ha l ti a tng ng vi mt lng cho trc ca loi hng hakhc.S khan him ch ra rng, mi ngi sn sng mua nhng khng th mua cc mc sn lng ngoing PPF. Khi di chuyn dc theo ng PPF, nu sn xut mt loi hng ha no nhiu hn th snxut mt loi hng ha khc phi t i, sn lng hai loi hng ha c mi quan h t l nghch. iuny xy ra l bi v tng sn lng mt loi hng ha i hi phi c s dch chuyn ngun lc uvo sn xut loi hng ha kia. dc ti mt im ca th th hin s nh i gia hai loihng ha. N o lng chi ph ca mt n v tng thm ca mt loi hng ha khi b khng sn xutmt loi hng ha khc, y l mt v d v chi ph c hi. Chi ph c hi c miu t nh l mt"mi quan h c bn gia khan him v la chn". Trong kinh t th trng, di chuyn dc theo mtng c th c miu t nh l la chn xem c nn tng sn lng u ra ca mt loi hng hatrn chi ph ca mt loi hng ha khc khng.Vi s gii thch nh trn, mi im trn ng PPF u th hin hiu qu sn xut bng cch ti aha u ra vi mt sn lng u vo cho trc. Mt im bn trong ng PPF, v d nh im U,l c th thc hin c nhng li mc sn xut khng hiu qu (b ph khng s dng cc ngun .

lc u vo). mc ny, u ra ca mt hoc hai loi hng ha c th tng ln bng cch di chuyntheo hng ng bc n mt im nm trn ng cong. Mt v d cho sn xut khng hiu qu ltht nghip cao trong thi k suy thoi kinh t. Mc d vy, mt im trn ng PPF khng c nghal t hiu qu phn phi mt cch y nu nh nn kinh t khng sn xut c mt tp hpcc loi hng ha ph hp vi s a thch ca ngi tiu dng. Lin quan n s phn tch ny l kinthc c nghin cu trong mn kinh t hc cng cng, mn khoa hc nghin cu lm th no m mtnn kinh t c th ci thin s hiu qu ca n. Tm li, nhn thc v s khan him v vic mt nnkinh t s dng cc ngun lc nh th no cho hiu qu nht l mt vn ct yu ca kinh t hc. 2.5

Li th kinh t nh quy m (Economy of Scale) _ Li th kinh t nh qui m hay cn gi l li nhun tng dn theo quy m c bc l khi chi ph bnh qun di hn gim theo sn lng tng ln. _ Tnh phi kinh t nh qui m hay cn gi l li nhun gim dn theo quy m, c bc l khi chi ph bnh qun di hn tng ln theo sn lng tng ln hoc khng tng. _ Khi ng chi ph bnh qun di hn i xung, chi ph bnh qun cho qu trnh sn xut gim dn khisn lng tng ln v nh vy c c li th kinh t nh qui m. Khi chi ph sn lng tng ln, chi ph bnh qun cho qu trnh sn xut tng vi sn lng cao hn v li tc gim theo quy m.Trng hp trung gian l khi chi ph bnh qun c nh th s c li tc c nh theo quy m. a, Nguyn nhn gy ra Li th kinh t nh qui m _ Do tnh ko th chia c ca qu trnh sx, trong qu trnh sx lun lun cn 1 s lng ti thiu ccu vo duy tr hot ng ca doanh nghip, n ko ph thuc vo vic c sx hay ko, cc chi ph gi l chi ph c nh v n ko thay i theo mc sn lng, ngha l cc chi ph ny khng th chianh c na, n bt u t nhng mc sn lng thp v khng tng cng vi mc tng ca snlng, v vy khi sn lng tng, doanh nghip s t c li th kinh t nh qui m v cc chi ph cnh ny c th chia cho mt s lng nhiu hn cc n v sn lng v nh vy n lm gim chi ph bnh qun cho mt n v sn phm. _ Do tnh chuyn mn ha, mt s ngnh ngh ring l, mt mnh phi m ng tt c cc cng victrong kinh doanh nhng nu h m rng sn xut v thu thm lao ng th mi ngi cng nhn cth tp trung vo mt cng vic c th v gii quyt cng vic c hiu qu hn, do c hiu quhn, gp phn lm gim chi ph bnh qun. _ Do tnh quan h cht ch, doanh nghip c quy m ln thng cn n li th ca cc loi my mcmi, hin i, vi cc mc sn lng cao th chi ph khu hao my mc c th gii u cho mt slng ln sn phm v vi k thut sn xut c th sn xut ra nhiu sn phm n mc lm cho chi ph bnh qun gim. b, Nguyn nhn gy ra tnh phi kinh t do qui m Nguyn nhn chnh gy ra tnh phi kinh t do qui m + Khi hng tr nn ln hn th cng vic qun l tr nn kh khn hn, vn ny c m t nh ltnh phi kinh t do qui m trong qun l. Cc doanh nghip ln thng cn nhiu cp qun l v ivi cc cp ny cng cn qun l h, v vy cc doanh nghip s tr nn quan liu, kh qun l, gykh khn trong vic iu hnh sx kinh doanh v khi chi ph bnh qun bt u tng ln. + Ngoi ra cc yu t a l cng nh hng v gy ra tnh phi kinh t bi v nu nh my s 1 v trthun li th nh my th 2 s km u th hn, v th chi ph s phi chia s, b trCc li th kinh t nh quy m pht sinh khi cc chi ph trn mt n v gim khi tng sn lng. Ccli th kinh t nh quy m l nhng li th chnh ca vic tng quy m sn xut v tr thnh "big".Ti sao li th kinh t nh quy m quan trng?- Th nht, bi v mt doanh nghip ln c th t c chi ph thp hn cho khch hng thng quacc mc gi thp hn v gia tng th phn ca th trng. iu ny t ra mt mi e da cho ccdoanh nghip nh c th c "ct xn" bi i th cnh tranh- Th hai, mt doanh nghip c th la chn duy tr mc gi hin ti ca n i vi sn phm camnh v chp nhn mc li nhun cao hn. V d, mt hng sn xut ni tht, c th sn xut 1.000t

ti 250 /ci c th m rng v c th sn xut 2.000 t 200 /ci. Tng chi ph sn xut s tngln n 400.000 so vi 250.000 , nhng chi ph cho mi n v gim t 250 /ci n 200 /ci .Gi s cc doanh nghip bn t gi 350 /ci , li nhun mi tng ln t 100 /ci n 150/ci.C hai loi li th kinh t nh quy m : li th kinh t nh quy m bn trong v li th kinh t nh quym bn ngoi. Li th kinh t nh quy m bn trong c tc ng ln hn tim nng v chi ph v linhun ca doanh nghip.

Li th kinh t nh quy m bn trong Li th kinh t nh quy m bn trong lin quan n cc chi ph n v thp hn m mt cng ty duynht c th c c bng cch pht trin trong kch thc t thn. C nm loi chnh ca Li th kinht nh quy m bn trong. Bulk-buying economies /mua s lng ln Khi cc doanh nghip pht trin, h cn t hng s lng ln cc u vo sn xut. V d, h s thng thm nhiu nguyn liu. Khi tng gi tr n hng, doanh nghip c c quyn mc c nhiuhn vi cc nh cung cp. Do c th c gim gi v gi thp hn cho cc nguyn liu th. Technical economies /Li th k thut Doanh nghip c quy m sn xut ln c th s dng my mc tin tin hn (hoc s dng my mchin c hiu qu hn). iu ny c th bao gm vic s dng cc k thut sn xut hng lot, l mthnh thc sn xut hiu qu hn. Mt cng ty ln cng c th kh nng u t vo nghin cu v pht trin. Financial economies/ Li th ti chnh Nhiu doanh nghip nh gp kh khn c c ti chnh v khi lm c iu , chi ph ti chnhthng l kh cao. iu ny l do cc doanh nghip nh c xem nh l ri ro hn so vi cc doanhnghip ln hn pht trin v mt h s tt. Cc cng ty ln hn do tm ngun ti chnh d dnghn t nhng ngi cho vay tim nng v d c tin vi li sut thp hn. Marketing economies /Li th Tip thMi khu ca tip th u c chi ph - c bit l phng php qung co nh qung co v xc tinmt lc lng bn hng. Nhiu khon chi ph tip th l chi ph c nh v nh vy l mt doanh nghip cng ln hn, n c th chia s chi ph tip th trong mt phm vi rng hn cc sn phm v ctgim chi ph trung bnh cho mi n v. Managerial economies /Li th Qun l As a firm grows, there is greater potential for managers to specialise in particular tasks (eg marketing,human resource management, finance). Khi mt cng ty pht trin, s c tim nng ln hn cc nhqun l chuyn nghip hn trong nhim v c th no (v d nh tip th, qun l nhn s, tichnh). Chuyn gia qun l c th s hot ng hiu qu hn khi h c trnh cao v kinh nghim,chuyn mn v trnh so vi mt ngi trong mt cng ty nh hn ang c gng thc hin tt c n vai tr ny. . Li th kinh t nh quy m bn ngoi xy ra khi mt cng ty c c lich nh n v chi ph thp hn do kt qu ca ton b ngnh cng nghip pht trin quy m. Ccloi li th chnh l: Giao thng vn ti v cc lin kt truyn thng c nng cao

Khi mt ngnh cng nghip hnh thnh v pht trin mt vng no , c kh nng l chnh ph scung cp h tng giao thng vn chuyn tt hn v lin kt truyn thng nng cao kh nng tip cnvi khu vc. iu ny s lm gim chi ph vn chuyn cho cc cng ty trong khu vc nh thi gianvn chuyn c gim v cng c th thu ht thm nhiu khch hng tim nng. For example, an areaof Scotland known as Silicon Glen has attracted many high-tech firms and as a result improved air androad links have been built in the region. V d, mt khu vc ca Scotland c gi l Silicon Glen thu ht nhiu cng ty cng ngh cao v l kt qu ca mi trng kinh doanh c ci thin v cch tng ng s c xy dng trong khu vc. o to v gio dc tr nn tp trung vo cc ngnh cng nghip Cc trng i hc v Cao ng s cung cp cc kha hc ph hp hn cho mt ngnh cng nghip tr thnh ch cht trong mt khu vc hoc ton quc. V d, c rt nhiu kha hc CNTT angc m ti cc trng H/ Cao ng do ton b ngnh cng nghip CNTT pht trin gn y.iu ny c ngha cc cng ty c th c li t vic c mt ngun nhn lc ln c tay ngh ph hp tuyn dng. Cc ngnh cng nghip khc pht trin h tr ngnh cng nghip ny Mt mng li cc nh cung cp hoc cc ngnh cng nghip h tr c th pht trin v kch thc v/ hoc xc nh v tr gn vi ngnh cng nghip chnh. iu ny c ngha mt cng ty c nhiu c hiln trong vic tm kim nhng ngun nguyn liu, vt t cht lng cao c cung cp gi c phichng t cc nh cung cp gn . V d 2.5: Mt chic xe 15 ch nu vn chuyn 5 hnh khch th chi ph trung bnh trn mt hnh khch l300.000 ng; nu ch 10 hnh khch th chi ph trung bnh cn 150.000 ng, cn nu ch 15 khchth chi ph trung bnh cn 100.000 ng. Nh vo quy m vn chuyn tng ln lm chi ph gim xung.Quy lut ny cng din ra doanh nghip, quy m sn xut ca doanh nghip cng m rng th chi phsn xut trn mt n v sn phm cng gim do nh ph/n v gim. Tng t, nn kinh t c quy m cng ln th li th kinh t nh quy m cng ln tng ng. Cc v d trn gi l li th kinh tnh quy m bn trong (Internal economies of scale).Li th kinh t nh quy m bn ngoi (External economies of scale) din ra khi cc doanh nghip tptrung vo mt khu cng nghip nhm tit kim chi ph sn xut. Mt cch khc, Li th kinh t nh quy m bn ngoi din ra khi chi ph trn mi n v sn phm gim xung nh quy m ca ngnhcng nghip tng ln bt chp quy m ca tng doanh nghip khng thay i. Cc quc gia thnhlp khu vc mu dch t do cng nhm tn dng li th kinh t nh quy m bn ngoi