: ..

Publisher: Institut for Construction Banja Luka

: ,
...
For the publisher: General director Aleksandar Cvijanovi, Dipl. Civ. Eng.
: . , ...
Editor: Prof. dr Mirko Ai , PhD, Dipl. Civ. Eng.
: ,...
Technical editor: Rajko Pucar, Dipl. Civ. Eng.
: , . . .
. . .
Reparation for printing: edomir Radulovi, BScEE
Snjeana Lepir , BScEE
: . . . ...,
Printed by: Nezavisne newspaper
: 600
Printed: 600 copies
CD ROM: 600 copies
, 2012.
Banja Luka, April 2012
O:
- ,

- ,
-
- ..
ORGANIZERS:
- MINISTRY OF SPATIAL PLANNING CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGY
OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
- FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, BANJA LUKA
- CHAMBRE OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
- INSTITUT FOR CONSTRUCTION BANJA LUKA
:
-
- , ,
SPONSORS:
- GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
- SITY OF BANJA LUKA, REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
:
- -
MEDIA SPONSOR:
- RADIO - TELEVISION OF REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
, 26. 27. 2012.
BANJA LUKA, 26 & 27 APRIL 2012
VIII

8
th
INTERNATIONAL
SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL CONFERENCE
CONTEMPORARY
THEORY AND PRACTICE
IN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
1. , ... -
2. , .
3. , .. .
4. . , ...
5. . , ...
6. . , ...
7. . , ...
8. , . ..
9. , ...
10. , .. .
11. , .. .
12. , .
13. , ...
14. , ..
-
SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL CONFERENCE
1. . , . . ,
2. , .. - , ,
3. . , ... ,
4. . , . . , ,
5. . , .. .- , ,
6. . , . . ,
7. . , . . - ,
8. . , ... ,
9. . , ... ,
10. . , ... - , ,
11. . , ... , ,
12. , ...- ,
13. , . . ,
14. , ... - ,
15. , ... , ,

CONTENTS

.

MILA PUCAR
SNEANA M.PETROVI
DESIGN AND BUILDING PRINCIPLES FOR
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS ................................................................................. 1





ALEKSANDRA DAMNJANOVI
MAJA TODOROVI
DRAGOSLAV UMARAC
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCYIN
SERBIAIN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE ................................................. 13





ORE LAINOVI
MIRKO AI
TATJANA KOETOV MIULI
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL
BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE ........................................................ 27







BILANA ANTUNOVI
MILENKO STANKOVI
ALEKSANDAR JANKOVI
DARIJA GAJI
DARKO TODOROVI
MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF THE WALL
IN UNIVERSITY RECTORATE BUILDING IN BANJA LUKA.................................... 37




ao
SVETLANA STEVOVI
DRAGANA VASILSKI
HRANISLAV MILOEVI
METHODOLOGYFOR THE DESIGN AND DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS OF
SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS AS
SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION ......................................................... 47




BRANKO JELISAVAC
PETAR MITROVI
MILOVAN JOTI
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND LANDSLIDE PROTECTION
MEASURES ON THE BRIDGE OVER RIVER PEK....................................................... 63



VLADETA VUJANI
MODERN PRINCIPLES AND METODOLOGIES OF GEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION AND TESTING IN ROAD ENGINEERING..................................... 73




DRAGAN LUKI
ALEKSANDAR PROKI
ELEFTERIJA ZLATANOVI
CRITERIA FOR PLACING OF MATERIAL IN TRAFFIC
STREAM SUBSTRUCTURES .......................................................................................... 93



RADENKO PEJOVI
JELENA PEJOVI
REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NIKO
STRUGAR BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER LIM IN BERANE........................................ 103




DEJAN LUBISAVLEVI
MILAN JAKI
INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS INPUT THROUGH MAIN
RIVERBED AND TRIBUTARIES ON STATE OF
EUTROPHICATION OF BOAC ACCUMULATION................................................... 113



" "
STANISLAV MAN
BORIS MAN
BOJAN MAN
GENERAL CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
WATER SYSTEM BANJA LUKA............................................................................... 123


RISTO STJEPANOVI
REVIEWS OF THE GENERAL DESIGN OF
SEWAGE SYSTEMS OF BANJA LUKA ....................................................................... 137


BRANKO BOJOVI
ROADS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN THE SPACE .......................................... 149

,

MIRJANA LUKI
THE NEW CEMETERY OF BELGRADE AS HISTORICAL
AND MONUMENTAL, AND ORLOVACAAS A NEW
PLANNED AND CONSTRUCTED CEMETERY.......................................................... 161

:

THE THEORETICAL ASPECT: FROM NEW UTOPIANS
TO THE THEORY OF URBBAN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT ................................. 173



-



PARTIAL MINIMIZATION OF LIFE CYCLE
COSTS - PROBLEM FORMULATION .......................................................................... 189



ANESA LJEVO
RAID HADI
SPECIFICITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS......................................................... 195
-

RADMILA SINI-GREBOVI
PRESTRESS DEGREE OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED GIRDERS ......................... 205


e
2

NIKOLA RAJAKOVI
ILIJA BATAS BJELI
CO
2
REDUCTION IN SERBIAN RESIDENTAL SECTOR .......................................... 215

lifestyle
A
SANA RADII
BRANDED HOTELS AS A NEW "LIFESTYLE" EXPERIENCE WITH
REFERENCE TO ARMANI HOTEL DUBAI AND ARMANI HOTEL MILANO........ 221


" "
DRAGOMIR BRNO
A NEW APPROACH TO FLOOD PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC
OF SRPSKA LIVING WITH THE FLOODS CHALLENGE................................. 245
.


PETAR BEGOVI.
BRANKO IVANKOVI
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION IN
FUNCTION OF CONSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................. 255




3.11.2010.
DUKO SUNARI
SLOBODAN NEDELJjKOVI
MIODRAG POPOVI
SOME ASPECTS OF MACROSEISMIC STUDY
OF KRALJEVO EARTHQUAKE (3/11/2010) ................................................................ 263




ZLATKO MARKOVI
NENAD FRIC
JELENA DOBRI
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF WIND TOWER STEEL STRUCTURES........................... 273



SRA ALEKSI
MILIVOJE ROGA
PATCH LOAD AND THIN WALLED I-GIRDERS
ANALYSIS OF THE ULTIMATE LOAD........................................................................ 289




MILENKO STANKOVI
DARIJA GAJI
DARKO TODOROVI
ENERGY AUDIT OF BUILDINGS APPLICATION
OF INFRARED TERMOGRAPHY................................................................................. 301





SVETOZAR MILENKOVI
BILANAABOLMASOV
BRANKO JELISAVAC
VLADETA VUJANI
LANDSLIDE UMKA - FIRST GNSS
MONITORING PROJECT IN SERBIA........................................................................... 311




3D

BILANAABOLMASO
MARKO PEJI
SNEANA ZEEVI
VLADIMIR UI
APPLYING 3D TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING ON
ROCK SLOPE LETNJA POZORNICA IN BELGRADE............................................ 321


VELJKO UKI
DEGASIFICATION OF SECUNDARY MATERIAL DEPOTS...................................... 329




PERO PETROVI
MILOVAN KOTUR
INDIR MUJANI
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM INSULATION
THICKNESS FOR SLAB-ON-GROUND FLOORS....................................................... 339




DRAGANA VASILSKI
SVETLANA STEVOVI
CORRELATION OF MODERNISM AND VERNAKULAR ARCHITECTURE
BY ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS....................................................... 347



-

ALEKSANDAR PROKI
MARTINA VOJNI
DRAGAN LUKI
AXIAL-TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF THIN-WALLED
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH OPEN CROSS SECTION............................................... 357
357


MAJA PLIANI
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITA
GE IN B&H, AT THE EXAMPLE - "LEDARA" IN MOSTAR...................................... 369




-
DOBRE TASEVSKI
RATKO BLAGOJEVI
JASMINKA MILANOVSKA
LIDIJA TASEVSKA
DILATATION SYSTEMS-AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT
OF DURATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF BRIDGES ............................................. 381

-
MILENKO PRULJ
SUPPORT STRUCTURE BRIDGE PYLONS.............................................................. 391
.




VUKAIN AANSKI
VESNA FILIPI
MARKO IVEC
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION UNDERGROUND
PARKING HOUSE CONGRESS SQUARE LJUBLJANA............................................. 415


PETER GABRIJELI
ARCHITECTURE - SEEKING TRUTH
THROUGH SCIENCE AND ARTS ................................................................................. 427
-

PV

ALEKSANDRA KRSTIC-FURUNDZIC
BUDIMIR SUDIMAC
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF PV MODULES INTEGRATION
IN THE FACADE OF AN OFFICE BUILDING IN BELGRADE.................................. 437


BOJANA DRAKOVI
FORCE MAJEURE IN CONSTRUCTION AS
EXCWPTIONAL EVENTS OR CIRCUMSTANCE....................................................... 447
1
Mu.a Hyap,
1
Cue+aua M.Hempoeuh
2
HPHHHHHH HPO1EKTOBAHA H IPATEHA EHEPIETCKH
EmHKACHHX OB1EKATA
Pesu+e:
Eneprercxn e]nxacnn ojexrn nopasymenajy npnmeny opehennx xpnrepnjyma n
npnnnnna xojnma ce nocrnxy norpene npenocrn eneprercxnx nnnxaropa npema
xojnma ce npmn xareropnsannja ojexara. Ha npnmepy nocrojehnx ojexara janne
namene (opasonne nncrnrynnje), nsnpmeno je nopehene xpnrepnjyma n mepa
norpennx sa onohene rnx ojexara o xareropnje eneprercxn e]nxacnor,
nncxoeneprercxor n nacnnnor ojexra. Y pay je nocena naxna nocnehena
npnnnnnnma npojexronana ojexra rnna nacnnne srpae xojn xapaxrepnme nncox
cranap ynyrpamne yronocrn ys mnnnmanny norpomny eneprnje.
K+yuue peuu: euepeemcru equracau kyha, nacueua sepaoa, euepeemcru
uuouramopu
DESIGN AND BUILDING PRINCIPLES FOR ENERGY
EFFICIENT BUILDINGS
Summary:
Energy efficient buildings imply the application of certain criteria and principles that
help to achieve the necessary values of energy indicators according to which the
categorization of buildings is carried out. On the example of the existing buildings for
public use (educational institutions), a comparison has been carried out of the criteria
and measures necessary for upgrading these objects to the category of an energy
efficient, low-energy and passive house. This paper gives special attention to the
design principles of the passive house building type, which is characterized by a high
standard of interior comfort with minimal energy consumption.
Key words: energy efficient building, passive house, energy indicators
1
p Mnna Hynap, nnn. nnx.apx. nayunn canernnx, Hncrnryr sa apxnrexrypy n ypannsam Cpnje, Feorpa
2
npo]. p. Cnexana M. Herponnh, nnn.nnx.mam., Greens Development, Feorpa
2
1 YBO
Honasehn o snauaja pannonanne norpomne eneprnje n sacrynenocrn ojexara y
nenoj yxynnoj norpomnn, namehe ce norpea sa nnxonnm npojexronanem, rpahenem/
pexoncrpyxnnjom n opxananem no npnnnnnnma eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn. Ko
npojexronana nonnx ojexara, ysnma ce y osnp nponncana xareropnja n exonomcxa
ncnnarnnocr npn npnmenn najomrpnjnx saxrena sa xareropnsannjy eneprercxe
e]nxacnocrn ojexara. Y cnyuajy nocrojehnx ojexara xojn nonexy pexoncrpyxnnjn,
nonasn ce o sareuenor crana n nponncyjy norpene mepe xojnma he ojexar nrn oneen
o noomanor crana eneprercxnx cnojcrana.
Fnrna xapaxrepncrnxa ojexra je norpomna eneprnje y cnnm ]asama nerone
peannsannje n nocrojana, a npe cnera y ]asn nerone excnnoarannje. Hnxn nnno
eneprercxnx norpea ojexra npyxa snauajne npenocrn neronnm xopncnnnnma, sor uera
ce namehe norpea sa yrnphnnanem eneprercxnx xapaxrepncrnxa ojexara n nnxonnm
ceprn]nxonanem. Enponcxa npexrnna 2002/91/EC o eneprercxnm cnojcrnnma ojexara
npecrana ocnon sa raj nocrynax, a cnaxoj o pxana je ocranena moryhnocr
npnnarohanana concrnennm cnenn]nunocrnma.
Penynnxa Cpncxa je, xao n ocrane nornncnnne Yronopa o Eneprercxoj sajennnn,
onpeeena sa enponcxa ncxycrna y norney saxrena sa oesehenem eneprercxn
e]nxacnnx ojexara. To nopasymena ycxnahnnane perynarnne ca opom npaxcom n
npexrnnama Enponcxe Ynnje. Hope npnnnnna cnrypnor, xnannrernor n noysanor
cnaenana eneprnjom n eneprenrnma, oesehnnana onrnmannor pasnoja eneprercxe
nn]pacrpyxrype n ynohena canpemennx rexnonornja, nocena naxna je nocnehena n
oesjehnnany ycnona sa ynanpehene eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn, crnapany ycnona sa
crnmynncane xopnmhena ononnnnx nsnopa eneprnje n ynanpehena samrnre xnnorne
cpenne [1].
Y oxnnpy Hayuno-ncrpaxnnauxor npojexra Eneprercxa e]nxacnocr y rpanrecrny
3
yrnphene cy cmepnnne n npenopyxe sa noomanane eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn nocrojehnx
srpaa, xao n npenopyxe n cmepnnne sa npojexronane n nsnohene nonnx eneprercxn
e]nxacnnx rpahennna. Hsneen je oxas o exonomnunocrn xonnenra eneprercxn e]nxacne
srpae, y norney ymree eneprnje n samrnre xnnorne cpenne [2]. Hocnnan npojexra,
Apxnrexroncxo rpahennncxn ]axynrer ns Fana Hyxe ce noxasao xao npnmepena
nncrnrynnja no moryhnocrnma a oronopn saxrennma npojexra, npn uemy je cacran
crpyunnx rnmona oeseno pasmeny n ynanpehene crpyunnx ncxycrana y pernony.
Y pay je na npnmepy nocrojehnx ojexara janne namene y oxnnpy Ynnnepsnrercxor
xamnyca y Fana Hynn, nsnpueno nopehene xpnrepnjyme n mepa norpennx sa onohene
rnx ojexara o xareropnje eneprercxn e]nxacnor, nncxoeneprercxor n nacnnnor ojexra.
Y pay je nocena naxna nocnehena npnnnnnnma npojexronana nacnnne srpae xojn
xapaxrepnme nncox cranap ynyrpamne yronocrn ys mnnnmanny norpomny eneprnje.
3
Hope rora, pa je pesynrar ncrpaxnnana y oxnnpy nayunor npojexra TP 36035 Hpocmopuu, ero.ouru,
euepeemcru u opyumeeuu acnermu paseofa uace+a u r.u+amcre npo+eue +ehycoouu ymuafu, xojn ]nnancnpa
Mnnncrapcrno npocnere n nayxe Penynnxe Cpnje.
3
2 CTAHAPH 3A KATEIOPH3AHH1Y OB1EKATA
Ha ocnony enponcxnx npenopyxa [3], n ncxycrana y oxpyxeny [4], xopnmhene cy
cneehe npenocrn xao pe]epenrne npn opehnnany mepa eneprercxor noomana
ojexara [2]:
2.1. HACHBHA 3IPAA: TEPE3A
- Maxcnmanna norpomna eneprnje sa rpejane (n xnahene) npocropnja 15 kWh/m
2
ronmne (Eneprercxn paspe A+). Pe]epenrne npenocrn sa ronnorny samrnry omoraua
ojexra are cy y raenn 1[5]:
1aeua 1: Peqepeumue epeuocmu sa euepeemcru paspe A+
3nonn cnoamnn 0,10 - 0,15 W/m
2
K
Hposopn 0,8 - 1,1 W/m
2
K
Tanannna npema nerpejanom npocropy (ranany) 0,2 W/m
2
K
Ho npema nerpejanom npocropy (nopymy nnn rny) 0,2 W/m
2
K
- Ocrann enemenrn cranapa nacnnne srpae [6] cy:
o 3anrnnenocr xoja oesehyje n
50
_ 0,6 h
-1
o Cnpeuanane nojane ronnornnx mocrona 1_ 0,01 W/ (m
2
K)
o Yxynna ronmna norpomna npnmapne eneprnje _ 120 kWh/(m
2
a)
o Yxynna ronmna norpomna enexrpnune eneprnje _ 18 kWh/(m
2
a)
o Tonnornn rynnn _ 10 W/m
2
2.2. HHCKO EHEPIETCKA 3IPAA: mHAOAOmKH mAKYATET
- Maxcnmanna norpomna eneprnje sa rpejane (n xnahene) npocropnja 50 kWh/m
2
ronmne. (Eneprercxn paspe B). Pe]epenrne npenocrn sa ronnorny samrnry
omoraua ojexra are cy y raenn 2:
Taena 2: Peqepen1ne npenoc1n sa enepre1cxn paspe B
3nonn cnoamnnn 0,25 W/m
2
K
Hposopn 1,1 1,4 W/m
2
K
Tanannna npema nerpejanom npocropy (ranany) 0,3 W/m
2
K
Ho npema nerpejanom npocropy (nopymy nnn rny) 0,3 W/m
2
K

2.3. EHEPIETCKH EmHKACHA 3IPAA (CTAHAPHA): PEKTOPAT
- Maxcnmanna norpomna eneprnje sa rpejane (n xnahene) npocropnja 70 kWh/m
2
ronmne. (Eneprercxn paspe C). Pe]epenrne npenocrn sa ronnorny samrnry
omoraua ojexra are cy y raenn 3:
4
Taena 3: Peqepen1ne npenoc1n sa enepre1cxn paspe C
3nonn cnoamnnn 0,35 - 0,4 W/m
2
K
Hposopn 1,4 - 1,7 W/m
2
K
Tanannna npema nerpejanom npocropy (ranany) 0,3 - 0,4 W/m
2
K
Ho npema nerpejanom npocropy (nopymy nnn rny) 0,3 - 0,4 W/m
2
K
Cnaxa o xareropnja ojexara nopasymena npnmeny oronapajyhnx mepa npn
npojexronany. Y pay je nocena naxna nocnehena npnnnnnnma npojexronana ojexra
rnna nacnnne srpae xojn xapaxrepnme nncox cranap ynyrpamne yronocrn ys
mnnnmanny norpomny eneprnje. Ocnonne mepe npn npojexronany nopasymenajy
opnjenrannjy n xon]nrypannjy ojexra xojnm ce nocrnxe onrnmanna pasmena eneprnje
ojexra ca oxonnnom, xao n nspasnra sanrnnenocr n cnpeuanane nojane ronnornnx mocrona
y xoncrpyxnnjn. are cy npenopyxe sa enemenre xoncrpyxnnje, xonnenr rexnnuxnx
cncrema (nenrnnannja, rpejane, xnahene, ronna norpomna noa).
3 HPHHHHHH HPO1EKTOBAHA HACHBHE 3IPAE
Hpnn npnnnnn npnnnxom npojexronana nacnnne srpae je a ce y snmcxnm mecennma
oesen onone xonnunne cnexer nasyxa n cnerna. pyrn npnnnnn je ronmna
norpomna eneprnje sa rpejane (n xnahene) npocropnja ne cme npehn 15 kW/m
2
. Horpomna
eneprnje, a rnme n oanane mrernnx marepnja rpea a ye sa oxo 80 % mana o ojexara
nsrpahennx no naxehnm cranapnma. Tpehn npnnnnn je a xomnnernn rpomxonn
nsrpane onaxne srpae ne n rpeano a yy nehn o 15% y onocy na srpae nsrpahene
na xnacnuan naunn.
Y oxnnpy nomenyror HHH rpernpan je xomnnexc nexaamne xacapne Bpac y xome
ce nanasn srpaa Tepesa, xoja je npennhena a ce pexoncrpynme npema cranapy sa
nacnnne srpae. Ayropn npojexra cy unopo M n unopo C [7].3rpaa caa nnje y ]ynxnnjn,
nema nnxaxnnx nncranannja, nnrn rpomn eneprnjy, raxo a na noj nnje npmeno mepene,
onocno eneprercxn nperne. 3rpaa Tepesa namenena je yyhem Apxnrexroncxo
rpahennncxom ]axynrery y Fanoj Hynn. Cmemrena je y nenrpannom eny npocropa
Ynnnepsnrercxor rpaa, nsrpahena je 1899. ronne(cnnxa 1).
C.ura 1 3epaoa Tepesa nocrojehe crane
5
3.1 OPH1EHTAHH1A
Ocnonnn npnnnnn npnnnxom npojexronana nacnnne srpae je opnjenrannja srpae
npema jyry. Oesehnnane conapnor onrxa je jean o nrnnx ycnona npnnnxom
nnannpana n npojexronana nacnnne srpae. C pyre crpane, npno je snauajno oesenrn
samrnry o nperepanor sarpenana y nernem nepnoy [8].
Hpnnnxom pexoncrpyxnnje ojexara onaj ycnon uecro nnje moryhe ncnynnrn, xao mro je
cnyuaj ca srpaom Tepesa. Hocrojehn ojexar je npannnnor onnxa, pasnnjen noyxno y
npanny cenep-jyr, ca jenocrpanom opnjenrannjom npocropnja na ncrox n sana, ox cy
ounn snonn opnjenrncann na cenep n jyr. Hnannpana je orpana ojexra na ncrounoj
crpann nocrojeher ojexra npexo nesnor sacraxenor enemenra. Hemoryhnocr a ce ojexar
onono ornopn npema jyry pemen je raxo mro cy npojexranrn ncnnrnnann moryhnocr a
ce na jyxnoj crpann nocrane conapnn snonn n a ce panan xpon nsna am]nrearpa
xopncrn sa nocranane conapnnx cncrema.
3.2 KOPHmTEHE CYHHEBOI 3PAHEHA
Tonnornn onnn y nacnnnoj conapnoj srpan ocrnapyjy ce nyrem sacraxennx
nonpmnna xoje omoryhanajy npoop cynuennx spaxa y npocropnje. Hocrojn unran nns
nacnnnnx conapnnx cncrema xojn omoryhanajy onrnmanno xopnmhene cynuene eneprnje.
To cy, npe cnera, nposop, craxnennx - craxnena amra, macnnnn sn, Tpom-Mnmenon sn,
noenn sn, xponnn asen, repmocn]oncxn xonexrop nr
Tepmnuxe oconne nacnnnnx cncrema n nnxonnx xomnonenara cy neoma ocernne n na
mane npomene mnxpoxnnmarcxnx ycnona, npnmenennx marepnjana, apxnrexroncxnx
eraa, npcre n naunna xopnmhena ojexra, poja xopncnnxa nr.
Kopnmhene cynuene eneprnje nacnnnnm cncremnma saxrena oronapajyhy repmnuxy
samrnry cnnx xoncrpyxrnnnnx enemenara nsnoxennx ronnornnm rynnnma npema
cnonom npocropy. Ha raj naunn caxynena n axymynnpana ronnora nna cauynana
ynyrpap npocropa. 3a pasnnxy o axrnnnnx cncrema, xo nacnnnnx ne nocrojn nocean
cncrem ypehaja, neh unran ojexar pan xao xonexrop cynuenor spauena: cne ]ynxnnje
axrnnnor cncrema na cee npeysnmajy enonn n enemenrn ojexra.
Hacnnnn cncremn pae na npnnnnny rpancnapenrnocrn n nnepnnje, c rnm mro ce y
npnn nnan crana rpancnapenrnocr, ys ncronpemeno cnpeuanane nononenor nperpenana
n nohnor xnahena. Onn nye c jene crpane "ecnnarny" ronnorny eneprnjy nnn eneprnjy
xoja saxrena mana oarna cpecrna. Ocnonna npenocr nacnnnor conapnor cncrema je mro
xopncrn xonnennnonanne enemenre srpae, xojn npeysnmajy ]ynxnnje caxynana,
cxnanmrena n pacnoene conapne eneprnje. Hn cncrema je a ncnopyun eneprnjy
xopncnnxy srpae y npeme xaa je ro norpeno.
Y conapnoj srpan je neonxono oesenrn npnpono nponerpanane.
Hpennheno je a ce cynueno spauene y nonom eny srpae Tepesa xopncrn na nnme
naunna, nyrem sacraxennx nonpmnna, sacraenor nesnor enemenra xojn moxe nmarn
]ynxnnjy craxnennxa, yxonnxo nnje ocenuen, noceno y snmcxom nepnoy, nyrem
conapnnx snona xojn cy npnnhenn na jyxnoj ]acan n axrnnnnm conapnnm cncremnma.
3.3 AKYMYAAHH1A CYHHEBE EHEPIH1E
Cynueno spauene npecrana nsnop eneprnje xojn ce mena na nenpannnan naunn. ox
na jenoj crpann orox cynuene eneprnje cranno ]nyxrynpa, norpee sa eneprnjom y
6
opehenom nepnoy ronne cy mane - nnme cranne. Y uncro nacnnnnm conapnnm srpaama
nemoryhe je cxnanmrnrn eneprnjy o nera o snme, raxo a e]exar repmnuxor
cxnanmrena yrnannom nma sa nn a cnpeun nperpenane n onoxn pacnoeny conapnor
]nyxca. Y roxy nepnx ana cynuena eneprnja xojy je npnmno nacnnnn conapnn ojexar
moxe snarno a npenasnhe norpee sa rpejanem. Axo y npocropnjy yhe mnoro cynuene
eneprnje moxe ohn o nperpenana. a n ce ono nserno, moryhe je cnycrnrn sacrop nnn
nojauarn nenrnnannjy, mro nopasymena a he eo norennnjanne eneprnje nrn nsryen.
Ymrea eneprnje ce nocrnxe cxnanmrenem nnmxa eneprnje n neronnm xacnnjnm
xopnmhenem, xaa sa ono nocrojn norpea. Axymynnpana ronnora o cynuenor spauena
omoryhana noxpnhe rynraxa ronnore xojn nacrajy no npecranxy paa ypehaja sa rpejane,
yneue n y roxy nohn. Tonnorno cxnanmre nma nocrpyxn saarax: mren enepnjy
cxnanmrenem nnmxa ronnore sa xacnnje xopnmhene n cnpeuana nperpenana npocropnja.
Ona oconna nma snauajan yrnnaj n y nernem nepnoy.
Horonocr cxnanmrena sanncn o nnsa ]axropa xojn ce mory noennrn y ne
xareropnje:
- nennunny n marepnjane sa cxnanmrene n
- nocrynxe xojnma ce cynuena ronnora nynn n ncnymra ns cxnanmra [9].
Cxnanmrene cynuene eneprnje y nocrojehem eny srpae Tepesa moryhe je nocrnhn
nyrem repmnuxe mace (snonn, noonn, ranannne) n oarnnm npocropom sa cxnanmrene
xoje ce moxe cmecrnrn ncno nopymcxnx npocropnja. Yxonnxo n ce y oxnnpy
nononpojexronanor ojexra conapna eneprnja, xao mro noxasyjy ncrpaxnnana, npnxynana
nomohy conapnnx snona, nocranennx na jyxny ]acay, sacraxenor nesnor enemenra
nsmehy nonor n crapor ena srpae, xao n conapnnx cncrema na xpony nonor ojexra,
axymynannja conapne eneprnje ce moxe nocrnhn na nnme naunna (y noy nesnor enemenra,
y macnnnnm snonnma n noonnma nonor ena ojexra, y oxnnpy rexnnuxe npocropnje
ncno xpona srpae nr.).
3.4 OBAHK OB1EKTA
Orpannuanane rpancmncnonnx rynraxa jean je o naxnnx saxrena nacnnne srpae,
mro ce nocrnxe nennm xomnaxrnnm onnxom. 3aro je norpeno nonpmnny omoraua cnecrn
na mnnnmym. Onoc nsmehy nonpmnne n nonymena nspaxana ce ]axropom onnxa. Hpn
opehnnany najnononnje nonpmnne omoraua o napounre naxnocrn je crenen
sacraxena. Honpmnna omoraua ojexra naxna je sa opehnnane xonnunne nsonannonor
marepnjana n norpomny eneprnje sa rpejane. Tpea nmarn y nny n unnennny a ce
cnohenem omoraua na mnnnmym pso ocrnxe n osnoena rpannna y norney
ocnerenocrn n nenrnnannje. Bonymen n onnx srpae raxohe yrnuy na ronnorne
xapaxrepncrnxe.
Hpenopyuena npenocr ]axropa onnxa sa nacnnne ojexre opasonnnx nncrnrynnja je
mann o 0,4 m
2
/m
3
[10].
Hocrojehn n nononpojexronann eo Tepese je xomnaxran n cnojnm onnxom n ]opmom
ncnynana xpnrepnjyme npojexronana nacnnne conapne srpae.
3.5 TOHAOTHO 3OHHPAHE OB1EKTA
Tonnorno (repmnuxo) sonnpane je naxan ]axrop sa eneprercxy e]nxacnocr. Bnme
naxne rpea nocnernrn pacnopey npocropnja, raxo a ce onrnmnsyje xopnmhene
7
npocropnja y xojnma ce opann, a a ce cney na mnnnmym nomohnn npocropn. Hpocropnje
y xojnma ce opann xo nacnnnnx conapnnx srpaa rpea nocrannrn npema jyry.
Ocnm rora norpeno je xonnenrpncarn sone ca nncranannjama. He rpea a cne
npocropnje y jenom ojexry nmajy ncrn remneparypnn nnno. Tepmnuxo sonnpane ocnone
yrnue na yxynny eneprercxy norpomny ojexra.
3.6 TEXHOAOIH1A IPATEHA
Horonom xoncrpyxnnjom srpae ronnn nasyx ns sarpejanor npocropa moxe a ce
onon xpos omynene ranannne, sarnm cynpornn sn n ronnorno cxnanmre. Ha raj
naunn, nena srpaa cnyxn xao ronnorno cxnanmre, cnn snonn cy ronnn, mro oesehyje
nennxy ronnorny nnepnnjy n nonxe nnno xon]opa. Hacnnnn cncremn sa cnoje
]ynxnnonncane ne xopncre cxyne rexnonornje, neh ce cnojom apxnrexrypom npnnarohanajy
maxcnmannom xopnmheny cynuene eneprnje. Hacnnnn conapnn cncremn npecranajy snp
npnnnnna rpannnonannnx npenocrn n canpemennx casnana, xoje je norpeno naxnno
nnrerpncarn y none n nocrojehe srpae. 3or jenocrannocrn n xomnarnnnnocrn ca
ocrannm enemenrnma srpae, cnojcrnnma xapaxrepncrnunnm sa nnycrpnjcxn naunn
rpane, nacnnna npnmena je cnaxaxo anac najnpnxnarnnnjn onnx xopnmhena cynuene
eneprnje. Ko nacnnnnx conapnnx cncrema cynuena eneprnja ce npexrno npernapa y
ronnorny. Hporox n nsmena nasyxa nsmehy cnnx enemenara y cncremy rpea a enyje
raxo a remneparypa y srpan ye cranno yrona sa opanax. Texnonornje nacnnnnx
cnrema, moryhnocrn n npannn pasnoja ocrajy n ae y omeny xopnmhena cynuene
eneprnje sa nncxoremneparypne nponece, xao mro je rpejane npocropa, y xojnma ce cama
srpaa nonama xao perynarop ronnore. Ko nacnnnnx conapnnx cncrema cynuena eneprnja
ce npexrno npernapa y ronnorny Hpnponn ]axropn oxpyxena npecranajy snauajan
enemenr sa ]ynxnnonncane eneprerxn e]nxacne srpae. To snaun a raxna srpaa saxrena
ne camo nocean naunn npojexronana, neh na neny e]nxacnocr yrnue n nns ]axropa xao
mro cy: xnnma, xon]nrypannja repena, opnjenrannja, nerap, nererannja, mehyconn onocn
srpaa, ocenuena nr. 3a pasnnxy o axrnnnor cncrema xojn moxe a ce nocrann na cnaxy
srpay, nacnnnn cncrem je cama srpaa. Cymrnna npojexronana n rexnonornje rpahena
xoja xopncrn nacnnne conapne cncreme je y rome a ce nope apxnrexroncxnx npannna
rpane, nosnajy ]nsnuxn saxonn xojn ce onoce na sarpenane, xnahene, nnpxynannjy
nasyxa, xao n saxonn rpahennncxe ]nsnxe. Pan ce, sanpano, o nnrerpannom
npojexronany, y xome o camor nouerxa, rj. o nocranana ojexra na noxannjy, yuecrnyjy
crpyunann pasnnx npo]nna, xojn sajeno ca apxnrexrom nponanase onrnmanna pemena,
xoja ce ne onoce camo na eneprercxy e]nxacnocr neh n na xom]op [9].
3.7 TOHAOTHA H3OAAHH1A
Y nacnnnoj conapnoj srpan cnn enemenrn omoraua srpae mopajy nrn ronnorno
nsononann, es repmnuxnx npexna, a npema naxehnm cranapnma. Tonnorna nsonannja
mopa mrnrnrn oxnnpe nposopa n npara. Omorau nacnnne conapne srpaa mopa nmarn
nponas ronnore U _ 0,15 W/m
2
K. Bro ce rnue nsonannje nacnnne srpae, nena enna n
rpeano a nsnocn o 25 o 40 cm. 3a yrpany ronnorne nsonannje xo nacnnnnx conapnnx
cncrema xopncre ce cnnune rexnonornje xao xo xnacnune rpane. Mehyrnm, uecro nennxa
enna ronnorne nsonannje saxrena cnenn]nunan naunn npnunpmhanaa, noceno axo ce
nocrana na sn xojn nnje xomnaxran (nnp. pnena onora, naxn marepnjann y xoje nnje
8
jenocranno nocrannrn rnnnone nnn ne npnxnarajy nenene nr.). Bro ce rnue
marepnjana xojn ce xopncre xao ronnorna nsonannja najoe je a onn yy npnponn, sa
unjy ce nponsnony ne rpomn npennme eneprnje n a naxon yxnanana ne yrnuy nerarnnno
na xnnrny cpenny.
3.8 HPO3OPH H BPATA
Bennunna nposopa sanncn o npcre n namene ojexra, onocno npocropnja na xojnma ce
nanase, nennunne nacrpemnnne, mace snona, ronnornnx sacropa nr. Orpannuanajyhn
]axrop npnnnxom nmensnonncana nposopa npecrana moryhe nperpenane npocropnja
no ejcrnom cynuenor spauena. Fpoj craxana na nposopnma sanncn o xnnmarcxnx ycnona
y xojnma ce nanasn arn ojexar. Y conapnoj apxnrexrypn ce nope nposopa xopncre n
xponnn nposopn pasnnunrnx onnxa, nmensnja n nonoxaja. Cynueno spauene xoje je
npomno xpos neprnxanne xponne nposope ancopyje ce na ynyrpamnnm crpanama snona
srpae. Y roxy nohn onasn o ocnoahana ancoponane ronnore n sarpenana nasyxa y
srpan. Honehane poja craxana na nposopnma nesnarno cmanyje nponas cynuenor
spauena, a y snarnoj mepn cnpeuana ronnorne rynrxe ns, npocropnja [11]. nocrpyxo
sacraxene ne moxe ocnryparn crpore saxrene ronnorne nsonannje nacnnne srpae. anac
ce sa nacnnne srpae xopncre nposopn ca rpocryxnm nsonannonnm sacraxenem unja je U
npenocr nsmehy 0,6 n 0,7 W/m
2
K. 3a nacnnny srpay je o nsyserne naxnocrn opa
repmnuxa xapaxrepncrnxa sacraxena, jep ce na raj naunn moxe oesenrn rpejane es
rpejnnx rena y nnsnnn craxnennx nonpmnna, a a ce ne ymann repmnuxn xom]op y
ojexry Hosnrnnnn e]exrn xnannrernor sacraxena mory nrn ymanenn yxonnxo
nposopcxn oxnnpn nncy xnannrernn n yxonnxo ce npenocr nponasa ronnore U ne xpehe
nsmehy 0,7 n 0,8 W/m
2
K. Cranap nacnnne srpae saxrena nncoxy nponycrnnocr
cynuenor spauena y npocrop n ro g _ 50% [6].
Bpara na nacnnnoj srpan, ocnm mro mopajy saononrn cne xpnrepnjyme xojn ce
onoce na nposope, mopajy ncnynnrn n oarne saxrene xao mro cy: crannnocr, xpyrocr,
jenocranno pyxonane, cnrypnocr nr. Ynasna naprnja xo nacnnnnx conapnnx srpaa
uecro ce pemana nocrananem ramnon sone (nerpopana).
3.9 3AmTHTA O HPEIPEBAHA H CHPEHABAHA TOHAOTHHX IYBHTAKA
3amrnra o nperpenana n cnpeuanane ronnornnx rynraxa ns npocropnja pemana ce
pasnnm cncremnma ronnornnx sacropa. Ha ncroj srpan mory a nocroje pasnnunrn
cncremn ronnornnx sacropa y sanncnocrn o opnjenrannje ]acae. Tonnornn sacropn cy
noxpernn n mory a ce nanase ca ynyrpamne nnn cnoamne crpane nposopa. Tonnornn
sacropn unja je ]ynxnnja a cnpeue nperpenane cnernnje cy oje n e]nxacnnjn cy yxonnxo
ce nanase ca cnoamne crpane nposopa. Tonnornn sacropn sa cnpeuanane ronnornnx
rynraxa onuno ce nanase ca ynyrpamne crpane nposopa.
3.10 CHPEHABAHE HO1ABE TOHAOTHHX MOCTOBA
Ocnonnn npnnnnn npojexronana nacnnne srpae je npojexronane es ronnornnx
mocrona. Y npornnnom ronnornn mocronn n yrnnann na nonehany norpomny eneprnje,
cmanene ronnornor xom]opa, napymanane xnrnjencxnx ycnona y yrpoxanane rpa-
hennncxnx enemenara.
9
Y cnyuajy a ce ne mory y nornynocrn nsehn ronnornn mocronn maxcnmannn
xoe]nnnjenr nnnnjcxor nponasa ronnore mopa nrn 1_ 0,01 W/ (m
2
K).
a n ce oeseno onaj npnnnnn norpeno je naxnno e]nnncarn cneehe erae:
ronnorno nsonannonn cnoj mopa nrn nenpexnnyr, cnn cnojenn cnoamnnx n
ynyrpamnnx enemenara mopajy nrn nsononann.
Yrpann nposopa n npara xo nacnnne conapne srpae mopa ce nocnernrn nocena
naxna a ne n omno o nexonrponncanor ncrnnana nasyxa. Haxon sanpmene rpane
najon naunn nponepe je xopnmhene ypehaja sa njarnocrnxy rpahennncxe sanrnnenocrn
srpae (rsn. Blower Door Tests). Ypehaj nma nenrnnarop nomohy xora ce nsnnaun nasyx ns
srpae, mro onon o cmanena npnrncxa y srpan. 3or crnapana nonpnrncxa nesyx
reue xpos cne nyxornne n nesanrnnene ornope. Onnxnn recronn opehyjy crony
nn]nnrpannje nasyxa.
Hacrpemnnna rpea a ye raxnnx nmensnja a y roxy nera cnpeun, a y roxy snme
omoryhn npoop cynuenor spauena y ojexar sa cranonane. Kopncre ce nenoxperne n
noxperne nacrpemnnne. Ca noxpernnm nacrpemnnnama moxe a ce nocrnrne onrnmannn
saxnar cynuenor spauena y roxy nene ronne. Yrao ynaa cynuenor spauena y ojexar
sanncn o reorpa]cxor nonoxaja mecra y xome ce ojexar nanasn, ronmner oa n
nennor xperana Cynna. nmensnje nacrpemnnne sa nama nopyuja sannce o ynanor
yrna cynuenor spauena 21. jyna n 22. enempa.
3.11 BA3YmHA HEHPOHYCTHBOCT
opa sanrnnenocr je o nsyserne naxnocrn sa nocrnsane cranapa nacnnnor ojexra.
Tnme ce cnpeuana nexonrponncann npoop nasyxa xojn n na nenpennnn naunn
(sanncno o npanna n jaunne nerpa, remneparype n nnaxnocrn y oxpyxeny) pemerno
eneprercxn nnanc n ronnornn xom]op npocropa. a n ce ro cnpeunno, non ce pauyna o
cnnm enemenrnma omoraua xojn n mornn nponsnecrn nexeenn rox nasyxa ns, onocno
y, xonnnnonnpann npocrop.Cnaxn cacrannn eo omoraua ojexra mopa nrn nasymno
nenponycran, a cnojenn pasnnunrnx enemenara, napounro na cnojennma ]acannx ornopa
mopajy nrn xnannrerno nsneenn. Ipannuna npenocr poja nsmena nasyxa nsnocn n _
0,6 h
-1
3.12 CHCTEMBEHTHAAHH1E
Cncrem nenrnnannje mopa a na eneprercxn pannonanan naunn oesen norpene
ycnone xom]opa sa opanax yn y npocropy. 3anncno o npcre axrnnnocrn n namene
npocropa norpeno je opxanarn remneparypy, nnaxnocr, psnny xperana nasyxa y
npocropnjn y opehennm rpannnama, npn uemy ce onohenem nponncane xonnunne cnexer
nasyxa cnpeuana nonehane capxaja mrernnx racona y nasyxy (npenocr capxaja CO
2
ne cme npehn npenocr 1500 ppm).
Y cnyuajy opasonnnx nncrnrynnja, rpea npennern xonnenr xonrponncane ne-
nrnnannje xoja saonoana xpnrepnjyme norpenor xnannrera ynyrpamner nasyxa. Yrpa-
na nenrnnannonnx cncrema ca ononnm nporoxom cnexer nasyxa je o cymrnncxor
snauaja sa oap xnannrer nasyxa y yunonnnama. Hpojexronane xonnunne nasyxa rpea
a yy 15 o 20 m no ocon na car roxom nepnoa xopnmhena. Horpeno je npennern
xnannreran ]nnrep (F7) xojn ce mopa peonno oxanarn y cynom n uncrom crany.
Konnunna nasyxa y cncremy perynnme ce ayromarcxn npema xonnenrpannjn CO
2
n npema
10
pexnmy npncycrna ocoa y npocropy, unme ce nocrnxe ymrea y xonnunnn norpomene
eneprnje.
Cnenn]nunocr nacnnnnx opasonnnx ojexara y onocy na cramene nexn npe cnera y
snauajnnm n npomennnnm npenocrnma ynyrpamnnx onrepehena (npncyrne ocoe,
pacnera, en.anaparn), xao n nenrnnannonnm saxrennma ycnonennm nennxnm pojem
npncyrnnx ocoa y ojexry.
Y cnyuajy Tepese, xapaxrepncrnuna npocropnja je am]nrearap, cmemrena y
nenrpannom eny nononpojexronanor ojexra, npennhena sa opanax 180 yn. Cncrem
npnpone nenrnnannje ca npexnahnnanem/ nperpenanem nasyxa oesehennm no-
semnnm nohenem ononor xanana xoje omoryhana pasmeny ronnore ca rnom, jeno je o
pemena xoje ce moxe ysern y pasmarpane. Cncrem conapnnx snona npexo xojnx ce
ycncana nasyx ns oxonnne n nperpena, a norom ncrpnynpa o npocropnja je raxohe
pasmarpan xao jeno o pemena xoje n ce npnmennno a noronnm enonnma
ojexra.Cncrem nenrnnannje nope eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn, mopa nmarn pemen nponem
npexomepne yxe.
3.12. 1 Hpnuena cnc1eua sa ym1ey eneprnje
Ocnonnn saxren ce onocn na ncxopnmhene eneprnje ornanor nasyxa xojom ce cnex
nasyx xopnmhen y mexannuxnm cncremnma nenrnnannje xonnnnonnpa, ca crenenom
ncxopnmhena nehnm o 75 %.
3.12. 2 Hpnuena xopnmhena eneprnje oxonnne
Eneprnja Cynna, rna, oxonnor nasyxa cy pacnonoxnne sa nocrnsane oarnnx ymrea.
Hocrananem conapnnx xonexropa na ncrypennm, ocynuannm enonnma ojexra, moxe ce
npnnpemnrn ronna noa, xoja n ce ae morna xopncrnrn sa nanenna rpejana, xao n sa
npnnpemy ronne cannrapne noe. Eneprnja rna je ocnon sa npnmeny pasmennnaua ronnore
noronnx sa nperpenane nasyxa y nenrnnannonnm cncremnma.
3.13 CHCTEMIPE1AHA
Hpnmenom npnnnnna npojexronana nacnnne srpae (xomnaxran onnx, jyxna
opnjenrannja, opa sanrnnenocr, nsyserna repmnuxa nsonannja, ocycrno ronnornnx
mocrona, nacnnnn onnnn xopnmhena cynuene n eneprnje oxonnne, pexynepannja y
cncremy nenrnnannje) cnoe norpeny eneprnjy sa rpejane npocropa na many npenocr (
many o 15 kWh/m
2
ronmne). Ha raj naunn xnacnunn cncremn rpejana cy nenorpenn,
neh ce rpejane n y xnannm mecennma moxe pemnrn cncremom npnnyne nenrnnannje n
enenryanno nanennnm cncremnma. Pasnnxa remneparype nasyxa xojn ce onon y
npocropnje n remneparype nasyxa n nonpmnna omoraua npocropnje cy mane, mro oarno
noroyje ycnonnma xom]opnor opanxa y npocropy.
Kaxo je yxynna norpomna npnmapne eneprnje ojexra nnmnrnpana na 120 kWh/(m
2
a),
ro je naxno cmannrn norpomny eneprnje y ojexry no cnnm ocnonama. Y rom cmncny,
ynorpea ononnnnx nsnopa eneprnje y nacnnnom ojexry onpnnocn neronoj ene-
prercxoj e]nxacnocrn.
11
3.13.1 Hpnuena 1onno1ne nyune
Hpnmenom ronnorne nymne rpea ncxopncrnrn reorepmannn norennnjan, npn uemy ce
pasmarpa n rno n nosemna noa. Y cnyuajy Tepese, nncox nnno nosemne noe (150 mnm,
xora repena 156 mnm) rpea pasmorpnrn xao ocnon sa xopnmhene ronnorne nymne.
3.14 CHCTEMHPHHPEME TOHAE HOTPOmHE/CAHHTAPHE BOE
3a npnnpemy cannrapne norpomne noe rpea npennern conapne xonexrope na
ncrypenom eny xpona ojexra.
Y cnyuajy Tepese pasmarpana je moryhnocr caxynane xnmnnne ca xpona ojexra,
xojn je npnxnaan naunn oesehena rexnonomxe noe sa ojexar one eneprercxe
xareropnje.
3.15 OCBETEHE
Hacnnne conapne rexnnxe oesehyjy snauajno xopnmhene npnponor ocnerena n
raxo cmanyjy xopnmhene cncreme nemrauxor ocnerena. Ca pyre crpane, ynorpea
pacnere n enexrpnunnx anapara nncoxe eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn cmanyje yxynno norpeny
eneprnjy sa cranapnsonano xopnmhene ojexra. Y eny neonxonnx nncranncannx
xanannrera, xonnepsnjom y ronnorny, pasnnjajy ce ynyrpamnn onnn ronnore xojn ynase
y eneprercxn nnanc xonnnnonnpannx nonpmnna n xao raxnn ymanyjy norpeny eneprnjy
sa rpejane npocropa y snmcxom pexnmy.
Hocrananem ]oronanoncxnx xonnepropa na ncrypennm enonnma ojexra, morno n
ce onpnnern eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn n nesanncnocrn ojexra.
3.16 YCAOBH MHKPOKAHMATCKE YIOHOCTH
Konnenr nacnnnor ojexra oesehyje ycraene npenocrn remneparype nasyxa, mane
remneparypcxe pasnnxe nasyxa y npocropnjn n rpannunnx nonpmnna, ocycrno nojane
xonensara na nonpmnnama. 3or yjenauennx remneparypa nonpmnna ynyrpammner
omoraua npocropnje, nema nojana nehnx psnna crpyjana nasyxa xoje n pemernne ocehaj
yonocrn. Taxohe, nocrnxe ce opa xonrponncana nponerpenocr ononnm xonnunnama
cnexer nasyxa, raxo a je capxaj mrernnx marepnja y nasyxy y mannm, osnoennm
rpannnama.
4 3AKYHHA PA3MATPAHA
Hsnoxene npnnnnne npojexronana nacnnnor ojexara moryhe je npnmennrn ne camo na
nononpojexronane, neh n na nocrojehe ojexre npn nnxonoj pexoncrpyxnnjn. Tome y
npnnor ny enponcxa ncxycrna n cmepnnne sa pexoncryxnnjy jannnx ojexara [10]. Y
cnyuajy npojexronana nacnnnor ojexra Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxor ]axynrera [7]
npnmenen je npncryn sapxanana n pexoncrpyxnnje nocrojeher ojexra Tepesa ys
nononpojexronann eo. Onaj noyxnar he npecranarn ayrenrnuno ncxycrno na onnm
npocropnma n ornopnrn moryhnocrn sa nponanaxene pemena y saarnm ycnonnma
npnnnxom npojexronana, ncrpaxnnana, nsnohena, enenyannje n monnropnnra srpaa
namenennx opasonany y xnacn nacnnnnx ojexara.
12
AHTEPATUPA
[1] S. Petrovic, M. Pucar: Iskustvo i uslovi za energetsku sertifikaciju u Republici
Srpskoj/Energy Certification Experience and Requirements in Republika Srpska, The
Proceedings of the 42nd Congress on HVAC&R/Medunarodni 42. kongres o grejanju,
hladenju i klimatizaciji, Beograd, 2011. str.230-239
[2] Finalni izvjetaj o realizaciji Naucno-istraivackog projekta "Energetska efikasnost u
graditeljstvu" (NIP EEG), Banja Luka, 2011.
[3] The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): EMAS Energy
Efficiency Toolkit for Small and Medium sized Enterprises, 2004.,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/index_en.htm
[4] A.Kneevic, N. Delalic, A. Husika: Poboljanje energijske efikasnosti u poslovnim
objektimana podrucju kantona Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 2008.,www.energetska-
efikasnost.ba
[5] M. Hynap, C. Herponnh: Yrnphnnane norennnjana sa ynanpehene eneprercxe
e]nxacnocrn nocrojehnx ojexara , Mehynaponn nayuno crpyunn cxyn
Apxnrexropa n ypannsam - Ipahennnapcrno, Ieoesnja - Jyue, anac, Cyrpa,
Apxnrexroncxn ]axynrer Fana Hyxa, 2011, crp. 507-512
[6] M. Zbacnik Senegacnik: Pasivna kuca, San arh,Zagreb, 2009.
[7] M. unopo, C. unopo: Hejno pnjemene srpae Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxor
]axynrera y Fana Hynn, Fana Hyxa, 2009.
[8] M. Hynap: Exonomxn opxnna apxnrexrypa y reopnjn n npaxcn, VII mehynaponn
nayuno-crpyunn cxyn Canpemena reopnja n npaxca y rpanrecrny, Fana Hyxa,
3ano sa nsrpany Fananyxa, AIu Fananyxa, crp 69-80
[9] M. Pucar: Bioklimatska arhitektura zastakljeni prostori i pasivni solarni sistemi,
Monografija, IAUS, 2006., Beograd.
[10] www.passiv.de
[11] http://www.predmer2.npnetwork.co.rs/Obnovljivi-izvori-energije/solarna-kuca-
pasivan-solarni-zahvat.html
13
A.ercauopa a+nauoeuh
1
, op Mafa Tooopoeuh
2
, op paeoc.ae Ly+apa
3
3AKOHCKH OKBHP 3A YHAHPETEHE EHEPIETCKE
EmHKACHOCTH 3IPAA Y PEHYBAHHH CPBH1H Y
CBETAY EBPOHCKHX HPEKTHBA
Pesu+e:
Y pay je npecranen saxoncxn oxnnp xojn ypehyje nocrynxe npnnnxom rpahena
ojexara nncoxorpane, a xojn ce onocn na ynanpehene eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn
srpaa y Penynnnn Cpnjn, npema 3axony o nnannpany n nsrpann Penynnxe
Cpnje. Ha ocnony unana 201 3axona, nspahenn cy Hpannnnnnn xojnma ce nnxe
nponncyjy opee sa ynanpehene eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn srpaa. Hpecranena
je meroonornja npopauyna ronmne norpomne eneprnje. Ha xpajy je npnxasan
npnmep nspae enaopara eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn, xojn unnn cacrannn eo
rexnnuxe oxymenrannje xoja ce npnnaxe ys saxren sa nsanane rpahennncxe
osnone.
K+yuue peuu: saroucra peey.amuea, npopa:yu uuouramopa, +epe yuanpehena
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVING BUILDING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA IN THE LIGHT OF
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE
Summary:
The paper introduces a legal framework that governs the procedures in the
construction of buildings, which refers to improving the energy efficiency of buildings
in the Republic of Serbia, accordint to the Law on Construction of Serbia. On the
basis of Article 201 of the Act, Regulations were made that prescribe procedures to
improve energy efficiency in buildings. Methodology for calculation of heat
consumption per year is presented in the paper. Finally, given is an example of
feasibility study of energy efficiency, which is an integral part of the technical
documentation submitted with the application for a building permit.
Key words: legislation, indicator calculation, energy retrofit measures
1
Mnnncrapcrno xnnorne cpenne, pyapcrna n npocropnor nnannpana Penynnxe Cpnje
2
Ynnnepsnrer y Feorpay, Mamnncxn ]axynrer
3
Ynnnepsnrer y Feorpay, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer
14
1 YBO
Hpema noannma xojn ce mory nahn y crpyunoj nnreparypn |1-4|, y srpama ce rpomn
oxo 40% yxynno nponsneene eneprnje, ox yeo y emncnjn CO2 nsnocn uax 36%.
Hoomane eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn srpaa npecrana xyunn saarax na nyry xa
opxnnom pasnojy, cnrypnom cnaenany eneprnjom n samrnrn xnnorne cpenne.
Homenyra crparernja cmanena norpomne eneprnje y srpaama, capxana y npexrnnn
2010/31/EY, nanaxe cnnm pxanama unannnama, xao n pxanama nornncnnnama Yronopa
ca Eneprercxom 3ajennnom, a xpos saxonoannn oxnnp, ys nannonanne cnenn]nunocrn,
ynee cncremarnuan npncryn y carneanny naunna pannonanne norpomne eneprnje y
srpaama. Ocnonnn enemenrn npexrnne cy jenncrnena meroonornja npopauyna
nnnxaropa eneprerxce e]nxacnocrn sa opehnnane eneprercxor paspea srpae y nponecy
eneprercxe ceprn]nxannje, eneprercxn npernen srpaa, xao n peonne nncnexnnje
cncrema rpejana n xnnmarnsannje y srpaama.
Ha ocnony unana 201 3axona o nnannpany n nsrpann Penynnxe Cpnje (Cn. Inacnnx
p. 72/09, 81/09 ncnpanxa, 64/10 YC n 24/11), nspahenn cy Hpannnnnnn xojnma ce
nnxe nponncyjy opee sa ynanpehene eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn srpaa. Hpannnnnxom o
eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn srpaa nnxe ce nponncyjy eneprercxa cnojcrna n naunn
nspauynanana ronnornnx cnojcrana ojexara nncoxorpane, xao n eneprercxn saxrenn sa
none n nocrojehe ojexre. Hpannnnnxom o ycnonnma, capxnnn n naunny nsanana
ceprn]nxara o eneprercxnm cnojcrnnma srpaa nnxe ce nponncyje nocrynax eneprercxe
ceprn]nxannje srpaa, naunn n capxnna eneprercxor ceprn]nxara, xao n eneprercxn
paspen sa cramene n necramene srpae, none n nocrojehe.
2 METOOAOIH1A HPOPAHYHA HHHKATOPA
3.1 HA1BETE OHYmTEHE BPEHOCTH
Hpema unany 5. Hpannnnnxa o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn srpaa, eneprercxa e]nxacnocr
je ncnynena axo cy oesehenn mnnnmannn ycnonn xom]opa ys norpomny eneprnje no
xnaparnom merpy xoja ne npenasn osnoeny rpannny. Ho onom nnrany, nocrannenn cy
nonn saxrenn xojn ce onoce na repmnuxy samrnry srpae, xpos orpannuene maxcnmannnx
npenocrn xoe]nnnjenara nponasa ronnore sa rpahennncxe enemenre y cacrany repmnuxor
omoraua srpae, a xojn cy npnxasann y raenn 1 |5|.
Kareropnsannja srpaa je raxohe e]nnncana onnm Hpannnnnxom, a y cxnay ca
npexrnnom o eneprercxnm nep]opmancama srpaa, raxo a nocroje ne xareropnje
crmennx srpaa (jenonoponune n srpae ca na n nnme cranona) n mecr xareropnja
necramennx srpaa: ynpanne n nocnonne srpae, srpae namenene opasonany, spancrny,
rypnsmy, cnopry, rpronnnn, xao n srpae memonnre namene. Hocena xareropnja srpaa cy
srpae pyre namene xoje rpome eneprnjy, y xojnma ce opxanajy repmnuxn napamerpn
cpenne xojn ocrynajy o repmnuxor xom]opa sa opanax yn (rpejy ce na nnxe
remneparype) nnn ce nonpemeno xopncre. 3a ony noceny xareropnjy ce ne opehyje
eneprercxn paspe, neh ce camo saxrenajy nocranenn ycnonn y norney repmnuxe
samernre. 3rpae mopajy nrn npojexronane raxo a ne npemamyjy osnoeny ronmny
]nnanny norpomny eneprnje sa rpejane nponncany noceno sa none srpae, xao n sa
nocrojehe srpae naxon penonnpana, pexoncrpyxnnja nnn eneprercxnx canannja.
15
Maxcnmanne onymrene npenocrn cnenn]nune ronmne norpomne ]nnanne eneprnje sa
rpejane are cy y raenn 2 |5|. Hnnxarop xojn opehyje eneprercxn paspe srpae y
npenasnom nepnoy je cnenn]nuna ronmna eneprnja sa rpejane, ox ce, naxon ycnajana
nannonannor co]rnepa sa npopauyn yxynne npnmapne eneprnje, xao nnnxarop npennha
cnenn]nuna ronmna npnmapna eneprnja.
1aeua 1 - Hajeehe oseo+eue epeuocmu roequuujeuma npouasa monuome sa eue+eume
mep+uuroe o+omaua sepae
Onnc enemenra / cncrema
Hocrojehe srpae
Umax |W/(m
2
K)|
Hone srpae
Umax |W/(m
2
K)|
E.e+eumu u cucme+u y roumarmy ca cno+uu+ easoyxo+
1. Cnonn sn 0,40 0,30
2. 3n na nnarannjn (nsmehy srpaa) 0,50 0,35
3. 3nonn n mehycnparne xoncrpyxnnje nsmehy
rpejannx npocropnja pasnnunrnx jennnna,
pasnnunrnx xopncnnxa nnn nnacnnxa
0.90 0.90
4. Panan xpon nsna rpejanor npocropa 0,20 0,15
5. Panan xpon nsna nerpejanor npocropa 0,40 0,30
6. Kocn xpon nsna rpejanor npocropa 0,20 0,15
7. Kocn xpon nsna nerpejanor npocropa 0,40 0,30
8. Mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja nsna ornopenor
nponasa
0,30 0,20
9. Hposopn, anxoncxa npara rpejannx
npocropnja n rpejane snmcxe amre
1,50 1,50
10. Craxnenn xpononn, nsysnmajyhn snmcxe
amre, cnernocne xynone
1,50 1,50
11. Cnona npara 1,60 1,60
12. Hsnosn 1,80 1,80
13. Craxnene npnsme 1,60 1,60
Vuympaune npeepaoue roucmpyrufe
14. 3n npema rpejanom crenennmry 0,90 0,90
15. 3n npema nerpejannm npocropnma 0,55 0,40
16. Mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja ncno
nerpejanor npocropa
0,40 0,30
17. Mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja nsna
nerpejanor npocropa
0,40 0,30
Koucmpyrufe y m.y (yronaue, u.u oe.u+u:uo yronaue)
18. 3n y rny 0,50 0,35
19. Ho na rny 0,40 0,30
20. Yxonana mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja 0,50 0,40
Hano+eua 1: 3a enemenre cncreme nanennor (nonor, snnor, nna]oncxor) rpejana
mopajy ce npnmennrn oronapajyhn cranapn n rexnnuxn ycnonn nponncann rnm
cranapnma.
Hano+eua 2: Bpenocrn naneene sa nocrojehe srpae onoce ce na najnehe onymrene
npenocrn nocne penonnpana, canannja, pexoncrpyxnnja.
16
1aeua 2 - oseo+eua eouuna nompouna quuauue euepeuje sa epejane
npcra ojexra
Hone srpae
[kWh/m
2
a]
Hocrojehe srpae
[kWh/m
2
a]
1. cramene srpae ca jennm cranom 65 75
2. cramene srpae ca na nnn nnme cranona 60 70
3. ynpanne n nocnonne srpae 55 65
4. srpae namenene opasonany 65 75
5. srpae namenene spancrny n connjannoj
samrnrn
100 120
6. srpae namenene rypnsmy n yrocrnrecrny 90 100
7. srpae namenene cnopry n pexpeannjn 80 90
8. srpae namenene rpronnnn n ycnyxnnm
enarnocrnma
70 80
9. srpae sa pyre namene xoje xopncre
eneprnjy
/ /
3.1 HPOPAHYH IOHmHE HOTPEBHE TOHAOTE 3A IPE1AHE
Ionmna no1pena 1onno1a sa rpejane, Q
H,nd
ce npema SRPS EN ISO 13790, sa
cncreme xojn pae es npexna y sarpenany, pauyna no cneehoj ]opmynn |5|:
gn H gn H ht H nd H
Q Q Q
, , , ,
= q
[kWh/a] (1)
re cy:
ht H
Q
,
- ronmna norpena ronnora sa naoxnay rynraxa ronnore [kWh/a]
gn H,
q -
]axrop ncxopnmhena onraxa ronnore sa nepno rpejana
gn H
Q
,
- ronmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o ynyrpamnnx onraxa ronnore n
onraxa ycne cynuenor spauena
[kWh/a]
Cnennqnuna ronmna no1pena 1onno1a sa rpejane, Q
H,an
npecrana xonnunnx
ronmne norpene ronnore sa rpejane n xopncne nonpmnne srpae:
f
nd H
an H
A
Q
Q
,
,
=
[kWh/(m
2
a)] (2)
re je:
A
f
xopncna nonpmnna srpae [m
2
]
Ionmna no1pena 1onno1a sa naoxnay ryn1axa 1onno1e oyxnara ronnory xoja
je norpena sa naoxnay rpancmncnonnx
T
Q
n nenrnnannonnx rynraxa ronnore
v
Q
:
v T ht H
Q Q Q + =
, [kWh/a] (3)
Ionmna xonnunna 1onno1e xoja no1nue o yny1pamnnx on1axa 1onno1e n
on1axa ycne cynuenor spauena:
sol gn H
Q Q Q + =
int , [kWh/a] (4)
17
re cy:
Q
int
- Ionmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o ynyrpamnnx onraxa ronnore [kWh/a]
sol
Q -
Ionmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o onraxa ycne Cynuenor spauena
[kWh/a]
na ce ronmna norpena ronnora sa rpejane moxe nspasnrn na cneehn naunn:
( ) ( )
sol gn H v T nd H
Q Q Q Q Q + + =
int , ,
q
[kWh/a] (5)
Ionmna norpena ronnora sa naoxnay rynraxa ronnore pauyna ce no ]opmynn:
( )
3
,
10 24

+ = HDD H H Q
V T ht H
[kWh/a]
re cy:
H
T
- xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore [W/K]
H
V
- xoe]nnnjenr nenrnnannonor rynrxa ronnore [W/K]
HDD - poj crenen ana sa noxannjy srpae (HDD - Heating Degree Days)
Koe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore:
A U g D T
H H H H H + + + =
[W/K] (6)
re cy:
H
D
xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore sa nonpmnne y onpy ca cnonnm
nasyxom;
H
g
xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore sa nonpmnne y onpy ca rnom;
H
U
xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore sa nonpmnne y onpy ca nerpejannm
npocropom;
H
A
xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore sa nonpmnne y onpy ca cycenom
srpaom.
Koe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore sa nonpmnne y onpy ca cnonnm
nasyxom pauyna ce npema Hpopauyny rpancmncnonnx rynraxa ycne ronnornnx mocrona
npema SRPS ISO 10211:
_ _ _
+ + =
i k j
j k k i i D
l U A H _
[W/K] (7)
re cy:
A
i
|m
2
| - nonpmnna n-ror enemenra omoraua srpae
U
i
|W/(m
2
K)| - xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore n-ror enemenra omoraua srpae
l
k
|m| - yxnna x-ror nnnnjcxor ronnornor mocra
+
k
|W/mK| - nnnnjcxn xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore x-ror nnnnjcxor ronnornor mocra
_
j
|W/K| - rauxacrn xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore j-ror rauxacror ronnornor mocra
3a npopauyn ce moxe xopncrnrn n ynpomhenn mero yrnnaja ronnornnx mocrona na
cneehn naunn:
( )
_
+ =
i
TB i i xi T
H A U F H
(8)
re cy:
F
xi
- ]axrop xopexnnje remneparype sa i-rn rpahennncxn enemenr,
U
i
|W/(mK)| - xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore i-ror enemenra, nonpmine A
i
|m
2
|.
Tpancmncnonn ronnornn rynrax srpae (nnn ena srpae) ycne yrnnaja ronnornnx
mocrona y repmnuxom omorauy srpae (nnn ena srpae), H
TB
|W/K|, nsnocn:
18
A U H
TB TB
A =
(9)
re je A |m
2
| snpna nonpmnna cnonnx rpahennncxnx enemenara (repmnuxn omorau
ojexra cnone mepe).
Ycnaja ce npenocr AU
TB
= 0,10 W/(mK).
Cpena npenocr xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore sa srpay:
f
T
T
A
H
H =
'
[W/(m
2
K)] (10)
re cy:
H
T
- xoe]nnnjenr rpancmncnonor rynrxa ronnore [W/K]
A
f
- nonpmnna repmnuxor omoraua srpae [m
2
]
Koe]nnnjenr nenrnnannonor rynrxa ronnore:
i
i
i p a V
n V c H =
_
[W/K]
(11)
re cy:
V sanpemnna rpejanor npocropa [m
3
]
n poj nsmena nasyxa na uac [h
-1
]
a
- rycrnna nasyxa [kg/m
3
]
p
c - cnenn]nunn ronnornn xanannrer nasyxa npn xoncranrnom npnrncxy [J/kgK]
Fpoj nsmena nasyxa na uac ce opehyje y sanncnocrn o saxnonenocrn n xnace
sanrnnenocrn srpae (npema SRPS EN ISO 13789).
uaxrop ncxopnmhena onraxa ronnore sa nepno rpejana pauyna ce nomohy cneehe
]opmyne:
( ) 1
,
1
1
+

=
H
H
a
H
a
H
gn H

q
(12)
re cy:

H
- esnmensnonn onoc ronnornor nnanca
a
H
- esnmensnonn nymepnuxn napamerap xojn sanncn o npenocrn npemencxe xoncranre
Fesnmensnonn onoc ronnornor nnanca npecrana onoc ronmne xonnunne
ronnore xoja nornue o ynyrpamnnx onraxa ronnore n onraxa ycne cynuenor
spauena n ronmne norpene ronnore sa naoxnay rynraxa ronnore:
ht H
gn H
H
Q
Q
,
,
= (13)
Fesnmensnonn nymepnuxn napamerap a
H
zanncn o npenocrn npemencxe xoncranre t
n pauyna ce npema ]opmynn:
0 ,
0 ,
H
H H
a a
t
t
+ =
(14)
re je:
19
t - npemencxa xoncranra [h] n pauyna ce xao onoc nnamnuxor ronnornor xanannrera n
snpa xoe]nnnjenara rpancmncnonnx n nenrnnannonnx rynraxa ronnore:
V T
m
H H
C
+
=
3600 /
t
(15)
C
m
- nnamnuxn ronnornn xanannrer [J/K]
Hpoceune npenocrn ]axropa ncxopnmhena onraxa ronnore sa nepno rpejana (sa
cesoncxn nnn meceunn mero) ce ycnajajy npema rnny rpane, npema cneehnm
npenopyxama:
00 , 1
,
=
gn H
q
- Temxn rnn rpane;
98 , 0
,
=
gn H
q
- Cpene-remxn rnn rpane;
90 , 0
,
=
gn H
q
- Haxn rnn rpane.
Ionmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o ynyrpamnnx onraxa ronnore n onraxa
ycne cynuenor spauena:
sol gn H
Q Q Q + =
int ,
[kWh/a]
(16)
Ionmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o ynyrpamnnx onraxa ronnore
npecrana snp onraxa ronnore o yn n enexrpnunnx ypehaja n pauyna ce npema:
( )
E P f
q q A Q + =
int
[kWh/a]
(17)
re cy:
A
f
- xopncna nonpmnna srpae [m
2
],
P
q - onnn ronnore o yn,
E
q - onnn ronnore o enexrpnunnx ypehaja.
Ionmna xonnunna ronnore xoja nornue o onraxa ycne Cynuenor spauena:
sol sol sol sh sol
I A F Q t =
[kWh/a] (18)
re cy:
sh
F
- ]axrop ocenuenocrn srpae
fin ov hor sh
F F F F =

fin ov hor
F F F , , - ]axropn ocenuenocrn y sanncnocrn o reomerpnje.
3a craxnene cnone nonpmnne:
( )
W F gl gl sol
A F g A = 1
,
(19)
re cy:
gl
g
- ]axrop nponycrnnocrn Cynuenor spauena y sanncnocrn o npcre craxna;
F
F
- ]axrop pama;
W
A
- nonpmnna nposopa (rpahennncxor ornopa)
3a cnone snone:
C C C s C s C sol
A U R A =
, , ,
o
(20)
re cy:
C s,
o - emncnnnocr cnone nonpmnne sna (xparxoranacno spauene Cynna),
e
C s
h
R
1
,
= - ornop npenasy ronnore sa cnony crpany sna [m
2
K / W].
20
Ionmna norpena ronnora sa rpejane sa cncreme xojn pae ca npexnom:
nd H red H interm nd H
Q a Q
, , , ,
=
[kWh/a] (21)
re cy:
interm nd H
Q
, ,
- ronmna norpena ronnora sa rpejane sa cncreme xojn pae ca npexnom,
red H
a
,
- esnmensnjcxn ]axrop peyxnnje y sarpenany.
Fesnmensnjcxn ]axrop peyxnnje y sarpenany pauyna ce xao:
( )
hr H H
H
red H
f a
,
0 ,
,
1 3 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
(22)
re cy:
hr H
f
,
- onoc poja carn paa cncrema sa rpejane y roxy neee npema yxynnom pojy
carn y neen,

H
- esnmensnonn onoc ronnornor nnanca n pauyna ce no ]opmynn (13),
t t ,
0 , H
- npemencxe xoncranre [h].
3 HPHMEP EAABOPATA EE 3A HOBY 3IPAY
Hpemer Enaopara eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn je crameno-nocnonna srpaa y Ynnnn
Hnnjnhenoj, y Feorpay, xopncne nonpmnne 1300m
2
(cnnxa 1) |4|. Hoxannja srpae je y
mnpem nenrpy Feorpaa, na yrny ynnna Hnnjnhene n Jame Hpoanonnha, nocranena xao
yraonn ojexar, ca rpn cnoone ]acae, ymepeno nsnoxena omnnanrnnm eorpacxnm
nerpononma: xomann n cenepny.
C.ura 1 Hse.eo qacaoa sepaoe 3 +ooe.
Hacnpamnn ojexrn ne cnpeuanajy nnconannjy (oxasyje ce anannsom cenxe najmane sa
xapaxrepncrnune ane pannonennne n xparxonennne). 3rpaa je roxom nerner nepnoa y
nnxnm eraxama samrnhena nncronannm pnehem o Cynuenor srpauena.
Y cyrepeny ojexra (nnnon -2 n -1) cy nonnpann: rapaxa, rexnnuxe npocropnje,
ronnorna nocrannna xao n ocrane sa cranone. Ha npnsemy ce nanase noxann ox cy na
npnom, pyrom, rpehem, uernprom n nerom cnpary cramene jennnne.
21
C.ura 2 Cumyaufa useoo us e.aeuoe npoferma
3.1 OBABE3HH HOAHH Y EAABOPATY
1aeua 3 Onumu noauu o sepau
3IPAA \ nona nocrojeha
Hamena srpae Cramena
Bpcra srpae 3rpaa ca nnme cranona
Mecro (noxannja): Feorpa
Bnacnnx (nnnecrnrop):
Hsnohau:
Ionna nsrpane: 2011
Ionna pexoncrpyxnnje/ eneprercxe canannje: -
Hero xopncna nonpmnna rpejanor ena srpae
|m
2
|:
1364
Y npnsemy srpae cmemrenn cy noxann, ox ce na ner eraxa nanase cranonn,
omnnanrno opnjenrncann xa jyry n sanay. 3rpaa je npojexronana y xomnaxrnoj ]opmn, a
ronnorno sonnpane nnje noceno narnameno. Crpyxrypa srpae je pahena xao macnnna ca
nocehom xopnsonrannom n neprnxannom apmnpanoeroncxom xoncrpyxnnjom n snannm
]acannm ncnynama. uacaa je snana ca repmonsonannjom n osnana onexom. Onaxna
crpyxrypa srpae oesejyje nennxn ronnornn xanannrer. Cne coe y cranonnma nmajy
npnpono ocnerene n nenrnnannjy ca nposopnma nmensnonncannm raxo a
saonoanajy mnnnmyme nocranene naxehnm nponncnma n cranapnma. Cannrapnn
22
unoponn ce ocneranajy nemrauxn n nmajy npnpony nenrnnannjy (nyrem nncrannpannx
xanana).
Eneprercxa e]nxacnocr one srpae oesejena je xomnaxrnnm onnxom (]axrop
onnxa), npojexronanom repmonsonannjom repmnuxom omorauy srpae xao n nposopnma ca
nncoxom repmnuxom nep]opmancom n nocranennm sacropnma.
1aeua 4 Kuu+amcru noauu u nouoxaj sepae
Knnua1cxn noann
Hoxannja Feorpa
Fpoj crenen ana rpejana HDD 2520
Fpoj ana rpejne cesone HD 175
Cpena remneparypa rpejnor nepnoa u
H,mn
[
o
C]
5,6
Ynyrpamna npojexrna remneparypa sa snmcxn nepno u
H,i
[
o
C]
20
Y1nnaj ne1pa
Honoxaj (nsnoxenocr nerpy) Ymepeno saxnonen
Fpoj ]acaa nsnoxennx nerpy nnme o jene ]acae
Hoann o pojy crenen ana, cpennm meceunnm remneparypama cnonor nasyxa n
cpennm meceunnm cymama Cynuenor spauena arn cy y Taenn 6.3 n Taenn 6.9
Hpannnnxa o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn srpaa.
1aeua 5 Hpeeue roequuujeuama npouasa monuome rpos mep+uuru o+omau sepae
Honoaaj osnaxa
U
[W/(m
2
K)]
U
max
[W/(m
2
K)]
Hcnyneno
A / HE
Cponn snonn C3 0.29 0.30 A
3n na nnarannjn 3 0.29 0.35 A
Panan xpon nsna rpejanor
npocropa
KP 0.15 0.15 A
Mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja
nsna cnonor npocropa
MO 0.18 0.20 A
Mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja
nsna nerpejanor npocropa
HO 0.25 0.30 A
Hposopn, anxoncxa npara
rpejannx npocropnja
HP 1.40 1.50 A
3a cncrem rpejana npojexronan je jenonennn panjaropcxn cncrem rpejana. Henna
mpexa y ronnornoj nocrannnn nspahena je o uennunnx emannnx nenn. Cncrem rpejana
je, npexo ronnorne nocrannne, nonesan na cncrem anncxor rpejana. Ynyrpamne mpexe
cranona ce npnxyuyjy na sajennuxy neprnxany y opmapnhy xojn ce nanase na cnaxom
cnpary. 3a cnaxn cran je npennhen pasennnx n canpnnx na xojn cy npnxyuenn crpyjnn
xpyronn jenonennor rpejana. Y opmany sa rpejane npennheno je n nocranane mepaua
ronnore xanopnmerpa sa cnaxn cran, onocno noxan, mro je y cxnay ca unanom 13.
Hpannnnnxa o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn.
23
Cncrem sa npnnpemy CTB je nenrpannn conapnn cncrem ca npnnynom nnpxynannjom
noe, xojn ce cacrojn o conapnnx xonexropa n ronnorno nsononanor pesepnoapa sa noy,
ca onyncxnm enexrpnunnm rpejauem, xojn cnyxn sa npnnpemy CTB y nepnoy xaa
conapnn xonexropn ne mory a saonoe norpey norpomaua sa CTB. Cncrem xonexropa je
nonnpan na pannom xpony ojexra. Pasnona mpexa CTB je yrpahena ynyrap repmnuxor
omoraua srpae, mro je y cxnay ca unanom 15. Hpannnnnxa o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn.
1aeua 6 Hoauu o mep+omexuuuru+ cucme+u+a y sepau
Hoann o 1epuo1exnnuxnu cnc1eunua y srpan
Cncrem sa rpejane (noxannn, eraxnn, nenrpannn, anncxn) anncxn
Tonnornn nsnop ]ocnnno ropnno
Cncrem sa npnnpemy CTB (noxannn, nenrpannn, anncxn) nenrpannn
Tonnornn nsnop sa CTB
Cynueno spauene +
enexrpnuna eneprnja
Cncrem sa xnahene (noxannn, eraxnn, nenrpannn, anncxn) noxannn
Hsnop eneprnje xojn ce xopncrn sa xnahene enexrpnuna eneprnja
Benrnnannja (npnpona, mexannuxa, mexannuxa ca
pexynepannjom)
npnpona
Hsnop eneprnje sa nenrnnannjy -
Bpcra n naunn xopnmhena cncrema ca ononnnnm
nsnopnma
Conapnn cncrem sa
npnnpemy CTB
Yeo OHE y norpenoj ronnorn sa rpejane n CTB |%|
59
1aeua 7 Hoauu o eeo+empuju sepae
Hoann o srpan
Hero nonpmnna rpejanor ena srpae A
f
|m
2
|
1364
3anpemnna rpejanor ena srpae V
e
|m
3
|
3860
uaxrop onnxa f
0
|m
-1
|
0.35
Yeo rpancnapenrnnx nonpmnna |%|
18
1aeua 8 Hoauu o noepuuucru+ mpauc+ucuouu+ eyuuu+a H
TS
[W/K]
Onnc rpah.enemenra Osnaxa
U
(W/m
2
K)
A(m
2
) Fx U * A * Fx
Cnonn sn C3 0.27 1064.1 1.0 287.31
3n na nnarannjn 3 0.29 70 0.8 16.24
Panan xpon KP 0.15 240.3 1.0 36.05
Ho xa cno.npocropy MO 0.18 77.6 1.0 13.97
Ho xa nerp. nopymy HO 0.28 318.2 0.5 44.55
Hposopn n anx.npara HP 1.4 320 1.0 448.00

Vrynuo 2090.2 846.11
24
Hnnnjcxn rpancmncnonn rynnn H
TB
[W/K]
H
TB
= 0.1 * LA = 0.1 * 2090.2 = 209.02
Yxynnn rpancmncnonn rynnn H
T
[W/K]
H
T
= H
TS
+ H
TB
= 846.11 + 209.02 = 1055.13
Cnenn]nunn rpancmncnonn rynrxax ronnore srpae H
T
[W/(m
2
K)]
H
T
= H
T
/ A = 1055.13 / 2090.2 = 0.50
1aeua 9 Hoauu o noepuuucru+ mpauc+ucuouu+ eyuuu+a H
TS
[W/K]
H
T
[W/(m
2
K)] H
T

max
[W/(m
2
K)]
Hcnyneno
A / HE
0.50 0.68 A
Benrnnannonn rynnn ronnore srpae H
v
[W/K]
H
v
= 0.33 * V * n = 0.33 Wh/m
3
K * 3860 m
3
* 0.5 h
-1
= 636.9 W/K
1aeua 10 - Hoauu o sanmueeuocmu yepae u roequuujeumy
eeumuuauuouux eyumara
3anpemnna rpejanor npocropa V [m
3
] 3860
3anrnnenocr nposopa opa
Fpoj nsmena nasyxa n [h
-1
] 0.5
Koe]nnnjenr nenrnnannonor rynrxa [kW/K] 0.637
1aeua 11 - Hoauu o yrynuu+ eyuuu+a monuome
Hoann o rynnnua 1onno1e [xW]
Tpancmncnonn rynnn xpos nerpancnapenrnn eo omoraua
srpae
12,739
Tpancmncnonn rynnn xpos nposope n npara 14,336
Benrnnannonn rynnn xpos nposope n npara 20,380
Yxynnn rynnn ronnore 47,455
Ynasnn noann sa npopauyn onraxa ronnore nopasymenajy ynoc noaraxa o
opnjenrannjn nojennnx rpahennncxnx enemenara, o ]axropy ocenuenocrn,
nponycrnnocrn craxna sa cynueno spauene, emncnnnocrn cnone nonpmnne
nerpancnapenrnnx enemenara, xao n noarxe o onnnma ronnore xojn nornuy o
ynyrpamnnx nsnopa, mro je npnxasano raenama 12 o 14.
1aeua 12 - Opujeumauuja u noepuuua eue+euama
A(m
2
) C3 KP PP
Cenep 158 23
Hcrox 367.9 75.28
Jyr 345.54 97.38
3ana 194.64 129.72
Xopns. 240.3
25
1aeua 13 - Vuasuu noauu sa npopauyu oumara o Cyuueeoe spauena
uaxrop ocenuenocrn 0,81
uaxrop nponycrnnocrn Cynuenor spauena sa craxno 0,75
uaxrop pama 0,12
Emncnnnoncr cnone nonpmnne sna 0,6
Ornop npenasy ronnore sa cnony crpany sna 0,04
1aeua 14 - Vuasuu noauu sa npopauyu oumara
monuome o yuympaunux useopa
Oanane ronnore yn Q
lj
|W/m
2
| 1,8
onrax o en. ypehaja q
el
|kWh/m
2
| 5
Ppncyrnocr roxom ana |h| 12
Y enaopary je raxohe oanesno ynern noarxe o naunny cnaenana ronnorom, nsnopy
ronnore, nncranncanom xanannrery, creneny xopncnocrn n npcrn eneprenra, re ce ajy
noann o ronmnoj emncnjn CO
2
. Heonxoan je n ynoc noaraxa o pexnmy xopnmhena
srpae n naunny perynannje paa cncrema sa rpejane. Horpena ronmna eneprnja sa
rpejane npnxasana je raenom 15, xao n njarpamnma na cnnnn 3.
1aeua 15 - Hpopauyu eouune nopeue quuauue euepeuje sa epejane
Mecen Q
H,ht
Q
sol, gl
Q
sol,c
Q
sol
Q
lj
Q
el
Q
int
Q
H,gn
Q
H,nd
Oxr 5267 13512 571 14083 421 3250 3671 4971 296
Hon 19451 7575 322 7897 842 6500 7342 14935 4516
en 27690 5805 248 6053 870 6500 7370 13155 14535
Jan 30506 7221 308 7529 870 6500 7370 14601 15905
ue 23884 10377 428 10805 786 6500 7286 17729 6154
Map 19295 14173 610 14783 870 6500 7370 17280 2015
Anp 5319 15383 683 16066 421 3250 3671 5526 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Okf Hoe eu Jau 4e Map Anp
k
W
h
/
m
2

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fopuua
k
W
h
/
m
2
a
C.ura 3 - Hompeoua eoouuna euepeufa sa epefane: (a) no +eceu+a u (o) eoouuna
26
Hoarax o eneprercxom paspey onja ce na ocnony npnnora Hpannnnnxa o ycnonnma,
capxnnn n naunny nsanana ceprn]nxara o eneprercxnm cnojcrnnma srpaa |6|, a na
ocnony xareropnje srpae n npnxasyje ce rpa]nuxn, xao mro je npnxasano na cnnnn 4.
C.ura 4 Euepeemcru paspeo sepaoe
4 3AKYHAK
3axrenn xojn cy nocranenn saxonoannnm oxnnpom y Penynnnn Cpnjn, a onoce ce
na nponeypy eneprercxe ceprn]nxannje srpaa onpnnoce pannonannsannjn norpomne
eneprnje y onom snauajnom cexropy. Ycnonn repmnuxe samrnre, xao n mnnnmannn
rexnnuxn saxrenn sa cncreme y srpaama, xojn npecranajy norpomaue eneprnje,
ycranonenn cy na naunn xojn oesehyje exonomcxn onrnmannn nnno npn npojexronany
nonnx n pexoncrpyxnnjn n canannjn nocrojehnx srpaa, npn uemy je pe]epenrnn
eneprercxn paspe C. Meroonornja npopauyna nnnxaropa ycnojena je npema
enponcxnm cranapnma xojn nopxanajy nmnnemenrannjy npexrnne 2010/31/EY.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Perez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J. and Pout, C. (2008): A review on buildings energy
consumption information, Energy and Buildings, No. 40, pp. 394-398.
[2] umarac D., Todorovic M., Durovic-Petrovic M., Triovic N. (2010): Energy Efficiency
of Residential Buildings in Serbia, Thermal Science, Vol. 14, Suppl. pp S97-S113.
[3] Vucicevic, B., Turanjanin, V., Bakic, V., Jovanovic, M. and Stevanovic, . (2009):
Experimental and numerical modeling of thermal performance of a residential buildings in
Belgrade, Thermal Science, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 245-252.
[4] Todorovic M., Bajc T: The influence of the regimes of use of building on total building
energy consumption, Regional Conference IEEP 2011, Proceedings on CD, Kopaonik,
Serbia.
[5] Cnyxenn rnacnnx PC p. 61/2011: Hpannnnnx o eneprercxoj e]nxacnorn srpaa.
[6] Cnyxenn rnacnnx PC p. 61/2011: Hpannnnnx o ycnonnma, capxnnn n naunny
nsanana ceprn]nxara o eneprercxnm cnojcrnnma srpaa.
27
1ophe Hahuuoeuh
1
, Mupro Ahuh
2
, Tamfaua Ko:emoe Muuy.uh
3
HPOPAHYH CEH3MHHKE OTHOPHOCTH 3IPAA CA
APMHPAHOBETOHCKHM3HOBHMA 3A YKPYTEHE
Pesu+e:
Y pay je npnxasan nocrynax npojexronana yxrnnnnx AF snona y cxnay ca
Enpoxoom 8. Inannn nn paa je npyxane ynna y moepne npnnnnne
npojexronana n anane canera sa npojexronane npnmennnnx y npaxcn. Axnenar
je ar na oeseheny saxrenane noxanne yxrnnnocrn y xpnrnunnm onacrnma.
Onaxan nsop je nocnenna pasnnxa y opeama npojexronana xoje e]nnnme
Enpoxo 8 n caamne npaxce. Hope rnannnx xopaxa y nponeypn npojexronana,
xojy cy erano npnxasann, ara cy n opehena sanaxana n saxyunn y nny
omoryhena naxme npnmene naneenor cranapa.
K+yuue peuu: se++ompec, c+u:yhu suooeu, oyrmu.uocm, yme+yha ap+amypa
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL
BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE
Summary:
The paper deals with the design of ductile walls in accordance with Eurocode 8. The
main objective of this paper is to give an insight into the modern principles of the
design and to offer design tips that are applicable in practice. The emphasis is on the
part of the design which is related to ensuring demanded local ductility in critical
regions. This choice is a consequence of significant differences in the design
provisions defined by Eurocode 8 and the current practice. Besides the main steps of
the design procedure, observations and conclusions are also presented in order to
provide easier application of the aforementioned standard.
Key words: earthquake, shear walls, ductility, confining reinforcement

1
Hpo]., p, nnn. nnx. rpah., uaxynrer rexnnuxnx nayxa y Honom Cay, enaprman sa rpahennnapcrno, Tpr
ocnreja Opaonnha 6, 21000 Honn Ca, e-mail: ladjin@uns.ac.rs
2
Hpo]., p, nnn. nnx. rpah., Ipahennncxn ]axynrer y Feorpay, Fyn. xpaa Anexcanpa 73, 11000 Feorpa
3
on., p, nnn. nnx. rpah., uaxynrer rexnnuxnx nayxa y Honom Cay, enaprman sa rpahennnapcrno, Tpr
ocnreja Opaonnha 6, 21000 Honn Ca
28
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the most spreaded laterally resistant structural systems of buildings in seismically
active regions contains reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls placed in one or both main
directions of building. This system improves seismic resistance of building if walls are
regularly located and necessary strength and ductility is provided. Shear wall system is very
rational solution for the buildings up to 20 stories, while combination of shear walls with
frames gives good results for taller buildings [3]. The main advantage of shear wall system, in
comparison with rigid frame structure, is in its small deformability under the lateral forces that
provides relatively small non-structural damage under the moderate and severe earthquake
ground motions [4].
The behaviour of shear wall systems during earthquake will be satisfactory only if all
measures are taken to provide a favourable plastic (failure) mechanism. A special account must
be taken so that shear effects do not prevent global ductile behaviour of the structure. Therefore
in these systems the assessment of influence of dynamic effects on the magnitude and
distribution of shear forces along the height of walls is particularly important.
2 DESIGN CONCEPT OF SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES
The civil engineering structure shall be designed to withstand the design seismic action
without local or global collapse, thus retaining its structural integrity and a residual load bear-
ing capacity after the seismic events [1]. The design of earthquake resistant buildings shall
provide the structure with an adequate capacity to dissipate energy without substantial reduc-
tion of its overall resistance against horizontal and vertical loading. In the seismic design situa-
tion adequate resistance of all structural elements shall be provided, and non-linear defor-
mation demands in critical regions should be commensurate with the overall ductility assumed
in calculations. The structure as a whole shall be checked to ensure that it is stable under the
design seismic action [2]. Both overturning and sliding stability shall be taken into account.
The resistance and energy dissipation capacity to be assigned to the structure are related to
the extent to which its non-linear response is to be exploited. In operational terms such balance
between resistance and energy dissipation capacity is characterised by the values of the
behaviour factor q. This factor is used for design purposes to reduce the forces obtained from a
linear analysis, in order to account for the non-linear response of a structure, associated with
the material and the structural system. The values of the behaviour factor q are given according
to the relevant ductility classes in the various parts of EN 1998. Ductile concrete structures are
classified in two ductility classes (DCM and DCH), depending on their hysteretic dissipation
capacity. Both classes correspond to buildings designed, dimensioned and detailed in
accordance with specific earthquake resistant provisions, enabling the structure to develop
stable mechanisms associated with large dissipation of hysteretic energy under repeated
reversed loading, without suffering brittle failures.
The behaviour factor q is an approximation of the ratio of the seismic forces that the
structure would experience if its response was completely elastic with 5% viscous damping, to
the seismic forces that may be used in the design, with a conventional elastic analysis model,
still ensuring a satisfactory response of the structure. The value of the behaviour factor q may
be different in different horizontal directions of the structure, although the ductility
classification shall be the same in all directions.
29
3 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Important steps of the design procedure according to Eurocode EN 1998-1 which ensures
local ductility in plastic hinge regions of ductile walls is presented below. Once defined
parameters of the equations will not be defined again.
3.1 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS
One of the first steps in the design process is determination of the behaviour factor q, which
basically depends on several parameters: material, structural type, ductility, overstrength factor
and the prevailing failure mode (only in structural wall systems). The upper limit value of the
behaviour factor q, introduced to account for energy dissipation capacity, shall be derived as:
0
1.5
w
q q k = > (1)
where q
0
is the basic value of the behaviour factor, dependent on the type of the structural
system and on its regularity in elevation, and k
w
is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure
mode in structural systems with walls (0,5 s k
w
s 1,0). The factor k
w
(k
w
= 1,0 for frame and
frame equivalent dual systems, and k
w
= (1 + o
0
) / 3 for wall, wall-equivalent and torsionally
flexible systems) depends on prevailing aspect ratio o
0
of the walls. The prevailing aspect ratio
of the walls o
0
depends mainly on the aspect ratios h
wi
/l
wi
of all walls:
0 wi wi
h l o =
_ _
(2)
where h
wi
and l
wi
are the height and length of the section of wall i, respectively.
Structural types related to ductile walls are: wall systems (coupled or uncoupled) and dual
systems. Although EN 1998-1 defines three different ductility classes: low (DCL), medium
(DCM) and high (DCH), design of structures with low ductility is allowed only in regions with
low seismicity. Basic value of the behaviour factor for medium ductility class is q
0
= 3,0, while
for high ductility class is q
0
= 4,0 o
u
/o
1
, where o
u
/o
1
is overstrength factor (o
1
is the value by
which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in order to first reach the flexural
resistance in any member in the structure, while o
u
is the value by which the horizontal seismic
design action is multiplied in order to form plastic hinges in a number of sections sufficient for
the development of overall structural instability).
Overstrength factor takes into account additional bearing capacity of a structure, which may
be a result of various factors. Because in some cases o
u
/o
1
can achieve unrealistically large
values, the upper limit of this factor is set to 1,50. For buildings which are regular in plan, the
following approximate values of overstrength factor may be used: a) o
u
/o
1
= 1,0 for wall
systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal direction; b) o
u
/o
1
= 1,1 for the other
uncoupled wall systems; and c) o
u
/o
1
= 1,2 for wall-equivalent dual or coupled wall systems.
For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the the basic value of the behaviour factor q
0
should be reduced by 20%.
3.2 LOCAL DUCTILITY CONDITIONS
Since behaviour factor q is used to reduce forces obtained by linear analysis in order to
account for nonlinear response of the structure, the value of q used in analysis should be
ensured by the design and confirmed with calculation. Global ductility of a structure is
achieved through the local ductility of its structural members, which means that they should
30
posse sufficient plastic rotation capacities in critical (plastic hinge) regions. This is provided by
appropriate concrete and steel qualities, prevention of local buckling of compressed steel and
sufficient curvature ductility of sections in all critical regions, which is unquestionably the
most important factor. The latter is accomplished if the curvature ductility factor n
|
in all
plastic hinge regions is at least equal to the following values:
( )
0 1
0 1 1
2 1 if
1 2 1 / if
C
C C
q T T
q T T T T
|

>
=

+ <

(3)
where q
0
is the corresponding basic value of the behaviour factor q, T
1
is the fundamental
period of the structure, both taken within the vertical plane in which bending takes place, and
T
C
is the period at the upper limit of the constant acceleration region of the spectrum.
3.3 PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS IN DUCTILE WALLS
Ensuring demanded amount of local ductility along the wall height would be very difficult
and it is quite unnecessary. Wall section generally posses large bearing capacities which, in
combination with carefully detailed reinforcement in plastic hinge regions, ensure excellent
behaviour of walls during earthquakes. Therefore, plastic rotation capacity should be
concentrated only at the wall base. Eurocode 8 defines the height of a plastic hinge region h
cr
above the base of a ductile wall as:
2
max and for 6 storeys
/ 6
2 for 7 storeys
w
w
cr cr s
w
s
l
l
h h h n
h
h n

= s s

>

(4)
where l
w
is wall length, h
w
is wall height and h
s
is clear storey height.
3.4 DIMENSIONS OF WALL SECTIONS
Minimum requirements regarding dimensions of wall sections and boundary elements,
according to EN 1998, are listed below and they apply for both DCM and DCH:
- As a minimum, the wall thickness b
w0
, outside the confined part, should not be less
taken as being smaller than 15 cm or h
s
/20.
- Wall thickness b
w
at the confined part (boundary element) must not be less than 20 cm.
- Minimum length of the confined boundary element l
c
(Fig. 1), measured from the
centreline of the outer stirrup, must satisfy the condition: l
c
= max{0,15l
w
; 1,5b
w0
}.
- In addition, the following must be fulfilled:
{ } if max 2 ; 0, 2 /15, otherwise: /10.
c w w w s w s
l b l b h b h s > > (5)
C.ura 1 Muuu+a.ua oeo+uua ymeeuymux ueu:uux e.e+euama
Figure 1 Minimum thickness of confined boundary elements
31
All of the above is shown in Fig. 1. In the case of ductile walls with rectangular sections,
minimum thickness of the wall is therefore limited to 20 cm.
3.5 REINFORCEMENT OF DUCTILE WALLS
Calculation and detailing of reinforcement should take place after dimensions of the wall
section are defined and finalized. According to Eurocode 8, ductile walls should be reinforced
as shown in Fig. 2. The principle of reinforcing is basically the same as in current practice, but
provisions regarding reinforcement of the web and boundary elements are more detailed and
demanding.
Web reinforcement consists of horizontal and vertical bars, as shown in Fig. 2. In the case
of DCM, EN 1998 does not give explicit provisions regarding minimum web reinforcement in
plastic hinge regions (which means that the rules defined in EN 1992 apply), while in the case
of DCH the following must be fulfilled: a) minimum amount of web reinforcement in both
horizontal and vertical direction must not be smaller than 0,002 times area of the wall section
(taking into account the width b
w0
); b) web reinforcement must consist of two grids, and
minimum diameter of grid bars must not be less than 8 mm or greater than 0,125b
w0
; and c) bar
spacing must be limited at the minimum between 25 cm and 25 times bar diameter.
C.ura 2 Vmeeuymu ueu:uu e.e+eum ua c.oooouof ueuu suoa
Figure 2 Confined boundary element of free-edge wall end
While horizontal reinforcement bars in the web provide shear resistance, vertical bars
provide a part of the flexural resistance. This fact is often ignored in practice, and only vertical
bars of boundary elements are considered to provide flexural resistance of the wall. This is
completely wrong and may lead to the incorrect results of analysis of wall sections, especially
in the case of walls with large lengths.
Reinforcement in boundary elements consists of vertical and horizontal (confining)
reinforcement. Vertical reinforcement ratio in the boundary elements should be not less than
0,005, which applies to both DCM and DCH. Horizontal distance between the bars (measured
between the bar axes) must not exceed 20 cm in the cases of DCM, i.e. 15 cm for DCH. Every
vertical bar should be engaged by a stirrup or a cross-tie in order to prevent the occurrence of
local buckling. Confining reinforcement in the case of DCM can be designed according to EN
1992 if one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
0,15
0, 20 but used in analysis is reduced by 15%
Ed
d
c cd
N
q A f
v

= s

(6)
32
where v
d
is the normalized design force, N
Ed
is design axial force from the analysis for the
seismic design situation, A
c
is area of section of concrete member and f
cd
is the design value of
concrete compressive strength. Otherwise, the following conditions regarding confining
reinforcement must be fulfilled:
{ }
,
0
0, 08
min / 2; 17, 5cm; 8
ys d
cs
wd
cs cd
bl
f
V
V f
s b d
e = >
>
(7)
where V
cs
is volume of confining stirrups, V
cc
is volume of concrete core, f
ys,d
is the design
value of yield strength of steel, c
wd
is m echanical volum etric ratio of confining reinforce-
m ent, s is spacing of stirrups, b
0
is minimum dimension of the concrete core measured from
the centreline of the outer stirrup, and d
bl
is minimum diameter of vertical bars.
In the case of DCH, favourable effect which small axial force has on ductility of a wall
section has not been taken into account, and therefore the provisions of EC 8 must be followed.
Confining reinforcement must be designed to satisfy the following conditions:
{ }
,
0
0,12
min / 3; 12, 5cm; 6
ys d
cs
wd
cs cd
bl
f
V
V f
s b d
e = >
>
(8)
,max
0, 4 /
bw bl ydl ydw
d d f f = (9)
where d
bw
is the diameter of stirrups, d
bl,max
is the maximum diameter of vertical bars, f
ydl
is the
design strength of vertical reinforcement steel, and f
ydw
is the design strength of stirrups steel.
An additional measure that should be taken in the case of DCH is to provide boundary
elements for one more storey above plastic hinge region, with at least half of confining
reinforcement.
3.6 CONTROL OF LOCAL DUCTILITY OF WALL SECTIONS IN PLASTIC
HINGE REGIONS
Achievement of local ductility must be verified by calculation. The minimum value of
curvature ductility factor n
|,dem
at the wall base, that represents local ductility demand, may be
estimated as:
( )
0 1
0 1 1
2 / 1 if
1 2 / 1 / if
Ed Rd C
Ed Rd C C
q M M T T
q M M T T T T
|

>
=

+ <

(10)
where M
Ed
is the design bending moment from the analysis and M
Rd
is the design flexural
resistance. Generally, there are two ways to check whether demanded n
|
is ensured in plastic
hinge region by using the approximate method proposed by EC 8 or by accurate analysis of a
wall section.
Approximate method assumes that n
|
defined by expressions (10) is achieved by the use of
appropriate confining reinforcement in boundary elements. The required length of the confined
boundary element basically represents the length in which the value of compressive strain in
concrete exceeds ultimate strain of unconfined concrete (Fig. 2). It can be calculated as:
33
2 2,
(1 / )
c u cu cu c
l x c c = (11)
where x
u
is the depth of neutral axis at ultimate curvature, c
cu2
ultimate strain of unconfined
concrete, taken to be equal to 0,0035, and c
cu2,c
ultimate strain of confined concrete, which may
be calculated as:
2,
0.035 0.1
cu c wd
c o = + (12)
where o is confinement effectiveness factor, which depends on shape of cross-section and
described in the standard [1].
The neutral axis depth x
u
at ultimate curvature after spalling of the concrete outside the
confined core of the boundary element may be estimated as:
0
( )
u d w c
x l b b
v
v e = + (13)
where c
v
is the mechanical ratio of vertical web reinforcement and b
c
is the width of the
compression zone. As a minimum, the length l
c
of the confined boundary element should not
be taken as being smaller than 0,15l
w
or 1,50b
w.
.
If the length of a confided boundary element determined from the expression (11) does not
exceed assumed value used in calculations (in most cases a minimum one), then minimum
provisions regarding confinement of boundary elements are sufficient and they provide
demanded local ductility. This method is very conservative. It is obvious from the fact that the
ultimate strain of confined concrete c
cu2,c
is assumed in the extreme compression fibre.
Therefore, the assumed length l
c
should not be changed instantly. It should also be noted that
the value of x
u
is derived under the assumption that reinforcement in boundary elements yields
and that the section is reinforced symmetrically. Therefore, this approximate expression should
be used with precaution, perhaps only in cases of symmetrically reinforced rectangular wall
sections.
Procedure of accurate analysis of a wall section is based on the determination of curvature
ductility factor from the following steps:
1) Calculation of local ductility demand n
|,dem
according to equation (10);
2) Determination of the yield curvature |
y
at the yielding point of steel c
sy,d
and the
curvature at the ultimate limit state c
cu2
, denoted as |
u
. In this step, existing
confinement in boundary elements is totally neglected;
3) Calculation of curvature ductility factor as n
|
= |
u
/|
y
;
4) If the value of n
|
does not exceed the value of n
|,dem
from the step 1, then existing
local ductility is sufficient;
5) Otherwise, the curvature at ultimate limit state can be calculated as |
u,dem
= n
|,dem
|
y
;
6) For the value of |
u,dem
, the value of strain at the extreme compression fibre of the
confined concrete core c
c,conf
should be determined. The value of c
c,conf
must not
exceed the value of c
cu2,c
defined previously;
7) Calculation of required length of boundary element as: l
c
= x
u
(1 c
cu2
/ c
c,conf
). If
obtained value of l
c
does not exceed assumed value used in calculations, then the
existing boundary element provides required local ductility. Otherwise, l
c
must be
changed.
In addition to both presented methods, the following condition must be fulfilled:
( )
, , 0
30 / 0, 035
wd dem d v sy d c
b b
|
oe v e c > + (14)
34
4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Two reinforced concrete (RC) office buildings with 8 stories, the same height and same
dimensions in the plan were analyzed (Fig. 3). Buildings are designed for two different
ductility classes: DCM and DCH. Storey height for both buildings is constant and equals 2,8 m.
Each structure consists of eight RC shear walls with cross-sectional dimensions of 20600 cm.
For both buildings the same value of design ground acceleration a
g
= 0,25g and same soil class
(class C) is adopted.
C.ura 3 Pacnopeo suooea sa yrpyhene u npocmopuu +ooe. roucmpyrufe
Figure 3 The layout of shear walls and 3D model of the structure
The total mass of each building is m = 2512 t, so that both structures have the same
fundamental period T
1
= 0,566 s. The behaviour factor is q = 3,0 in the case of DCM and
q = 4,4 in the case of DCH. Base shear force for structure of ductility class DCM is
F
b
= 4896,93 kN, i.e. F
b
= 3338,85 kN in the case of DCH. The characteristic results of seismic
analysis for wall with maximum seismic effects are presented in Table 1.
Based on the performed analysis, design of the shear walls is conducted so that the
demanded local ducility is ensured in critical region, as well as the required bearing capacity
along the wall height. Adopted reinforcement of the critical wall is presented in Tables 2 and 3.
In analysis the used quality of the concrete is C25/30 and of the reinforcement is S500.
35
1aeua 1 Kaparmepucmuuue epeuocmu ymuuaja y rpumuuuo+ nopyujy sua Y1
Table 1 Characteristic seismic effects in critical region of wall Y1
V
sd
c V
Ed
N
Ed
M
Ed
M
Rd
n
|,dem
c
c
/ c
s
kN kN kN kNm kNm
DCM 1333,9 1,50 2003,9 2721 21028,8 22100,9 4,70 -2,24/5,35
DCH 925,0 1,97 2039,5 2359 14149,2 14998,2 7,30 -1,91/5,08
1aeua 2 Vceojeua ap+amypa sua Y1 sa cpeny ruacy yrmuuuocmu
Table 2 Adopted reinforcement of wall Y1 for medium ductility classes
DCM
Web Boundary elements
Storey A
h
A
v
A
av
A
stirrup
1
C10/15 C8/15 16C20 UC8/7,5
2
C10/15 C8/15 16C20 UC8/7,5
3
C10/15 C8/15 16C20 UC8/15
4
C8/15 C8/15 12C20 UC8/15
5
C8/15 C8/15 10C20 UC8/15
6
C8/15 C8/15 8C20 UC8/15
7
C8/15 C8/15 4C20 UC8/15
8
C8/15 C8/15 4C20 UC8/15
1aeua 3 Vceojeua ap+amypa sua Y1 sa eucory ruacy yrmuuuocmu
Table 3 Adopted reinforcement of wall Y1 for high ductility classes
DCH
Web Boundary elements
Storey A
h
A
v
A
av
A
stirrup
1
C8/15 C8/15 14C14 UC8/5
2
C8/15 C8/15 14C14 UC8/5
3
C8/15 C8/15 14C14 UC8/10
4
C8/15 C8/15 10C14 UC8/15
5
C8/15 C8/15 6C14 UC8/15
6
C8/15 C8/15 4C14 UC8/15
7
C8/15 C8/15 4C14 UC8/15
8
C8/15 C8/15 4C14 UC8/15
5 CONCLUSION
When determining behaviour factor q, it is necessary to opt for ductility class of the
structure. Larger values of q, which correspond to the case of DCH, imply that the design
seismic actions are smaller in comparison to those in the case of DCM. This practically means
less reinforcement, but in the case of ductile walls this is only partially true. Flexural
36
reinforcement is indeed weaker in the case of DCH comparing to DCM, but the requirements
of EC 8 regarding shear reinforcement are much stricter. Therefore, savings in terms of
reinforcing steel are questionable. This fact may be overlooked within the selection of ductility
class. More important, provisions that are related to detailing of reinforcement (which ensures
local ductility) are sometimes impossible to fulfil in the case of DCH, especially in the case of
tall buildings. Thus, the selection of ductility class is a very important step which should be
taken with care because in the later stages of the design it may turn out that not all
requirements of the standard can be met.
Acknowledgments: This research was supported by Serbian Ministry of Science and
Technologies Grant No 36043.
REFERENCES
[1] CEN-EN 1998-1: Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistantce. Part 1:
General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, 2004. Prevod GF, Beograd 2009.
[2] Ladinovic D.: Savremene metode seizmicke analize konstrukcija zgrada. Materijali i
konstrukcije 51, br. 2, Beograd, 2008, str. 25-40.
[3] Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry
buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1992.
[4] Petrovic B.: Odabrana poglavlja iz zemljotresnog gradevinarstva, GK, Beograd, 1985.

37


Bu+aua Aumyuoeuh
1
, Mu.euro Cmauroeuh
2
, A.ercauoap Jauroeuh
3
, apufa
Iafuh
4
, apro Tooopoeuh
5
M1EPEHE KOEmHHH1EHTA HPOAA3A TOHAOTE 3HA Y
3IPAH PEKTOPATA YHHBEP3HTETA Y BAHO1 AYHH
Pesu+e: Koe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore, Y - npnjenocr (W/m
2
K), je xyunn
napamerap sa nponjeny ronnornnx rynraxa srpae nacrannx npenocom ronnore
xpos xoncrpyxnnjy, a moxe ce openrn pauyncxnm nyrem na ocnony ronnornnx
xapaxrepncrnxa omoraua. Mehyrnm, onaj xoe]nnnjenr ne ysnma y osnp
nenpannnnocrn n e]exre erpaannje xapaxrepncrnxa nojennnx enemenara
xoncrpyxnnje ca npemenom, mro moxe onecrn o rpemaxa y npopauyny
ronnornnx rynraxa. Crora je, y onom pay, Y-npnjenocr opehena na ocnony
nsmjepennx npnjenocrn rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca n remneparypa n ynopehena
ca npnjenomhy nspauynarom na ocnony ronnornnx xapaxrepncrnxa omoraua.
K+yuue pujeuu: roequufeum npo.asa mon.ome, +fepena, mon.omuu eyouu,
mon.omuu q.yrc
MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF THE WALL
IN UNIVERSITY RECTORATE BUILDING IN BANJA LUKA
Summary: Thermal transmittance, U - value (W/m
2
K), is a key parameter for
determination of building heat loss caused by heat transfer through the building
envelope, and it can be calculated from the thermal properties of building envelope.
However, this value does not take into account the effects of irregularities and
degradation of certain elements of the building structure with time, which could lead
to errors in heat loss calculation. Therefore, in this paper, U-value is derived from
measurements of heat flux density and temperature and compared to value calculated
from the known thermal properties of the wall structure.
Key words: thermal transmittance, measurement, heat loss, heat flux

1
on. p Fnana Anrynonnh nnn. ]ns., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77 Fana
Hyxa
2
Hpo]. p Mnnenxo Cranxonnh, nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77
Fana Hyxa
3
Anexcanap Janxonnh nnn. ]ns. mer., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77 Fana
Hyxa
4
apnja Iajnh, nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77 Fana Hyxa
5
apxo Tooponnh, nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77 Fana Hyxa

38
1. YBO
Y canpemenom pymrny ronnornn rynnn xpos omorau srpae npecranajy snauajan
yno y yxynnoj norpomnn eneprnje rpahennncxor ojexra. Crora je nn, cmannrn
ronnorne rynrxe n noneharn eneprercxy e]nxacnocr srpae noehn npn rome pauyna o
ocrnapnnany onrnmannnx ycnona xom]opa nennx xopncnnxa. Oanane ronnore xpos
omorau srpae onnja ce nyrem npenoca ronnore n nn]nnrpannjom nasyxa. unsnuxa
nennunna xoja npexrno noxasyje ronnorne nep]opmance enemenara omoraua srpae nyrem
npenoca ronnore je xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore nnn U-npnjenocr (W/m
2
K). Bro je
mann xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore ro cy oe ronnorne xapaxrepncnrnxe omoraua n
mana xonnunna ronnore ce oaje ns srpae. Y pasnnjennm semama Enponcxe Ynnje sa
snone nocrojehnx srpaa saxrnjena ce a xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore ne npenasn
npnjenocr o 0.40 W/m
2
K[1]. C osnpom na ro a je y Penynnnn Cpncxoj y pasmarpany
3axon o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn, re a cy najnehn osnoenn xoe]nnnjenrn nponasa
ronnore jom ynnjex y cxnay ca JUS cranapom U.J5.510 ns 1987.ronne, sa npemerno
nopyuje III xnnmarcxa sona (Fana Hyxa) najneha osnoena npnjenocr sa cnoamne
snone je 0.80 W/m
2
K. Hpn onomeny 3axona o eneprercxoj e]nxacnocrn neonxono je
onnjern nsmjene nocrojeher cranapa. Y osnp rpea ysern n naxehn Hpannnnnx o
rexnnuxnm saxrnjennma sa ronnorny samrnry srpaa n pannonanny ynorpey eneprnje xojn
je o 2010. ronne na cnasn y ueepannjn Focne n Xepneronnne, rje je sa onaxne
xnnmarcxe ycnone npennhena najneha osnoena npnjenocr nponasa ronnore sa
cnoamnn sn 0,45 W/m
2
K [1]
Ko nocrojehnx srpaa, a noceno xo srpaa xoje cy y ]asn npojexronana xoe]nnnjenr
nponasa ronnore ce opehyje pauyncxnm nyrem na ocnony ronnornnx xapaxrepncrnxa
enemenara omoraua srpae. Mehyrnm, Y-npnjenocr nspauynara na onaj naunn, ne ysnma y
osnp nenpannnnocrn nnrn e]exre erpaannje enemenara xoncrpyxnnje xojn ce janajy
npemenom, mro onon o pasnnxa nsmehy reopercxor n crnapnor xoe]nnnjenra nponasa
ronnore. 3aro je o ecennnjannor snauaja mjepene xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore enemenra
xoncrpyxnnje na nnny mjecra n y crnapnnm ycnonnma y xojnma ce srpaa xopncrn. Ha raj
naunn, onjajy ce peanne npnjenocrn xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore mro npexrno
onon o mnnnmnsnpana rpemaxa ce y nponjenn ronnornnx rynraxa xpos omorau srpae.
Jena o jenocrannnx n e]nxacnnx meroa sa opehnnane crnapnor xoe]nnnjenra
nponasa ronnore xpos enemenr xoncrpyxnnje je meroa xoja yxyuyje mjepene rycrnne
ronnornor ]nyxca n remneparypa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje y cxnay ca JUS
cranapom[3].
Hn onor paa jecre excnepnmenranno opehnnane xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore
cnoamner sna srpae Pexropara Ynnnepsnrera y Fanoj Hynn na ocnony mjepena
rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca n remneparypa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje na mjecry n y
crnapnnm ycnonnma npn uemy cy nsmjepene Y-npnjenocrn ynopehene ca npnjenocrnma
onjennm pauyncxnm nyrem na ocnony ronnornnx xapaxrepncrnxa nocmarpanor sna.
2. KOEmHHH1EHT HPOAA3A TOHAOTE
Koe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore na ocnony npexrno mjepene rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca
ce moxe openrn xo pannnx n xomorennx nnoua, xao mro je omorau srpae, xo xojnx je
omnnanran nponas ronnore y jenoj nmensnjn. Yxonnxo nocrojn remneparypna pasnnxa

39
nsmehy ynyrpamner n cnoamner nasyxa ronnora ce npenocn ca mjecra nnme
remneparype na mjecro nnxe remneparype cne o ycnocranana repmonnamnuxe
pannorexe. 3nmn, xaa je nasyx y npocropnjn ronnnjn o cnoamner nasyxa, ronnora ce
npenocn xpos enemenr xoncrpyxnnje n onon ns srpae npn uemy nacrajy ronnornn
rynnn. Hponec npenoca ronnore je neoma cnoxen n yxyuyje, npenoc ronnore ca nasyxa
y npocropnjn na ynyrpamny nonpmnny sna, nponohene ca ynyrpamne nonpmnne sna na
cnoamny nonpmnny sna n npenoc ronnore ca cnoamne nonpmnne sna na cnoamnn
nasyx. Ysnmajyhn y osnp one npernocranxe, rycrnna ronnornor ]nyxca q[W/m
2
], xoja
npecrana xonnunny ronnore xoja nporexne no jennnnn nonpmnne sna[4], y jennnnn
npemena ce moxe npecrannrn nspasom:
( )
s u
t t U q = 1.
rje t
u
(
0
C) n t
s
(
0
C) npecranajy remneparype nasyxa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje, a U
(W/m
2
K) xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore, xojn xnanrnrarnnno noxasyje xonnxo je nexn sn
opo nnn nome repmonsononan. U-npnjenocr ce moxe openrn na ocnony nosnarnx
ronnornnx xapaxrepcrnxa enemenara xoncrpyxnnje omoraua:
_
=
+ +
=
n
i s i
i
u
l
U
1
1 1
1
o o
2.
rje 1/u
u
n 1/u
s
(m
2
K/W) npecranajy ornope npenasy ronnore ca nasyxa na ynyrpamny
crpany sna, n ca cnoamne crpane sna na nasyx, peom, a l
i
/
i
(m
2
K/W) ornop
nponoheny ronnore xpos i-rn enemenr xoncrpyxnnje enne l
i
(m) n xoe]nnnjenra
ronnorne npononnocrn marepnjana o xojer ce cacrojn
i
(W/mK). Yxynnn ornop nponasy
ronnore R (m
2
K/W) xpos sn oyxnara cne rpn npcre ornopa n npecrana pennnpouny
npnjenocr xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore , a moxe ce nspasnrn npexo penannje:
_
=
+ + = + + =
n
i
spo zida unu
s i
i
u
R R R
l
R
1
1 1
o o
3.
2.1. TEOPETCKA BPH1EHOCT KOEmHHH1EHTA HPOAA3A TOHAOTE
Hsapann cnoamnn nsrpahen je o nyne onexe n omanrepncan ca ynyrpamne n
cnoamne crpane xpeunnm manrepom. C osnpom na ro a je srpaa Pexropara nsrpahena y
nepnoy o 1900. o 1920. ronne, ronnorne xapaxrepncrnxe cnojena xopnmrennx
marepnjana npeysere cy ns naxeher cranapa Enponcxe Ynnje[6]. Y Bemauxoj, npn
ononn srpaa ns nepnoa o 1870 - 1920 [7], y npopauyny ce y osnp ysnma a je rycrnna
nyne onexe 1400 kg/m
3
mro je xopnmreno n y onom pay. axne, sn o nyne onexe
enne 44 nm nma ronnorny npononnocr 0.58 W/mK, ca cnojennma xpeunor manrepa ca
ynyrpamne n cnoamne crpane sna enna 2 cm n 3 cm, pecnexrnnno n xoe]nnnjenra
ronnorne npononnocrn 0.81 W/mK xao mro je npnxasano y raenn 1. Ysnmajyhn y osnp
naneene ronnorne xapaxrepncrnxe sna n npernocranajyhn xoe]nnnjenre npenasa
ronnore ca nasyxa na ynyrpamny crpany sna n ca cnoamne crpane sna na nasyx unje
ce npnjenocrn ysnmajy npema naxehnm cranapnma [3] n nsnoce 0.125 m
2
K/W n 0.040
m
2
/KW, peom onja ce a U-npnjenocr nsnocn 1,015 W/m
2
K.

40
1aeua 1. 1onuomue raparmepucmure cuojeea cno+aunee sua
2.2. M1EPEHE KOEmHHH1EHTA HPOAA3A TOHAOTE
Mjepene xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore nsnpmeno je na omorauy srpae Pexorapara
Ynnnepsnrera y Fanoj Hynn na jenom o cnoamnnx snona. Hpnje camor mjepena
nsnpmen je ynn y npojexrny oxymenrannjy xaxo n ce morna nsaparn oronapajyha
mjepna nosnnnja.
C.ura 1. 3epaoa Permopama Vuueepsumema y Banof Hyu
2.2.1. Haunnn opennana U-npnjenoc1n
Materijal p (kg/m
3
) c (J/kgK) l (cm) (W/mK) R
i
(m
2
K/W)
Unutranji malter (krecni) 1600 1000 2 0.81 0.025
Puna opeka
1400 840 44
0.58
0.759
Spoljanji malter (krecni)
1600
1000
3
0.81
0.037

41
3a opehnnane crnapne Y-npnjenocrn, xopnmrena je onpema sa mjepene rycrnne
ronnornor ]nyxca, remneparypa nasyxa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje n remneparypa
ynyrpamne n cnoamne nonpmnne sna. Ha ocnony nsmjepene rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca
q n remneparypa ynyrap t
u
n nsnan npocropnje t
s
, xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore ce pauyna
npema penannjn:
s u
t t
q
U

= 4.
Y cnyuajy pacnojanana nasyxa ynyrap npocropnje, moxe ce ecnrn a nsmjepena
remneparypa nasyxa ne ye penpesenrarnnna sa rauxy y xojoj ce mjepn rycrnna
ronnornor ]nyxca, re ce crora xopncrn anrepnarnnna meroa[5], y xojoj ce xoe]nnnjenr
nponasa ronnore opehyje na ocnony rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca n remneparypa
ynyrpamne r
ys
n cnoamne nonpmnne sna t
sz
:
s u
sz uz
q
t t
U
o o
1 1
1
+ +

= 5.
rje 1/u
u
n 1/u
s
npecranajy neh nomenyre ornope npenasy ronnore ca nasyxa na
ynyrpamny crpany sna n ca cnoamne crpane sna na nasyx unje ce npnjenocrn
ysnmajy npema naxehnm cranapnma [3] n nsnoce 0.125 m
2
K/W n 0.040 m
2
/KW, peom.
Temneparypa cnoamne crpane sna ce mjepn ]nnm censopnma, xojn cy neoma ocjernnn
na mereoponomxe yrnnaje, nonyr npexrnor Cynuenor spauena n naannna. Y cnyuajy a je
npncran yrnnaj jenor o ona na mereoponomxa ]enomena, moxe ce ecnrn a nsmjepena
remneparypa ne ye penpesenrarnnna, re ce crora xopncrn rpeha meroa, y xojoj ce
xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore opehyje na ocnony rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca n
remneparype ynyrpamne nonpmnne sna t
uz
n remneparype cnoamner nasyxa t
s
:
u
s uz
q
t t
U
o
1
1
+

= 6.
2.2.2. Mjepnn ypeaj npenocnn anannsa1op 1nn 2270
3a mjepene rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca n oronapajyhnx remneparypa ynyrap n nsnan
npocropnje, norpennx xaxo n ce openo xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore xopnmren je data
loger ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8. (cn. 2). Hncrpymenr nma 5 ]nsnuxnx ynasa sa
pasnnunre censope n ynyrpamny memopnjy sa uynane 100. 000 noaraxa. Y cxnony
nncrpymenra xopnmrenn cy ceehn censopn:
- FTA3900 Tepmonap x-rnn xopncrn ce sa mjepene remneparype nasyxa, unjn je
mjepnn oncer o -20 o -160 C.
- FTA109P Pt100 ]nnm censop sa remneparypy nonpmnne sna xojn pan y mjepnom
oncery o -50 o 500 C.
- FQA018C Hnounna sa mjepene ronnornor ]nyxca ca co]rnepom WinControl sa
anannsy noaraxa ca 20 mjepnnx xanana n co]rnepom sa nspauynanane xoe]nnnjenra
nponasa ronnore.

42
C.ura 2. Buueraua.uu ypehaf ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8
2.2.3. Ycnonn ujepena
a n ce onne penpesenrarnnne npnjenocrn xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore
norpeno je ncnomronarn opehena npaxrnuna npannna roxom mjepena. Tepmannn mocronn
n xoncrpyxrnnnn cnojenn, xo xojnx je omnnanran nonmensnonannn n
rponmensnonannn nponas ronnore ce nsjeranajy npnnnxom oanpa mjepne rauxe.
Censopn npennhenn sa mjepene remneparype cnoamner nasyxa n cnoamne nonpmnne
sna ne cmnjy nrn nsnoxenn npexrnom Cynuenom spaueny n naannnama. Mjepena
rpeajy nrn xonrnnyanna, xaxo n ce oesjenna neha crarncrnxa, a camnm rnm n neha
njeponarnoha onjana penpesenrarnnnnx npnjenocrn xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore[3].
3or nemoryhnocrn nocranana censopa mjepnor ypehaja na cjenepnn sn, mjepena cy
nsnpmena na sananom sny pyror cnpara srpae Pexropara Ynnnepsnrera y Fanoj Hynn.
Ca ynyrpamne crpane sna je nocranen censop sa mjepene rycrnne ronnornor ]nyxca,
ox cy censopn sa mjepene remneparypa nonpmnna snona nocranenn ca ynyrpamne n
cnoamne crpane sna, xao n repmonaponn sa mjepene remeneparypa nasyxa ynyrap n
nsnan npocropnje. Mjepena cy nsnpmena y nepnoy o 9:34, 28.2.2012 o 9:23, 29.2.2012.,
unme je oyxnahen npemencxn nnrepnan o 24 uaca roxom xojer cy npemencxe npnnnxe

43
noroonane mjepennma, a npn uemy je pasnnxa nsmehy remneparypa ynyrpamner n
cnoamner nasyxa nsnocnna mnnnmanno 10

C.
2.3. PE3YATATH M1EPEHA
2.3.1. Pesyn1a1n ujepena xoeqnnnjen1a nponasa 1onno1e
Anannsa pesynrara mjepena ce moxe nsnecrn na na naunna. Hpnn je mero
ocpenanana, rje ce noann o nsmjepennm nennunnama npnxynajy xonrnnyanno n roxom
yxer npemencxor nepnoa. Ha ocnony nsmjepennx npnjenocrn pauyna ce npocjeuna
npnjenocr xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore. pyrn mero je nnamnuxn mero rje je
nepno npnxnyana noaraxa xpahn, ann saxrnjena nns mjepena n nehy remneparypny
pasnnxy nsmehy nasyxa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje, xaxo n ce morne onrn penpe-
senrarnnne npnjenocrn. C osnpom na ro a je poj npnxynennx noaraxa nehn xo
npnor meroa, neha je n njeponarnoha a ce onjy raune npnjenocrn, re je crora nsapan
npnn mero sa anannsy mjepena [8].
Y raenn 2 npne rpn npnjenocrn y pyroj xononn npecranajy npocjeune npnjenocrn
xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore pauynare na rpn naunna, npema penannjama (4.), (5.) n (6.),
peom. uernpra npnjenocr npecrana reopercxn xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore nspa-
uynar na ocnony ronnornnx xapaxrepncrnxa marepnjana o xojnx ce xoncrpyxnnja cacrojn.
Y nny oer pasymnjenana onjennx pesynrara mjepena n onjene nnxone raunocrn
nsnpmena je anannsa rpemaxa. 3a cnaxn o rpn naunna, nspauynara je penarnnna rpemxa n
cpena xnaparna rpemxa y onocy na npocjeuny npnjenocr xao mro je npnxasano y
raenn 2.
1aeua 2. Hpocjeuue U-epujeuocmu oujeue +jepenu+a sajeuo ca epeura+a u
ocmynanu+a u U-epujeuocm oujeua pauyucru+ nyme+. V saepau ce
uauase +jepeue eeuuuuue ua ocuoey rojux cy npocjeuue epujeuocmu
roequuujeuama opehueaue.
Kao mro ce moxe saxyunrn ns pesynrara mjepena npnxasannx y raenn 2 nsmjepene Y-
npnjenocrn ce y oxnnpy crarncrnuxe rpemxe neoma opo cnaxy ox je nspauynara U-
npnjenocr nnxa o cnnx excnepnmenranno onjennx npnjenocrn. C osnpom na ro a je
y nnrany srpaa crapa oxo 100 ronna onaxan pesynrar ce morao n ouexnnarn jep nocrojn
moryhnocr a cy ce ronnorna cnojcrna yrpahennx marepnjana npemenom noropmana.
Hpennsnnje ronopehn, rpenyrna ronnorna cnojcrna sna cy nomnja nero mro cy nna npn
yrpann marepnjana mro ce moxe saxyunrn na ocnony unnennne a je crnapnn
xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore nehn o reopercxor sa 15.5%-18.4% mro npaxrnuno snaun a
cy n rynnn ronnore xpos sn cpasmjepno nehn caa nero xaa je srpaa nanpanena.
Hpocjeuna Penarnn Cpena Ocrynane y onocy
U (q, t
u
, t
s
) 1.172 22,12% 0,259 15,50%
U (q, t
uz
, t
sz
)
1.201 23,53% 0,261 18,35%
U (q, t
uz
, t
s
) 1.202
22,69% 0,266 18,44%
U (teoretski) 1.015

44
Ha cnnxama (3.), (4.) n (5.) npnxasana je U-npnjenocr y sanncnocrn o npemena n
rpa]nuxn je ynopehena reopercxa npnjenocr xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore ca crnapnom,
yxyuyjyhn n oronapajyhe cpene xnaparne rpemxe.
Slika 3. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreaen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i
temperatura vazduha unutar i izvan prostorije: - Vrijednost koeficijenta u zavisnosti od
vremena, - prosjecna vrijednost, prosjecna vrijednost srednja kvadratna
greka, - teoretska vrijednost.

45
Slika 4. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreaen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i
temperatura unutranje i spoljanje povrine zida: - Vrijednost koeficijenta u zavisnosti
od vremena, - prosjecna vrijednost, prosjecna vrijednost srednja kvadratna
greka, - teoretska vrijednost.
Slika 5. Koeficijent prolaza toplote odreaen na osnovu izmjerene gustine toplotnog fluksa i
temperatura unutranje povrine zida i spoljanjeg vazduha: - Vrijednost koeficijenta u
zavisnosti od vremena, - prosjecna vrijednost, - prosjecna vrijednost srednja
kvadratna greka, - teoretska vrijednost.

46
3. 3AKYHAK
Kopncrehn npernocranena ronnorna cnojcrna sna y cxnay ca onnxama marepnjana,
xojn ce xopncre npn ononn srpaa y Enponcxoj Ynnjn, onjena je npnjenocr
xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore o 1.015 W/m
2
K sa cnoamnn sn srpae Pexropara Ynn-
nepsnrera y Fanoj Hynn. Hope rora, xaxo n ce ncnnrana crnapna ronnorna cnojcrna
pasmarpanor sna U-npnjenocr je opehena excnepnmenranno mjepenem rycrnne ronno-
rnor ]nyxca n oronapajyhnx remneparypa ynyrap n nsnan npocropnje nomohy data logera,
ALMEMO ALBHORN 2690-8. Y sanncnocrn o nennunna xopnmrennx npn npopauyny
xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore onjene cy pasnnunre excnepnmenranne npnjenocrn n ro
(1.1720.259) W/m
2
K, (1.2010.261) W/m
2
K n (1.2020.266) W/m
2
K xoje ce y oxnnpy
crarncrnuxe rpemxe mjepena neoma opo cnaxy, a cnaxy ce nspauynarom Y-npnjenomhy.
Mehyrnm, excnepnmenranno onjene npnjenocrn xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore cy sa
15.5%-18.4% nehe o nspauynare npnjenocrn mro onon o saxyuxa a cy ce ronnorna
cnojcrna xoncrpyxnnje y roxy 100 ronna excnonarannje noropmana n a cy ce rynnn
ronnore xpos sn nonehann npomjenn cpasmjepno xoe]nnnjenry nponasa ronnore y onocy
na nepno xaa je srpaa nsrpahena.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] ISO 9869:1994, Thermal insulation - Building elements - In-situ measurement of
thermal resistance and thermal transmittance
[2] .Iajnh, .Tooponnh, Onona omoraua nocrojehnx srpaa opasonana ca acnexra
npnjenocrn Y xoe]nnnjenra, 3opnnx paona ca nayuno-crpyunor cxyna
Apxnrexrypa n Ypannsam, Ipahennnapcrno, Ieoesnja-jyue, anac, cyrpa, Fana
Hyxa, 2011
[3] JUS U.J5.510, Tonnorna rexnnxa y rpahennnapcrny -Meroe npopauyna
xoe]nnnjenra nponasa ronnore y srpaama
[4] Kai ild, Volfgang M. Vilems, Ipahennncxa ]nsnxa - npnpyunnx - eo 1,
(Ipahennncxa xnnra, 2008)
[5] Baker Paul, Uvalues and traditional buildings, Historic Scotland Technical Paper 10,
(Glasgow, 2011)
[6] ISO 10456:2007, Building materials and products Hygrothermal properties
Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal
values
[7] Giebeler, G., Fisch R., Krause H., Musso F., Petzinka K.-H. and Rudolphi A.,
Refurbishment Manual, Basel, Boston, Berlin, (Birkhuser, 2009)
[8] Rossano Albatici, Arnaldo M. Tonelli, On site evaluation of U-value of opaque building
elements: a new methodology, PLEA 2008 25th Conference on Passive and Low
Energy Architecture, (Dublin, 2008)
47
Ceem.aua Cmeeoeuh
1
, paeaua Bacu.cru
2
, Xpauuc.ae Mu.oueeuh
3
METOOAOIH1A 3A HPO1EKTOBAHE H EmHHHHH1Y
HAPAMETAPA MAAHX XHPOEAEKTPAHA KAO
HOPmKA OPHBOMIPAHTECTBY
Pesu+e: Cmpameeufa yc+epena ra oouoe+ueu+ useopu+a euepeufe fe u+nepamue
oop+ueoe epaoume+cmea. 4yurufa u+a fe oa ce onmu+a.uo oequuuuy r+y:uu
napa+empu +a.ux xuopoe.ermpaua u oa ce ro+n.emuu npofermu yoo.u:e rao
ro+n.ercuu mexuu:ru cucme+u. Hsasoe uay:uuu+a u npofermaumu+a cy
cmoxacmu:ru raparmep y.asuux eapufao.u u ueoocmamar noo.oea. V peqepamy
us.o+eua +emooo.oeufa uyou +ooe.e sa xuopay.u:re u euepeemcre npopa:yue,
yr+y:yfyhu oequuuufy oasu:uux napa+emapa +a.ux xuopoe.ermpaua, rao u
mexuo erouo+cre norasame+e onpaeoauocmu usepaone oeareux euepeemcrux
ooferama.
K+yuue peuu: Memooo.oeufa, npofermoeane, +ooe.u, oop+ueo epaoume+cmeo,
+a.e xuopoe.ermpaue, cmoxacmura, onpaeoauocm usepaone.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND DEFINITION OF
PARAMETERS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS AS
SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
Summary: Strategy commitment towards renewable energy sources is imperative for
sustainable construction. Objective function is to define the optimal key parameters
of small hydropower plants and to give shape to complete projects as complex
technical systems. The challenge to scientists and planners are the stochastic
character of the input variables and the lack of foundation. The paper presents
methodology provides models for the hydraulic and energy calculations, including
the definition of the basic parameters of small hydropower plants, as well as
technical economic indicators for construction of these power plants..
Key words: Methodology, design, models, sustainable construction, small hydro,
stochastic, feasibility of construction.
1
Hpo]. Cnernana Crenonnh, D.Sc.Civ.Eng,
2
Hpo]. parana Bacnncxn, D.Sc. Dia,
3
Hpo]. Xpanncnan Mnnomennh,
D.Sc. E.E.,
12
University Union Nikola Tesla, Belgrade,
3
Faculty for mathematical science KM, Serbia
48
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction of small hydro power plants usually takes 2 to 5 years, to complete from
conception to final commissioning |1|. This time is required to undertake studies, design work
to receive the necessary approvals and to construct the protect. Once constructed, small hydro
plants require little maintenance over their useful life, which can be well over 50 years |2|.
Normally, one parttime operator cart easily handle operation and routine maintenance of a
small hydro plant. Periodic maintenance of the larger components of a plant usually requiring
help from outside contractors |3|.
The technical and financial viability of each potential small hydro project are very site
specific |4|. Power output depends on the available water (flow) and head (drop in elevation).
The mount of energy that can be generated depends on the quantity of water available and the
variability of flow throughout the year |5|.
The techno economicparameters of a site depends on the power (capacity and the energy
that a project can produce), whether or not the energy can he sold, and the price paid for the
energy |6|.
In an isolated area (offgrid and isolatedgrid applications) the value of energy generated
for consumption is generally significantly more than for systems that are connected to a
centralgrid |8|. However, isolated areas may not be able to use all the available energy from
the small hydro plant and, may be able to use the energy when it is available because of
seasonal variations in water flow and energy consumption |7|.
A conservative ruleofthumb relationship is that the power for a project is equal to
seven times the product of the flow (Q) and gross head (H) at the site (P = 7QH). Producing
one kW of power at a site with 100 m of head will require onetenth the flow of water that a
site with 10 m of head would require.
The hydro turbine size depends primarily on the flow of water it has to accommodate |9|.
Thus, the generating equipment for higherhead, towerflow installations is generally less
expensive than for lowerhead, higherflow plants |10|. The same cannot necessarily be said
for the civil works components of a project, which are related, munch more to the local
topography and physical nature of a site |12|.
The environmental impacts can be associated with small hydro developments which can
vary significantly, depending on the location and configuration of the project |11|. The effects
on the environment of developing a runofriver small hydro plant at an existing dam are
generally minor and similar to those related to the expansion of an existing facility |13|.
Development of a runofriver small hydro plant at an undeveloped site cart poses additional
environmental impacts |15|. A small dam or diversion weir is usually required. The most
economical development scheme might involve flooding some rapids upstream of the new
small dam or weir |16|.
The environmental impacts that can be associated with hydroelectric developments that
incorporate water storage (typically larger in size) are mainly related to the creation of a water
storage reservoir |17|. The creation of a reservoir involves the construction of a relatively
large dam, or the use of an existing lake, to impound water. The creation of a new reservoir
with a dam involves the flooding of land upstream of the dam. The use of water stored in the
reservoir behind a dam or in a lake results in the fluctuation of water levels and flows in the
49
river downstream. A rigorous environmental assessment is typically required for any project
involving water storage |18|.
2. THE CATEGORIZATION AND MODEL PHASES
A small Hydro Project Model provides a means to assess the available energy at a
potential small hydro site that could be provided to a centralgrid. For isolated loads, the
energy available is this available energy that could be harnessed by a local electric utility.
The model addresses both runofriver and reservoir developments, and it incorporates
sophisticated formulae for calculating efficiencies of a wide variety of hydro turbines |28|.
The Small Hydro model can be used to evaluate small hydro projects that are typically
classified under the following three names:
- Small hydro
- Mini hydro
- Micro hydro
The Small Hydro Project Model has been developed primarily to determine whether work
on the small hydro project should proceed further or be dropped in favour of other
alternatives.
Each hydro site is unique, since about 75% of the development cost is determined by the
location and site conditions. Only about 25% of the cost is relatively fixed, being the cost of
manufacturing the electromechanical equipment. Six worksheets are provided in the Small
Hydro Project Workbook file:
- Energy Model
- Hydrology Analysis and Load Calculation (Hydrology & Load)
- Equipment Data
- Cost Analysts
- Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Analysis (GHG Analysis)
- Financial Summary
3. THE HYDROLOGY
In RETScreen (Renewable Energy Technology ScreeningCanada) hydrological data are
specified as a flowduration curve, which is assumed to represent the flow conditions in the
river being studied over the course of an average year.
For storage projects, data must be entered manually by the user, and should represent the
regulated flow that results from operating a reservoir. At present, the head variation with
storage draw down is not included in the model.
For runofriver projects, the required flowduration curve data can be entered either
manually or by using the specific runoff method and data contained in the RETScreen
Online Weather Database. A flowduration curve is a graph of the historical flow at a site,
ordered from maximum to minimum flow.
The flowduration curve is used to assess the anticipated availability of flow over time,
and consequently the power and energy at a site. The model then calculates the firm flow
(m
3
/s) that will be available for electricity production based on the flowduration curve data,
the present time the firm flow should be available and the residual flow.
50
3.1. FlowDuration Curve
The flowduration curve is specified by twentyone values, Q
0
, Q
5
, , Q
100 ,
representing
the flow on the flowduration curve in 5% increments. In other words, Q
n
represents the flow
that is equalled or exceeded n % of the time. An example of a flowduration curve is shown
on Figure no 1. When the specific runoff method is used, the flowduration curve is
expressed in normalized form, i.e. relative to the mean flow.
Figure 1: Example of a FlowDuration Curve
The mean flowQ is calculated as:
Q = RA
D

(1)
where R = the specific runoff (in (m
3
/s)/km
2
), A
D
= the drainage area (in km
2
). Then the
actual flow data Q
n
(n = 0, 5, , 100) is computed from the normalized flow data q
n
extracted from the weather database through:
Q
n
= q
n
Q
(2)
3.2. Available flow
Often, a certain amount of flow must be left in the river throughout the year for
environmental reasons. This residual flow Q
r
is specified by the user and must be subtracted
from all values of the flowduration curve for the calculation of plant capacity, firm capacity
51
and energy available, as explained further on in this chapter. The available flow Q

n
(n = 0, 5,
, 100) is then defined by:
Q

n
= max (Q
n
Q
r
, 0) (3)
The available flowduration curve is shown in Figure 3, with as an example Q
r
set to 1 m
3
/s
Figure 2: Example of a Loadduration Curve
3.3. Firm flow
The firm flow is defined as the flow available p% of the time, where p is a percentage
specified by the user, and usually equal to 95%. The firm flow is calculated from the available
flowduration curve. If necessary, a linear interpolation between 5% intervals is used to find
the firm flow. In the example of Figure 2, the firm flow is equal to 1.5 m
3
/s with p set to 90%.
3.4. Load
The degree of sophistication used to describe the load depends on the type of the
electricity grid considered. If the small hydro power plant is connected to a centralgrid, it is
assumed that the grid absorbs all of the energy production, and the load does not need to be
specified.
If on the other hand the system is connected to an isolatedgrid, then the portion of the
energy that can be delivered depends on the load on the grid. The RETScreen Small Hydro
Project Model assumes that the daily load demand is the same for all days of the year, and can
be represented by a loadduration curve.
52
3.5. Calculation of energy demand
Daily energy demand
3
is calculated by integrating the area under the loadduration curve
over one day. A simple trapezoidal integration formula is used. The daily demand, D
d
,
expressed in kWh is therefore calculated as:
24
100
5
)
2
(
20
1
5 ) 1 ( 5
_
=

+
=
k
k k
d
L L
D (4)
with L expressed in kW. D = The annual energy demand that is obtained by multiplying the
daily demand by the number of days in a year, 365:
D=365D
d
(5)
3.6. Calculation of average load factor
The average load factorL is the ratio of the average daily load (D
d
/24) to the peak load
(L
0
):
0
24 /
L
D
L
d
= (6)
This quantity is not used by the rest of the algorithm but is simply provided to the user to
give an indication of the variability of the load.
3.7. Energy Production
The RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model calculates the estimated renewable energy
delivered (MWh) based on the adjusted available flow (adjusted flowduration curve), the
design flow, the residual flow, the load (loadduration curve), the gross head and the
efficiencies/losses. The calculation involves comparing the daily renewable energy available
to the daily loadduration curve for each of the flowduration curve values.
3.8. Estimation of turbine efficiency curve
Small hydro turbine efficiency data can be entered manually or can be calculated by
RETScreen Calculated efficiencies can be adjusted using the Turbine manufacturer/design
coefficient and Efficiency adjustment factor in the Equipment Data worksheet of the model.
An example turbine efficiency curve is shown in Figure 3. for 1 and 2 turbines. Standard
turbine efficiencies curves are calculated and presented for the following turbine types:
- Kaplan (reaction turbine)
- Francis (reaction turbine)
- Propeller (reaction turbine)
- Pelton (impulse turbine)
- Turgo (impulse turbine)
- Crossflow (generally classified as an impulse turbine)
53
Figure 3. Calculated Efficiency Curve for a Francis Turbine
The type of turbine is selected based on its suitability to the available head and flow
conditions. The calculated turbine efficiency curves take into account a number of factors,
including rated head (gross head less maximum hydraulic losses), runner diameter
(calculated), turbine specific speed (calculated for reaction turbines) and the turbine
manufacture/design coefficient.
The efficiency equations were derived from a large number of manufacture efficiency
curves for different turbine types and head and flow conditions.
For multiple turbine applications it is assumed that all turbines are identical and that a
single turbine will be used up to its maximum flow. Then flow will be divided equally
between two turbines and so on up to the maximum number of turbines selected.
The turbine efficiency equations and the number of turbines are used to calculate plant
turbine efficiency from 0% to 100% of design flow (maximum plant flow) at 5% intervals. An
example turbine efficiency curve is shown in Figure 3. for 1 and 2 turbines.
3.9. Power available as a function of flow
Actual power P available from the small hydro plant at any given flow value Q is given
by the following equation, in which the flowdependent hydraulic losses and tailrace re-
duction arc taken into account:
P=gQ[H
g
-(h
hydr
+h
tail
)]e
t
e
g
(1-l
trans
)(1-l
para
) (7)
54
where
= the density of water (1,000 kg/m
3
)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s
2
)
H
g
= gross head
h
hydr
, h
tail
= the hydraulic losses and tailrace effect associated with the flow, respectively
e
t
= turbine efficiency at flow Q.
e
g
= generator efficiency
l
trans
= transformer losses
l
para
= parasitic energy losses
e
g
, l
trans
and l
para
are specified by the user in the Energy Model worksheet and are assumed
independent from the flow considered.
Hydraulic losses are adjusted over the range of available flows based on the following
relationship:
2
2
max ,
des
hydr g hydr
Q
Q
l H h = (8)
where
l
hydr,max
= the maximum hydraulic losses specified by the user
Q
des
= design flow.
Similarly the maximum tailrace effect is adjusted over the range of available flows with
the following relationship:
2
max
2
max ,
) (
) (
des
des
tail tail
Q Q
Q Q
h h

= (9)
where
h
tail, max
= the maximum tailwater effect, i.e. the maximum reduction in available gross head
that will occur during times of high flows in the river
Q
max
= the maximum river flow
Equation (9) is applied only to river flows that are greater than the plant design flow (i.e.
when Q > Q
des
).
3.10. Estimation of plant capacity
Plant capacity P
des
is calculated by rewriting equation (7) at the design flow Q
des
. The
equation simplifies to:
P
des
=gQ
des
H
g
(1-l
hydr
)e
t,des
e
g
(1-l
trans
)(1-l
para
) (10)
where
P
dec
= the plant capacity
e
t,des
= turbine efficiency at design flow
The small hydro plant firm capacity is calculated again with equation (7), but this time
using the firm flow and corresponding turbine efficiency and hydraulic losses at this flow. If
the firm flow is greater than the design flow, firm plant capacity is set to the plant capacity as
calculated through equation (10).
55
3.11. Powerduration curve
Calculation of power available as a function of flow (equation 7) for all 21 values of the
available flow Q

0
, Q
5
, , Q
100
used to define the flowduration curve, leads to 21 values of
available power P
0
,P
5
, P
100
defining a powerduration curve. Since the design flow is
defined as the maximum flow that can be used by the turbine, the flow values used in
equation (7) and (8) are actually Q
n,used
defined as:
Q
n,used
= min ( Q
n
, Q
des
) (11)
An example powerduration curve is shown in Figure 4, with the design flow equal to 3
m
3
/s.
Figure 4. Example of a PowerDuration Curve
3.12. Calculation of available energy
Available energy is determined by calculating the area under the power curve assuming a
straightline between adjacent calculated power output values. Given that the flowduration
curve represents an annual cycle, each 5% interval on the curve is equivalent to 5% of 8,760
hours (number of hours per year). The annual available energy E
avail
(in kWh/yr) is therefore
calculated from the values P (in kW) by:
56
) 1 ( 8760
100
5
)
2
(
20
1
5 ) 1 ( 5
dt
k
k k
avail
l
P P
E
+
=
_
=

(12)
where l
dt
is the annual downtime losses as specified by the user. In the case where the design
flow fails between two 5% increments on the flowduration curve (as in Figure 4), the
interval is split in two, and a linear interpolation is used on each side of the design flow.
Equation (12) defines the amount of renewable energy available. The amount actually
delivered depends on the type of grid to which the plant is connected, as described in the
following sections.
3.13. Renewable energy delivered: centralgrid
For centralgrid applications, it is assumed that the electricity grid is able to absorb all
the energy produced by the small hydro power plant. Therefore, all available energy will be
delivered to the centralgrid, and the renewable energy delivered, E
dlvd
is simply:
E
dlvd
= E
avail
(13)
3.14. Renewable energy delivered: isolatedgrid
For isolatedgrids the procedure is slightly more complicated because the energy deliv-
ered is limited by the needs of the local electricity grid, as specified by the loadduration
curve (Figure 2). The following procedure is used: for each 5% increment on the flow
duration curve, the corresponding available plant power output (assumed to be constant over a
day) is compared to the loadduration curve (assumed to represent the daily load demand).
The portion of energy that can be delivered by the small hydro plant is determined as the
area under both the loadduration curve and the horizontal line representing the available
plant power output. Twentyone values of the daily energy delivered, G
0
, G
5
,, G
100,
corresponding to available power, P
0
, P
5
, , P
100,
are calculated. For each value of available
power P
n
, daily energy delivered G
n
is given by:
24
100
5
)
2
' '
(
20
1
5 ) 1 ( 5 ,
_
=

+
=
k
k k n
n
P P
G
where P

n,k
is the lesser of load L
k
and available power P
n
:
P
n,k
= min (p
n
, L
k
) (15)
In the case where the available power P

n,k
falls between two 5 % increments on the load
duration curve, the interval is split in two and a linear interpolation is used on each side of the
available power.
The procedure is illustrated by an example, using the loadduration curve from Figure 2.
and values from the powerduration curve shown in Figure 4. The purpose of the example is
57
to determine the daily energy G
75
delivered for a flow that is exceeded 75% of the time. One
first refers to Figure 5 to determine the corresponding power level:
P
75
= 2,630 kW (16)
Then one reports that number as a horizontal line on the loadduration curve. The area
that is both under the loadduration curve and the horizontal line is the energy delivered per
day for the available plant power that corresponds to flow Q
75.
Integration with formula (14)
gives the result:
G
75
= 56.6 MWh/d (17)
The procedure is repeated for all values P
0
, P
5
,, P
100
to obtain twenty one values of the
daily energy delivered G
0
, G
5
, , G
100
as a function of percent time the flow is exceeded as
shown in Figure 5. The yearly energy delivered E
dlvd
is obtained simply by calculating the
area under the curve of Figure 6, again with a trapezoidal rule:
) 1 ( 365
100
5
)
2
(
20
1
5 ) 1 ( 5
dt
k
n n
dlvdl
l
G G
E
+
=
_
=

(18)
where, as before,
l
dt
= the annual downtime losses as specified by the user.
Figure 5. Example of a/the Calculation of Daily Energy Delivered
58
Figure 6. Example of a/the Calculation of Yearly Energy Delivered
Then one reports that number as a horizontal line on the loadduration curve. The area
that is both under the loadduration curve and the horizontal line is the energy delivered per
day for the available plant power that corresponds to flow Q
75.
Integration with formula (14)
gives the result:
G
75
= 56.6 MWh/d (17)
The procedure is repeated for all values P
0
, P
5
,, P
100
to obtain twenty one values of the
daily energy delivered G
0
, G
5
, , G
100
as a function of percent time the flow is exceeded as
shown in Figure 6. The yearly energy delivered E
dlvd
is obtained simply by calculating the
area under the curve of Figure 6, again with a trapezoidal rule:
) 1 ( 365
100
5
)
2
(
20
1
5 ) 1 ( 5
dt
k
n n
dlvdl
l
G G
E
+
=
_
=

(18)
where, as before,
l
dt
= the annual downtime losses as specified by the user.
3.15. Small hydro plant capacity factor
The annual capacity factor K of the small hydro power plant is a measure of the available
flow at the site and how efficiently it is used. It is defined as the average output of the plant
compared to its rated capacity:
des
dlvd
p
E
K
8760
= (19)
59
where
E
dlvd
= the yearly energy delivered, calculated through equation (13) or (18), is expressed in
kWh, Plant capacity calculated through (10) is expressed in kW.
3.16. Excess renewable energy available
Excess renewable energy available E
excess
is the difference between the renewable energy
available E
avail
and the renewable energy delivered E
dlvd
:
E
excess
= E
avail
E
dlvd
(20)
E
avail
is calculated through equation (12) and E
dlvd
through either (13) or (18).
4. TECHNO ECONOMICAL EVALUATION
After numerous iterations, it is found out that 2 turbines and design flow of two times
average flow gives the best results according to applied criteria.
Also, in particular cases where Pelton and Francis turbines can be used |30|, because of better
economic effects, selection of Francis turbines was justified .
In this chapter impact of Green Certificates on the overall economic results has not been
evaluated. It is explained and calculated in the other project or studies |29|. However, it is
expected that green Certificates because of their nature would promote energy generation and
push the power up.
Estimation of costs of the installation and transportation are included too, according to
model in software tool. After financial analysis was performed the sensitivity and risk
analysis for all 29 cases were executed |30|.
The sensitivity analysis is performed in the range of variation of +/- 20%, and in the analysis
the influence of power generation, initial costs, annual costs, debt interest rate, debt ration and
debt pay-back to the IR value has been tested.
The results of the sensitivity analysis varied always from site to site, but they show very
good margin for the SHPP with small and moderate specific initial costs (euro/per kW).
These power plants can bear risks much higher than it is taken in assumptions. As it is
mentioned before, in this stage it is not taken in account the effects of Green certificates, but
from the preliminary financial results, it is obvious that introducing a such kind of supporting
mechanism can influence pretty much on the overall economic and financial results,
especially in the cases where production is high.
Implementation of small scale hydropower plants and small reservoirs would provide rather
cheap electric power.
Each kWh of generated electric power in small scale hydropower plants represents saving of
1,6 kg to 2,2 kg of coal (depending on the kind and quality) or approximately 0,25 kg of masout.
5. CONCLUSION
The Small Hydro Project Model is unique among RETScreen a technology model in that
is has two methods for project costing: the detailed costing method, or alternatively, the
formula costing method.
60
The detailed costing method is described in the previous text and tested on SHPP from
the practice. The formula costing method is based on empirical formulae that have been
developed to relate project costs to key project parameters. The costs of numerous projects
have been used to develop the formulae.
Project costs as calculated by RETScreen using the Formula Costing Method were
compared to a detailed cost estimate prepared for a few SHPP in Serbia. The high
compatibility is achieved.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The results presented in this paper are from the scope of scientific research project of
EE18031 and TR35030, financed by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of
Serbia.
61
7. REFERENCES
|1| Design of Small Dams, US Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, 1998,
Washington
|2| Water Power Resources of Yugoslavia, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Jaroslav Cerni,
1990, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
|3| Stevovic at all. Cadastre of Small Scale Hydropower Plants of the Republic of Serbia,
Energoprojekt-Hidroinzenjering, 1991, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
|4| Svetlana Stevovic, Serafim Opricovic, Multicriteria optimization of the Foca-Gorazde
hydropower system on the Drina River, Symposium on the operational research, Kupari,
Croatia, 1995.
|5| Svetlana Stevovic, Exploitation of low heads, Conference Hydro '96, Belgrade, Oct.
1996.
|6| Svetlana Stevovic, Present Scenario for Exploitation of Hydropotential of the River
Changed According to Environmental and Legal Aspects, International Conference on
Renewable Energy-Small Hydro, Hyderabad, India, Feb. 1997.
|7| Svetlana Stevovic, Power and water resources aspects of transferring water from the
Tara river into the Moraca river, International Symposium on the operational research,
Herceg Novi, September 1998.
|8| Svetlana Stevovic, Priority to hydro power plants, Uprating Refurbishing Hydro Power
Plants, Berlin, Germany, 17-19 May 1999.
|9| Svetlana Stevovic, Evaluation of Hydro Development, Millenium Congress on Energy
and Environment, Clean Energy 2000; Geneve, jan 2000.
|10| Svetlana Stevovic, Optimization in Hydro Power System, Millenium Congress on
Energy and Environment, Clean Energy 2000; Geneve, jan 2000.
|11| Svetlana Stevovic, Nataa Marinkovic, Mathematical modeling of Environmental
Aspects in Hydropower Supply, Conference: Power system of Serpska, Teslic, oct.
2001, Bosnia and Hercegovina.
|12| Svetlana Stevovic, Milan Manigoda, Construction and Operation of hydroelectric
Power Plants Environmental aspects, International Conference: Power system of
Serpska, okt. 2001, Teslic, Bosnia and Hercegovina.
|13| Svetlana Stevovic, Legal Regulations for Preparation of Environmental Impact
Assessment Studies for Hydro Power Structures, in Accordance with the World Bank
Criteria, International Conference "Water 2002", V. Banja, jun 2002, Yugoslavia.
|14| Svetlana Stevovic, Small Scale Hydropower Plants as Renewable Energy Sources in
FR Yugoslavia, Med Power 2002 Conference, oct.2002. Atina, Hellas.
|15| Svetlana Stevovic, Methodology for EIA in the field of hydroenergy, II Congress
ICOLD (International Committee for Large Dams), Kladovo, 2003.
|16| Svetlana Stevovic, Design Solutions for Dams and Hydro Power Plants on the Vrbas
River from Environmental Point of View, Internacionalni naucno-strucni skup GNP
2006. abljak, 20-24.feb 2006 Montenegro.
|17| Svetlana Stevovic, Dams and Reservoirs Environmental Impacts Quantification
Method, 26th USSD Annual Meeting and Conference, 01.-05.05.2006. San Antonio,
Texas, USA.
62
|18| Svetlana Stevovic, eljko Durovic, Environmental Impacts on Hydro Power Solution
Selection, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Volume, Issue, 8-11 May 2006
Page(s): 360 370, San Francisco, USA.
|19| "The Harca Hydro Development", Trans Eng. Op. Div. CEA 9: part 2, 1970 paper #70-
H-105.
|20| "Hydropower Expansion in Central Bolivia" Trans. Eng. Op. Division, CEA 24, part 2,
1986.
|21| "The Expansion of Two Bolivian Plants", Water Power and Dam Construction, Vol.
34, No. 2, Feb. 1982. pp. 26-31.
|22| "Andkalka Gathering Tube Hydropower Intake" ASCE, Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 8, Aug. 1987, pg 1019-31.
|23| "Caractristiques de la prise d'eau Andkalka pur l'exclusion des sdiments", La
Houille Blanche, Sept. 1986 pp 441-449.
|24| Power tunnels and penstocks: the economics re-examined Water Power and Dam
Construction, Vol. 34, No.6, June. 1982. pp. 13-15.
|25| Una cascada de plantas intercepta at Zongo en Bolivia Ingenieria International
Construccion, Noviembre, 1968.
|26| "Comparison of Isotatic and Hyperstatic Penstocks at Santa Isabel, Bolivia", Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, Mar. 1982, p. 1-12.
|27| "High Head Hydro Powerplant Evaluation" proceeding of ASCE, Journal of Energy
Div., Vol. 112, No. Ey3, Dec. 1986, pp. 153-167.
|28| Hydraulic Turbine Efficiency, Canadian Jour. of Civ. Eng. Vol. 28, #2, April 2001.
Pp 238-53
|29| Svetlana Stevovic, Small Scalle Hydro Power Plants as Renewable Energy Source in
Serbia and Montenegro, ISBN 86-80733-96-2, Enviromental technologies, renewable
resources, harmony and ethick for sustainable agriculture, food chain and healthy
development 2004, www.rcuh.bg.ac.yu/deres
|30| Svetlana Stevovic, Renewable Small Hydro Energy Sources in Serbia, ISBN 86-
80733-97-0, Environmental technologies, renewable resources, harmony and ethics
for sustainable agriculture, food chain and healthy development 2005,
www.rcuh.bg.ac.yu/deres
63
Bpauro Je.ucaea
1
, Hemap Mumpoeuh
2
, Mu.oeau Jomuh
3
IEOTEXHHHKA HCTPAHBAHA KAH3HmTA
H MEPE 3AmTHTE MOCTA HA PEHH HEK
Pesu+e:
Ha nyry P-108a Cpeneno Mnennhn, naxon peaxrnnnpana crapor xnnsnmra
e]opmncan je mocr npexo pexe Hex, yxnne 71,90m. Bnpe nocmarpano, xnnsnmre je
]ponranno saxnarnno ecny onnncxy crpany pexe n npn rome omrernno mocr n
naecerax ceocxnx xyha. erannm reorexnnuxnm ncrpaxnnannma n ocmarpanem
uernpn nnxnnnomerpa yrnpheno je a ce pan o xnnsnmry ynne 8-14,5 m, xoje y
sonn peunor xopnra ncxnnnana nonoxnuno. Hpojexrom canannje samrnre mocra o
xnnsnmra npennhena je nspaa: na pea yoxnx mnnona ca narnannom rpeom -
pamoncxa xoncrpyxnnja, penaxe n xamena samrnra peune oane.
K+yuue peuu: r.usuume, +ocm, cmyooeu +ocma, uur.uuo+emap, uunoeu
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND LANDSLIDE
PROTECTIONMEASURESONTHEBRIDGEOVERRIVERPEK
Summary:
The old landside reactivation caused deformations on the bridge being 71.9 m long
over river Pek on regional road R-108a. In a wider perspective, the landslide took up
frontally the right valley river bank, and in the process damaged the bridge and
twenty village houses thorough geotechnical investigation and monitoring of four
inclino- meters determined that the landslide had the depth ranging from 8 to 14.5 m,
which in the river bed wedged out from under the foot. In order to protect the bridge
from landslide, the design of repair anticipates as follows: two rows of deep piles with
cushion head - frame structure, drainages and stone facing of river bank.
Key words: landslide, bridge, abutments, piers, inclinometers, wedge out, piles
1
un.o+upauu uu+enep eeo.oeufe, Leq ooe+ena sa uu+enepcry eeo.oeufy u xuopoeeo.oeufy, Hucmumym sa
nymeee, a.o.- 3aeoo sa eeomexuury, Ky+oopaura 257, Beoepao, geoteh@beotel.rs
2
p. oun..uu+.epah, cmpy:uu caeemuur
3
un.o+upauu uu+enep eeo.oeufe, sa+euur oupermopa 3aeooa sa eeomexuury, Hucmumym sa nymeee, a.o.- 3aeoo
sa eeomexuury, Ky+oopaura 257, Beoepao, institutzaputeve@open.telekom.rs
64
1 YBO
Ha pernonannom nyry Cpeneno Mnennhn (R-108a), naxon axrnnnpana xnnsnmra
omrehen je mocr npexo pexe Hex, Cnnxa 1. Honempa 2010. cy yrnphene nennxe e]opmannja
oannnx n peunnx cryona, uennunor nocaua n cnnx nexnmra. 3or pnsnxa o pymena, janyapa
2011. mocr je sarnopen sa caopahaj. Knnsnmre je ]ponranno saxnarnno ecny onnny pexe n
omrernno naecerax xyha, nomohne ojexre n nparehy nn]pacrpyxrypy.
Hncrnryr sa nyrene a.. ns Feorpaa je y nepnoy enemap 2010 mapr 2011, nsnpmno
erana repencxa n naoparopnjcxa ncrpaxnnana n ypano Ieorexnnuxn enaopar n Inannn
npojexar samrnre mocra o xnnsnmra.
C.ura 1- Ieoepaqcru no.o+af ucmpa+uoe npocmopa
Figure 1- Geographical position of investigation area
C.ura 2- Ocuoeua eeo.oura rapma oro.uue
Mu+eeuha
Figure2- Basic geological map of Miljevic
surroundings
2 IEOTEXHHHKA HCTPAHBAHA
Hcrpaxnnana cy oyxnarnna: reoercxa cnnmana mocra n repena, ennennnjy omrehena na
ojexarnma, ncrpaxno ymene, onnre cranapne nenerpannje, yrpany n ocmarpane
nnxnnnomerapcxnx xoncrpyxnnja, cnnmane ynapa, naoparopnjcxa ncnnrnnana n xannercxy
opay npnxynennx noaraxa ca reocrarnuxnm nponepama crannnocrn yrnphenor moena
repena n y caejcrny ca ojexrnma canannje.
Ieonomxn je erano xaprnpan repen nonpmnne 2,0 ha (1:500) npn uemy cy perncrponane
rpannne n oxnnn xnnsnmra, mnxpopee], nonpmnncxe n nosemne noe na repeny n
ynapnma, re omrehena na cnnm ojexrnma. Hsneeno je ecer ymornna, ynne 15,0 - 21,0 m,
yxynno 184,4 m. Y nnma je nsneeno naecer onnra cranapne nenerpannje a y uernpn cy
yrpahene nnxnnnomerapcxe xoncrpyxnnje yxnne 15,0 20,50 m, yxynno 72,5 m. Bpxonn
xoncrpyxnnja cy samrnhenn AB noxom n nonnnxonanom nenn, Cnnxa 2.
Haoparopnjcxn je ncnnrano oxo 200,0 ysopaxa rna: nope nenrn]nxannonnx onnra,
pahene cy jenoaxcnjanne unpcrohe (12,0 ysopaxa) n npexrna cmnnana (15,0 npmnnx n 13,0
pesnyannnx unpcroha). Ha 20,0 ysopaxa ysernx yx onnrnnx eonnna cranapne nenerpa-
nnje, ncnnrann cy rpanynomerpnjcxn cacran n xapaxrepncrnxe nnacrnunocrn. Ha 166,0 ysopaxa
rna ysernx na 1,0 1,5 m jesrpa ymornna, ncnnrane cy npnpone nnare rna.
65
C.ura 3 - Crue npecera uur.. roucmpyrufe (a), opufeumaufe +epuux ++eooea (o)
u epx uur.. BMi-2 u +epua couoa
Figure 3-Drafts of sections for inclinometer structure (a), orientations for measuring grooves(b)
and top of inclinometer BMi-2 and measuring probe
3 MOPmOIEOAOmKA IPATAHCTABHAHOCT mHPEI TEPEHA
Pexa Hex npornue anynnjannom sapannn mnpnne oxo 3,0 km, ecny onnncxy crpany na
noresy Mnennha, unne saranacana nopha nsrpahena o mapnncxo jesepcxnx cenmenra
capmara M
3
1
, Cnnxa 2. Y oxnnpy nperexno cnojennrnx xomnnexca cenmenara cmenyjy ce:
nanoponnre rnnne, nanopn, necax n mynax.
C.ura 4 - Tpoou+eusuoua.uu npuras uupee mepeua ca xuopo.ouru+, +opqoeeo.ourux u
eeoouua+u:ru+ e.e+euamu+a
Figure 4 - Three-dimensional display of wider field with hydrological, morpho-geological
and geodynamic elements
66
Ipeene enone n nncoxe nnaroe nsrpahyjy nacnare neca, xora 195,0. Hanne cy npexpn-
nene ranxnm enynnjannnm n enynnjanno nponynnjannnm npamnnacro necxonnrnm rnnnama.
Y sonn cena Mnennh, Hex meanpnpa n nonoxanana ecny onnncxy crpany a mro je
n oneno o nopemehaja crannnocrn mnpnx pasmepa. Teme meanpa je mnpoxo oxo 500 m
a ronnxa je n mnpnna necrannnor noresa. yxnna nanne o pexe Hex o pcxnx nyunnx
ocexa je oxo 700 m. Heo raj npocrop je naro saranacan n nma pee] xojn xapaxrepnme npno
crapa xnnsnmra n norennnjanno necrannne nanne. Tpenyrno je nonec axrnnnor xnnxena
saxnarno nojac ys ecny onnncxy crpany pexe y mnpnnn o 150 m ca renennnjom yspnor
mnpena, Cnnxa 4.
4 XHPOIEOAOmKA CBO1CTBA TEPEHA H CPEHHA
Ienepanno, npnxpannnane repena noom ce npmn nponehnnanem armoc]epnnnja, ns
ceocxnx xanana, cenrpyna n ns yspnor saneha. Bnpoxn necnn nnaro je opo noonpo-
nycran n xpos nera ce noa nponehyje o capmarcxnx cenmenara y nonnn, Cnnxe 2 n 4.
Boa nonnpe y xomnnexce enynnjannnx npamnnacro-necxonnrnx rnnna n nanoponnrnx
rnnna ca npocnojnnma necxa n mynxa. Hpamnnacro-necxonnre n nanoponnre rnnne nmajy
many npcnnncxo-nyxornncxy noonpononnocr, Kf = 1,1-3,1x10
-6
cm/s. Y ynapnma n
ymornnama je perncrponan nncox nnno nosemne noe, na ynnn 0,5 - 1,0 m. Y nonnn ce
nanase erpanpann n cnexn nanopn xojn y repeny nmajy ]yxnnjy xnporeonomxnx nsonaropa.
Hnno nosemne noe y repeny ocnnnyje roxom ronne, maxcnmannn cy roxom nnaxnnx
nepnoa n oranana cnera (jecen, snma n nponehe) a mnnnmannn nern, roxom cymnnx mecenn.
Cnnuna cnryannja je ca nnnoom pexe Hex re cy maxcnmannn nnnon nesann sa nepnoe
yrorpajnnx naannna n naxon oranana cnera. Crane n pexnm nosemnnx n nonpmnncxnx
noa je rpernpan y reocrarnuxnx anannsa n npn oanpy canannonnx mepa.
5 HHEHEPCKOIEOAOmKA CBO1CTBA H3BO1EHHX CPEHHA
Ieorexnnuxnm ncrpaxnnannma je yrnpheno a repen y sonn mocra n neronor nenocpenor
saneha yuecrnyjy reonomxe cpenne pasnnunre crapocrn n renese: xonynnjannn nanoc axrnnnor
xnnsnmra (ko
a
), nacnnn (n
g
, n
gdr
), anynnjannn nanoc pexe Hex (al
p
), enynnjanne npamnnacro -
necxonnre rnnne (d
pg
) n mapnncxo-jesepcxn cenmenrn: nanoponnre rnnne (M
3
1
G
L
), erpa-
npann nanopn (M
3
1
L*) n cnexn nanopn (M
3
1
L), Slika 5.
Teno axrnnnor xnnsnmra (ko
a
) je xereporenor nnronomxor cacrana, npeonnahyjy rnnne
npamnnacro-necxonnre, rnnne nanoponnre n erpanpann nanopn. Ys ecny oany pexe Hex,
xo crya S-3, xnnsnmre je saxnarnno n peune nacnare y oxnnpy xojnx ce cmenyjy: rnnna,
necax n mynax noxanno sarnnnen. Teno xnnsnmra je ncnpecenano npcnnnama n nyxornnama
yx xojnx cy ouynann rparonn cmnnana y nny pepacrnx crpnja. Teno xnnsnmra je noo-
sacnheno a mro nornphyjy nncox nnno nosemne noe y ceocxnm ynapnma n ymornnama.
Ocmarpanem uernpn nnxnnnomerpa npennsno je nonnpana xnnsna panan na ynnn 8,0
14,5 m, Cnnxa 5.
Onnc cnojcrana cpenna perncrponannx y oxnnpy rena xnnsnmra:
- Innne npamnnacro-necxonnre (G
p
), cy enynnjannor nopexna n unne nonnarnn eo rena
xnnsnmra y nny cnoja enne 3,0- 6,5 m. Hpema GN 200 npnnaajy III xareropnjn ncxona.
Haoparopnjcxn napamerpn cy: CL, I
c
= 1, w = 18,5 %, = 20,3 kN/m
3
, = 20-23, c= 15 kPa,

r
= 9-11, c
r
= 0,0 kPa.
67
C
.
u
r
a

5

-


C
u
m
y
a

u
f
a
u
n
p
o
q
u
.
r
.
u
s
u
u
m
a
c
a
c
a
u
a

u
o
u
u
+
+
e
p
a
+
a
F
i
g
u
r
e

5

-

T
h
e

p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

p
r
o
f
i
l
e

o
f

t
h
e

l
a
n
d
s
l
i
d
e

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

r
e
m
e
d
i
a
l

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s

68
- Innne nanoponnre (G
L
) npecranajy xopy pacnaana mapnncxo-jesepcxnx cenme-
nara xojy je saxnarno nponec xnnxena, n one unne yn eo rena xnnsnmra y cnojy
enne 3-7 m. Hpema GN-200 npnnaajy III xareropnjn. Haoparopnjcxn napamerpn cy:
I
c
= 0,8 1, w = 19,2 28 %, = 19,5 kN/m
3
, = 18 26
o
, c = 12 27 kPa,
r
= 8 11,
c
r
= 0,0 kPa, Mv = 6300 15000 kPa.
- erpanpann nanopn (L*) y reny xnnsnmra cy perncrponann y nny cnoja enne 1,5
5,5 m a xojn je saxnahen najynm nomepannma xnnsnmra - y nenocpenoj oxonnnn
mocra. Homepana onor cnoja cy nornphena nnxnnnomerapcxnm ocmarpannma a ono ce
onnja na xonraxry ca cnexnm nanopnma (M
3
1
L) xojn unne crannny nonory reny
xnnsnmra. Hpema IH-200 npnnaajy III IV xareropnjn semnmra. Haoparopnjcxn je
napamerpn cy: CH, I
c
= 1 - 1,2; w = 22,2 - 27,3 %, = 18,1 - 19,8 kN/m
3
, q
u
= 164 - 482 kPa,
= 14, c = 17 kPa,
r
= 7 i c
r
= 0,0 kPa. Cranapnom nenerpannjom (mecr onnra):
xopnronann poj yapana N`= 25 53 (cpenn 37,8), yrao ynyrpamner rpena = 23
29 (srednji 25,33), moyn crnmnnocrn Mv = 6300 - 15000 kPa (cpenn 10410 kPa).
Anynnjannn nanoc pexe Hex (al
p
): sacrynen yx nene oane pexe Hex, xo mocra y nny
nonpmnncxor cnoja enne 1,5-3,0 m. Hanoc unnn opo rpanynncan necxonnr mynax.
Cpenna je opo snjena, noonponycrna n noonocna.
erpanpann nanopn (M
3
1
L*): y crannnom eny repena npecranajy ranxy ocnaeny
sony cnnnx nanopa. To cy rnnnonnre npamnne, noxanno ca cxpamama cnnor cnrnospnor necxa,
rpaxacre rexcrype, re ce cmenyjy cnne n ramno cnne rpaxe enne 10 - 15 cm. Marepnjan
je nseen npcnnnama n nyxornnama y cm/dm arperare n no npnrncxom rpoman. Hpenas xa
cnexnm nanopnma y nonnn je no npannny nocrynan. enna cnoja je 1,5 - 5,5 m. Hperexno
cnao noonponycran marepnjan ann xojn je ycne noosacnhena cxnon xnnxeny. Hpema
GN-200 cpenna npnnaa III IV xareropnjn semnmra.
Cnexn nanopn (M
3
1
L): npecranajy crannno ocnony ncrpaxnnanor repena. To cy cnnn,
nperexno macnnnn, pehe nceyocnojennrn cenmenrn, rnnnonnro-npamnnacror cacrana (CH).
opo xonconnonann, rnpn, xpror n mxoxacror npenoma, I
C
= 1,1 1,3. Perxnm n
crpmnm nyxornnama nseenn y nennxe noxone. To cy noonenponycnn marepnjann xojn
y repeny nmajy ]ynxnnjy xnporeonomxor nsonaropa. Hpema GN 200 npnnaa III IV
xareropnjn. Baxnnjn ]nsnuxo-mexannuxn napamerpn cy: w = 24,0 %, = 20,0 kN/m
3
,
q
u
= 400 900 kPa (630,0 kPa), = 23 28
o
(24
o
), c = 30 kPa, Mv _ 35000 45000 kPa.
6 CTAHE MOCTA H CBO1CTBA KAH3HmTA
Hpema cneoueny memrana, xnnsnmre ce axrnnnpano roxom 2005 - 2006. erannm npe-
rneom mocra, cnyxa JH Hyrena Cpnje, enempa 2010. je ycranonnna a cy e]opmncann
cnn nrnn enemenrn ojexra: cryonn, uennunn nocaun n nexnmra. 3or orpannuene nocnno-
crn mocra, nouerxom ronne je oycranen caopahaj. Mocr je yxnne 71,90 m, ca rpn
noa: 23,70+24,0+23,70 m. Cryonn S-1 n S-2 cy na nenoj, crannnoj oann pexe a cryonn
S-3 n S-4 cy na ecnoj, necrannnoj oann. Oannn cryonn cy npexrno ]ynnpann a
peunn cryonn cy ]ynnpann na ynapnma. Oannn cryonn cy nonynann a peunn cy ce
naxpnnnnn n ro cry S-2 xa Cpeneny a cry S-3 xa Mnennhnma, Cnnxe 6 n 7.
Y uernpn nnxnnnomerapcxe xoncrpyxnnje: BMi-2, BMi-6, BMi-7 n BMi-8, naxon mecen
ana ocmarpana, perncrponana cy xopnsonranna - rpancnaropna canrnmerapcxa nomepana,
yx xnnsnnx pannn na ynnn 8,0 - 14,5 m. Knnsna panan je narna 3 - 4, a y sonn xo peunor
xopnra ncxnnnana nonoxnuno.
69
C.ura 6 - Ooa.uu cmyo S-4 ua r.usuumy fe pomupau u y me+e+uo+ nofacy ucnyao
Figure 6 - Abutment S-4 on the landslide is rotated and cracked in foundation area
C.ura 7 - Pe:uu cmyo C-3 qyuoupau ua oyuapy fe pomupau ra cmyoy C-4
Figure 7 - River pillar S-3 founded on the borehole is rotated towards the pillar S-4
Knnsnmre je ]ponranno saxnarnno ecny oany pexe Hex y sonn remena nennxor meanpa,
xojn je ]opmnpan nsmehy na noroxa, raxo a je mnpnna xnnsnmra, mepeno ys ecny oany oxo
450 m, Cnnxa 4. yxnna xnnsnmra, o xopnra pexe Hexa (xora 93,5-94,0) o na nennxor
ueonor oxnxa (xora 113) je 150 m. Honpmnna axrnnnor xnnsnmra je 6,50 ha. Kora npxa
oxnxa je 177-121 m nn. ueonn oxnax je nsyxen, nncnne 3-7 m n narna 25-35. Hpocrop
nsmehy uena n noxnne xnnsnmra je npno manor narna 3 - 5
o
n naro saranacan a mro je
cnojcrneno mnxpopee]y yoxnx xnnsnmra. Ha onom npocropy cnn cramenn n nomohnn
ojexrn nmajy e]opmannje nspaxeny y nny nyxornna n npcnnna. Crapnjn n nomnje rpahenn
ojexrn n onn y nenocpenoj sonn ueonor oxnxa nmajy najnehe e]opmannje.
70
Y uernpn nnxnnnomerapcxe xoncrpyxnnje: BMi-2, BMi-6, BMi-7 n BMi-8, naxon mecen
ana ocmarpana, perncrponana cy xopnsonranna - rpancnaropna canrnmerapcxa nomepana,
yx xnnsnnx pannn na ynnn 8,0 - 14,5 m. Knnsna panan je narna 3 - 4, a y sonn xo peunor
xopnra ncxnnnana nonoxnuno.
Knnsnmre y ceny Mnennhn je npno crapo, neponarno nacrano n npe naceanana ecne
onnncxe crpane. Hacranax xnnsnmra je ycxo nonesan ca eposnonnm ejcrnom pexe Hex xoja je
y npomnocrn nonoxanana peuny oany n ]opmnpana nennxn meanap, Cnnxa 4. Honoxanane
je ae napymnno onmry crannnocr repena n omno je o xnnxena enynnjannor noxpnnaua
n nanoponnro-rnnnonnrnx cenmenara y nonnn. o nonpemennx peaxrnnnpana nponeca
onasn y nepnonma nennxe ononenocrn repena. Hponec je norom yro mnponao a o
snauajnnjnx noxpera je omno na npenasy 2005. - 2006. r. jep ce y rom nepnoy na repnropnjn
Cpnje axrnnnpano n peaxrnnnpano nnme crornna xnnsnmra. Tome cy noroonann npno onmne
n yrorpajne naannne.
Y ceny Mnennhn ]ynxnnonnme noono a ne nocrojn xanannsannja. Ornane noe ce
ynymrajy y cenrnuxe jame nnn ornopene xanane. Ono cnaxaxo yrnue na nonehane nnanca
nosemnnx noa a mro nerarnnno yrnue na crannnocr repena. Knnsnmre ce axrnnnpa y
noxnunnm enonnma a norom ce nocreneno npenocn yspno. Yxynna nomepana sa onnx
uernpn o ner ronna cy neyjenauena ann cy renepanno moxe pehn a cy pea 10 - 50 cm. Cnn
nrnn unnnonn xojn cy y npexonom nepnoy yspoxonann xnnxene cy n ae npncyrnn y
repeny raxo a he ce nomepana n ae onanarn ox ce ne yy npeysene aexnarne mepe
canannje n mennopannje repena. Ocnm rora ohn he n o yspnor mnpena xnnsmra nsna
ueonor oxnxa. Toxom onnx ncrpaxnnana xyhe nsna ueonor oxnxa cy nouene nynarn.
3a yrnpheny ynny n onnx xnnsnor rena, no yoxoj xnnsnoj pannn, sa perncrponann
nnno pexe Hex n nncoxn nnno nosemne noe y repeny, yx reorexnnuxor npecexa repena
cnponeenn cy reocrarnuxn npopauynn crannnocrn. Pahena je nonparna anannsa no meron
Janbu-a, sa rpannuno crane pannorexe Fs = 1, rpaxen je ycnonnn yrao crannnocrn. 3a
Fs = 1,06 je onjen
usl
= 10 n c
usl
= 0,0 kPa. Y ycnonnma cnnxena nnnoa nosemne noe sa 4 m,
onjen je Fs = 1,16. Hpopauynnma onjen ycnonnn yrao pannorexe je xopenarnnan ca
naoparopnjcxnm onjennm npenocrnma pesnyanne unpcrohe:
r
= 8 11, c
r
= 0,0 kPa n
rpea ra xopncrnrn y npopauynnma npn nsopy n nmensnonncany canannonnx mepa.
7 CAHAHHOHE MEPE 3AmTHTE MOCTA O KAH3HmTA
Ieorexnnuxnm ncrpaxnnannma je yrnphena reonomxa rpaha repena, ]nsnuxo - mexannuxa
cnojcrna reonomxnx cpenna, crane nosemne noe, ysponn, pasmepe n ynna axrnnnor
xnnsnmra xoje yrpoxana crannnocr mocra npexo pexe Hex. Hsmepena nomepana rena
xnnsnmra no xnnsnoj nonpmn na ynnama 8,0 14,50 m, cnpcrana ono xnnsnmre y pe
yoxnx xnnsnmra a mro nsncxyje npnmeny nnme canannonnx mepa. Onyueno je a ce
mocr mrnrn o xnnsnmra npnmenom rpn canannone mepe a ro cy: nornopna xoncrpyxnnja,
penaxa n samrnrna (perynannona) rpahennna.
Kao rnanna canannona mepa nsapana je pamoncxa nornopna xoncrpyxnnja o na pea
ymennx AB mnnona (MB 40), yxynno 25,0 mnnona yxnne no 17,0 m, npeunnxa 1,2 m,
pacnopehennx y max pacnopey na oconnncxom pacrojany 1,2 m n 2,5 m. Bnnona nonesyje
AB narnanna rpea, nmensnja 1,4/1,0 m, Cn. 8. Koncrpyxnnja he ce ]ynnparn n yxemrnrn
ncno xnnsne pannn y unpcrnm n cnexnm nanopnma (M
3
1
L). ynna yxemrena je opeheno
reocrarnuxnm npopauynom n nsnocn 7,0 m.
71
C.ura 8 - Xopusouma.ua npoferufa, nooy+uu u nonpe:uu npecer pa+oecre nomnopue
roucmpyrufe oo AB uunoea
Figure 8 - The horizontal projection, the longitudinal and cross-section
of panel supporting structure of AB piles
72
Koncrpyxnnja rpea a npnme npnrncxe rna n npenecy nx y crannne nexperane
enone repena. AB nesna (narnanna) rpea nma ]ynxnnjy a npnrncax rna mro
pannomepnnje pacnopen na cne mnnone xoncrpyxnnje, a nsnemhe ce o erona MB 30,
ornopnor na ejcrno mpasa M-150. Bnnonn n narnanna rpea cy apmnpann pepacrom
apmarypom RA 400/500-2. Hpopauyn cnne npnrncxa rna je pauynar meroama Coulomb-a n
Janbu-a n ona nsnocn 400,0 kN/m. ox je npopauyn pamoncxe xoncrpyxnnje pahen no
meron xoe]nnnjenra peaxnnje rna no Winkler-u n nporpamy Radinpex tower V.6.
pyra mepa oaxnara nspay canpno - onone penaxe y nny pona ynne 4,0 - 5,0 m n
mnpnne 1,2 m. penaxa he ce panna na npanny o mocra xa ueonom oxnxy, Cnnxa 7. Hn
je a ce oopn cesoncxn nncox nnno nosemne noe y nonnarnom eny xnnsnmra n raxo cmane
axrnnne cnne. Y caejcrny mnnona n penaxe nocrnxe ce onoan ]axrop crannnocrn a mro
je n oxasano reocrarnuxnm anannsama. Canpnn n ononn pononn nmajy ncnyny o nomenor
xamena, rpanynannje 10,0 25,0 cm. Pan cnpeuanana npoopa cnrnnx uecrnna rna y
penaxne ponone, npojexronana je samrnra ]nnrpom o nerxanor reorexcrnna.
Tpeha mepa oyxnara nspay samrnrne rpahennne o xamena ys ecny oany pexe Hex a
xoja nma sa nn a cnpeuana nonoxanane n eposnjy oane. Pexa epoyje n ecrannnsyje
ecny oany n nornomaxe axrnnnpany xnnsnmra. 3aro je norpeno a ce y yxnnn oxo
100,0 m, no 50,0 m ysnono n nnsnono o mocra, na xonraxry oane ca nncoxnm nnnoom
pexe, ypan napanenna xnporexnnuxa rpahennna o nomjnenor xamena rpanesacror onnxa,
nonpmnne npecexa 10,70 m
2
.
8 3ABPmHH KOMEHTAP
Mocr, canannonn ojexrn n xnnsnmre rpea a ce ocmarpajy y roxy n naxon nsnohena
canannje npahenem: nnxnnnomerapa, reoercxnx penepa, nnnoa nosemnnx noa, xonannx
ynapa, pexnma naannna n nnnoa pexe Hex. Hs rnx pasnora ypahen je Hporpam ocmarpana
xojnm je e]nnncan ncrpaxnn npocrop, npcre n mnxponoxannje ocmarpana, nnamnxa n
yuecnnnn. Anannsa pesynrara ocmarpana rpea a ce npmn nnrerpanno.
Mpexy nnxnnnomerapa rpea ononnrn yrpanom nonnx xoncrpyxnnja y roxy n naxon
nsnohena canannje. Hpennheno je a ce y nenrpannn mnn yrpan jean nnxnnnomerap
pan ocmarpana crannnocr nene sanece mnnona.
AHTEPATYPA
1. Inannn npojexar samrnre mocra na penn Hex o xnnsnmra y ceny Mnennhn na nyry
R-108a, eonnna: Cpeneno Mnennhn ca Ieorexnnuxnm enaoparom, Hncrnryr sa
nyrene a.., Feorpa, 2011.
73
B.aoema Byfauuh
1
CABPEMEHHHPHHHHHHHMETOOAOIH1AIEOTEXHHHKHX
HCTPAHBAHAHHCHHTHBAHAYHYTHOMHHEHEPCTBY
Pesu+e:
Ieomexuu:ra ucmpa+ueana u oc+ampana npeocmae+afy eeo+a sua:afau oeo
n.auupana, npofermoeana, epahena u oop+aeana nymeea. V +uoeu+ c.y:afeeu+a
eeo.ouru u eeomexuu:ru yc.oeu cy oo npecyouoe ymuafa ua useoo+ueocm, rou- mane
u cueypuocm nymue caoopahafuue rao ooferma. 3ooe moea fe uy+uo cma.uo
npahene u yuanpehueane caepe+euux npuuuna u +emooo.oeufe eeomexuu:rux
ucmpa+ueana. V paoy he oumu npurasaua uafea+uufa oocaoauna ucrycmea, us
ceemcre u uaue nparce, rao u npaeu oa+ee paseofa caepe+eue +emooo.oeufe
ucmpa+ueana, npu peuaeany eeomexuu:rux npoo.e+a, umo fe oo uumepeca sa
cmpy:uy faeuocm ua npocmopy PC, a u uupe.
K+yuuepeuu: Hym, caepe+euunpucmynuu +emooo.oeufaeeomexuu:rux ucmpa+ueana
MODERNPRINCIPLESANDMETODOLOGIESOFGEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATION AND TESTING IN ROAD ENGINEERING
Summary:
Geotechnical investigations and observations are very significant part of planning,
design, construction and maintenance of roads. In many cases geological and
geotechnical conditions have very important impact on feasibility, costs and safety of
road as a structure. Therefore constant following and improvement of the modern
principles and metodology of geotechnical investigations is required. Paper will
present the most important expiriences from global and domestic practice up to now, and
directions of further development of modern metodlogy of investigation, during solving
of geotechnical problems, which is in the interest of the professional audience in
Republika Srpska and world wide.
Key words: Road, modern approcahes and metodology of geotechnical investigation

1
Maeucmap eeomexuu:rux uayra,oun..uu+.eeo.., :.au Hu+enepcre Araoe+ufe Cpoufe, oupermop 3aeooa sa
eeomexuury, Hucmumym sa nymeee, a.o. Beoepao, Ky+oopaura 257, e/mail: geotehnika@beotel.rs
74
1. YBO
Hyr npecrana cnoxen cncrem, xora unne crnopenn enemenrn y ]ynxnnjn caopahaja
n repena. Hsmehy crnopennx enemenara n repena npncyrna je cranna nnrepaxnnja, n ro,
xaxo y qasn nerone nsrpane, raxo n y qasn nerone excnnoa1annje. Hpocrop y xome ce
anannsnpa, nonoxaj n ]ynxnnja nyra, unne rpn unpcro nonesane cpenne: reonomxa,
crnopena n pymrnena cpenna.
Hyrne caopahajnnne, xao nnnnjcxn ojexrn nmajy (cnenn]nuna) cnojcrna, xoja nx
pasnnxyjy o nehnne ocrannx rpahennncxnx ojexara. Hpe cnera, ro je njnxona nenocpena
n (npno) recna nesa ca reonomxom cpennom. Ta nesa ce mann]ecryje y nny nenocpenor n
nocpenor yrnnaja caopahajnnne na npomeny nnsa cnojcrana repena, n na nonpa1nn
yrnnaj repena na caopahajnnny. Hpema canpemennm cxnarannma nyrna caopahajnnna n
repen na xom je nsrpahena, npec1annajy jennc1neny nennny.
Onmre ysen, sona ysajamnor yrnnaja caopahajnnne n reonomxe cpenne moxe nrn jaxo
pasnnunra, nouen o nexonnxo m
2
, na o nnme km
2
. 3aro ce npn npojexronany caopahajnnne
rexn npnnarohanany xonc1pyxnnje ny1a n ojexa1a na noj, nnxenepcxoreonomxnm n
reorexnnuxnm ycnonnma repena. Hpnnarohanane caopahajnnne, rnm ycnonnma je neoma
cnoxen nponem, xojn saxrena, xaxo nosnanane cnojcrna rpahennncxnx xoncrpyxnnja nyra, raxo
n nosnanane cnojcrana reonomxe cpenne, o sone mehyconor yrnnaja (ojexara n repena).
Homro nyrenn, xao nnnnjcxn ojexrn ocrnapyjy nenocpean xonraxr ca reonomxom
cpennom (nennxe yxnne, a uecro n snauajne mnpnne), orya je nosnanane reorexnnuxnx
cnojcrana re cpenne o nennxor, a uecro n npecynor snauaja sa nnxony pannonanny nsrpany
n xopnmhene. yro ce npn nnannpany n npojexronany nyrena pyxononno nejom a ce
rpaxa nyra nonoxn no repeny, ca manom xonnunnom ncxona n nacnna, a axo ce ro ne moxe
nsehn, ona a ce nnxon onoc ap npnnnxno nsjenaun, xaxo n marepnjann ns ncxona
cnyxnnn sa nacnnane. Tnme ce cmannnao onm paona, ann ce ncronpemeno n najmane peme-
rnno npnpono crane reonomxe cpenne. Canpemenn nyrenn, mehyrnm, a n oronopnnn
saxrennma sa nennxnm nporoxom caopahaja, nennxnm psnnama, nncoxnm nnnoom cnrypnocrn
n xon]opa, cne nnme napymanajy reonomxy cpenny, yoxnm n yrauxnm rynennma, mocro-
nnma n nnjayxrnma, yoxnm ycennma n nncoxnm nacnnnma. Tnme je snauaj reorexnnuxnx
ncrpaxnnana, nocrao jom nehn, xaxo xo nsopa onrnmannor npanna rpace, raxo, n xo
nsopa najonx pemena y cnyuajennma re cy moryhe anrepnarnne, n xonauno sa onjane
nysannx napamerapa sa npojexronane, xaa je 1aj nsop nosna1.
3aro, anac (y canpemennm ycnonnma), xo nnannpana n npojexronana nyrnnx caopahaj-
nnna, pan rnm, pasnnun1or (crpyunor) npo]nna, mehy xojnma snauajno mecro saysnmajy
nnxenepn reonosn, unja je yxa cnennjannocr, nnaenepcxa reonornja, onocno reo1exnnxa.
Onaj pa nma sa nn npenosnanane n anannsy, najuemhnx reorexnnuxnx nponema xo
npojexronana n nsrpane nyrena, n nnxono pemanane, npnmenom canpemennx npnnnnna n
meroa reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana n ncnnrnnana.
2. OHmTH METOOAOmKH HPHCTYH
IEOTEXHHHKHMHCTPAHBAHHMA 3A HYTEBE
C osnpom na unnennny, a cy, xo npojex1an1cxor onyunnana, reorexnnuxe xapaxre-
pncrnxe reonomxe cpenne neoua snauajne, jep y nennxoj mepn yryuy na nsnonnocr n
xomrane nyrne caopahajnnne , rnnnuna onmra nnrana (y rom cnyuajy), na xoja reorexnnuxa
ncrpaxnnana rpea a ajy oronope (y cnnm ]asama n nnnonma npojexronana n nsrpane),
cy:
75
- a npyxn npojexranry norpene enemenre o reorexnnuxnm cnojcrnnma repena, xaxo n
on noehn pauyna n o ocrannm unnnonnma (nosnonmannuxnm, exonomcxnm, cnrypno
cnnm), nsapao najony 1pacy caopahajnnne. 3or rora, reorexnnuxa ncrpaxnnana
mopajy sanouern y npnnm ]asama n npoyxnrn ce xpos cne ]ase npojexronana, a
sanpmnrn ce xonrponnnm ncnnrnnannma y roxy, onocno ocxynrannonnm mepennma
nocne sanpmeor rpahena caopahajnnne;
- a omoryhn pemene cnnx reorexnnuxnx nponema, xojn ce janajy na nsapanoj
rpacn, a npe cnera, nponema crannnocrn repena roxom n nocne sanpmenor rpahena
caopahajnnne;
- a npyxn noarxe o reorexnnuxnm cnojcrnnma, uepoannnu sa nsnpmene
seunannx paona, rj. paona na ncxony, rpancnopry n yrpahnnany, xao n sa nsop
najnoronnje mexannsannje sa nsnpmene onnx paona;
- a npyxn mepoanne noarxe sa opennane nena xom1ana nsnpmena pojnnx
paona (semann paonn, ]ynnpane ojexara, nsrpana rynena, nr.);
- a onaxma nsnpmene cnnx paona n nnxony xon1pony xnann1e1a, xao n
esenoc1 roxom rpahena.
a n ce ono nocrnrno, mopajy ce ynaxanarn, cneeha rpn ycnona:
1. Cranna capana npojexranra n reorexnnuapa. oap npojexar caopahajnnne, nnje
cyma jene reomerpncxn ope rpace caopahannne n opor reorexnnuxor
ncrpaxnnana repena. Ona nponsnnasn ns nenocpene capane n ynaxanana
reorexnnuxnx unnnona npn nsopy rpace caopahajnnne. Ieorexnnuapn, saro mopajy
roxom unranor npojexronana capahnnarn ca npojexranrnma.
2. Hpnnarohanane npnnnnna n meroa reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana, opehennm
ycnonnma repena n nponemy xora rpea pemnrn. na npojexra caopahannna,
nnxa nemory nrn ncra. 3aro cnaxn repen n cnaxa ]asa npojexronana saxrenajy
opehene onrnmanne meroe, onm n capxnny reorexnnuxor ncrpaxnnana, y
sanncnocrn o reonomxe rpahe repena, pernonanne mop]onornje, xapaxrepncrnxa
caopahannne, xnnme n xnponornje nopyuja, nr. 3or nnnnnyannocrn cnaxor
repena xojn ce ncrpaxyje n neoma nepannomepno pacnopehennx remxoha xoje onase
o reorexnnuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa repena, rpea sa cnaxy caopahajnnny xoja ce
npojexryje, nspan1n nporpau (npojexar) nc1paannana, xojnm ce e]nnnme onm
n npcre ncrpaxnnana repena, sa cnaxy ]asy (nnno) npojexra.
3. Jacno n nperneno npnxasnnane pesynrara reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana. Kopncnnnn
reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana cy perxo reorexnnuapn. 3aro je norpeno a pesynrarn
(sacnonann ca nncoxnm crenenom noysanocrn), yy nperneno npnxasann, a
saxnyunn npennsnn n jacnn.
2.1. IEOTEXHHHKH HPOBAEMH Y BE3H HPO1EKTOBAHA HYTEBA
Yrnnaj reonomxe cpenne na nsrpany nyrena je npno snauajan n pasnonpcan, xojn ce
uecro roxom nsrpane ncxasyje nojanom nponema, pasnnun1or onua n nn1ensn1e1a.
Hexn, o rnx, nponema nmajy nocean snauaj.
Ipahennncxn paonn npn nsrpann nyrena y ponnro nnannncxnmrepennma, uecro
onoe o npomene crannnocrn repena. Hsnohenem semannx paona y nehnnn
cnyuajena repen nocraje nec1annan nnn nec1annnnjn nero mro je npe rora no, a camo y
nexnm cnyuajennma nsrpana caopahajnnna onon o nonehana crannnocrn.
76
Hajuemhn nnonn nsmene crannnocrn repena cy: xnnxene, nyxene, oponanane,
ocnnane n xamacro reuene, cn. 1
C.ura 1. Heru oo epaeumauouux npoeca ua npupoouu+naouua+a, no A.4. Jaryuoeof; 1- oopou,
2 - o.oroecro r.usane, 3 - mepacupaue naouue, 4 - mepacuu omceu, 5 - sama.acaue noepuuue yc.eo
r.usana, 6 - sfanehe nyromuue omruoana, 7 - omcer oopoua, 8 - nponaoane m.a u 9 - r.usuu ea.oe
Figure 2. Some of gravitational processes on natural slopes, as per A.P.Jakushovoj; 1 - rockfall,
2 - sliding in blocks, 3 - terrace-type slopes, 4 - terrace scarps, 5 - corrugated surfaces due to sliding,
6 - wide open cracks followed after the tearing-off, 7 - rockfall scarp, 8 - slumping of soil, 9 - sliding through
Heanne ycnone sa rpany caopahajnnna - npema nnxenepcxoreonomxnm n reorexnnuxnm
xpnrepnjymnma - npyxajy c1annnn n nec1nmnnnn 1epenn, ca xopnsonrannnm nepasyennu
peneqou, es nonpmnncxnx noennx roxona n ca maxcnmannnm nnnoom nsann, ynm
o 3,0 m. Caopahajnnna, nsrpahena na raxnom repeny nna n najxpaha nesa nsmehy na
mecra, mnnnmanne enne xononosne xoncrpyxnnje n es ojexara (nponycra, nnjayxara,
mocrona, nacnna, rynena, samrnrnnx xoncrpyxnnja n p.), axne najjeq1nnnja.
Hec1annnn n nannnn 1epenn, no npannny, saajy najnehe remxohe rpanrenma,
napounro xaa nncy onono npoyuenn. Hpema anamnem cxnarany caopahajnnna n
repen na xome je nsrpahena, npec1annajy jennc1neny nennny. To snaun, a necrannan
repen moxe a nsasone omrehena caopahajnnna n opnyro rpahennncxe xoncrpyxnnje,
nenpnnaroene reorexnnuxnm cnojcrnnma repena mory a nsasony nopemehaje crannnocrn, o
1aa c1annnor 1epena. Fyyhn a cnaxa nennxa e]opmannja nsasnna nennxa nanpesana
n e]opmannje xoncrpyxnnje caopahajnnne, xoje one nopmanno ne mory npeysern, ro
crannnocr repena snauajno yrnue na crannnocr caopahajnnna. Y cnyuajy a caopahajnnna
npenasn npexo xnnsnmra, yjnna, cnnapa n cn., norpena je mennopannja repena, rj nspaa
cxynmnx samrnrnnx (canannonnx) mennopannonnx xoncrpyxnnja (nornopnn snonn, penaxe,
n p.), nnn nspaa nemrauxnx xoncrpyxnnja nsna nonpmnne repena, xao mro cy nnjayxrn
n mocronn n cn., nnn nax, ojexara cnymrennx ncno nonpmnne repena (rynenn).
Hajexonomnunnje xononosne xoncrpyxnnje mory ce ypanrn na necrnmnnnm repennma.
a n ce nocrnrao saonoanajyhn xnannrer xononosne xoncrpyxnnje na crnmnnoj nonosn,
neonxono je nonehane nennx nuensnja n xnann1e1a nnn sauena ua1epnjana y noc1e-
nnnn. Beoma crnmnna rna, xao mro cy rpecernmra nnn nexonconnonane noom sacnhene
rnnne, npecranajy nennxy npnpony npenpexy sa rpahene caopahajnnna, naxo nehnna
ojexara na nnma npenocn mana cnenn]nuna onrepehena. Texnnuxn nponemn xoje rpea
pemnrn, npn snarnoj ennn onaxnnx nacnara, cy neoma nennxn n cxynn, mro npaxrnuno
onemoryhyje rpany na rnm repennma (npnmepn yancxor apja n Konapcxor nara), cn. 2.
77
C.ura 2. Kaparmepucmu:uu npu+epu oeqop+aufa uacuna ua +a.ouocueo+m.y rao noc.eoua:
a - nperopa:ena uocueocmu, o - nperopa:ena :epcmohe npu c+uany, e - ucmucrueana +eroe m.a
uenocpeouo ucnoo uacuna
Figure 2 - Typical examples of deformation of the embankment on subsoil slightly as a result of:
a - exceeding the carrying capacity, b - exceeding the shear strength, v - displacement of soft
soil just beneath the embankment
3axrenn sa cne rexnm nosnnnma n cne nehnm psnnama xperana ycnonanajy raxne ene-
menre caopahajnnna, xojn ce uec1o ne uory npnnaron1n noc1ojeheu peneqy. 3aro je npn
nnxonom rpaheny neonxona nspaa yoxnx ycexa, sacexa n nncoxnx nacnna (uecro neoma
yrauxnx), napounro y ponnro nnannncxnm repennma. Hsnohenem raxnnx paona peonno
ce mena nonpmnna, enna n ynna sone nonpmnncxor pacnaana crencxnx maca, sarnm,
crane n pexnm nosemnnx noa. Hpn rome, nponec ]nsnuxo-xemnjcxor pacnaana moxe
nrn axrnnan n ypan nnn, cynporno, ymnpen n onemoryhen. Ca rnnmra exonomnunocrn
najnononnje n nno, a xocnne ycexa yy neprnxanne, jep je y rom cnyuajy ncxon
crencxe mace n rpancnopr ncxonanor marepnjana o enonnje najmann. Mehyrnm, nsyserno
cy perxn enonn repena y xojnma ycenn mory a yy neprnxannn. Hpaxca je noxasana a cy
y xamennrnm (enacrnunnm), crencxnm macama xocnne ycexa crannne, npn narny o 5:1 o
1:1, a y nnacrnunnm n cnnxnm crecxnm macama, najcrpmnje o 1:1.
Hajrexn n najcxynn ojexrn na caopahajnnnama, cy mocronn n rynenn. a n cmannnn
nnxon poj n nmensnje, npojexranrn ce rpye a 1pacy ny1a uaxcnuanno npnnaroe
onnnnua peneqa. 3aro nnannncxn, napounro jaxo pasyhenn repenn crnapajy nsyserne
nponeme. Ycnajanem mannx nonynpeunnxa xpnnnna n nehnx narna nnnenere (mro norpmana
ycnone sa noxny, onocno rpomxone excnnoarannje), cmanyjy ce nmensnje n poj
ojexara, ann ce nonehana yanna 1pace.
Canpemena rexnonornja rpahena caopahajnnna saxrena maxcnmanno xopnmhene mexann-
sannje. 3aro npncycrno neoma rnpnx, unpcrnx n xnnannx crena y ycennma, rynennma n pyrnm
ojexrnma snarno ycnopana n nocxynyje paone.
Hpncycrno noe na camoj nonpmnnn repena nnn y nenoj nenocpenoj nnsnnn, nenononno
y1nue na ycnone nsrpane caopahajnnna, na nnme naunna:
a) nennxom xonnunnom orexana nspay n opxanane ycexa, nacnna, remennx jama n
rynena n p.;
) nenonono yrnue na ]nsnuxo-mexannuxa cnojcrna crencxnx maca (napounro rnnnennx);
)
n)
a)
78
n) ypsana nponec xnnsana yx npencnonnpannx nonpmnna, nnn no sonama xnnxena
xo axrnnnnx xnnsnmra;
r) xomnnonano ca mrernnm ejcrnom mpasa moxe e]opmncarn nojenne enone xono-
nosne xoncrpyxnnje n nocrenny;
) arpecnnno enyje na rpahennncxe marepnjane, xa capxn pacrnopene anjone (Cl,
SO
4
, CO
2
n p.).
3or ]enomena xannnapnor nsnsana nosemnnx noa nnxono npncycrno ce, y
sanncnocrn o xnporeonomxnx cnojcrana (xonexropa) crencxnx maca, moxe ocernrn n
o nexonnxo ue1apa, nsna nnnoa nsann. axne, a n ce ymanno, nnn nornyno
ocrpanno onaj nenononn yrnnaj, norpeno je nsnecrn nns oarnnx paona (xanraxe
nsnopa, xnponsonannja rynena, penaxe, onone xanane, samrnrne snone n p.), mro
onon o aner nocxynnena 1pomxona rpaena.
Ha canpemennm caopahajnnnama rpome ce orpomne xonnunne reonomxor rpahennncxor
marepnjana (xamena, mynxa, necxa, rnnna n p.). Ca rnenmra exonomnunocrn n rpahena
najnononnjn cy repenn, re ce noxannn marepnjann mory xopncrnrn y max. moryhoj mepn.
Hacynpor rome, cy repenn re ne nocroje xnannrerne crencxe mace sa nspay pasnnx eneme-
nara rpyna nyra n xononosne xoncrpyxnnje, na 1pomxonn nsrpane (sor onoxena
marepnjana ca nehnx anna, nnn nax, ynorpea anrepnarnnnnx, nemrauxnx, cexynapnnx
marepnja), uory sna1no a nopac1y.
axne, peannn 1epenn npexo xojnx rpea nsrpanrn caopahajnnne, mory a yy
snarno nenononnnjn sa nsrpany o neannnx. Ipyn npopauynn cy noxasann, a ce
npn, nspasnro nenononnm nnxenepcxoreonomxnm ycnonnma (xao mro cy ro, na npnmep,
na nexnm eonnnama xenesnnuxe npyre Feorpa Fap, nnn na ayronyry E-75 xpos
Ipennny), y onocy na neanno nonone, rpomxonn rpahena nonehajy, n o 10 ny1a.
Y excrpemnnm cnyuajennma jennnuna nena xomrana caopahajnnne na najrexnm
ojexrnma (nennxn mocronn, nennxn rynenn), n npenasnma npexo nennxnx n yoxnx
xnnsnmra, moxe a ye n snarno neha.
Mehyrnm, o nenononnx nnxenepcxoreonomxnx n reorexnnuxnx ycnona, moxe a
ye jom nenononnje, neonono nosnanane rnx ycnona, mro y npaxcn, uecro onon
o jenor o cneehnx cyuajena:
1) HOIPEBHA HPOHEHA TEPEHA:
a) On1nunc1nuxo 1pe1npane 1epena: neyouanane necrannnnx n nannnnx nanna,
npojexronane crpmnjnx narna xocnna n p. Kao nocnenna ce janajy xnnsana
n oponn xocnna, e]opmannje xononosne xoncrpyxnnje n p.;
) Hecnunc1nuxa onena 1epena: nspaa naxnx xocnna o onrnmannnx, nspaa
nenorpennx samrnrnnx xoncrpyxnnja, nnn nnxono npenmensnonncane, ye
remeene n cnnuno, m1o xao nocnenna nua nonehane 1pomxona rpaena, n
2) HEOBOHA (HEPEAHHA) HPOHEHA TEPEHA:
Opehnnane norpemnnx narna xocnna ycexa n nacnna, norpemnnx nmensnja
samrnrnnx xoncrpyxnnja n ojexara n cn. Hocnenna onaxnor npojexronana cy, xaxo
nonehane rpomxona rpahena, raxo n e]opmannje caopahajnnne.
2.2. OBHMIEOTEXHHHKHX HCTPAHBAHA TEPEHA Y
3ABHCHOCTH O mA3E HHBOA HPO1EKTOBAHA
Haxo xo nac ne nocrojn saxoncxa perynarnna, xojom ce npennsno perynnme npcra n
onm neonxonnx ncrpaxnnana repena sa norpee npojexronana n rpahena caopahajnnna,
(maa ce, y nonnje npeme unne noxymajn ca onomenem Cmepnnna sa ony nponemarnxy,
xoje cy sacnonane, yrnannom, na Eurocod-y 7 n 8, n pyrnm oronapajyhnm EN cranapnma),
one hemo nsnern nexa nama sanaxana n ncxycrna o onom nponemy.
79
Cnrypno je a onm reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana sanncn o, cnoaenoc1n reonomxe rpae
1epena (cacrana n cxnona), o peneqa 1epena, panra ny1a n o ]ase (nnnoa) npojexronana,
onocno rpahena. To cy ojexrnnnn unnnonn, mehyrnm, uecro nocroje n cyjexrnnnn unnnonn
xao mro cy: qnnancnjcxe uoryhnoc1n nnnec1n1opa nnn npeuencxn poxonn sa nc1paan-
nane n npojex1onane, n p.
Fes osnpa na one pasnore, neh y nouerxy xo nspae npojexra, onocno nporpama ncrpaxn-
nana rpea nsnojnrn (xareropncarn), enone repena xojnm nponasn rpaca nyra, npeua
1emxohaua xoje ce nauehy nponoeny 1pace. He rpea crnaparn nemrauxe nponeme, ramo
re nx nema, neh ncrpaxnnauxe nanope rpea xonnenrpncarn, ramo re ro cnoxenocr repena
saxrena. One ce ne mncnn na cnoxenocr ronorpa]nje xoja onon o nennxnx samannx
paona n nemrauxnx ojexara, neh na cnoaenoc1 reonomxe rpae 1epena, onocno nerony
c1annnoc1, 1oxou, n nocne nsrpane ny1a.
2.3. mA3E IEOTEXHHHKHX HCTPAHBAHA Y
mYHKHH1H HAAHHPAHA H HPO1EKTOBAHA
Cosnpom na nnreparnnnn nocrynax n meroe onyunnana y npojexronany nyrnnx
caopahajnnna, xao n norpey, nenocpene capane nnme pasnnunrnx crpyxa y nnannpany,
npojexronany n nsrpann caopahajnnna, nponec peannsannje jene caopahajnnne, cac1ojn
ce o nexonnxo ysac1onnnx qasa.
- crynja nyrne mpexe,
- renepannn npojexar
- nejnn npojexar
- rnannn npojexar
- nsnohauxn npojexar
- npojexar nsneenor ojexra, n no norpen
- nn]o cncrem nyra
Y cxany ca naxehnm saxonom n rexnnuxom perynarnnom, na n canpemenom npaxcom
Ieo1exnnuxa nc1paannana, rpea a nperxoe oronapajyhnm ]asama nnannpana n
npojexronana n unne cacrannn eo rnx axrnnnocrn. Camo na ocnony nnx, npojexranrn
mory a oaepy onrnmannn nonoxaj rpace nyra n pannonanne nerone enemenre xoncrpyxnnja.
Crenen nosnanana reorexnnuxnx cnojcrana repena y cnaxoj ]asn ncrpaxnnana rpea a ye
raxan, a ce cymrnncxn ne pasnnxyjy o xacnnje, y peocney nsneennx nc1paannana.
Hpn rome, cnaxom nnnoy nnannpana n npojexronana, nperxoe oronapajyhe reorexnnuxe
c1ynje, n enaopa1n o pesynrarnma erannx reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana nnn ocmarpana,
re reo1exnnuxn npojex1n.
Onoc reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana npema axrnnnocrnma nnannpana n npojexronana,
npnxasan je na cn. 3.
Hcrpaxnnane no naneenoj cxemn peocnea axrnnnocrn n onyunnana, y cymrnnn, rpea
a oesen ocneno nomronane ocnonnnx npnnnnna reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana. To cy
npnnnnnn noc1ynnoc1n, no1nynoc1n, pannouepnoc1n n exonoununoc1n nc1paannana.
Hpnnnnn noc1ynnoc1n, ce ocrnapyje camom nnme]asnom peannsannjom ncrpaxnnana. Hpn
rome ce nopasymena, a y cnaxoj ]asn, ocrnapenn saann ncrpaxnnana n ycnojenn saxyunn
mopajy nrn onono noysann, xaxo y napennm ]asama erannx ncrpaxnnana ne n nnn
emanronann. Tnme ce yrnannom ocrnapyje n npnnnnn no1nynoc1n nc1paannana. Panno-
uepnoc1 nc1paannana, nopasymena npnnnxno ncrn crenen ncrpaxenocrn reorexnnuxnx
ycnona, najnpe sa cne xopnope n cne anrepnarnnne napnjanre rpace, a no ycnajany rpace, sa
cne nene eonnne. Hpnnnxno ncrn crenen ncrpaxenocrn, napanno, ne nopasymena ncry
rycrnny ncrpaxnnx paona, na uax nn ncry npcry paona. Fpoj n npcre ncrpaxnnx paona y
80
cnaxoj ]asn npojexra npnnarohanajy ce cnenn]nunnm cnojcrnnma repena n xapaxrepncrnxama
ojexara, a ncrn crenen ncrpaxenocrn nopasymena, npnnnano nc1y noysanoc1 saxnyuaxa,
xojn ce, na asn pesynrara ncrpaxnnana ycnajajy. Hpnnnnn exonoununoc1n nc1paannana,
nopasymena a ce cnn nperxonn npnnnnnn ocneno ncnomryjy, ys unnnuanne uoryhe
1pomxone.
OHYKE IPATEBHHCKO HPOJEKTOBABE IEOTEXHHuKA HCTPAHBABA
C.ura 3. Oouoc eeomexuu:rux ucmpa+ueana npe+a armueuocmu+a n.auupana u npofermoeana
Figure 3. - The connexion of geotechnical research activities by planning and design
2.4. HHEBH IEOTEXHHHKHX HCTPAHBAHA
Ho nnennma reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana, nopasymenamo oesehene ycnona sa
onrnmannn nsop cnnx nnancxnx n npojexrnnx pemena xoja sannce o cnojcrana reonomxe
cpenne. pyrnm peunma, nnenn ncrpaxnnana cy rauno npennhane n perynncane cnnx
nnona nnrepaxnnje repena n ojexara ca reonomxom cpennom.
OCHOBHAAHAHH3AOIEOHOBKHMYCHOBHMA
AHAHH3A HOCTOJETE OKYMEHTAHHJE
CTYHJA
IEOTEXHHuKHX YCHOBA
HPOIPAM IEOTEXHHuKHX HCTPAHBABA
3A HEJHH HPOJEKAT
ETAHA IEOTEXHHuKA HCTPAHBABA
3A HEJHH HPOJEKAT - PE3YHTATH
HPOIPAM IEOTEXHHuKHX HCTPAHBABA
3A IHABHH HPOJEKAT
ETAHA IEOTEXHHuKA HCTPAHBABA
3A IHABHH HPOJEKAT
HPOIPAM IEOTEXHHuKOI HA3OPA -
KOHTPOHA H OHYHA HCTPAHBABA
IEOTEXHHuKA OCMATPABA
HHuO CHCTEM IEOTEXHHKA
OHYHCKA H KOHTPOHHA HCTPAHBABA H
IEOTEXHHuKH HA3OP
IEOTEXHHuKH EHAFOPAT O
H3BEEHOM OFJEKTY
Crynje nyrne mpexe
Ienepannn npojexar
Hejnn npojexar
Inannn npojexar
Hsnohauxn npojexrn
Hpojexrn npnnarohanana
Hpojexar nsneenor ojexra
apxnncxn npojexar
Hn]o cncrem nyrenn
Y
T
B
P
T
H
B
A
B
E
H
O
T
P
E
F
E
3
A
I
P
A

B
O
M
H
Y
T
A
O

H
Y
K
A
O
I
P
A

B
H
H
O
u
E
T
A
K
I
P
A

B
E
H
Y
B
T
A
B
E
Y
H
O
I
O
H
81
Hn1epaxnnja ojex1a n reonomxe cpenne, je cxyn ysajamnnx yrnnaja nemrauxor ojexra
n reonomxe cpenne, y cnnm ]asama rpahena n excnnoarannje ojexra. H sa ncry npcry ojexra,
nnrepaxnnja ce moxe mann]ecronarn y pasnnunrnm nnonnma n ca pasnnunrnm nnrensn-
rerom. To sanncn o xapaxrepncrnxa reonomxe cpenne n xapaxrepncrnxa nemrauxor ojexra,
onocno o npomene npnponnx ycnona o xoje onasn roxom rpahena n xopnmhena ojexra.
Hnrepaxnnja ce mena roxom npemena, yrnannom, y cmncny npomene nnrensnrera nojen-
nnx nennx nnona. Pehe ce roxom npemena jann, n nonn nn nnrepaxnnje.
Cnaxn nn nnrepaxnnje ce emana y opehenom nopyujy reonomxe cpenne, nnxe nnn
ae o ojexra. Hpocrop yxynne nnrepaxnnje (nopyuja cnnx nnona nnrepaxnnja), je yjeno
nc1paann npoc1op sa a1n ojexa1.
Pasnnunrn nnonn nnrepaxnnje ce mory cnpcrarn y nexonnxo ocnonnnx rpyna:
- c1a1nuxe - (uocueocm u c.eeane m.a ucnoo ooferma, noeehaua soufeuocm m.a yc.eo
onmepehena oofermo+ u c..);
- nnaunuxe - (oefcmeo se++ompeca ua ooferam, uuoyroeaua ceus+u:uocm oo ooferma,
ouua+u:ru ymuaf oo epahena u.u ropuuhena ooferma u c..);
- xnpo-nnaunuxe - (qu.mpaufa eooe ucnoo ooferma, npo+eue pe+u+a usoauu yc.eo
opeuupana u.u uspaoe xuopouso.aufa, +exauu:ra cyqosufa m.a noo oofermo+ u c..);
- qnsnuxo-xeunjcxe - (ymuaf noeuueuux me+nepamypa ua ooferam, npo+eua me+nepamypuoe
pe+u+a usepaono+ ooferma, saeahene m.a u noose+uux eooa, aepecueuu ymuafu
noose+uux eooa, npo+eua pe+eqa ucronu+a u.u uacunane+ u op.).
Hnenn ncrpaxnnana, nornuxn cnee ns nponeua1nxe xoja ce pemana oronapajyhou
qasou nnana nnn npojex1a. Hojennn o nnx ce peannsyjy y jenoj nnn nnme ]asa, ox
cy nexn npemer anannsa roxom nenoxynnor nponeca ncrpaxnnana n npojexronana, ann ca
pasnnunrnm crenenom eranocrn n noysanocrn anannsa n saxyuaxa. Kaxo cy nnenn
ncrpaxnnana cnenn]nunn sa pasnnunre ojexre, ro ce mory pasnnxonarn, onn xojn cy
onm1n - sa neny rpacy nnn eonnny, n nocenn - sa nojenne ojexre.
Onm1nnnnennnc1paannana, xojnce onoce na rpacyynennnnnnnnojenne eonnne, cy:
nsop xopnopa n rpace nyra;
nsop naunna ncxona n onpeme sa ncxone, osnpom na ornopnocr crencxnx maca
npema orxonanany;
nsop crannnnx narna xocnna ycexa n sacexa n mepa samrnre xocnna pan ouynana
crannnocrn;
ycnonn npenohena rpace npexo xnnsnmra n pyrnx necrannnnx nanna n nsop mepa
nnxone canannje;
naunn yrpane nacnna, narnn n crannnocr xocnna, mepe samrnre;
nocnnocr nonore nyra y cnyuajy nsrpane na manonocnnom rny, noceno axo je
eonnna y nacnny nnn na ojexrnma;
samrnra nyra o nonpmnncxnx n nosemnnx noa, ycnonn ononanana n pennpana;
nsop marepnjana n naunna rpahena nonore n xononosne xoncrpyxnnje, osnpom na
cnojcrna rna;
- nsop marepnjana sa nacnne, sa eroncxn n ac]anrnn arperar, osnpom na nocrojeha nnn
norennnjanna noxanna nanasnmra;
- nsop ponnnmnnx nocrpojena n pyre onpeme, osnpom na cnojcrna noxannnx
marepnjana;
- nsop mecra n naunna enononana nnmxa marepnjana ns ncxona;
- yrnnaj rpahena n xopnmhena nyra na oxonnny n ycnonn samrnre o enenryannnx
mrernnx yrnnaja, noceno samrnra rna n nosemnnx noa, xao ena xnnorne cpenne.
Hocenn nnnenn nc1paannana, xojn ce onoce na nojenne ojexre, cy:
82
a) 3A TYHEHE:
nsop mnxponoxannje (rpace n nnnenere) rynena;
ycnonn n naunn ncxona, nsop rexnonornje ncxona;
npnnpemena crannnocr ncxona, paspaa npo]nna, yxnna n npeme rpajana ncxona
es norpae, pemene npnnpemene norpae n cn.;
rpajna crannnocr rynena, nanonn n e]opmannje crencxe mace nocne ncxona,
npnrncnn na onory;
nojane nosemnnx noa n nnxon yrnnaj na ycnone rpahena n excnnoarannje rynena,
pemene xnponsonannje n penaxe;
nojane mrernnx racona, mepe samrnre n xonrpone, rexnonornja paa y npncycrny
racona, xpnrepnjym ynohena n yxnana racnor pexnma;
ycnonn nsrpane noprannnx enona rynena, crannnocr nanne n xocnna no ncxony
n oesehene crannnocrn;
moryhnocr xopnmhena marepnjana ns ncxona sa rpany rynena n pyrnx ojexara na nyry;
ycnonn enononana nnmxa marepnjana ns ncxona;
yrnnaj nsrpane n xopnmhena rynena na oxonnn repen n ojexre, npornosa yrnnaja,
mepe samrnre n ocmarpana.
) 3A MOCTOBE H HPOHYCTE
nsop mnxponoxannje mocra;
ycnonn ]ynnpana, ynna n npcre remea, osnoeno onrepehene n cnerane nonore;
naunn ncxona n samrnra remennx jama;
crannnocr cryona n xoncrpyxnnje y nennnn;
moryhnocr xopnmhena noxannnx marepnjana sa rpany, marepnjana ns ncxona n ycnonn
enononana nnmxa marepnjana. Onaj nn, moxe nrn pemanan n xpos onmre nnene
xojn ce onoce na rpacy.
Ha cnnuan naunn, mory ce e]nnncarn, n nocenn nnenn ncrpaxnnana, sa yoxe sacexe
n ycexe, samrnre nncoxnx xocnna, nncoxe nacnne, nexnmra noxannnx rpahennncxnx marepn-
jana n cn.
2.5. HCTPAHH HPOCTOP
Hcrpaxnn npocrop, npecrana eo reonomxe cpenne (nnxa nnn aa oxonnna ojexra),
xojn je npemer ncrpaxnnana. Bera, npe cnera, opehyjy nnonn n nnrensnrer nnrepaxnnje.
Beoma je snauajno, a ce xo cnaxor ojexra npannnno nponene moryhn nnonn n nnrensn-
rern nnrepaxnnje n nopyuja y xojnma ce nojennn nnonn ncnoanajy, jep ce sa cnaxo
noceno nopyuje nn1epaxnnje nnannpajy oronapajyha nc1paannana n ncnn1nnana.
Taxo, na npnmep, xaa ce anannsnpa nnamnuxa nnrepaxnnja nyra n reonomxe cpenne n
ro onaj nen eo xojn ce cnon na moryhn yrnnaj semorpeca na crannnocr rpyna nyra - nacnn
n xocnne n ojexara na nemy, ncrpaxnn npocrop npecranajy one reorexroncxe jennnne
y xojnma ce nanase norennnjanna xapnmra semorpeca, xojn mory nrn onacnn sa nyr n
nerone ojexre. 3a raj npocrop ce cnponoe reonomxo-censmonomxe n neorexroncxe anannse
xoje omoryhanajy npannnny nponeny xasapa n pnsnxa o seuno1peca sa nnannpane ojex1e.
Yrnnaj nyra na npomene pexnma nnn sarahena nsancxnx noa nsyuana ce y npocropy
nsann na xojy moxe yrnnarn rpana nnn excnnoarannja nyra, nnn y cnyuajy nspasnro
npocrpannx nsann (na npnmep, y mnpoxnm anynnjannnm pannnma), ncrpaxnnana saxnarajy
eo rnx nsann xojn, y najropeu no1ennnjanno uoryheu cnyuajy, uoae n1n yrpoaen.
Ho cen ce pasyme, a ce y cnaxom nopyujy nocenor nna nnrepaxnnje, cnponoe ncrpaxn-
nana xoja he omoryhnrn ycnemny npornosy, xonrpony na n perynannjy ror rnna nnrepaxnnje.
Kaxo ce nopyuja nnona nnrepaxnnje mehycono, nnme nnn mane npexnanajy, ro ce npn
npojexronany ncrpaxnnx paona, y cnaxoj qasn nc1paannana, rexn nsopy onrnmannor
83
poja n npcra ncrpaxnnx paona, xojn he ouoryhn1n pemene cnnx saa1axa n noc1nsane
cnnx nnnena sor xojnx ce nc1paannana nsnoe.
Y onocy na naneenn xpnrepnjym, rpannne nc1paannx npoc1opa ce mory npomnpnrn,
camo y onnm cnyuajennma xaa ce sor cnenn]nunocrn reonomxnx ycnona (oa orxpnnenocr
crencxnx maca, xapaxrepncrnuno npyxane crpyxrypnnx onnxa n cn.), eo ncrpaxnnx
paona cnponon n nan nopyuja nnrepaxnnje, jep ce na raj naunn n camo ro nopyuje moxe
exonomnunnje n nornynnje ncrpaxnrn.
Hpn reonomxnm ncrpaxnnannma sa nnannpane, npojexronane n rpahene nyrena,
renepanno ce uory nsnojn1n cneehn nc1paann npoc1opn:
1. Cyceoue u oa+e eeomermoucre feouuue
2. Moeyhu a.mepuamueuu ropuoopu
3. Hsaopauu ropuoop
4. Lupu npocmop oro mpace u nofeouuux ooferama
5. Horaufe +oeyhux nosaf+uuma u oenouufa
6. Horaufe nofeouua:uux ooferama
3a ncrpaxne npocrope o 1 3, ce noceno ne eqnnnme ynna o nonpmnne repena
o xoje onnpe ncrpaxnn npocrop, maa ce ona nopasymena. To je ns pasnora, mro ce y
oxnnpy rnx ncrpaxnnx npocropa ne ncrpaxyjy noxannje xonxpernnx ojexara, nnrn
pemana nnrane nnxone nnrepaxnnje ca reonomxom cpennom.
3a ncrpaxne npocrope o p. 4 6 je, mehyrnm, neonxono eqnnnca1n n ynny o
xoje ce cnponoe opehenn ncrpaxnn nocrynnn n anannse. Hpn rome, ce sa npocrop rpace n
ojexara (ncrpaxnn npocropn 4 n 6), xpnrepnjym ynne opehyje na ocnony npornose
moryher nopyuja nnrepaxnnje ojexra ca reonomxom cpennom. 3a ncrpaxnn npocrop p.
5, xao xpnrepnjym cnyxe saxrenn sa oesehene norpennx pesepnn rpahennncxor
marepnjana nnn e]nnncane ycnona nnxone excnnoarannje.
2.6. 3AAHH IEOTEXHHHKHX HCTPAHBAHA
Ho saannua nc1paannana, nopasymenamo cna ona cnojcrna n crana crencxnx maca n
repena unje je nosnanane nrno sa paspemanane nanpe naneennx nnena ncrpaxnnana.
3aann ncrpaxnnana, raxo cxnahenn, mory ce noennrn na mecr ocnonnnx rpyna noaraxa:
1. xapaxrepncrnxe pee]a repena;
2. reonomxa rpaha repena;
3. crana n cnojcrna nosemnnx noa (xnporeonomxe xapaxrepncrnxe);
4. axrnnnocr canpemennx reonomxnx nponeca n pesynrarn nnxonor enonana;
5. ]nsnuxo - mexannuxa cnojcrna crencxnx maca n nanoncxa crana y nnma;
6. reonomxo - rpahennncxn marepnjann.
Hojennn saann cy y npexrnoj nesn ca oronapajyhnm nnennma ncrpaxnnana. Hpn rome,
mehyrnm, nexn o nnx cy snauajnn sa pemanane jenor nnn nnme, a pyrn sa cne nnn nehnny
nnena. 3aann ncrpaxnnana ce raxohe, mory nesnnarn n sa oronapajyhe ncrpaxne npocrope.
Y raenn 1, npnxasan je mehyconn onoc naneennx enemenara rpyna (saaraxa), nesano
sa nnnoe npojexronana n rpahena (rj. nnxona eranocr nosnanana n ycnona).
2.7. METOE H HOCTYHHH IEOTEXHHHKHX HCHHTHBAHA 3A HYTEBE
Y oxnnpy reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana sa nyrene, sanncno o noxannnx reonomxnx
ycnona, xojn cy uax, n sa jean ny1nn npanan, no npannny, npno pasnonpcnn, npnmenyjy
ce pojnn nocrynnn ncrpaxnnana. Kaxo cy ncrn najnehnm enom cranapnsonann, ro
hemo y aem rexcry arn, camo nnxon raenapnn nperne n osnaunrn y xojoj ]asn
ncrpaxnnana je npnmena nojennnx o nnx najuemha n najnaxnnja (raena 2).
84
1aeua 1. Eue+eumu eeomexuuurux ycuoea sa pasue uueoe npojermoeana
Table 1. Elements of the geotechnical conditions for the various levels of design
uasa nnnon npojexronana
Baxnnjn enemenn r.r. n rpahena
ycnona repena xao npnpone xoncrpyxnnje
I
H
H
H
I
H
H
H
s
n
H
Mop]orenercxo pacunannnane pee]a H
Kapaxrepncrnxe pee]a
Mop]orenercxo nsyuanane pee]a H H
Hnrocrparnrpa]cxe jennnne
Hnrorenercxe cpenne H K Ieonomxa rpaha
Pacunannnane
o nnnoa
Hnronomxor unana K
Crane n cnojcrna nosemnnx noa Xnporeonomxe
xapaxrepncrnxe
Cnojcrna crencxnx maca y opehennm n.r. K
Pexornocnnpane ennenrnpane Ieoennmnuxn
nponecn n nojane
Axrnnnocrn (npocropno e]nnncane) H K
Bnsyenna nenrn]nxannja
Onnrnma in citu yrnphena K
unsnuxo - mexannuxa
cnojcrna crencxnx maca
Haoparopnjcxn opehenn H K
Perncrponane norennnjannnx pesepnn H
Ieonomxo - rpahennncxn
marepnjann
Ynorpennocr xnannrer marepnjana
H K
HEIEHA
Hpnmenyje ce xao onyncxa
H
Hpnmenyje ce no norpen
K
Hpnmenyje ce xao xonrpona
2.8. CHEHHmHHHOCT HCTPAHBAHA Y PA3AHHHTHM
mA3AMA HAAHHPAHA H HPO1EKTOBAHA
3aann reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana y cnaxoj ]asn (nnnoy) nnannpana n npojexronana
(a rnme n npcre n onm ncrpaxnnx paona), nponsnnase ns saaraxa camor nnana n npojexra.
3or rora, cnaxa ]asa ncrpaxnnana nua cnoje nocene, xonxpe1ne saa1xe, xoje mopa y
nornynocrn n onono noysano paspemnrn. Ona ncronpemeno unnn, eo jene mnpe
nornune nennne xojy npecranajy cna ncrpaxnnana roxom nnannpana, npojexronana,
rpahena n ocmarpana jenor ojexra (raena 3).
Cmyoufa nymue +pe+e, sacnnna ce na najonmrnjnm noannma ns nnreparype, crpyune
oxymenrannje, nocrojehnx reonomxnx xapara n cn. Onuno ce onocn na oronapajyhe
repnropnje, a ne nojenne nyrne npanne, na ce n pan, y oxnnpy nspae npoc1opnor
nnana paane, penynnxe nnn enen1yanno yanx aunnnc1pa1nnnnx nennna.
Cmyoufa eeomexuu:rux yc.oea rofa npemxoou Ieuepa.uo+ npofermy, cnyxn xao nonora sa
nerony nspay, nma sa nn a e]nnnme xopnop n, enenryanno ynyrap nera, pasnnunre
napnjanre rpace nyra na eonnnama re cy sa nsop napnjanre nyxna erannja ncrpaxnnana.
Ona oxymenrannja ce pan y pasmepn renepannor npojexra, 1:25000, perxo 1:10000. 3a naj-
naxnnje ojexre, n rsn. remxa mecra na rpacn, onuno ce y oxnnpy renepannor npojexra pae
nejna pemena. a n ce ro nocrnrno, npocrop ncrpaxnnana moxe nrn mecrnmnuno n npno
mnpox, ca nnme norennnjannnx xopnopa o xojnx ce, na ocnony pesynrara crynje, npa
onrnmannn. Hpn rome ce npmn nponena reorexnnuxnx ycnona anannsom cnnx unnnona xojn cy
penenanrnn sa ycnone rpahena nyra n cxynna onena nnxonor y1nnaja. Ta onena, naxo je
nperexno xnann- rarnnnor xapaxrepa, npnxasyje ce y onnxy pejonnsannje repena, re
cnaxn pejon nopasy- uena cnnune reo1exnnuxe ycnone.
85
1aeua 2. Bpcme paoea roju ce cnpoeoe y pasuuuumu+ qasa+a ucmpaxueana
(a, , u, ou+ u suauaj paoea y nojeuuu+ qasa+a)
Figure 2. Types of works carried out in various stages of research
(a, b, c, extent and significance of works in various stages)
METOE HCTPAHBABA uA3E (nnnon) HPOJEKTOBABA
K A F H H E T C K E A H A H H 3 E IH HH InH HsnH Exnn.
1 Anannsa pacnonoxnne oxymenrannje (reonomxa,
nnxenepcxoreonomxa, reo]nsnuxa, xnporeonomxa,
censmonomxa, reorexnnuxa, reoercxa, npojexrna).
a
2 anncxa erexnnja
aua.usa aeuocuu+ara
aua.usa came.umcrux cuu+ara
a
3 Komnnexcna reomop]onomxa anannsa
reaumumamueua aua.usa pe+eqa
rea.umamueua aua.usa
a
4 Meroe nnxenepcxe censmonornje
ceus+oeeo.oura ucnumueana uupee noopy:fa
ceus+u:ra ucnumueana .oraufe u
eeoouua+u:ru +ooe. uumeparufe
a
a
T E P E H C K A H C T P A H B A B A
5 Ieonomxo xaprnpane (mnpe nopyuje) a
6 Hnxenepcxoreonomxo xaprnpane noxannje a
7 erano nnxenepcxoreonomxo xaprnpane ncxona a
8 Meroe reo]nsnxe
ceus+ura
- pe]paxnnona
- nnnrxa pe]nexrnnna
eeoe.ermpura
- connpane - xaprnpane
- cxennpane
rapoma+ oyuomuua
eeo+aeuemcra ucnumueana
eeopaoapcra ucnumueana
a
a
a

a
9 Hcrpaxno ymene
ucnumueane fesepa
ucnumueana y oyuomuua+a
a n
10 Hcrpaxnn ncxonn
n.umru
oyooru
a
a
11 Henerpannona ncnnrnnana
CHT
cmamu:ra neuempaufa
a
12 Hcnnrnnana ]nnrpannonnx cnojcrana n crana nos. noa
onumu ua.ueana
onumu yny+naeana noo npumucro+
onumu pnena
oc+ampane pe+u+a noose+uux eooa
a
a

n
n
13 Hcnnrnnana ]nsnuxo-mexannuxnx cnojcrana n
nanoncxnx crana y crencxnm macama
onumu oeqop+aou.uocmu - npecuo+empu -
onumu +exauu:rux :epcmoha
roumpo.a soufeuocmu uacuna
cneufa.ua ucnumueana y myue.u+a
a
a

a
a
86
H A F O P A T O P H J C K A H C H H T H B A B A IH HH InH HsnH Exnn
14 uynamenranna reonomxa ncnnrnnana (mnnepanomxa,
nerponomxa, cenmenronomxa, naneonronomxa) a
15 Hcnnrnnana ]nsnuxo-mexannuxnx cnojcrana crena n rna
r.acuqurauoue raparmepucmure m.a
npupooua cmana m.a
+exauu:re :epcmohe
oeqop+auoue raparmepucmure
raparmepucmure m.a rao epaheeuucroe +amepufa.a
a n
16 Xemnjcxa ncnnrnnana nosemnnx noa a
17 Moencxancnnrnnana n pauyncxe anannse
qusu:ru +ooe.u
+ame+amu:ru +ooe.u - pa:yucre aua.use
eeocmamu:re
eeoouua+u:re
xuopoouua+u:re
a n
H 3 P A A I E O T E X H H u K E O K Y M E H T A H H J E
18 HPOJEKAT (HPOIPAM) HCTPAHBABA x x x x
19 CTYHJA IEOTEXHHuKHX YCHOBA x
20 IEOTEXHHuKH EHAFOPAT / HPOJEKAT x x x x
Hcrpaxnnana onor nnnoa ce onuno cacroje o anannse nocrojehnx reonomxnx, xnpo-
reonomxnx, censmonomxnx, nnxenepcxoreonomxnx n pyrnx xapara, nnreparypnnx n ]on-
oncxnx oxymenara, anannse carennrcxnx n anno cnnmaxa n pexornocnnpane repena, xoje
enenryanno, oyxna1a n uann onu 1epencxnx paona.
Ocnonnn pesynrar crynje je, KAPTA IEOTEXHHuKHX YCHOBA H OIPAHHuEBA.
Ta xapra rpea, y cymrnnn, a ye jena o nonora sa nspay CHHTE3HE KAPTE
OIPAHHuEBA, xoja npec1anna ocnonny nonory sa renepannn npojexa1.
Capxaj xapre reorexnnuxnx ycnona n orpannuena (raena 3), xao n nenor reorexnnuxor
enaopara, sacnnna ce na cneeha na npnnnnna:
1. Hpnxas enemenara reonomxe cpenne na ocnony xojnx ce mory e]nnncarn:
ycnonn nsrpane,
moryha orpannuena.
2. Hpnxas naneennx enemenara rpea a ye raxan a ce ycnonn nsrpane n orpannuena
mory onennnarn ca:
rexnnuxor acnexra,
exonomcxor acnexra.
Pesynrar one crynje npecrana n xonnenr npojexrnor saarxa sa nspay npojexra ono-
cno nporpama ncrpaxnnana sa ]asy Hejnor npojex1a, na ocnony xora ce pan raj npojexar.
Hoefuu npoferam nyma, onuno capxn npojexre pasnnx napnjanara, nnxono nopehene n
nsop on1nuanne 1pace. Taxohe ce, na onom nnnoy pae nejnn npojexrn cnnx ojexara na
rpacn. Pasmepe rpa]nuxnx oxymenara cy onuno 1:250 - 1:2500.
O reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana nsnoe ce:
onyncxa, erannja anannsa anno n carennrcxnx cnnmaxa;
erano reonomxo n nnxenepcxoreonomxo xaprnpane repena;
reo]nsnuxa ncnnrnnana (reoenexrpnuna, censmnuxa, xaporaxna, a pehe n pyra);
ncrpaxna ymena;
repencxn onnrn nenerpannje;
repencxn onnrn noonponycrnnocrn;
yrpana nnjesomerapa;
- naoparopnjcxa ncnnrnnana ysopaxa rna n crena (]nsnuxo -mexannuxa, mnnepanomxo -
nerponomxa, cenmenronomxa, naneonronomxa) n nosemnnx noa (xemnjcxa);
pasnnunra ocmarpana (nojana necrannnocrn, nnnoa nosemnnx noa n p.).
87
1aeua 3.: Capxaj ueeeue rapme ycuoea oepauuuena usepane nyma
Table 3.: Capxaj ueeeue rapme ycuoea oepauuuena usepane nyma
YCHOBHHOIPAHHuEBA CAPAJ KAPTE
OCHOBHE IEOHOBKE
KAPAKTEPHCTHKE
TEPEHAHAKOJHMACE
3ACHHBAAHAHH3A
YCHOBAHOIPAHHuEBA
reonomxa rpaha repena (nnronomxn cacran, crapocr, rex-
roncxn cxnon, anrepannje crena, mexannuxa omrehenocr),
mop]onomxe xapaxrepncrnxe repena,
xnporeonomxn ycnonn,
censmnunocr
A) KHH3HBTA (n cnnune nojane)
no ynnn,
no axrnnnocrn,
no npcrn marepnjana
CTAFHHHOCT
F) 3OHHPABE TEPEHA
no creneny axrnnnocrn n pojy nojana (crannno,
ycnonno crannno n necrannno),
no ynnn nojana
HOCHBOCT TEPEHA
H3BOJEHA CHAFO HOCHBA THA
no cnojcrnnma,
no ennn
YCHOBH HCKOHA
OHEHAYCHOBAHAOCHOBYHHTOHOBKOICACTABA
unpcre crene,
nanopn n rnnne,
necxonn, nec n cn.
YCHOBH
OBOBABABA
THHOBH H3AHH H MAKCHMAHHH HHBOH
HO3EMHHX BOA
KOPHBTEBE
HOKAHHHX
MATEPHJAHA
MATEPHJAHH PA3BPCTAHH HO:
npcrn,
pesepnama,
ycnonnma excnnoarannje
EHOHHJE BHBKA
HCKOHA
O3HAuEHE MOIYTE HOKAHHJE PE3EPBHCAHE HO:
sanpemnnn,
ycnonnma enononana (reorexnnuxn, xnporeonomxn,
caopahajnn, exonomxn n p.)
3AIATEBA THA H
HO3EMHHX BOA
3AIATEBA:
no npcrn n nsnopy sarahena,
no nnrensnrery sarahena (y ]ynxnnjn reonomxo rpahe n
pacrojana o nsnopa)
uH3HuKA EIPAAHHJA
TEPEHA
EIPAAHHJA:
ncxonn,
enonnje,
nojauana eposnja
HOPEMETAJH
CTAFHHHOCTH TEPEHA
HOPEMETAJH:
saxnahen npocrop,
sanpemnna
uH3HuKE HPOMEHE Y
TEPEHY
HPOMEHE:
no npcrn yspoxa (pennpane, nacnnane, snjane, samena
marepnjana),
npocrop npomena,
nnrensnrer npomena
Osnpom na nennxn ncrpaxnn npocrop, xomnnexcnocr n onmnocr ncrpaxnnana, onuno
ce pae nocenn nporpaun nc1paannana sa eonnne o1nopene 1pace, es ojexa1a n
nojenne ojex1e nnn rpyne ojexa1a.
88
Kaxo ncrpaxnnana nperxoe nspan Hejnor npojexra, xaa jom ynex, nnje (e]nnnrnnno)
oapana napnjanra rpace nyra, ncrpaxnnana ce nsnoe na npanny cnnx anrepnarnnnnx
napnjanrn rpace n ojexara, na je neonxono ocneno nomronane nomenyror npnnnnna
pannouepnoc1n nc1paannana. C pyre crpane, nnno Hejnor npojexra, nororono sa
ojexre na rpacn saxrena penarnnno nncox crenen ncrpaxenocrn repena, jep ce nnma
pemanajy cnn n1nn nponeun xoncrpyxnnje ojexra n rexnonornje nsnohena paona.
3or rora je, pannonanno n npenopyuyje ce, a ce ncrpaxnnana sa nnno Hejnor npojexra,
pasnoje y na xopaxa:
- I - ropar xojn n nsmehy nocrojehnx anrepnarnna omoryhno nsop onrnmanne
napnjanre rpace n noxannja ojexara, n
- II - ropar xojn omoryhnje onjane cnnx noaraxa sa oapany napnjanry rpace,
nyxnnx sa nnno Hejnor npojexra.
Ha nnnoy I.aeuoe npoferma, pasmepe 1:100 1:1000, xojnm ce pemanajy cnn rexnnuxn
eran rpace n ojexara nsnoe ce, raxohe, erana reorexnnuxa ncrpaxnnana, ann caa na
neh oapannm n, y snauajnom creneny, ncrpaxennm noxannjama. Y norney npcra
ncrpaxnnx paona xoje ce npnmenyjy, nema nrne pasnnxe y onocy na Hejnn npojexar.
Hcrpaxnnana ce ycmepanajy na ro, a paspeme cne nneue n nonyne cne npasnnne xoje
cy oc1ane y Hejnou npojex1y.
Toro+ epahena nyma, xaa ce Inannn npojexar mena n onynana carnacno c1napnnu
reonomxnu ycnonnua, oana ce reorexnnuxn nasop n onyncxa reorexnnuxa ncrpaxn-
nana, unjn je nn nponepa noaraxa n npornosa na xojnma je sacnonan Inannn npojexar n
onyna noarxa, ramo re ce yrnpe nrna ocrynana o rnx npornosa. One cnaa n
xon1pona xnann1e1a yrpahennx marepnjana n nsnpmennx paona y omeny xojn ce onocn
na npnpone marepnjane n semane paone. Pesynrarn onnx ncrpaxnnana, npec1annajy
nonore sa nsnoauxe npojex1e.
Hpe nymrana nyra y npomer, a na ocnony Apxuecroe u.u Hpoferma useeoeuoe ooferma,
pan ce, a norom peannsyje Hpojexa1 reo1exnnuxnx ocua1pana, xao mro cy: ocmarpane
cnerana mocrona, nncoxnx nacnna; cnerana nsna rynena, cnerana rpyna nyra axo ce ncrn
nanasn na manonocnnom rny, nnn y sonn nosemne noe, excnnoarannje mnnepannnx cnponnna,
ocmarpane e]opmannja xnnsnmra nnn nannnnx nanna; ocmarpane e]opmannje npo]nna
n onore y rynennma, npomena nnnoa nosemnnx noa, crenena n npcre sarahena rna n
nosemnnx noa n p.
3. CHEHHmHHHHHPOBAEMHIEOTEXHHHKHXHCTPAHBAHA
3AH3BOP AATEPHATHBHHXPEmEHA OB1EKATA
Hpn npojexronany nyrena, nororono y npne ne ]ase npojexronana n ncrpaxnnana (Ienepannn
n Hejnn npojexar), npe nnanepe, npojexranre n ncrpaxnnaue nocrana ce unran nns nnema.
Hpna o nnx, je nesana sa nsop enemenara ayronyra na eonnnama ornopene rpace n ojex-
rnma, xoja ce paspemana yrnannom na ocnony norpee yyher caopahaja n moryhnocrn
Hnnecrnropa, a re norpee saonon. O pemena one nneme, sanncn y xojoj mepn he nyr
nparnrn mop]onornjy repena, a y xojoj he, nsrpanom pasnnunrnx ojexara, cne eonnne,
re rpaca ne nexn na nonpmnnn repena npenasnrn ojexrnma?
Ka ce ycnoje enemenrn nyra n nsaepe najnononnja rpaca, ocrajy uecro pojne pyre
nneme. Ha nojennnm eonnnama, pemena jenoc1anno neuajy an1epna1nne. Taxne cy na
npnmep: pannnuapcxe rpace na nnaronma, na anynnjannnm pannnma es manonocnnor rna n
89
nncoxor nnnoa nosemnnx noa, npenasn peunnx roxona n pcxnx macnna n cn. Y nennxom
pojy cnyuajena pemena mehyrnm, nncy necnopna, neh cy moryhe pasnnunre anrepnarnne,
xao na npnuep:
- a nn eonnny manonocnnor rna, npehn nncoxnm nacnnom nnn yoxo ]ynnpanom
xoncrpyxnnjom?
- a nn mana ronorpa]cxa ysnnmena, npehn rynenom nnn yoxnm ycexom?
- a nn nocrojehe ojexre na npanny rpace pymnrn, npemocrnrn nnn npohn rynenom
ncno nnx?
- a nn eonnny ca nncoxnm nnnoom nosemnnx noa, npehn nncoxnm nacnnom nnn
ojexrom, nnn nnrepnenncarn na cnnxeny nnnoa nosemnnx noa?
- a nn necrannny nanny npehn nperxonnm cannpanem, npemocrnrn yoxo
]ynnpanom xoncrpyxnnjom nnn npohn rynenom ncno xnnsnmra?
- a nn crpmy nanny ca moryhnm oponananem, npehn ranepnjom nnn nsnpmnrn
neny crannnsannjy? Hr.
Y pemanany cnnx onnx nnema nosnanane reo1exnnuxnx ycnona n nponena nnxonor
y1nnaja na neny xom1ana ny1a, ann n na nerony cnrypnoc1 y excnnoa1annjn, nua
neoua snauajny ynory. Y ocaamnoj namoj npaxcn, pojnn cy npnmepn pemanana cnnx
naneennx n pyrnx cnnunnx nnema.
Hsop enemenara rpace najnnme sanncn o anannse yxynnnx rpomxona n moryhe onrn,
a nosnanane reorexnnuxnx ycnona cnyxn sa npannnny nponeny rpomxona nsrpane n
opxanana. Homro ce pan o npnnm ]asama onyunnana, a reorexnnuxn ycnonn cy camo
jean o pojnnx ]axropa xojn yrnuy na neny, ononna je nnxona xnann1a1nnna nponena.
3a nsop najnononnje rpace nyra n mnxponoxannja ojexara, nyxno je nsnpmnrn
anannsy yrnnaja cnnx penenanrnnx cnojcrana reonomxe cpenne na ycnone nsrpane, a
1axoe n nnxon sajennuxn y1nnaj.
Taxo ce npexo oronapajyhe xareropnsannje repena n xapre reorexnnuxe pejonnsannje
npenyjy cne napnjanre rpace npema reorexnnuxoj noonocrn sa rpany nyra. Pesynarn
raxne anannse cy jean o napamerapa yxynnor npenonana na ocnony xora ce npa
najnononnja napnjara rpace. y cnyuajy opo e]nnncannx xpnrepnjyma xareropnsannje n
pejonnsannje, onaj nocrynax ce moxe y nennxoj mepn ojexrnnnsnparn n ayromarnsonarn.
Cne ocrane nneme, re ce y cymrnnn pan o onpeeeny sa nononnjy npcry ojexra
(cmarpajyhn n nncox nacnn n yox ycex ojexrnma), nsop ce npmn na ocnony Hejnnx
pemena nnn enenryanno, Hejnnx npojexara anrepnarnnnnx ojexara. 3aarax reorexnnuxnx
ncrpaxnnana je, a ouoryhe npannnny nponeny ycnona sa cnaxy uoryhy an1epna1nny. To
snaun, a anrepnarnnne moryhnocrn mopajy nrn npanonpemeno nosnare, onocno capaane
y Hpojex1nou saa1xy sa reo1exnnuxa nc1paannana.
Ieorexnnuxa ncrpaxnnana mopajy nrn xonnnnnpana raxo a omoryhe pannonpanno
pasmarpane anrepnarnna rj., a sa cnaxy anrepnarnny crenen ncrpaxenocrn reorexnnuxnx
ycnona ye npnnnxno ncrn, a y cnaxom cnyuajy, pesynrarn onono noysann. Onaxan
npncryn saxrena najuemhe mnpn ncrpaxnn npocrop (xaxo no nonpmnnn repena, raxo n no
ynnn) n xomnnexcnnje ncrpaxne paone. Taxo na npnmep, axo ce anrepnarnnno pasmarpa
nncoxn nacnn nnn yoxo ]ynnpana xoncrpyxnnja, nc1paannana uopajy nhn o nehnx
ynna y nonosn uanonocnnor 1na, nero mro n no cnyuaj a ce anannsnpajy camo
reorexnnuxn ycnonn nsrpane nncoxor nacnna.
Hpn pemanany nneme: rynen nnn yox ycex neonxono je, nope cnera onora m1o n
1peano nc1paan1n sa 1ynen, neoma noysano e]nnncarn cnojcrna crencxnx maca nacnoja
90
nsmehy rynena n nonpmnne repena, crenen crannnocrn nonpmnncxnx enona repena, crane
nosemnnx noa n ycnone pennpana n cn.
uax n nexa naoparopnjcxa, reo]nsnuxa n pyra ncnnrnnana sanncnhe, o rora xojn ce
ojexrn, xao an1epna1nnnn ysnuajy y osnp. Taxo, axo ce pan o yoxom ycexy nnn xocnnn
xojy rpea mrnrnrn, nyxno je repencxnm ncrpaxnnannma e]nnncarn npocropnn nonoxaj,
opnjenrannjy n onnx nonpmnna norennnjannor cmnnana n yrnpnrn napamerpe unpcrohe
cmnnana na opnjenrncannm ysopnnma ns rnx nonpmnna, nnn nax opanrn nnxone pesny-
anne npenocrn. Axo je y nnrany ojexar ]ynnpan y nonosn, cnnuna ncnnrnnana n ce
pyraunje nsnonna n sa npopauyne osnoenor onrepehena ycnajane pyre npenocrn
napamerapa unpcrohe na cmnnane.
Fes osnpa na naneene cnenn]nunocrn ncrpaxnnana xaa ce n ys nomoh raxo onje-
nnx pesynrara mopajy pemnrn nneme oxo nsopa onrnmannor pemena, ono mro je y cnnm
cnyuajennma sajennuxo je, 1o a anannsa reo1exnnuxnx ycnona uopa a oesen noysany
nponeny nene xom1ana ojex1a n nene opaanana ys saononanajyhn c1enen cnrypnoc1n.
4. 3AKYHAK Y BHY OHmEI KOMEHTAPA
KOHCTATAHH1A H HOPYKA
C`osnpom na cnoxenocr saxrena n nponema xojn ce nocranajy npn npojexronany n
nsrpann, yonmre, caopahajnnna, neonxono je npe onomena, nno xaxne onyxe y
nponecy peannsannje caopahajnnna, a ce cnponee oncexna n cncremarcxa anannsa cnnx
penenanrnnx, yrnnajnnx ]axropa, uey xojnua je, nosnanane reo1exnnuxnx ycnona,
onocno reo1exnnuxe nponeua1nxe, o nsyse1nor snauaja!!!
Ieorexnnxy rpea cxnarnrn, xao snane n nem1nny nnaenepa a cnecrpano npnhy
pemanany cnpere ojex1a n 1epena, noehn npn rome, pauyna o ouynany, onocno
samrnrn npnpone cpenne. O re cnpere, najuemhe, sannce nsop n xoncrpyxrnnne
xapaxrepncrnxe, camor nyrnor ojexra, jep reo1exnnxa nsyuana n xnan1n1a1nnno
nponenyje, a n npenyje, nnrepaxrnnno enonane nsmehy ojexra (rpahennna) n rna
(repena), ca nnneu pannonanne n exonounune nsrpane ny1nnx caopahajnnna.
3aro je, yxnocr ncrpaxnnaua - npojexranra reorexnnuapa, a opo pacyyje, a ne a
opo (rauno) cpauynana. Ymemnocr npannnne anannse npnponnx ]enomena, ne cacrojn
ce y nnaany npnpoom, neh a ce yna yunnn canesnnxou, npnxnaranem cnnx norono-
crn xoje ona npyxa, n naxnnnm nserananem nenor napymanana, oxne ro je 1o uoryhe
(sanncao npo]. Jonan Byrnh).
Ha xpajy jena (npaxrnuna) ojexrnnna unnennna 3a reo1exnnuxa nc1paannana he nexo
nna1n1n, nno a cy nsneena nnn ne (nnrar ns oxymenrannje nnxenepcxe xomope
Aycrpannje).
Hs rora, rpea nsnyhn oronapajyhe saxyuxe.
AHTEPATYPA
1) B.Byjannh: IEOHOBKA HCTPAHBABA HPHHHKOM HPOJEKTOBABA CAOFPA-
TAJHHHA, 3opnnx paona Canesa nnxenepa n rexnnuapa Cpnje n pymrna sa
nyrene Cpnje, Apanhenonan, 1985. r.
91
2) J.utic, D.Boinovic, V.Vujanic: METHODOLOGY OF GEOTECHNIC TERROIRE
RESEARCH IN PLANNING AND DESIGNIN OF MODERN TRAFIC ROUTES IN
YUGOSLAVIA. Roads between east and west Europe after 1992., Beograd, 1992.
3) B.Byjannh, H.Hoxnn: IEOTEXHHuKA HCTPAHBABA3A HOTPEFE HHAHHPABA,
HPOJEKTOBABA H IPATEBA AYTOHYTEBA. 3opnnx paona ca caneronana:
Hona onena n ynora snauaja nemrauxnx ojexara y canpemenom npojexronany yyhnx
ayronyrena y Cpnjn, Feorpa, 1992. ro.
4) V. Vujanic, P. Lokin: GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH FOR THE PURPOSE OF ROAD
PLANNING, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION, Int. Road Conference, Romania,
Mamia, 1995. god.
5) H. Hoxnn, B. Byjannh: METOOHOIHJA HPOJEKTOBABA H H3BOTEBA
IEOTEXHHuKHX HCTPAHBABA 3A HOTPEFE HHAHHPABA, HPOJEKTOBABA
H IPATEBA HYTEBA Crynja I ]asa, Penynnuxa npexnnja sa nyrene, Feorpa,
1996. ro.
6) V. Vujanic, P. Lokin, LJ. Rokic: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN ROAD
ENGINEERING, Zbornik referatov (1 del), 6 Slovenski kongres o cestah in prometu,
Portoro, 2002. god.
7) EN 1997-1, EUROCODE 7: Geotechnical, design / Part 1: General rulers
8) EN 1997-2, EUROCODE 7: Ground investigation and testing
9) EN 1998-1 do 5, EUROCODE 8: Design of structures for earthquake resiostence
10) Crpyuna oxymenrannja Hncrnryra sa nyrene, a..
93
paeau Hyruh
1
, A.ercauoap Hporuh
2
, E.eqmepufa 3.amauoeuh
3
KPHTEPH1YMH YIPATHBAHA MATEPH1AAA Y OHH
CTPO1 CAOBPATA1HHHA
Pesu+e:
Knannrer, a noceno rpajnocr n ]ynxnnonannocr caopahajnnna y nennxoj mepn
sanncn o xnannrera npojexronanor n nsneenor oner crpoja. Tpea noceno
ncrahn a ce rpemxe y nsrpann oner crpoja ne mory nonpannrn xnannrernnjom
nsrpanom ropner crpoja caopahajnnna, a mro je y namoj npaxcn uecr noxymaj.
Y oxnnpy onor paa ce yxasyje na snauaj nomronana xpnrepnjyma npojexronana n
yrpahnnana marepnjana y onn crpoj caopahajnnna, nouen o npnnpeme norna
na o sanpmnor cnoja. Jean eo onor paa nocnehen je opehnnany n snauajy
Kann]opnnjcxor nnexca nocnnocrn (CBR).
K+yuue peuu: onn crpoj, nacnn, ycex, norno, nocrenna, ropnn crpoj, CBR
CRITERIA FOR PLACING OF MATERIAL IN TRAFFIC
STREAM SUBSTRUCTURES
Summary:
A quality, durability and functionality of traffic streams in particular, depend in a
great amount on the quality of a designed and built substructure. The fact that should
be especially emphasized is that a lack of substructure fitting could not be repaired
by simply more qualitative construction of a traffic stream superstructure, which
appears to be very common in our practice. Within the frame of this work there is an
intention to underline the great importance of following the design and building-in
criteria for the traffic stream substructure material, starting from the subsoil
preparation up to the finishing layer. A part of this paper is dedicated to a
significance and determination of the California bearing ratio (CBR).
Key words: substructure, embankment, cut, subsoil, bedding, superstructure,
1
Hpo]. p nnn.rp.nnx. Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Cyornna
2
Hpo]. p nnn.rp.nnx. Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Cyornna
3
acc. nnn.rp.nnx. Ipahennncxo-apxnrexroncxn ]axynrer Hnm
94
1 YBO
Hpe nsnarana nponemarnxe yrpahnnana marepnjana y onn crpoj caopahajnnna
norpeno je ojacnnrn nojenne nojmone xojn ce nanoe y pay:
- Honrno (nexnmno rno) je npnnpemeno camonnxno rno na xome ce rpan nacnn,
a xoje saonoana reomexannuxe ycnone.
- Xymyc (nenocnnn cnoj remenor rna) je cnoj seme xojn rpea ocrpannrn sor
nenoronnx ]nsnuxnx, mexannuxnx nnn xemnjcxnx oconna..
- Hocrenna je nonpmnna na sanpmnom cnojy semanor ojexra xoja cnojnm
]nsnuxnm n xemnjcxnm oconnama saonoana ycnone nocennx rexnnuxnx
ycnona, a na xojoj ce rpan ropnn crpoj npyre nnn xononosne xoncrpyxnnje nyra.
- Ho nnanymom oner crpoja ne nopasymena ce camo sanpmna panan oner crpoja,
neh sanpmnn cnoj nacnna, onocno rno nenocpeno ncno xononosne
xoncrpyxnnje, xo ycexa.
Hmajyhn y nny a je onn crpoj reme caopahajnnna, nsrpana onor ena ojexra je
o npecynor snauaja sa rpajnocr n ]ynxnnonannocr nenoxynnor ojexra. Ono
nopasymena crpory xonrpony nouenmn o nsopa marepnjana, neronor yrpahnnana n
sanpmnor nocrynxa ncnnrnnana, npema cranapy. To ce ocrnapyje xpos ]ase
npojexronana, nsrpane, crpyunor n npojexranrcxor nasopa. Y namoj nnxenepcxoj
npaxcn nncy y ononoj mepn, a noceno naronpemeno, sacrynene cne naneene ]ase.
Ono ce npe cnera onocn na anraxonane crpyunor nasopa. Taxohe, neaexnarna xonrpona
nno marepnjana xojn ce yrpahyje nnn came yrpane nma sa nocnenny nom xnannrer, many
rpajnocr n ne]ynxnnonannocr xomnnernor ojexra. 3anya je axrepa nsrpane ojexra, a
ce xnannrerom ropner crpoja xoncrpyxnnje mory naomecrnrn neocrann y onem crpojy.
Y oxnnpy onor paa ce noceno ncrnuy xpnrepnjymn xojn ce mopajy ncnynnrn y cnaxoj
]asn paa.
2 KOHTPOAA KBAAHTETA MATEPH1AAA 3A YIPATHBAHE
Hacnn je eo rpyna caopahajnnne nsrpahen o xoxepenrnor nnn nexoxepenrnor
marepnjana na npnnpemenom remenom rny (norny).
Hacnnn ce npnencrneno pae o semannx marepnjana onjennx ncxonom ycexa. Yxonnxo
raxan marepnjan ne saonoana rpaxenn xnannrer sa nspay nacnna, neocrajyhn
marepnjan naoxnahyje ce marepnjannm ns nosajmnmra.
Pan npannnnor nsopa mexannsannje sa nsnpmene nacnna o semanor rna, xao n
npnmene onrnmanne rexnonornje paa, norpeno je:
- nonrn pauyna o xnannrery semannx rna ca rpace n nosajmnmra, yrpahenom
npema oronapajyhnm reomexannuxnm ncnnrnnanem sa rnannn npojexar; cnaxa
npomena nosajmnmra marepnjana sa nspay nacnna mopa nrn npahena
oronapajyhnm reomexannuxnm ncnnrnanem n oxasom o nnxonoj
ynorpennocrn;
Hponncn no xojnma ce xonrponnme xnannrer marepnjana norna n nacnna cy:
- CPHC Y.F1.010 ysnmane ysopaxa
- CPHC Y.F1.012 opehnnane nnaxnocrn rna
95
- CPHC Y.F1.014 opehnnane cnenn]nune rexnne rna
- CPHC Y.F1.016 opehnnane sanpemnncxe rexnne rna
- CPHC Y.F1.018 opehnnane rpanynomerpnjcxor cacrana
- CPHC Y.F1.020 opehnnane rpannna xonsncrennnje
- CPHC Y.F1.024 capxaj caropnnnx n oprancxnx marepnja
- CPHC Y.F1.038 opehnnane onrnmannor capxaja noe
- CPHC Y.F1.042 opehnnane xann]opnnjcxor nnexca nocnnocrn (CBR)
Axo je cacran rna, (norna) nacnna raxan a ce na nemy ne moxe npexrno nsrpahnnarn
nacnn (sacnhena rna, myennra rna, rna oprancxor nopexna n cn.), norpeno je npe nspae
nacnna npnnpemnrn norno, cannparn ra npema noannma ns npojexra nnn na naunn xaxo
open nasopnn opran.
osnoana ce ynorpea cneehnx marepnjana:
A. Cn1nospnnx xoxesnnnnx marepnjana (d50 >0,06mm) xojn nmajy:
a) Ipannna reuena opehena no cranapy JYC Y.F1.020 w
l
< 65% n nnexc
nnacrnunocrn opehen no cranapy JYC Y.F1.020; I
p
< 30%, ys nnxono snjane raxo a
"Proctor-on" poj ye P
b
< 0,02, re je:
P
b
=
w s d
S
w
=

1 1
- Proctor-on poj (1)
d
- jennnuna rexnna y cynom crany na 110 C (kN/m),
s
- jennnuna rexnna unpcrnx uecrnna (kN/m) (~26 do 27 kN/m), w - capxnna noe
(nnaxnocr) (JYC Y.F1..012)
w
S - crenen sacnhena
Moxe ce Proctor - on poj (1) nspasnrn nomohy xoe]nnnjenra noposnocrn rna (nnn
noposnocrn) na cneehn naunn:
P
b
=
d s
n e

= (2)
re je:
e - xoe]nnnjenr noposnocrn rna,
n - noposnocr (e = n / 1-n)
Hope naneenor JYC Y.E1.010 saxrena a yy ncnynenn cneehn ycnonn:
b) min
d
> 15 kN/m sa nacnn nncnne mane o 3 m n
min
d
> 15,5 kN/m sa nacnn nncnne nehe o 3 m;
c) U = d
60
/ d
10
> 9 rj. nseranarn ynorpey ynn]opmnnx marepnjana;
d) capxaj oprancxnx marepnjana rpea a ye < 6% n a cy oprancxe marepnje
ncnepronane y macn;
e) | w
opt
- w | < 2% n w
opt
< 25% rj. a ce nocrnxe ynn]opmna nnaxnocr
marepnjana.
F. Kpynnospnnx marepnjana (mynax, nomen xamen) sa xoje naxe cneehn ycnonn:
a) max d < 40 cm sa cnojene enne 60-80 cm;
b) max d < 10 cm y sanpmnom cnojy nnanyma - nocrenne enne 15 do 20 cm;
96
c) a cy marepnjann V, VI n VII xareropnje no IH 200 nocrojann na enonane
armoc]epnnnja n a ne menajy unpcrohy naxon cranapnom nocrynxa
nansmennunor sampsanana n ompsanana.
Marepnjann xojn ce xopncre sa nspay nacnna n nnxona noonocr sa ynorpey moxe ce
nsnpmnrn xopncrehn xnacn]nxannje rna: jenncrnena xnacn]nxannja, rpanynomerpnjcxn
njarpam, Casagrande-on njarpam, AASHO xnacn]nxannja.
- Hpema ojennenoj (jenncrnenoj) xnacn]nxannjn rna, xoja ce xopncrn y mexannnn
rna: ]ynnpany, mory ce nsnojnrn cneehe rpyne marepnjana:
Taoe.a 1. Ipyne +amepufa.a npe+a feouucmeeuof r.acuquraufu
Table 1. Groups of materials by unique classification
Hasnn
rna
Cnojcrno CBR
(%)
M (Mpa)
mynax
necax
GW opo snjane
GP-I opo ononanane (es *)
GM-I neocernocr na mpas
GC-1* nncoxa ornopnocr na cmnnane
mana e]opmannnocr
SW
SP
60-80 60
npamnna
rnnna
SM ocpene snjane
SC-II cnao ononanane
ML-II ocernnocr na mpas
MH-II ocpena ornopnocr na cmnnane
ocpena e]opmannnocr
GL
10 15
5 - 10
15
5
oprancxo
rno
CH-III nome snjane
cnao ononanane
ocernnocr na mpas
OL-III mana ornopnocr na cmnnane
OH nennxa e]opmannnocr
5 10
1
5
2
rpecer Pt IV nenocrojanocr na nasyxy / /
- Ipanynomerpnjcxa xnacn]nxannja (npema nennunnn spna) npnxasana je na cneehem
njarpamy:
C.ura 1. Ipauy.o+empufcru oufaepa+
Figure 1.Diagram of granulometric
97
- Hpema xonnunnn nnare n nnexca nnacrnunocrn moxe ce npnxasarn noena na
cneehem njarpamy:
C.ura 2. Casagrande-oe oufaepa+
Figure 2.Diagram of Cassagrande
- Knacn]nxannja no noonocrn sa nspay nnanyma Ynpane sa janne nyrene SAD
(AASHO-Dsgn M 145-731):
3a oneny noonocrn marepnjana xopncrn ce rpynnn nnexc GI. One ce aje rpa]nuxn
npnxas xnacn]nxannje (Cnnxe 3 n 4).
C.ura 3. AASHO r.acuquraufa npe+a ee.u:uuu spua
Figure 3. AASHO classification by size of grain
Ko rpahena caopahajnnna norpean marepnjan sa nspay nacnna ce onja ns
cycennx ycexa. Yxonnxo ce npn nsnoheny paona nojann manax y xonnunnama semanor
marepnjana sa nspay nacnna, neocrajyhe xonnunne ce oesehyjy y marepnjannnm
pononnma nnn nosajmnmrnma.
98
Sluka 4. AASHO r.acuquraufa npe+a e.a+uocmu u n.acmu:uocmu
Figure 4. AASHO classification- by humidity and plasticity
2.1 KPHTEPH1YMH 3A OHEHHBAHE KBAAHTETA MATEPH1AAA HPE
YIPATHBAHA
Hapamerpn cy:
- Bnaxnocr marepnjana npn canjany mopa a saonon nponncann xnannrer,
(nnsax onrnmannom); Mnnnmanna sanpemnncxa maca ocrnapena onnrom y
naoparopnjn ca eneprnjom snjana E=600xN/m
3
, rpea a ye:
- sa nacnne o 3 m 15.0 xN/m
3
- sa nacnne npexo 3 m 15.5 xN/m
3
- Onrnmanna nnaxnocr mana o 25%
- Ipannna reuena mana o 65%
- Hnexc nnacrnunocrn mann o 30%
- Koe]nnnjenr ynn]opmnocrn U a nnje mann o 9
- Capxaj oprancxnx marepnja mann o 6
- Axo ce nacnn pan o nexoxepenrnor marepnjana, xpynnoha spna ne cme nrn neha
o 2/3 enne cnoja, onocno 40 nm, ocnm sanpmnor cnoja nacnna re
najxpynnnje spno ne cme a ye nehe o 10 nm
- 3a nacnne ce mory xopncrnrn marepnjann oxasane crannnocrn y rpyny nyra,
(pe]ynnpann necax, neneo, maxa, nr)
Pnram ncnnrnnana je: cnaxn ycex, nosajmnmre, cnaxa npomena marepnjana. Hajmane na
ysopxa sa cnaxy npcry marepnjana.
Hcnnrnnane pe]ynnpanor necxa pan ce na cnaxnx 50 000 m
3
.
- Haneena ncnnrnnana cy oanesna, naxo nocrojn reomexannuxn enaopar y
npojexry
99
3 KOHTPOAA YIPATHBAHA MATEPH1AAA
Hponncn no xojnma ce xonrponnme xnannrer yrpahnnana cy:
- CPHC Y.F1.010 ysnmane ysopaxa
- CPHC Y.F1.012 opehnnane nnaxnocrn rna
- CPHC Y.F1.016 opehnnane sanpemnncxe rexnne rna
- CPHC Y.F1.046 opehnnane moyna crnmnnocrn [5]
3.1 KPHTEPH1YMH 3A OHEHY KBAAHTETA YIPATHBAHA HOTAA
Hpe nouerxa nacnnana, remeno rno rpea opanrn npema saxrennma:
3axrenann mnnnmannn nponenar, (%) snjenocrn semannx marepnjana:
a) sa nacnn o camonnxnor xoxepenrnor rna xojn nnje nnmn o 2.00 m je 100%
) sa nacnn o camonnxnor xoxepenrnor rna xojn je nnmn o 2.00 m je 95%
n) sa nacnn o camonnxnor nexoxepenrnor rna xojn nnje nnmn o 2.00 m je 100%
d) sa nacnn o camonnxnor nexoxepenrnor rna xojn je nnmn o 2.00 m je 95%
e) axo ce snjenocr nexoxepenrnor marepnjana xonrponnme nomohy onnra nnouom,
(30nm), rpea npnmennrn ncrn saxren xao n sa nacnne oronapajyhe nncnne n ro:
- sa memane marepnjane ca 20-35% xamennrnx marepnjana MS = 25-30 MPa
- sa memane marepnjane ca 30-50% xamennrnx marepnjana MS = 30-35 MPa
- sa memane marepnjane ca nnme o 50% xamennrnx marepnjana
npn onrnmannoj nnn nncxoj nnaxnocrn MS = 40 MPa
3a rpyo spnacro poene marepnjane (npeunnx spna je nehn o 200 mm) n memane
marpnjane, xonrpona snjenocrn moxe ce no norpen panrn n sanpemnncxnm meroama
nnn nomohy crnmnnocrn, (CPHC Y.F1.046).
Bncnnom nacnna ce cmarpa nncnna o xore npnnpemenor norna remenor rna, o
xore nnanyma nocrenne, na najnnxem eny.
Hcnnrnnana rpea a ce pae na cnaxnx 40 50 m
1
opahenor norna.
3.2 KPHTEPH1YMH 3A OHEHY KBAAHTETA YIPATHBAHA HACHHA
3.2.1 onoaene ua1epnjana, nacnnane n nanjane
Cnaxn nojennn cnoj mopa a ye pasacrpr xopnsonranno y noyxnom cmepy. Ysyxnn
narn mopa a ye npema npojexronanom narny.
Honpeunn narnn mopajy a yy nocrpann nnn jenocrpann (4%).
Cnaxn nojennauan cnoj mopa a ye nacnnan npema npojexronanom nonpeunom
npo]nny. Hpn nanoxeny, npenasn rpancnoprnnx cpecrana mopajy a yy mro
pannomepnnje pacnopehenn no unranoj mnpnnn nnanyma.
enna nojennor pasacrpror cnoja sanncn o e]exra snjana ynorpeenor
cpecrna, npcre marepnjana n cerperannjcxnx nojana.
Axo je norpeno canjarn cnojene ee o 30 nm, raa na nponoj eonnnn yxnne 30
50 m rpea xomncnjcxn yrnpnrn:
- npcry mexannuxnx cpecrana sa snjane
- enne necanjennx cnojena
100
- poj npenasa cpecrana sa snjane
- xapaxrepncrnxe marepnjana ca nnaxnomhy snjenor cnoja na 5 mecra, (mnnnmym 2
y onoj nononnnn cnoja)
Cnaxn cnoj mopa a ye nanjen y nynoj mnpnnn nponncannm mexannuxnm cpecrnom,
xoje oronapa sa nsapann marepnjan sa nspay nacnna. 3njane rpea a ce nsnon o
nnnne nacnna xa cpennn (oconnnn).
Hpe nouerxa snjana cnaxn cnoj nacnna mopa a ye onrnmanno nnaxan.
Hacnnane rpea nsnonrn raxo a cnojenn y ysyxnom cmncny yy xopnsonrannn. Ha
raj naunn ce nserana narnn nncnncxn npenas nsmehy cnojena pasnnunrnx enna.
Marepnjan xojn ce yrpahyje y nacnn ne cme a ce yrpan na cmpsnyre nonpmnne, nnrn
na cner n ne.
Ha repeny narna neher o 20
o
, nacnn ce mopa nsrpahnnarn crenenacro, sacennma
mnpnne o 2 m. Foune nonpmnne crenenacrnx sacexa rpea nsnecrn y narny o 2:1, ca
narnom na crenennnama o 4% n naom xa nannn.
Kaa je narn repena nehn o 30
o
, crenenacre sacexe rpea panrn es mehynpocropa, a
xaa je narn repena o 20
o
o 30
o
rpea nocrannrn mehynpocrope o 1 m [2].
3.2.2 Kon1pona xnann1e1a yrpannana nacnna
Kpn1epnjyun sa oneny xnann1e1a yrpannana xoxepen1nnx n uemannx
ua1epnjana ca o 20% xauenn1or ua1epnjana
Mnnnmanna saxrenana snjenocr npema cranapnom Proctor-onom onnry n eneprnjom
snjana E=600 xN/m
3
:
a) Cnojenn nacnna npexo 2.0 m nncnne, a na 2.0 m ncno nonpmnne xononosa: 95%
) Cnojenn nacnna o 2.0 m nncnne n cnojenn nnmnx nacnna o nnanyma oner cnoja-
nocrenne o 2.0 m ncno nonpmnne xononosa: 100%
n) 3a pe]ynnpann necax: 97%
Kpn1epnjyun sa oneny xnann1e1a yrpannana xo nexoxepen1nnx ua1epnjana ca
nnme o 20% xauenn1or ua1epnjana
Mnnnmanna saxrenana npenocr moyna crnmnnocrn, (MS) sa nexoxepenrne n memane
marepnjane pasnnunror rpanynomerpnjcxor cacrana, opehyje ce nomohy nnoue 30nm, a
npema xpnrepnjymnma:
- sa memane marepnjane ca 20-35% poenor xamenor marepnjana
MS = 25-30 MPa
- sa memane marepnjane ca 30-50% poenor xamenor marepnjana
MS = 30-35 MPa
- sa memane marepnjane ca nnme o 50% poennx xamennx marepnjana
npn onrnmannoj nnn nncxoj nnaxnocrn MS = 40 MPa
3a rpyo poene xamene marepnjane (npeunnx spna je nehn o 200 mm) n memane
marpnjane, xonrpona snjenocrn moxe, no norpen, a ce npmn n sanpemnncxnm
nocrynnnma nnn nomohy crnmnnocrn, (CPHC Y.F1.046).
3njenocr cnojena nacnna rpea xonrponncarn na cnaxnx 50100 m ca na onnra y
nenocpenoj nnsnnn, xojn ajy jean pesynrar.
Bnaxnocr ce mopa ncnnrnnarn cnaxonenno. Honn cnoj ne cme a ce nsrpahyje npe
nponepe nperxono nsrpahenor cnoja nacnna.
101
4 KAAHmOPHH1CKH HHEKC HOCHBOCTH CBR
Yonuajen xpnrepnjym onone snjenocrn xpyrocrn norna n nnanyma nsnon ce ns
CBR (Kann]opnnjcxn nnexc nocnnocrn) onnra, npema CPHC Y.F1.042.
Onaj onnr yrncxnnanem xnnna y ysopax, anac ce ynnnepsanno xopncrn a n ce
openna unpcroha rna. Onnr ce cacrojn y rome mro ce ysopax rna npnnpemn canjanem y
jenom nnnnnpnunom xanyny. Kopncrn ce xanyn sanpemnne V= 2305 cm, sa max d _ 20
cm, npn uemy je ma sa snjane mace 50 N n naa ca nncnne 45,7 cm. Y sanncnocrn o
eneprnje snjana, xoja nsnocn 530 kN/m axo ce yspox snja y 5 cnojena nncnne no 7 cm ca
no 25 yapana no cnojy nnn 2430 kN/m axo ce ysopax snja ca no 55 yapana, no cnojy,
]opmnpa ce ysopax xojn ce sacnhyje 4 x 24 uaca, a sarnm ce y ysopax yrncxyje naax d =50
cm psnnom 1 mm/min n mepn ornop yrncxnnany.
C.ura 5. Onpe+a CBR onuma
Figure 5. CBR test equipment
Anpoxcnmannjom sanncnocrn (, ) npanom nnnnjom opehyjy ce npenocrn o
1
(2,5mm)
n o
2
(5 mm) (Slika 6) n ]opmnpajy onocn:

(%) 100
P
CBR (%) 100
P
CBR
2n
2
2
1n
1
1
o o
= =
(3)
re cy: P
1n
= 7000 kPa n P
2n
=10200 kPa nopmarnnne npenocrn sa

= 2,5 mm n

= 5 mm.
Slika 6. ufaepa+ saeucuocmu (, )-(CBR onum)
Figure 6. Diagram of dependence (o, o) - (CBR test) [5]
102
Beha npenocr CBR ycnaja ce xao mepoanna sa oneny xpyrocrn rna, a mnnnmanne
npenocrn nnexca nocnnocrn sa nojenne npcre rna cy:
]nnospno rno min CBR = 5 7%
necax min CBR = 8 12%
mynax min CBR _ 15%
CBR onnr ce moxe npmnrn n na nenopemehennm ysopnnma nnn na repeny (in situ). Onnr
in situ ce npmn nomohy jene xnpaynnune npece n npornnonrepehena, xoje je najuemhe
xamnon ca ymeranem jenor npcrenacror nnamomerpa nsmehy npece n npornnonrepehena.
Onaj onnr mopa a ce onynn opehnnanem capxnne noe n sanpemnncxe rexnne y cynom
crany ncnnrnnanor rna.
Kaa je rno xomoreno noronnje je nsnpmnrn onnr y naoparopnjn, ox sa xereporena
rna onpanannje je xopncrnrn onnr in situ.
5 3AKYHAK
Y pay cy npnxasann xpnrepnjymn neonxonn sa xnannrerny nsrpany oner crpoja
caopahajnnna. Hsocranax xonrpone, y nno xojoj ]asn, npoyspoxonahe necarnenne
nocnenne no xnannrer ojexra, rpajnocr n nerony ]ynxnnonannocr. Taxohe, npnxasan je
onnr CBR (xann]opnnjcxn nnexc nocnnocrn) xojn npnxasyje nocnnocr nyrnnx semannx
marepnjana, rj. nnxony noonocr a, ys nocpecrno xononosne xoncrpyxnnje, npenece
onrepehena nosnna na rno. Hn ayropa je a jom jenom yxaxe na snauaj xonrpone, a
nmajyhn y nny crane namnx caopahajnnna, re je ounrneno xonrpona nsocrana y
nojennnm ]asama.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Hpofermoeane u epahene nymeea, II xnnra /. e]poa // Ipahennncxa xnnra Feorpa,
1978
[2] onu cmpof caoopahafuua / 3. Joxcnh // Hayuna xnnra Feorpa, 1984
[3] Haoopamopufcro oopehueane ra.uqopuufcroe uuoerca uocueocmu, CPHC Y.F1.042,
[4] u+eusuouucane uoeux acqa.muux ro.oeosuux roucmpyrufa, CPHC Y.H4.012,
[5] Ieomexuura caoopahafuua / . Hyxnh, H. Anarnocrn // uaconnc Hsrpana, 2010
[6] C+epuue sa npofermoeane nymeea, yana, 2005
[7] Ocuoeu eeomexuu:rux paooea y uucroepaonu / P. Tynnpx // Ipahennncxn ]axynrer
Cyornna, 1998
[8] Ieomexuu:ru paooeu y uucroepaonu / P.Tynnpx // Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Cyornna,
1996
Hanomena: "Onaj pa ]nnancnpano je Mnnncrapcrno sa nayxy n rexnonomxn pasnoj
Penynnxe Cpnje, Hemannna 22-26 (Hpojexar TP 36028 n TP 36043)"
103
Paoeuro Hefoeuh
1
, Je.eua Hefoeuh
2
CAHAHH1A H PEKOHCTPYKHH1A
MOCTA HHKA CTPYIAPA Y BEPAHAMA
Pesu+e:
Hpemer onor paa je pexoncrpyxnnja n canannja rpacxor mocra Hnxa Crpyrapa y
Fepanama. Mocr je crpaao y nonnanama xpajem 2010. ronne xaa je jean o rpn
pnjeuna crya nonoxan n noronyo sa oxo 64 cm. Ycnnje onor noronyha mocr je
oxnnno osnna omrehena pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje rje je omno o xnacnunor
noma y na nonpeuna npecjexa. Canannja mocra je nsneena npenanpesanem
xanonnma. Mocr je yjeno pexoncrpyncan. Ypahena je nona orpaa, njemauxe
crase n ocnjerene.
K+yuue peuu: +ocm, peroucmpyrufa, cauaufa, npeouanpesane.
REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NIKO
STRUGAR BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER LIM IN BERANE
Summary:
The subject of this paper is the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Niko Strugar
town bridge in Berane. The bridge was destroyed in the floods in late 2010. when one
of the three river pillars was undermined and sank about 64 cm. Due to the sinking,
the bridge experienced severe damages of the span construction where there has been
a classic fracture in two cross-sections. Repair of the bridge is derived with
prestressing cables. The bridge is reconstructed at the same time. A new fence,
walking paths and lighting are installed.
Key words: bridge, reconstruction, rehabilitation, prestressing.
1
Hpoq.op oun..uu+.epah. Ipaheeuucru qary.mem Hooeopua
2
Mp oun..uu+.epah. Ipaheeuucru qary.mem Hooeopua
104
1 YBO
Mocr npemomhyje pnjexy Hnm n cnaja nenrap rpaa ca nacenma Xapeme n Anyre, rj.
pan ce o rpacxom mocry. Hsrpahen je o apmnpanor erona n cranen y ynorpey
1965. ronne. 3a onaj mocr nnje cauynana npojexrna n nsnohauxa oxymenrannja.
Kpajem 2010. ronne ycne nennxnx naannna n nonnana omno je o nonoxanana
npnor pjeunor crya S3 ns npanna nacea Xapeme n Anyre, a camnm rnm n o neronor
pannomjepnor cnnjerana sa 64 cm. Ono je nsasnano osnna omrehena pacnoncxe xoncr-
pyxnnje, sor uera ce mopano npncrynnrn nspan npojexra canannje n nsnoheny canannje.
Canannja n pexoncrpyxnnja mocra je sanpmena n mocr je nymren y caopahaj.
2 OCHOBHH HOAHH O MOCTY
Konc1pyxnnja. Homro ne nocrojn npojexrna oxymenrannja nsnpmeno je cnnmane
reomerpnje cnnx enemenara mocra. Mocr je apmnpanoeroncxn, cncrema xonrnnyanne rpee
ca uernpn pacnona. Kpajnn pacnonn cy no 24,60 m, a na cpena no 27,60 m. Yxynna
yxnna mocra je 104,40 m. Bnpnna mocra je 10,46 m, n on nma nnje caopahajne rpaxe
mnpnne no 3,57 m n nnje njemauxe crase unja je mnpnna sajeno ca orpaom 1,66 m.
Inannn nocnnn xoncrpyxrnnnn cncrem mocra unne no na nnsna rpena nocaua
mnpnne 36 cm nocranennx na oconnncxom ocrojany o 114 cm. Hocaun cy npomjennne
nncnne. Y noy nmajy crarnuxy nncnny (yxyuyjyhn n nnouy) 160 cm, a na ocnonnnma
220 cm. Honehane nncnne ys cpene ocnonne mnjena ce npanonnnnjcxnm nyrama y yxnnn
o 590 cm, ox je nsmehy nyra y noy xoncranrna nncnna.
Haponn nnsnnx nocaua cy nocranenn na oconnncxom ocrojany o 558 cm. Ha
yxnnn nyre nocaun cy nonesann onom ]nanmom enne 15 cm. Mocr nma nonpeune
nocaue na ocnonnnma n y noy. nmensnje nonpeunnx nocaua na xpajnnm ocnonnnma cy
50x160 cm, a na cpennm 25x220 cm. Honpeunn nocaun y noy nocranenn cy na mehy-
conom ocrojany o 460 cm, nsysen npnnx nonpeunnx nocaua o xpajnnx ocnonana xojn
cy nocranenn na ocrojany 620 cm o xpajnnx ocnonana. enna nonpeunnx nocaua y
noy je 25, a nncnna 85 cm.
Kononosna nnoua je enne 20 cm ojauana nyrama mnpnne 20 cm n enne 20 cm ys
rnanne n nonpeune nocaue. Konsonnn npenycrn cy 150 cm. Hpexo xononosne nnoue nocrojn
cnoj ac]anra enne 6,5 cm. enna nonoue n ac]anra yrnphena je nahenem nnnnn-
pnunnx eroncxnx yrnea (xepnona) sa yrnphnnane nocrojeher xnannrera erona. e-
nna xonsone je ys rnannn nocau 40 cm, a na xpajy 20 cm.
Pjeunn cryonn cy macnnne eroncxe xoncrpyxnnje enne 120 cm n mnpnne 945 cm
n nncnne 595 cm, nonyxpyxno saoenn y npanny roxa pnjexe. Temen onnx cryona cy
nmensnja 2,16x10,44 m y ocnonn ox ce ynna ]ynnpana nnje morna yrnpnrn. Oannn
onopnn cy raxohe macnnne eroncxe xoncrpyxnnje unje ce nmensnje nnjecy morne
yrnpnrn nsysen mnpnne. Kpnna mocra cy napanenna. Ha xpajnem nnjenom oannom
onopny je nenoxpernn ocnonan, ox cy na ocrannm cryonnma ypahenn noxpernn ocnonnn
cncrema eroncxnx xnarana.
Orpaa mocra je yxynne nncnne 90 cm n ypahena je o eroncxnx crynha n eroncxor
pyxoxnara ca ncnynom o uennunnx npo]nna 3x3 cm. Hnnunann cy xamenn nncnne 12 cm
nsna xononosa.
Ha cnnxama 1 n 2 npnxasann cy ysyxnn n nonpeunn npecjex mocra.
105
C
.
u
r
a

1
.

H
o
o
y
+
u
u
n
p
e
c
f
e
r
+
o
c
m
a
C
.
u
r
a

2
.

H
o
n
p
e
:
u
u
n
p
e
c
f
e
r
+
o
c
m
a
106
Apua1ypa. Mocr je apmnpan ca rnarxom apmarypom GA 240/360. Konnunna n pacnope
mnnxn yrnphen je mremanem na xapaxrepncrnunnm npecjennma. Inannn nocaun cy y cnnm
nonma apmnpann ca 14 nnn 1536 y rpn cnoja. Y rpehem cnojy nnje ce morno yrnpnrn a
nn nocroje uernpn nn ner mnnxn raxo a je sa npopauyn ycnojeno a nocroje uernpn mnnxe
mro je na crpann cnrypnocrn. 3amrnrnn cnoj apmarype je 3 cm, a pasmann cnojena mnnxn
cy 3,6 cm. Honpeuna apmarypa -ysenrnje cy 12/20 cm. Ha ocnonnnma y ropnoj sonn nnje
ce morna yrnpnrn apmarypa sor nenpncrynaunocrn. Ona apmarypa je npernocranena
3436 noehn pauyna o yonuajennm onocnma momenra y noy n na ocnonny. Hpnnnxom
nsnohena canannje nsnpmena je nponjepa one npernocranxe.
Y nnoun je rnpheno a nocrojn apmarypa 12/10 y oa cmjepa y cpennm nonma.
3amrnrnn cnoj je 2 cm. Y xpajnnm nonma apmarypa je 14/10 cm. Y oa cmjepa na cpe-
nnm ocnonnnma apmarypa je 12/5 cm, a na npnom cpenem ocnonny 12/5 i 14/20 cm.
Hoc1ojehn xnann1e1 e1ona. Yrnphen je nahenem n ncnnrnnanem nnnnnpnunnx e-
roncxnx yrnea npeunnxa n nncnne oxo 10 cm ns pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje mocra. Yxynno
cy nsnahena uernpn xepna. Cnn xepnonn cy noxasann onnuan xnannrer nocrojeher erona,
rj. npexo 50 MPa nnn npocjeuno 55,51 MPa. 3a npopauyn je ycnojena mapxa erona MB40.
C1ane om1ehena. Ycne nonoxanana n cnnjerana pjeunor onopna S3 sa 64 cm omno
je o osnnnx omrehena xoncrpyxnnje mocra. Y npnom noy na oconnncxom ocrojany
3,3 m o noronynor crya rnanna pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja npaxrnuno je nperpnjena nom. Y
rnannnm nocaunma cy ce ornopnne y onoj sonn nyxornne mnpnne oxo 1,5 - 2 cm, ox je
eron y ropnoj sonn na nnjennnma njemauxnx crasa n orpae mocra spoen. Ha onom
npecjexy n y xononosnoj nnoun je cnrypno omno o poena erona. Hpn ononnxnm
yrnnma omno je n o reuena apmarype n ]opmnpana nnacrnunor srnoa.
Y pyrom noy ys pyrn pjeunn S2 ocnonan na oconnncxom ocrojany o 2,35 m, o
ocnonna raxohe je omno o omrehena. Ha onom mjecry cy ce nojannne nyxornne y ropnoj
sonn, ox y onoj sonn y rnannnm nocaunma nnje npnmnjeheno poene erona.
Taxohe je omno o ornapana cnojnnne na xpajnem onopny npema Anyrama ycne
nonnauena xoncrpyxnnje sor cnnjerana crya.
Ha ocnony cnnmxa e]omncanor mocra xoncraronano je a ce npnn pjeunn cry ns
npanna Anyra cnerao sa oxo 64 cm. Ono je xoncraronano na ocnony npernocranene
nnnenere xonosona mocra n peanne npernocranxe a ce ocrann cryonn mocra nnjecy
cnnjerann. Ha ocnony nnsyennor npernea n reoercxor cnnmxa raxohe je xoncraronano a
ce cry pannomjepno cnerao n y noyxnom n y nonpeunom cmjepy.
o cnnjerana crya S3 omno je ycne nonpmnncxe eposnje n erpaannje anynnjannnx
cenmenara ycne ejcrna noe. Ponenem je yrnpheno a cy oonn jenonn remea crya
S3 nonoxann n a ce cry ocnana camo nenrpannnm njenom crone.
3 IEOTEXHHHKE KAPAKTEPHCTHKE
TEPEHA AOKAHH1E MOCTA
Ha ocnony erannx reorexnnuxnx ncrpaxnnana repena naxannje mocra y Fepanama,
xoja cy nsneena y xopnry nooroxa, onocno nenocpeno nope mocroncxnx cryona (S1,
S2, S3) moxe ce saxyunrn a ocnony repena na unranom noresy nsrpahyjy onnromno-
nencxn cenmenrn npecranenn cnnnm ranxocnojennrnm ncnynannm nanopnnma n
nanopnma, yrennro-nanoponnrnm unpcrnm rnnnama ca npocnojnnma yra. Hpexo onnx
cenmenara naranoxenn cy anynnjannn cenmenrn enne o 0,5 2,0 m.
107
Ca xnporeonomxor acnexra onnro-mnonencxn cenmenrn y sonn mocra (nanopnn,
nanopn, nanoponnre rnnne ca npocnojnnma yra) mory ce ynpcrnrn y xomnnexc
cnaonponycnnx o nenponycnnx crnjena xa K
f
= 1x10
-7
10
-4
cm/s.
Hponnjenene npnjenocrn mjepoannnx napamerapa ]nsnuxo-mexannuxnx cnojcrana sa
ncnynane cnojennre nanopne n nanope, xojn cy sacrynenn o xore na noe o ynne
5,7 m, y sonn crya S3 cy:
- sanpemnncxa rexnna = 20 kN/m
3
- yrao ynyrpamner rpena = 25
o
- xoxesnja c = 40 kN/m
2
- moyn e]opmannja D = 500 700 MPa
- psnna npocrnpana V
p
ranaca V
p
= 1800 m/s
Hpema xaprn censmnuxe pernonannsannje npemerna noxannja nanasn ce y sonn 8
o
MCS
cxane.
Hpema xaprn censmnuxor xasapa Hpne Iope, ouexnnano maxcnmanno xopnsonranno
ypsane, na ocnonnoj crnjenn y sonn mocra nsnocn: a
0
(g)=0,14, sa nonparnn nepno T=475
ronne, (Eurocod-8) ca njeponarnohom peannsannje 70%. Hpema xnacn]nxannjn rna
(Eurocod-8 EN 1998-1:204) crnjencxa maca na nnnoy remea npnnaa A xareropnjn, ca
V
s
>800 m/s.
osnoenn npnrncnn na crnjencxy macy ncno remea cy penarnnno nennxn n nsnoce
q
a
> 0,400 MPa, ox cy cnnjerana senemapnna.
4 PRORACUN KONSTRUKCIJE
Hpopauyn pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje nsnpmen je npema naxehnm nponncnma sa noxperno
onrepehene. Ycnojeno je nosnno V600. Cnn xoncrpyxrnnnn enemenrn xonrponncann cy sa
oronapajyhe xomnnannje onrepehena.
Koncrpyxnnja mocra je npno xonrponncana sa npojexronano crane npema naxehnm
nponncnma. Ona xonrpona je noxasana a npojennn xoncrpyxrnnnn enemenrn ne saono-
anajy y norney nocnnocrn. 3arnm je ypahen npopauyn xoncrpyxnnje o yrnnaja cnnje-
rana noronynor pjeunor crya sa yrnpheno cnnjerane o 64 cm. onjenn pesynrarn cy
noxasann a je y onom cnyuajy y na npecjexa omno o noma xoncrpyxnnje jep onjenn
yrnnajn nnmecrpyxo npemamyjy rpannune yrnnaje, mro ce n ecnno.
Y ceehoj ]asn xoncrpyxnnja je xonrponncana y nocrojehem nonomenom e]op-
mncanom crany. Y npecjennma rje je omno o noma y xoncrpyxnnjn yauenn cy srnoonn
raxo a je ]opmnpan nonn xoncrpyxrnnnn cncrem ca srnoonnma. Hn y onom crany xon-
crpyxnnja nnje saononna nocnnocr sor uera ce npncrynnno nperxonom nanpesany. 3a
nsapane xanone n cnne nperxonor nanpesana xoncrpyxnnja mocra je y nornynocrn
saononna y norney nocnnocrn n cnrypnocrn. onjenn xoe]nnnjenrn cnrypnocrn cy
nehn o saxrnjenannx sa cne xomnnannje onrepehena n cne npecjexe.
5 CAHAHHOHO P1EmEHE
Pjeunn no1onynn c1y. Hpnje npncrynana canannjn onor crya nperxono je cxpenyr
noorox raxo a je onemoryhen npncryn noe y sony crya.
108
Teme nocrojeher noronynor crya cannpan je noeronnpanem n npomnpnnanem.
Hsnohene je nsnpmeno xamnano ys nperxono unmhene erpanpane crnjencxe mace,
yrpany anxepa sa nesy crnjencxe mace n nonor erona.
Pacnoncxa xonc1pyxnnja. Hmajyhn y nny omrehena xoja je nperpnjena pacnoncxa
xoncrpyxnnja onpenjennnn cmo ce sa canannono pjemene nperxonnm nanpesanem
xanonnma. Onaj naunn canannje, y onom cnyuajy, nma nnmecrpyxe npenocrn. Pacnoncxa
xoncrpyxnnja mocra n npnje omrehena nnje nocjeonana oronapajyhy cnrypnocr npema
naxehnm nponncnma sa onrepehene mocrona, jep je pauynara npema crapnm nponncnma.
Hope rora, ]opmnpanem na nnacrnuna srnoa y pacnoncxoj xoncrpyxnnjn mocra, naxon
noronoha pjeunor crya, omno je o npepacnojene yrnnaja y pacnoncxoj xoncrpyxnnjn,
xojn npexopauyjy rpannuny nocnnocr y nojennnm npecjennma.
Hmajyhn y nny npene nsapan je raxan pacnope xanona xojn nonono yrnue na
yxynne yrnnaje, ypannorexyje cncrem mocra n oesjehyje nerony oronapajyhy crarnuxy
cnrypnocr. 3a nperxono nanpesane ce xopncre na xana 15x150 mm
2
xojn cy ]opmnpann
o yxan o uennxa, xnannrera 1670/1860 MPa. Kanonn ce nocranajy ys ynyrpamny
crpany rnannor nocaua crnm mro ce na ocnonnnma nocranajy y ropnoj, a y nonma y
onoj sonn. Tpaca xanona je npanonnnnjcxa. Ho jean xaan ce nyue ys rnanne nocaue yx
nnjenor mocra, a y na omrehena noa oaje ce jom no jean xaan.
Hperxono nanpesane ce npmn ca oa xpaja. Ha mjecrnma rje ce nomn rpaca xana
nocranajy ce uennune nnjenn, xao ennjaropn, sa nponnauene xanona. Kanonn ce
yrpahyjy y nnjenn n nnexrnpajy nemenrnom emynsnjom. Ha xpajnnm ocnonnnma n cpenem
nenrpannom pjeunom cryy ce pae anxepnn noxonn na xoje ce yrpahyjy xorne.
Pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja ce na mjecrnm rje cy ]opmnpann nnacrnunn srnoonn ojauana
xaponcxnm nnarnnma xojnma ce oyxnarajy rnannn nocaun n xononosna nnoua. Kaponcxe
rpaxe cy npopauynare raxo a npnme cmnuyhy cnny na rom mjecry. a n ce ]opmnpana
oronapajyha nnnenera xononosa na mjecry ynernyha, npojexronana je nocena xoncrpyx-
nnja y nny AF pomrna ca ncnynom o rnpor crnponopa. Ha onom mjecry je norpeno
nperxono cxnnyrn ac]anrnn sacrop n xnponsonannjy n opo ouncrnrn eroncxy
nonpmnny, njecxapenem pan oer nonesnnana crapor n nonor erona. Hnan xanona n
AF pomrn npnxasann cy na cnnnn 3.
5.1. OCTAAO
Borauua oumehena;: Ona omrehena cannpana cy yonuajennm nocrynxom canannje, rj.:
- Ocrpannrn cne cnae pasnaanene jenone erona mremanem raxo a ce ohe o
unpcre n spane eroncxe nonpmnne;
- Hsnpmnrn unmhene xoponpane apmarype n omrehennx eroncxnx nonpmnna njecxa-
penem;
- Hocrojehy apmarypy anrnxoposnono samrnrn oronapajyhnm cpecrnom;
- Hannjern penaparypnn manrep oronapajyher cacrana n xpynnohe spna ys nperxono
npemasnnane eroncxnx nonpmnna oronapajyhnm cpecrnom sa nesy crapor n nonor
erona.
Oauuu ocuouuu; Hsnpmnrn unmhene cnnx eroncxnx nonpmnna xao n nnannpane oxon-
nor repena ca osenenenanem. Enenryanna noxanna omrehena cannparn npema nperxonoj
rauxn.
109
C
.
u
r
a

3
.

H
.
a
u
r
a
o
.
o
e
a
u
A
B
p
o
u
m
u
+
110
Onpe+a +ocma; Orpaa mocra je samnjenena nonom orpaom n ypahena je npema eray
arom na cnnnn 4. Hjemauxe crase ce pae o omannre, a nnnunann o rpannra.
Hocrojehe nnarannone cnpane cy omrehene na nx rpea emonrnparn n samnjennrn.
Hone nnarannje ypanrn xao enacromjepne nnarannone cnpane xoje osnoanajy
nnarannjy +50 mm.
Xnponsonannjy xononosne nnoue, ypanrn na nperxono onjecxapenoj eroncxoj
nonosn. Hpnmnjennrn cncrem nrymnnnsnpannx nonnmjepa n enacromjepa. Hpexo xnpo-
nsonannje ypanrn ac]anr enne 3+4 cm sa odgovorajucom signalizacijom.
Hoepuuucra saumuma roucmpyruuje +ocma; Cne nnne oune crpane xoncrpyxnnje
mocra (pacnoncxy xoncrpyxnnjy n cryone) onjecxapnrn n anrnxoposnono samrnrnrn
oronapajyhnm anrnxoposnonnm samrnrnnm cpecrnom y ojn no nsopy nnnecrnropa.
Kopumo pujere; Kopnro pnjexe y sonn mocra rpea ouncrnrn o naromnnanor pneha n
mna. Ys oanne onopne raxohe rpea ypenrn xopnro noceno ys ecnn onopan rje
rpea ypenrn nocrojehn xamenn naauaj.
C.ura 4. ema+ oepaoe
6 H3BOTEHE PAOBA
Paone na onom mocry nsneno je npeysehe HIH "uHHJA" ns Horopnne ca nonsno-
hauem CHHTEK ns Cxona. Paonn cy nsneenn npno ycnjemno n mocr je nymren y
caopahaj. Taxohe je nsnpmeno ncnnrnnane mocra nponnm onrepehenem na ocnony uera je
nornphpna nerona ycnjemne canannja.
111
Hope canannje xoncrpyxnnje mocr je n pexoncrpyncan. Iopnn crpoj mocra, xnpo-
nsonannja, nnarannone cnpane, ac]anr, njemauxe crase, orpaa n ocnjerene cy y
nornynocrn samnjenenn. Hsrne mocra npnje n naxon canannje npnxasan je na cn. 5 n 6.
C.ura 4. Hse.eo +ocma npufe cauaufe u peroucmpyrufe
C.ura 5. Hse.eo +ocma uarou cauaufe u peroucmpyrufe
112
7 3AKYHAK
Ono je npnmjep omrehena mocra xo xora je omno o noronoha pjeunor crya xojn je
no ]ynnpan na ocnonnoj crnjenn. Mehyrnm, ys nsyserno jaxo eposnono ejcrno noa
Hnma, crnjencxa maca je nonpmnncxn erpanpana mro je oneno o noronyha pjeunor
crya sa 64 cm. 3a canannjy pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje je npnmnjeneno pjemene ca
npenanpernyrnm xanonnma xao onrnmym y norney cnrypnocrn n nnjene xomrana. Mocr
je yjeno pexoncrpyncan. Ypahena je nona orpaa njemauxe crase, ocnjerene n ]apane
mocra.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Hejonnh P.: Inannn npojexar pexoncrpyxnnje n canannje mocra Hnxa Crpyrapa y Fepanama.
[2] Hejonnh P., Mnjymxonnh O., Kanop B, Canannja mocra npexo pnjexe Hunne na marncrpannom
nyry Horopnna - Konamnn, Hnrepnannonannn nayuno - crpyunn cxyn, rpahennnapcrno -
nayxa n npaxca, 3opnnx paona ISBN 86-82707-13-6 (xnnra 2), crp. 669-676, Ynnnepsnrer
Hpne Iope -Ipahennncxn ]axynrer y Horopnnn, aax 20-24 ]epyap 2006.
[3] Hejonnh P., Kanop B, Canannja mocra npexo pnjexe Hnm xo pnjexe Mapcennha, nero
caneronane: Onena crana, opxanane n canannja rpahennncxnx ojexara n nacea, 3opnnx
paona ISBN 987-86-904089-3-1, str. 91-96, HT - Canes nnxenepa n rexnnuapa Cpnje,
3narnop, 29. maj - 1. jynn 2007.
[4] Hejonnh P., 3ejax P., Pncranonnh F, Pexoncrpyxnnja mocra Ky]nn 1 na marncrpannom nyry
Fyna - Fap, GNP 2008, pyrn Hnrepnannonannn nayuno - crpyunn cxyn, Ipahennnapcrno
nayxa n npaxca, 3opnnx paona, ISBN 978-86-82707-15-8 (xnnra2), crp. 949-954,
Ynnnepsnrer Hpne Iope, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer y Horopnnn, aax 03-07 mapr 2008.
[5] Hejonnh P., Fnarojennh J., Fnarojennh P., Marnjamennh C, Hpamuennh B, Pexoncrpyxnnja n
canannja mocra Mojxonan", GNP 2010, Tpehn Hnrepnannonannn nayuno - crpyunn cxyn
rpahennnapcrno - nayxa n npaxca, 3opnnx paona ISBN 978-86-82707-18-9 (xnnra 1), crp.
365-370, Ynnnepsnrer Hpne Iope, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer y Horopnnn, aax 15-19
]epyap 2010.
[6] Hejonnh P, Pexoncrpyxnnja mocra Fpanxa exea npexo pnjexe Mopaue y Horopnnn,
Mehynaponn nayuno - crpyunn cxyn, Hcrpaxnnana npojexrn n peannsannje y
rpahennnapcrny, nonoom croronmnnne pohena Axaemnxa npo]ecopa Fpanxa exea,
ISBN (978-86-8208-116-6), 3opnnx paona, crp. 261-266, HncrnryrnMC Feorpa, 28-29
oxroap 2010.
[7] Hejonnh P., Fnarojennh J., Fnarojennh P., Hejonnh J., Marnjamennh C., Hpamuennh B.,
Pexoncrpyxnnja nanoxnaxa y yn. Fparcrna n jenncrna y Horopnnn, Cemo nayuno
crpyuno canjeronane: Onjena crana, opxanane n canannja rpahennncxnx ojexara n nacea,
3opnnx paona ISBN 978-86-914089-18-9 -3, crp 203-208, HT-canes nnxnnepa n rexnnuapa
Cpnje, 3narnop, 9-11 maj 2011.
113
efau Hyoucae+eeuh
1
, Mu.au Jaruuh
2
YTHHA1 YHOCA HYTPH1EHATA IAABHHMTOKOMH
HPHTOKAMA HA CTAHE TPOmHHHOCTH BOE Y
AKYMYAAHH1H BOHAH
Pesu+e:
Paom ce pasmarpa nponoc nyrpnjenara y xopnry pnjexe Bpac npn ynacxy y
axymynannjy Fouan, re npnroxama Hpna pnjexa n Yrap. Anannsnpa ce crane
nnxone rpo]nunocrn n yrnnaj na eyrpo]nxannjy axymynnpane noe y jesepy
Fouan. aje ce ynopenn npnxas ca yrnphennm cranem rpo]nunocrn axymynannje
Fouan sa 2007. ronny, ca saxyunnma y cmncny rpena nojane n nennm moryhnm
ysponnma. Ha ocnony anannse yspoxa nojane eyrpo]nxannje nopojana cy moryha
pjemena samrnre jesepa y cmncny cnpeuanana nacranxa one nojane nnn cmanena
nexeennx e]exara.
K+yuue pujeuu: uympufeumu, eympoquraufa, uuoerc cmana mpoqu:uocmu.
INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS INPUT THROUGH MAIN
RIVERBED AND TRIBUTARIES ON STATE OF
EUTROPHICATION OF BOCAC ACCUMULATION
Summary:
This work considers influence of nutrients input through Vrbas riverbed at the
entrance of Bocac accumulation, and by tributaries Crna rijeka i Ugar. The state of
eutrophication of water in these rivers is analyzed as well as the consequence of
nutrients input by these rivers on eutrophication of Lake Bocac. The comparison is
made between analyzed state of eutrophication in Lake Bocac and the same one which
was determined in year 2007, with conclusions based on trend of this phenomenon
and possible causes. According to analyzed causes some of the solutions for lake
protection are given which can either prevent the formation of this process or reduce
the unwanted effects.
Key words: nutrients, eutrophication, trophic state index.
1
Hpo].p, nnn.rpah.nnx, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Ynnnepsnrera y Feorpay, e-mail: ljubisav@grf.bg.ac.rs
2
Mp. nnn.rpah.nnx, Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer, Fana Hyka, e-mail: mjaksic@agfbl.org
114
1. YBO
Y jesepnma n nooronnma ca mannm psnnama roxa no ejcrnom opehennx ]axropa moxe
ohn o nexeene nojane pasnoja anrn y nonpmnncxom cnojy jesepa (ennnnmnnymy).
uaxropn xojn yrnuy na nonomxy npoyxrnnnocr jesepa rpynnmy ce y xnnmarcxe (conapna
panjannja, remneparypa,..); reomop]onomxe (npnpoa rna, onoc ennnnmnnyma npema
xnnonnmnnymy,..) n noxemnjcxe (orox nyrpnenara n crenen pennpxynannje nyrpnjenara);
o xojnx onn nocenn nmajy najnehn snauaj sa pasnoj anrn. Hyrpnjenrn neonxonn sa
pasnoj anrn cy asor, ]oc]op n ocrann mnxpoenemenrn (Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Na i sl.). Kaxo cy
anre ayrorpo]nn oprannsmn, sa nnxon pasnoj nnje norpena oprancxa marepnja (yrennx
npnxnarajy ns CO
2
a eneprnjy ns cynuene cnjernocrn), najnaxnnjn nyrpnjenrn cy asor n
]oc]op.
3enene anre (eyxapnorn) n mopo-senene anre (npoxapnorn) crnapajy pojne nponeme y
exocncremy jesepa, nerarnnno yrnuy na npnnpene axrnnnocrn nesane sa xopnmhene
jesepcxe noe, nyue noceny rpyny roxcnna (nnjanoroxcnnn) xojn mory onecrn o nomopa
pne n rponana croxe, re nmajy nexean e]exar na rperman noe sa nnhe yxonnxo ce
jesepcxa noa xopncrn sa noocnanjenane.
Knacn]nxannjy rpo]nunocrn crajahnx noa y Penynnnn Cpncxoj nponncyje Ypea o
xnacn]nxannjn noa n xareropnsannjn nooroxa [1], a sacnonana je na ocnony nnme
napamerapa (nponnnocr noe mjepena Cexn-ncxom, pacrnopenn xnceonnx, yxynnn
]oc]op n xnopo]nn a) n nnxonnx rpannunnx npnjenocrn. Ha ocnony nomenyre
xnacn]nxannje pasnnxyjy ce ceehn crenenn rpo]nje: onnrorpo]an, mesorpo]an,
ymepeno eyrpo]an, eyrpo]an n xnneprpo]an.
Carlson [2] je npenoxno jenncrnen napamerap sa xnacn]nxannjy rpo]nunocrn, nnexc
crana rpo]nunocrn (TCH), xojn moxe a ce nspauyna sa nno xoja o rpn napamerpa:
nponnnocr mjepena cexn-ncxom, xonnenrpannja yxynnor ]oc]opa nnn xnopo]nna "a".
3or mehycone sanncnocrn, ara je nymepnuxa cxana nnexca rpo]nunocrn ca
oronapajyhnm npnjenocrnma napamerapa n xnacn]nxannjom crana rpo]nunocrn (Taena
1).
115
Taena 1. Cxana nnexca 1poqnunoc1n, npnjenoc1n neuy
oronapajyhnx napaue1apa, n xnacnqnxannja
TCH
nnexc
Cexn-ncx
(m)
Yxynan
]oc]op
(mr/m
3
)
Xnopo]nn
a
(mr/m
3
)
Tpo]nunn
craryc
0 64 0,75 0,04
10 32 1,5 0,12
20 16 3 0,34
30 8 6 0,94
40 4 12 2,6
50 2 24 6,4
60 1 48 20
70 0,5 96 56
80 0,25 192 154
90 0,12 384 427
100 0,062 768 1183
onnrorpo]an
(0-40)
mesorpo]an
(40-50)
eyrpo]an
(51-65)
xnneprpo]an
(>65)
2. CTAHE TPOmHHHOCTH AKYMYAAHH1E BOHAH Y 2007.
IOHHH
Y pay Enes n p. [3] nsnpmena je anannsa rpo]nunocrn jesepa Fouan sa 2007. ronny.
Ypahena cy ysopxonana n mjepena na mecr mjepnnx npo]nna yx jesepa (F0, F1, F2, F3,
F4 n F5), re je na ocnony rpn napamerpa: nponnnocr mjepena cexn-ncxom, xonnenrpannja
yxynnor ]oc]opa, xonnenrpannja xnopo]nna a, a npexo nnexca crana rpo]nunocrn,
nsnpmena onjena crenena rpo]nunocrn noe y axymynannjn Fouan. Ysopxonana n mjepena
na cnnm mjepnnm npo]nnnma npmena cy y 4 cepnje, y nepnoy o 23.05.2007. o
19.09.2007. ronne.
Ha ocnony pesynrara mjepena nponnnocrn noe cexn-ncxom, yxynno 24 mjepena, n
nspauynarnx npnjenocrn nnexca rpo]nunocrn (TCH) na asn pesynrara cexn-ncxa,
onjena je cpena npnjenocr TCH nnexca o 53,0 ca rpannnama nojepena cpene
npnjenocrn o 52,1 o 53,9 (u= 0,05, AX=0,9).
Ysopxonana noe, sa mjepene xonnenrpannja yxynnor ]oc]opa n xnopo]nna a, na cnnm
mjepnnm npo]nnnma, npmena cy no ynnn, raxo a je sa cnaxn o napamerapa na
pacnonarany nno 58 pesynrara. Cpena npnjenocr TCH nnexca na ocnony pesynrara
mjepena yxynnor ]oc]opa nsnocnna je 57,2 ca rpannnama nonjepena cpene npnjenocrn
o 55,7 o 58,7, ox je cpena npnjenocr onor nnexca sa xnopo]nn a nsnocnna 49,1 ca
rpannnama nonjepena o 45,8 o 52,4.
3axyueno je a xnannrer noe y axymynannjn nma eyrpo]an craryc npema cnnm mjepennm
napamerpnma.
116
3. OH1EHA TPOmHHHOCTH PH1EKE BPBAC (Y3BOHO) H
HPHTOKA HPHA PH1EKA H YIAP
Hoann o xonnenrpannjama nyrpnjenara onjenn cy o Arennnje sa noe onacnor
pnjeunor cnnna Cane. 3a nooroxe Bpac (ysnono) n Hpny pnjexy nsnpmena cy
ysopxonana n mjepena y 2007. n 2008. ronnn ca no 4 cepnje mjepena (yxynno 8 mjepena sa
cnaxn noorox), a sa noorox Yrap ypahene cy 4 cepnje y 2005. n 3 cepnje y 2007. ronnn
(yxynno 7 mjepena). Ienepanno, cna ysopxonana noe npmena cy y nepnoy o nouerxa
maja o xpaja cenrempa mjecena. Hoann cy opahenn crarncrnuxn, a pesynrarn cy
npnxasann y Taenama 2-4.
Taena 2. Konnen1pannje ny1pnjena1a y noo1oxy Bpac (ysnono)
nspaaene npexo c1a1nc1nuxnx napaue1apa
Crarncrnuxn
napamerpn
Amonnjaunn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrpnrnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrparnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
asor
no Kjenany
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
]oc]op
(r/m
3
)
Xsr 0,085 0,007 0,520 0,780 0,023
St.Dev. 0,059 0,002 0,052 0,273 0,009
AX (u=0,05) 0,041 0,001 0,036 0,189 0,006
Ha ocnony Ypee o xnacn]nxannjn noa n xareropnsannjn nooroxa, n nopehenem
pesynrara ns Taene 2. ca onymrennm npnjenocrnma sa nojenne xnace noa, moxe ce
saxyunrn a noorox Bpac no xonnenrpannjn asora npnnaa 1. nnn 2. xnacn xnannrera
sanncno o onnxa y xojem ce asor nojanyje, ox na ocnony yxynnor ]oc]opa ona pnjexa
npnnaa 2. xnacn xnannrera.
Taena 3. Konnen1pannje ny1pnjena1a y noo1oxy Hpna pnjexa
nspaaene npexo c1a1nc1nuxnx napaue1apa
Crarncrnuxn
napamerpn
Amonnjaunn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrpnrnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrparnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
asor
no Kjenany
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
]oc]op
(r/m
3
)
Xsr 0,080 0,025 1,226 0,963 0,306
St.Dev. 0,041 0,010 0,294 0,433 0,134
AX (u=0,05) 0,028 0,007 0,204 0,300 0,093
Hpema Taenn 3., noorox Hpna pnjexa npnnaa 2. xnacn xnannrera npema xonnenrpannjn
asora. Younn je neoma nennxn capxaj ]oc]opa npema xojem onaj nooroxa cnaa y 5.
xnacy xnannrera.
117
Taena 4. Konnen1pannje ny1pnjena1a y noo1oxy Yrap
nspaaene npexo c1a1nc1nuxnx napaue1apa
Crarncrnuxn
napamerpn
Amonnjaunn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrpnrnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Hnrparnn
asor
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
asor
no Kjenany
(r/m
3
)
Yxynnn
]oc]op
(r/m
3
)
Xsr 0,049 0,003 0,463 0,833 0,021
St.Dev. 0,048 0,002 0,125 0,399 0,011
AX (u=0,05) 0,036 0,001 0,093 0,296 0,008
Hpema xonnenrpannjn asora noorox Yrap ce cnpcrana y 1. nnn 2. xnacy xnannrera, a na
ocnony capxaja ]oc]opa npnnaa 2. xnacn xnannrera.
Y nny onjene rpo]nunocrn, pesynrarn mjepena xonnenrpannje yxynnor ]oc]opa cy
nspaxenn npexo nnexca crana rpo]nunocrn, sa cnaxn o nocmarpannx nooroxa. Hoann
cy opahenn crarncrnuxn, a pesynrarn cy npnxasann y Taenn 5.
Taena 5. Hnexc c1ana 1poqnunoc1n nspaaen
npexo c1a1nc1nuxnx napaue1apa
Crarncrnuxn
napamerpn
TCH
Bpac
(ysnono)
TCH
Hpna pnjexa
TCH
Yrap
Xsr 48,4 84,7 46,0
St.Dev. 5,5 9,4 8,1
AX (u=0,05) 3,8 6,5 5,6
Ha ocnony npnjenocrn nnexca rpo]nunocrn npnxasannx y Taenn 5. moxe ce
xoncraronarn a nooronn Bpac n Yrap nmajy mesorpo]an craryc, ox ce rpo]nunn
craryc nooroxa Hpna pnjexa moxe oxapaxrepncarn xao xnneprpo]an. Carlson [2] je
npenoxno a, nnexc crana rpo]nunocrn nspauynar npexo xonnenrpannje yxynnor
]oc]opa, cnyxn xao npecxasare norennnjannor pasnoja anrn, re c rnm y nesn noorox
Hpna pnjexa nocjeyje, cxopo, nocrpyxo nehn norennnjan sa pasnoj anrn o pyra na
nooroxa.
4. YTHHA1 TPOmHHHOCTH HPHTOKA HA CTAHE
TPOmHHHOCTH AKYMYAAHH1E BOHAH
Axymynannja Fouan nacrana je nperpahnnanem pnjexe Bpac y nenom cpenem roxy,
panom nncnne 66 m n yxnne 220 m. Ocnonnn rexnnuxn noann arn cy y Taenn 6.
Booronn Hpna pnjexa n Yrap cy npnroxe axymynannje.
118
Taena 6. Ocnonnn 1exnnuxn noann axyuynannje Bouan
K.H.Y.
(m.n.m)
Kora mnn.
pa.nnnoa
(m.n.m)
Vyx.
(m3)
Vxop.
(m3)
V
mp.
(m
3
)
yxnna
axym.
(km)
Hpocjeu.
ynna
(m)
Honpm.
axym.
(xa)
282,00 254,00 52,1x10
6
42,9x10
6
9,5x10
6
17,5 22,6 233,45
Yrnnaj npnroxa na axymynannjy je pasmarpan xpos npopauyn ynoca yxynnor ]oc]opa
xopnrom onnx pnjexa, a sarnm je na asn onjene xonnenrpannje ]oc]opa y jesepy n
oronapajyher nnexca crana rpo]nunocrn, nsnpmena onjena neronor rpo]nunor craryca.
3or neocrarxa noaraxa o npornnajnma nooroxa Bpac (ysnono), sa nepno xaa cy
npmena mjepena xemnjcxnx napamerapa, npopauyn je ypahen ca cpennm nnmeronmnnm
npornnajnma npeysernm ns Boonpnnpene ocnone cnnna pnjexe Bpac [4]. Cpenn
nnmeronmnn npornnaj nooroxa Bpac (ysnono) nsnocn 59,9 m
3
/c, sa Hpny pnjexy 4,0
m
3
/c, a sa Yrap 6,9 m
3
/c.
Taxohe, noann o xorama nnnoa noe y axymynannjn sa nepno maj-oxroap 2007. ronne
nncy ocrynnn, re je npopauyn asnpan na sanpemnnn axymynannje npn xorn nopmannor
ycnopa.
- Cpene npnjeme sapxanana oroxa y axymynannjn
T
cp
= V
xny
/ Q
cp,yx
= 42,9x10
6
/ 70,8 = 605 932,2 c = 7 ana
- Macenn nporox ]oc]opa
Boorox Bpac: Q
mac
= Q
cp
x C
]oc,cp
= 59,9 x 0,023 = 1,378 r/c
Boorox Hpna Pnjexa: Q
mac
= Q
cp
x C
]oc,cp
= 4,0 x 0,306 = 1,224 r/c
Boorox Yrap: Q
mac
= Q
cp
x C
]oc,cp
= 6,9 x 0,021 = 0,145 r/c
Yxynan macenn nporox ]oc]opa: Q
mac,yx
= 2,747 r/c
- Ynoc ]oc]opa y axymynannjy sa npnjeme sapxanana oroxa
M
]oc
= Q
mac,yx
x T
cp
= 2,747 x 7 x 86400 = 1661385,6 r
- Konnenrpannja ]oc]opa y axymynannjn
C
]oc,ax
= M
]oc
/ V
yx
= 1661385,6 / 52100000,0 = 0,032 r/m
3
= 32 mr/m
3
Hnexca crana rpo]nunocrn, xojn oronapa aroj xonnenrpannjn ]oc]opa, nsnocn 54,2 n
yxasyje na eyrpo]an craryc noe y axymynannjn Fouan.
119
5. MOIYTA P1EmEHA 3AmTHTE 1E3EPA O EYTPOmHKAHH1E
H EmHKACHOCT HO1EHHHX HPOHECA TPETMAHA BOE 3A
HHTE Y HPEHHmTABAHY AAIH H MHKPOHHCTHHA
Ynpanane n xonrpona pasnoja anrn y jesepnma re xonrpona nexeennx e]exara xoje one
nmajy na xnannrer noe sa nnhe (nnjanoroxcnnn, mnpnc, oxyc,..) npmn ce na nnme nnnoa
nouen o, npenennnje ynoca nyrpnjenara, npexo yxnanana nyrpnjenara nnn anrn y camom
jesepy nnn y npnroxama, n na xpajy, npeunmhanana na nocrpojennma sa rperman noe sa
nnhe.
Hpeeeuufa yuoca uympufeuama
Hsnopn nyrpnjenara ce mory cnpcrarn na xonnenrpncane (ornane noe nacea n
nnycrpnje, ornane noe ]apmn sa ysroj croxe, pnorojnnnmra) n
nexonnenrpncane/xonrnnyanne (ncnnpane ca noonpnnpenor semnmra - hypnna, ynoc
ns semnmra nyrem eposnonor ejcrna noe, ynoc nyrem naannna n ns ypannx nopyuja).
Hponjenyje ce a o yxynnor ynoca nyrpnjenara, na xonnenrpncane nsnope ornaa 80%
ox ocrarax o 20% unne nexonnenrpncann nsnopn.
Hajnaxnnja mjepa sa xonrpony ynoca nyrpnjenara ns xonnenrpncannx nsnopa npecrana
rperman nnycrpnjcxnx n xomynannnx ornannx noa. To ce nocrnxe yxnananem ]oc]ara
ns ornannx noa nyrem xoarynannje ca xoarynanrnma na asn annmnnnjyma nnn xeesa
nnn oarxom xpeua.
Mjepe sa xonrpony ynoca nyrpnjenara ns nexonnenrpncannx nsnopa yxyuyjy: npomonnjy
exonomxn npnxnarnnor naunna semopane, cmanene ynoca sarahena ns ypannx
nopyuja, n npannnno ynpanane mymama.
Vr.anane uympufeuama y ca+o+ fesepy u.u y npumora+a
3a nsop aexnarnor pjemena xonrpone pasnoja anrn norpeno je erano nsyunrn
noxanne ycnone n yspoxe eyrpo]nxannje. Onje cy nopojana nexa o moryhnx pjemena
[5]:
axo je xonnunna noe xoja ornue y jesepo penarnnno mana (o 2 m
3
/c) moxe ce
npeuncrnrn njenoxynna xonnunna noe npexo nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane xoje
ce cacrojn o nponeca ]noxynannje n ]nnrpnpana (npnmjep: Wahnbach pesepnoap,
Bemauxa),
omoryhananem njemrauxe nnpxynannje y jesepy (nymnama nnn yynananem
nasyxa) cnpeuana ce crparn]nxannja, a anre ce nansmjennuno onoe y sony ca
manom xonnunnom cnjernocrn, unme ce cmanyje nnxon nopacr (npnmjep: Biesbosch
pesepnoap, Xonannja),
npennnnrannjom ]oc]ara y camom jesepy n cnpeuananem pecycnensnje ]oc]ara ns
ranora moxe ce xonrponncarn pasnoj anrn. Ys nomoh nnonnnx ojexara yanyje ce
pacrnop anymnnnjym-cyn]ara y xnnonnmnnym (npnmjep: cnnn Cobbossee, CA)
nocnnanem anrnnna, xao mro je axapnn cyn]ar (CaSO
4
), no nonpmnnn jesepa,
neoma e]nxacno ce yxnanajy xnne hennje anrn. osnpane sanncn o rnpohe noe
(sa anxannrer nehn o 50 mr/n CaCO
3
yonuajena osa nsnocn 1 mr/n CaSO
4
pauynaro na sanpemnny nonpmnncxor cnoja noe o 0,6 m, es onpa na ynny
120
jesepa). Hexeenn e]exar ynorpee CaSO
4
je nerona roxcnunocr sa pne n pyrn
xnnn cnnjer npn opehennm xonnenrpannjama,
ynorpeom axrnnnor yra y npaxy (PAC), ]opmnpa ce jesepcxn noxpnnau xojn
noxnpa nponpane cnjernocrn, a camnm rnm n pasnoj anrn. Mehyrnm norpene cy
nennxe xonnunne axrnnnor yra sa e]nxrnnno noxnpane cynuene cnjernocrn, a
janajy ce n ocrann nponemn (ecrercxn, na npnmjep).
Hpe:uuhaeane ua nocmpofenu+a sa mpem+au eooe sa nuhe
Y Taenn 7. npnxasan je, yunnax nojennnx nponeca ynyrap nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane,
na yxnanany anrn n mnxponncrnna (npcra nnjanoroxcnna).
Taena 7. Hperne yunnxa nojennnx nponeca 1pe1uana noe sa nnhe
na yxnanany anrn n unxponnc1nna
Ouexnnano yxnanane
1
Bpcra rpermana
Tennje anrn Mnxponncrnn
Komenrapn
Cnopn ]nnrepn - 99% Bjeponarno
nennxo
E]exrno yxnanane sa
roxcnne y hennjama;
e]nxacnocr sa
pacrnopenn
mnxponncrnn sanncn
o ]opmannje
no]nnma a rnme n o
yxnne paa ]nnrepa
Fpsn ]nnrepn >60% <10% Yxnanane jenno
moryhno sa roxcnne y
hennjama, no
ycnonom a nncy
omrehene
Komnnannja
xoarynannja/cenmenrannja
/]nnrpnpane
>90% <10% Yxnanane jenno
moryhno sa roxcnne y
hennjama, no
ycnonom a nncy
omrehene
Axrnnnn yra y npaxy
(PAC)
3anemapnno >85% 3a aexnarne ose
(>20 mr/n) e]exrnnno
yxnanane
pacrnopennx roxcnna.
Hpncycrno oprancxe
marepnje cmanyje
xanannrer
Axrnnnn yra y rpanynama
(GAC)
>60% >80% 3a najuemhe
npnjenocrn rpajana
]nnrpannje y npaxcn
(EBCT), oprancxa
marepnja cmanyje
121
xanannrer n ypsana
nponom ]nnrepa,
raxohe ]nnrpannja
yxnana hennje anrn
Fnonomxn axrnnnn yra y
rpanynama
>60% >90% Hcro xao sa GAC,
nonomxa axrnnnocr
nocnjemyje
e]nxacnocr n xnnor
]nnrepa
Hperxona-osonnsannja Beoma
e]nxacna y
nocnjemanany
xoarynannje
Moryhe
nonehane nnnoa
Kopncna y mannm
osama sa nomoh npn
xoarynannjn, pnsnx o
ornymrana roxcnna
saxrjena monnropnnr
n ceehn xopax y
rpermany
Hperxono-xnopncane Beoma
e]nxacna y
nocnjemanany
xoarynannje
Yspoxyje
pasapane hennje
n ornymrane
pacrnopennx
meraonnra
Kopncno sa nomoh
npn xoarynannjn
hennja ann norono sa
roxcnne jenno axo he
xacnnjn rperman
yxnonnrn pacrnopene
roxcnne n meraonnre
Osonnsannja (naxon
ranoxena)
- >98% Fpso n e]nxacno sa
pacrnopene roxcnne
yxonnxo je
saonoena norpea
sa oprancxy marepnjy
Xnopncane (naxon
]nnrpannje)
- >80% E]nxacno sa roxcnne
xaa je cnoonn xnop
>0.5 mr/n, nocnnje 30
mnn, npn PH<8 n mano
oprancxe marepnje;
nee]nxacno npn
mannm osama nnn
PH>8
Hsnop: Chorus and Bertram [6]
1
Ouexnnana e]nxacnocr npeunmhanana xaa ce xoncranrno annnnnpa npn onrnmannnm
osama n PH npnjenocrnma n npn ncnpannom ]ynxnnonncany.
122
6. HCKYCH1A H 3AKYHHH
Ha ocnony nnexca crana rpo]nunocrn sa nooroxe Yrap n Bpac (ysnono) saxyueno je
a oa nmajy mesorpo]an craryc. ynno nehn norennnjan sa pasnoj anrn nma noorox Hpna
pnjexa unjn craryc je onjenen xao xnneprpo]an. Ys ynaxene rpemxe, xoja je ycnonena
anpoxcnmannjama npn npopauyny yrnnaja npnroxa na rpo]nunn craryc axymynannje, nnax
ce moxe rnpnrn a npnroxe ycnonanajy eyrpo]an craryc jesepa Fouan. onjena
npnjenocr nnexca rpo]nunocrn (nspauynara npexo ynoca yxynnor ]ocopa npnroxama) o
54,2, je nemro mana o npnjenocrn nnexca xojn je onjen npn npexrnnm mjepennma
]oc]opa ns axymynannje, ca cpenom npnjenocrn o 57,2. Hponemn eyrpo]nxannje ce
mory pjemanarn na nnme naunna. 3a nsop aexnarnor pjemena rpea erano nsyunrn
noxanne ycnone n yspoxe eyrpo]nxannje. Onaj pa npnaje snauaj orxpnnany yspoxa nojane
neoma nennxe xonnenrpannje yxynnor ]oc]opa y Hpnoj pnjenn. Hpocrom anannsom
npnxasanom y onom pay, nacnyhyje ce moryhnocr cmanena rpo]nunor craryca
axymynannje Fouan na mesorpo]an yxonnxo n ce xnannrer noe no nnrany xonnenrpannje
yxynnor ]oc]opa Hpne pnjexe nonpanno na 4. xareropnjy (<0,1 r/m
3
), mro n oner rpeano
erannje ncnnrarn.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Vpeooa o r.acuquraufu eooa u rameeopusaufu eooomora, Cnyxenn rnacnnx
Penynnxe Cpncxe p.42, 2001.
[2] R.E. Carlson, A trophic state index for lakes, Limnology and Oceanography 22,
No.22, 1977.
[3] A.Enes n p., Ofeua mpoqu:uocmu eooe ary+y.aufe Bo:a sa 2007.eoouuy,
Boa n mn, Ionna XII, 62, 2008.
[4] Vodoprivredna osnova sliva rijeke Vrbas, 1989.
[5] .yncanennh, Moeyhuocmu saumume npupoouux u efeuma:rux fesepa oo
eympoquraufe, Vodoprivreda, vol. 14, br. 4-5, str. 385-390
[6] I.Chorus and J.Bartram, Toxic Cyanobacteria in water:A guide to their public
health consequences, monitoring and management,WHO, 1999.
123
Cmauuc.ae Mau
1
, Bopuc Mau
2
, Bofau Mau
3
IEHEPAAHH KOHHEHT PA3BO1A OOBOHOI
CHCTEMA "BAHA AYKA"
Pesu+e:
Pernonannn noononn cncrem "Fana Hyxa" cnajena norpomaue ca noom y rpn
onmrnne Fana Hyxa, uennnan n Haxramn. Boa ce oesjehyje sa oxo 180 000
cranonnnxa. Caa ce yxynno nponsnon oxo 30 000 000 m
3
ronmne noe.
Pesepnoapcxn npocrop caa nsnocn 20 450 m
3
. ncrpnyrnnna mpexa yra je
650km, a npnmapna oxo 270 km. Oxo 85% norpomne noe je y npnoj nncnncxoj
sonn, a y nnmnm sonama 15%.
K+yuue pujeuu: useopuume eooe, rououuouupane eooe, oucmpuoymueua +pe+a,
peeuoua.uu eoooeoo.
GENERAL CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
SYSTEM BANJA LUKA
Summary:
Regional water system Banja Luka supplies water to three municipalities: Banja
Luka, Celinac and Laktasi. Water is supplied for around 180 000 citizens. Production
now is around 30 000 000 m
3
per year. Reservoir tank is now 20 450 m
3
. Distribution
network is 650 kilometers long, primary network is around 270 kilometers long.
Around 85% of water consumption is in the first height level zone, and in higher
zones consumption is 15%.
Key words: source of water, water conditioning, distribution networks, the regional
water system.
124
1. YBO
Ipa Fana Hyxa je najnehn rpa y Penynnnn Cpncxoj xojn je ]opmnpan na onem roxy
nooroxa Bpac yaen oxo 70 xm o ymha y noorox Cany.
Houenn ]opmnpana naceonne na caamnem npocropy rpay arnpa jom ns Pnmcxor oa.
Pasnoj rpaa n nerono pasapane onnjano ce xpos nnaannny mnornx nennxnx n mannx
napcrna. Hnp.oxynannja Typcxe rpajana je oxo 350 ronna xaa je Fana Hyxa nna cjenmre
pasnnunrnx nnnoa amnnncrparnnnnx ynpana, ann ce xao rpa neonono pasnnjao.
Kpajem 19-ror nnjexa, xa Aycrpo-Yrapcxa npeysnma nporexropar na onom nopyujy
nounne nemro ypsannjn npnnpenn n xynrypnn pasnoj Fana Hyxe.
Hpornamananem Fana Hyxe nenrpom Bpacxe anonnne nacraje nepno nnamnuxor
ypanor, npnnpenor n xynrypnor pasnoja rpaa. Ipa je 1939 ro. nmao oxo 32 000
cranonnnxa. 3nnana y pyrom cnjercxom pary Fana Hyxa cy y nennxoj mjepn paspymnna.
Y nepnoy noce pyror cnjercxor para Fana Hyxa ce onana n ocrnxe none nmensnje,
nocraje moepna ypana cpenna ca oxo 75 000 cranonnnxa.
Karacrpo]annn semorpec 1969 ronne o 9 crenenn no Mepxannjenoj cxann npaxrnuno je
onycrno rpa.
Hanme, oxo 70 000 yn ocrano je es xpona na rnanom, ynnmreno je nnn omreheno npexo
36 000 cranona. Mnore ]apnxe cy roranno ynnmrene. Mnorn ojexrn n nncrnrynnje
xynrype, connjanne, spancrnene, janne ynpane n cnnuno nne cy nornyno ynnmrene.
Hpnmapna nn]pacrpyxrypa (mehy nnma n noononn cncrem) cy nnn ynnmrenn.
Henocpeno npe par 1991-1995) Fana Hyxa je nonono nspacna y cnaxan npnnpenn
nenrap ca 150 000 cranonnnxa.
2. PA3BO1 BOOBOHOI CHCTEMA
Hapanenno pasnojy rpaa Fana Hyxe pasnnjao ce n cncrem noocnajenana, xojn npno
uecro nnje aexnarno nparno norpee rpaa sa noom.
Y npno npnjeme noa ce oesjehnnana npexrno ns pnjexe Bpac n nennx npnroxa.
Pasnojem rpaa cne nnme ce npenasn na cnajenane noom ca npnoannnx n oxonnnx
nsnopa n ]opmnpajy ce mann noxannn noonon (npeno Bepnan n Fer Fynap).
Hpnn snauajnnjn cncrem sa cnajenane rpaa noom rpan ce y npnjeme Aycrpo-Yrapcxe
nnaannne 1908 ro. snann Cyornna. Onaj cncrem je rpannrannonn, xojn noy oesjehyje
nyrem nennxor poja mannx xanraxa (oxo mesecer). Cna noa ce npnxnara y uernpn mane
npnxnarne xomope, a ns nnx ce canpa y sajennuxn canpnn pesepnoap sanpemnne 300
m3.
ononn njenono o canpnor pesepnoapa na o rpaa je enano xeesnn 200 mm n
225 mm, yxnne oxo 22 xm. Ha rpacn njenonoa nocroje nnje pacreperne xomope n jean
rynen yr 145 m.
Kanannrer nsnopnmra "Cyornna", xoje ce nanasn na oponnnma nnannne Crpman, je 20-25
l/sek. Onaj noononn cncrem je, ys mane noxanne noonoe, cnajenao rpa cne o
nouerxa pyror cnjercxor para, xaa ce ornapa nsnopnmre y nopyujy nacea Honocennja,
ysnono o rpaa, na ecnoj oann pnjexe Bpac. Onje ce nomohy xonannx ynapa npnn
oxo 70 l/sek noe ns penarnnno nnnrxor npnoannor anynnja (ynapn cy yoxn 8-10 m).
3or crannnx saxrjena sa nehnm xonnunnama noe npncryna ce njemrauxom oorahnnany
nosemne nsann.
125
Hocnnje semorpeca 1969 ronne, xaa je y nennxoj mjepn noononn cncrem omrehen, on
ce nnresnnno onana n npncryna ce nsrpann xonnennnonannor ypehaja sa
xonnnnonnpane noe xanannrera 600 l/sek ca npomnpenem sa jom 100 l/sek. (I ]asa
ypehaja sa xonnnnonnpane noe).
Youanajyhn psn pasnoj rpaa, a rnme n norpey sa nonnm xonnunnama noe, npecrannnnn
Onmrnne F.Hyxa sajeno ca npecrannnnnma Boono F.Hyxa noxpehy axnnjy sa npnnpemy
n nsrpany II ]ase ypehaja sa xonnnnonnpane noe y Honocennjn xanannrera 2x400 l/sek.
Hsrpana II ]ase ypehaja sa xonnnnonnpane noe je y roxy n moxe ce xoncraronarn a je
ypaheno oxo 70% nnannpannx paona. Hapanenno pasnojy nsnopnmnnx xanannrera
pasnnjann cy ce n ocrann njenonn noononor cncrema, ncrpnyrnnna mpexa, nymnne
crannne n pesepnoapcxn npocrop. Caa ce nponsnon n mae noa y norpomny oxo 1000-
1100 l/sek.
3. KOH3YMHO HOPYH1E
Ca nsnopnmra "Honocennja" caa ce noom oesjehyjy norpomaun ns rpn onmrnne.
Hajnehn no norpomaua nanasn ce y onmrnnn Fana Hyxa, ox anexo mann no npnnaa
onmrnnama uennnan n Haxramn (nacea Tpn n Cnarnna). Hocrojn peanna norpea a ce
caamne xonsymno nopyuje npomnpn: npanan ys caopahajnnny F.Hyxa-Hpnjeop o
Bepnha, nnme sone rpacxor nopyuja (npanan Mornxa, uecme n Tynnna). Hopyuje
Cnarnna, Haxramn n uennnan (nnn npnnor p.1).
Cem ypanor nopyuja nocrojn norpea a ce noa oesjen n nan ypanor nopyuja ca
noxannnx nsnopa Hoxannn cncremn
Hopyuje yjaxonnn, Hoxnapn, Crpnunhn, Hannhn, opna n Kona ca nsnopnmra
"Fannna" n "Knnnnonn".
Hopyuje Kpyna na Bpacy, Kpmnne, yaueno n Arnno Ceno ca nsnopnmra "Iamnha
Bpeno".
Hopyuje ys noorox Cyornna, Mennna, Iopnn n onn Hepnan, Fopxonnhn, Fponsann
Majan, Crparnncxa, Jennhxa, Mapnhxa, Cnannhxa n Paocancxa.
Ienepanno ce moxe pehn a ce najnehn no norpomaua nanasn y raxosnanoj Hpnoj sonn
npnrncaxa (o nsoxnnce 180+190 mnm) oxo 85%, a y nnmnm sonama 15%. Oyxnar nopyuja
cnajenana noom npnxasan je na rpa]nuxom npnnory p.1.
4. OCHOBHH HOAHH O BOOBOHOMCHCTEMY
"BAHAAYKA"
4.1. H3BOPHmTE BOE
Ocnonno nsnopnmre noe je noorox Bpac. Boorox Bpac ca cnojnm mnnnmannnm
xanannrerom o 15.0 m3/sek oesjehyje norpene nnancxe xonnunne noe o oxo 1.5
m3/sek mro npecrana 10% o mnnnmannor xanannrera (nporox). Boosaxnar ce nanasn
na ecnoj oann nooroxa Bpac n ornopenor je rnna ca uernpn onojene none xomope sa
norpee ycnca uernpn nymnna arperara. Ha ynasnma cnaxe xomope nocranene cy pemerxe
ca npncrynnnm nnaronma sa nonpemeno pyuno unmhene pemerxe. Hsmehy marnne Bpaca n
ynasnor njena y xomope nocranene cy uernpn uennune nnjenn 1000 mm yxnne 12.0 m.
Ha onaj naunn omoryheno je saxnarane noe ns yer n cpener njena nooroxa. Ynasnn
126
no je can orpahen mpexom o nncnne nennxnx noa, xoja cnpeuana ynoc nehnx nnnnajyhnx
npemera y none xomope npn nncoxnm noocrajnma. Cem npemernor "rnannor
nsnopnmra" xoje oesjehyje noy sa xonnnnonnpane, na nsnopnmry ce onja n noa ns
nosemne nsann xoja ce njemrauxn oorahyje ca nymnanem noe ns Bpaca y naryne, a
norom nyrem 9 ynapa npnn ns nosema. Knannrer noe je raxan a ce camo npmn neno
npenenrnnno xnopncane. Hope nsnopnmra "Honocennja" y noononn cncrem ce yanyje
noa ns nsnopnmra "Cyornna" rpannrannonnm onoom noe 200 mm n 225 mm
yxnne 22.0 xm. Y rpacxy sony ce caa onpema 10-15 l/sek ox ce jom ronnxo norpomn
na ycnyrne norpomaue. Caa ce (2011 ro) xanannrer ncnopyuene noe na ronmnem
npocjexy xpehe.
Taena 1 - Hponsnone noe 2011 ro
nsnopnmre m3/ro l/sek %
uapnxa noe 20 000 000 633.0 66.6
Fynapcxn cncrem 9 600 000 304.4 32.1
Cyornna 400 000 12.6 1.3
YKYHHO 30 000 000 950.0 100

Ocnm nsnopnmra noe sa norpee ypanor njena rpaa Fana Hyxa nocroje n noxanna
nsnopnmra noe ca xojnx ce noa oesjehyje sa pypanna nacea onmrnne.
Hoxanno nsnopnmre "Iamnha Bpeno" na ecnoj oann Bpaca y nopyujy Kpyne na Bpacy.
Mnnnmannn xanannrer nsnopnmra je oxo 70 l/sek. Hs nera ce cnajena noom Kpyna na
Bpacy, Kpmnne, yaueno, Janopann n Arnno Ceno.
Hoxanno nsnopnmre "Tonnnne" na ecnoj oann Bpaca y nopyujy nacea Fouan
mnnnmannor xanannrera 30 l/sek. Hs nera ce cnajena noom nacee Fouan xao n nnme
sone (Cmnnhn, ajnunhn).
Hoxanno nsnopnmre "Fannna" nanasn ce y onmrnnn Pnnnx n ro je nsnopnmre nooroxa
Fannna xoje ce yena y noorox Cana. Mnnnmannn xanannrer onor npena je oxo 200 l/sek.
Ca onor nsnopnmra nnannpa ce cnajenane nacea na nnaroy Manaua. Paonn na
nsrpann onor cncrema cy y roxy.
Hoxanno nsnopnmre "Knnnnonn" nanasn ce y nopyujy nojnor nonnrona opna.
Mnnnmannn xanannrer npena je 10-15 l/sek. Ca nera ce cnajena noom nacee Kona.
Hoxanno nsnopnmre "Hpno Bpeno" ]opmnpa noorox Cyornny y nopyujy saceoxa
Byxennhn. Mnnnmannn xanannrer npena je 90-100 l/sek. Ca nera ce cnajenajy noom
nacea y nopyujy nooroxa Cyornna n Iomjennna (Iopnn n onn Hepnan, Mennna,
Fponsann Majan, Cnannhxa, Jennhxa, Paocancxa, Omapcxa,...). Y roxy je peannsannja na
nsrpann noononor cncrema nesanor sa nsnopnmre "Hpno Bpeno".
127
Taena 2 Hsnopnm1a

No H3BOPHBTE HOKAHHJA Qmin l/sek
1. noorox Bpac Honocennja 15 000
2. Iamnha Bpeno Kpyna na Bpacy 70
3. Tonnnna Fouan 30
4. Fannna Onmrnna Pnnnx 200
5. Knnnnonn Hacee Bnnno
Manaua
10
6. Hpno Bpeno Hacee Cyornn 90a
4.2. KOHHHHOHHPAHE BOE
3axnahena noa ns Bpaca, nyrem nymnnnx arperara, mae ce na opay
(xonnnnonnpane). Konnnnonnpane noe oana ce no crapoj nnnnjn (nocrojeha nnnnja I
]ase nsrpane) n nonoj nnnnjn II (Honocennja II) xanannrera 2x400 l/sek. Yxynnn
xanannrer rnopnnne noe je 700+800=1500 l/sek.
Boosaxnar n ono cnpone noe nmensnonnpan je na xonnunny noe 1500x1.03=1545
l/sek. Hperxono je nnannpano a ce npmn noemanane HX npnjenocrn y cnpxy nonehana
e]nxacnocrn osona. Cnnxene HX npnjenocrn na 7.0 oana ce ca CO2. Bpmn ce
npeosonnpane noe y cnpxy noomana oxcnannje oprancxnx marepnja n pyro (yxyc,
mnpnc, oja,...). osa osona na ocnony ncnnrnnana na nnnor ypehajy rpea a ce xpehe
snmn.....................................0.4 mr/n
ern.....................................0.7 mr/n
maxcnmanna osa.................1.0 mr/n
Tanoxene cnpone nperxono npnnpemene noe onnja ce no crapoj nnnnjn na
nnamnuxom ranoxnnxy n na nonoj nnnnjn na namennom ranoxnnxy ys nperxono
oanane xoarynanra. Taxo nperxono npnnpemena noa ce mae na pse njemuane
]nnrpe. Hpojexronana psnna ]nnrpannja je 5.5 m/h na crapnm ]nnrpnma n 7.0 m/h y
nonnm ]nnrpnma. Hocrojn 8 crapnx n 8 nonnx ]nnrapcxnx noa. Hpane psnx ]nnrapa
npennheno je xomnnannjom nasyx noa ca xonaunnm ncnnpanem camo ca noom.
Hs]nnrpnpana noa ce mae y pesepnoap uncre noe rje ce npmn esnn]exnnja noe
xnopom. Hs pesepnoapa uncre n esnn]nxonane noe ona ce onpema y npenymnny crannny
ns xoje ce nyrem oronapajyhnx nymnnnx arperara mae y norpomny. 3amrnra nymnnnx
arperara xao n apmarypa n njenonoa y nymnnoj crannnn npennhena je nsrpanom
128
noocrana xojn he amoprnsnparn nanone o nojane nonor yapa. Boa o npana ]nnrapa
caa ce ncnymra "nerpernpana" y Bpac. Hpennhena je "opaa" noa o npana ]nnrapa n
neyrymhenor mya ns ranoxnnxa (nnamnuxn n namennn) npnje xonaune ncnosnnnje y
noorox Bpac. Ocnonna mema ce cacrojn ns erannsannonor asena ranoxnnxa unja je
sanpemnna 700 m3 (moxe a npnmn noy o uernpn ncronjerna npana ]nnrepcxnx noa).
Haxon ranoxena nsnaja ce namyna noa n onon y Bpac. Heyrymhenn my ce
npeanyje y yrymhnnau mya na ay opay rje ce npmn nerono yrymhnnane 3-5% cyxe
marepnje, a namyna noa ce nonono npaha y erannsannonn asen.
4.3 HCTPHBYTHBHA MPEA
Hperxono xonnnnonnpana noa ca capxajem pesnyannor xnopa oxo 0,5 mr/n mae ce
nyrem ncrpnyrnnne mpexe o norpomaua. yxnna npnmapne mpexe je oxo 270 xm
(npo]nnn cy 300 mm-1000 mm). yxnna ncrpnyrnnne mpexe je oxo 650 xm.
Marepnjan o xojnx cy nsrpahene nnjenn cy uennx, enano xeeso n HBH. Ocnonna
ncrpnyrnnna mpexa npnxasana je y rpa]nuxom npnnory p.3.
4.4. HPEHYMHHE CTAHHHE
O yxynno nponsneene noe y 2011. ro oxo 30 000 000 m3 y npny sony npnrncaxa
onpema ce oxo 85% noe, a y nnme sone oxo 15% (npenymnne crannne cy Hanpnxonan,
Crapuennna, Kounhen Bnjenan, Ipa, paxynnhn n Hpnjaxonnn).
3a norpee nponsnone n ncrpnynnje noe y 2011 ronnn norpomeno je 13 650 000 kwh.
C osnpom na nponsnony noe yuemhe eneprnje je oxo 0.50 kw/h, no m3 ncnopyuene noe.
4.5. PE3EPBOAPCKH HPOCTOP
3a norpee nspannanana maxcnmanne nenne n uaconne norpomne nsrpahen je
pesepnoapcxn npocrop.
129
Taena 3 - Pesepnoapcxn npoc1op no sonaua
BHCHHCKE
3OHE
V
m3
KOTA
HA
mnm
KOTA
HPEEBA
mnm
IOHHA
H3IPAHE
HAAHHPAHA
OIPAHA
m3
I 3OHA
HAHPHKOB. I
7 500 210.0 215.0 1977 7 500
KOuHT.
BHJEHAH
2 000 228.4 232.4 1966
FAB FPO
_
2 000 226.5 230.5 1942 n
1966
11 500 7 500

II 3OHA
CTAPuEB.
2 000 269.9 274.9 1980 2 000
HAHPHKOB.
II
2 000 282.0 287.0 1970 2 000
KOuHT.
BHJEHAH II
500 298.5 303.5 1982 2 000
IPAF 50 237.5 239.5 1956 500
PAKYHHT 300 250.0 254.0 2003
PAMHTH 1 000 240.0 244.0 2007
CHATHHA
_
2 000 265.0 270.0 1985
7 850 6 500
III 3OHA
HPHJAKOBHH
1 000 287.0 291.0 2009
BOOTOP.Y
MOTHKAMA
100 302.2 307.7 2005
_ 1 100






130
3a norpee oesjehena noe y npocropy snann Iopna uecma nnannpa ce nsrpana
pesepnoapa sa II sony npnrncaxa V=1000 m3 K.=250 mnm n KH=254 mnm n sa III sony
npnrncaxa V=500 m3 K.=300 mnm, KH=304 mnm. Honoxaj pesepnoapa n nymnnnx
crannna npnxasan je y npnnory p.3.
5. HPOH3BOHA BOE
Hnancxe norpee n nponsnona noe npnxasane cy y onoj raenn n y rpa]nuxom
npnnory p. 2.
Taena 4 Hnannpane nponsnone noe
IOHHA 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Qpr l/s 580 680 780 920 1050 1150
GUBICI % 40 32 28 21 18 15
I l/s 232 218 218 193 189 173
Qpr+G l/s 812 898 998 1113 1239 1323
Kd 1.2 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.15
Qmax+G
l/s
928 1020 1131 1260 1463 1496

6. IYBHHH BOE
Hocnnje semorpeca 1969 ronne xaa je mpexa ynennxo omrehena, a cnn cnojenn
nnjenn cy nnn pacrpemenn, rynnn cy nsnocnnn 60-70 % o npocjeune nponsnone.
Ynopnnm n cncremarcxnm paom na canannjn mpexe n nennx cnojena, caa cy ce rynnn
cnenn na oxo 32%. Y napenom nepnoy nnannpano je a ce onn cney najnnme o 15% o
npocjeune norpomne.
7. KBAAHTET BOE
Pnjexa Bpac je ocnonnn npexrnn n nnnpexrnn cnanjenau noom nsnopnmra
Honocennja. Y caamnnm ycnonnma noe Pnjexe Bpac, na noresy nsnopnmra, nanase ce
nsmehy npne n pyre xnace xnannrera noe mro ce cmarpa neoma nononnm ycnonnma sa
opay noe (xonnnnonnpane), sa norpee cnanjenana noom cranonnnmrna n
nnycrpnje. ocaamne xemnjcxe n axrepnonomxe anannse noe pnjexe Bpac yxasyjy a
cy noe pnjexe Bpaca yrnannom ycraenor xemnjcxor cacrana. 3a myrnohe ce moxe xasarn
a nncy ycraene. Bene npnjenocrn ynennxo sannce o npemencxnx npnnnxa. Y nepnoy
es naannna myrnoha noe je crannna n nncxa n uecro y rpannnama nopmannnx sa noy sa
131
nnhe (HTY1). ox ce y npnjeme jaxnx n yrorpajnnx naannna janajy noe
xparxopoune myrnohe. Hopacrom myrnoha ocjeran je n pacr oprancxnx marepnja n neher
axrepnonomxor sarahena, xoje ce ys oap pa ypehaja sa xonnnnonnpane noe mory
ycnjemno cannaarn. Temneparypa noe xpehe ce o 5-18C, PH cnpone noe xpehe ce
o 8-8.20, mro saxrnjena oapane na 7.0, xaxo n ce ycnjemno morna oannrn npnnpema
noe y nponecy xonnnnonnpana. Boe Bpaca cnaajy y "cpene rnpe noe" ca
penarnnno mannm ncnapnnm ocrarxom nsmehy 200 n 300 mg/l.
]nuxo-xemnjcxa n axrepnjonomxa ncnnrnnana npme ce peonno n oana nx cnyxa
xonrpone xnannrera noe A.. "Boono" Fana Hyxa ca cnojom xemnjcxom n
axrepnjonomxom naoparopnjom. Hcnnrnnana ce oanajy cnaxonenno n xonrponnme
xnannrer noe na nsnopnmry, pesepnoapnma, nymnnnm crannnama n ncrpnyrnnnoj
mpexn.
Cem naoparopnje noonoa xonrpony xnannrera noe npmn n nanexnn spancrnenn
opran rpaa Fana Hyxa n pyre nncrnrynnje (Feorpa n Honn Ca).
8. 3ABPmHA PA3MATPAHA
Y napenom nepnoy norpeno je ycmjepnrn naxny na nsrpane npnmapnnx njenona
noononor cncrema "Fana Hyxa", xao norpey sa oesjehene npomnpena n crannnocrn
cnanjenana noom. Tn nocnonn cy ceehn:
sanpmnrn sanouery nsrpany pyre ]ase "]apnxe noe" y Honocennjn (Honocennja II),
ynanpnjenrn samrnry nsnopnmra noe y Honocennjn (ypsarn nnannpany nsrpany
]exannnx xonexropa yx oe oane Bpaca o Kapanonna na o Honocennje)
nsrpanrn pesepnoapcxn npocrop, npnje cnera na Tynnnama, pesepnoap Tynnne I
V=2x7500 m3, ca nymnnom crannnom, pesepnoap Tynnne II V=3000 m3, ca cnojnnm
norncnnm njenonoom 400mm,
orpanrn pesepnoap Hanpnxonan sa nonnx V=7500 m3,
nsrpanrn ononn njenono 700 mm o pesepnoapa Tynnne I y yxnnn nna 5000 m.
Hope rope naneennx npnopnrera norpeno je napanenno panrn na canannjn n
npomnpeny cexynapne mpexe.
132
133
134
135
136
137
Pucmo Cmfenauoeuh.
1
OCBPTH HA IEHEPAAHH HPO1EKAT KAHAAH3AHHOHOI
CHCTEMA IPAA BAHA AYKA
Pesu+e:
Heanno je pennonan n npnxnahen renepannn npojexar xanannsannje ypanor
nopyuja rpaa Fana Hyxa. Hpema npenopyxama Enponcxe npexrnne o noama,
npnmnjenen je xonnenr a ce nope ]exannnx ornannx noa, npnje ynymrana y
pennnnjenre, npmn npeunmhanane n nonpmnncxnx noa o naannna xoje ce
caxynajy ca caopahajnnx nonpmnna. Hpennhen je nehn poj npenymnnnx
crannna sa ]exanny xanannsannjy n perensnja sa xnmnnny. Koncraronano je a
nncy y njenocrn cauynann xopnopn sa rpace rnannnx xonexropa n noxannje
nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa, xojn cy nnannpann pannjnm
pjemennma.
K+yuue pujeuu: raua.usaufa, npe:uuhaeane omnaouux eooa, raua.usauouu
ro.ermopu, ny+nue cmauue, pemeusufe
REVIEWS OF THE GENERAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE
SYSTEMS OF BANJA LUKA
Summary:
As recently revised and approved the general design of urban sewage area of Banja
Lukka. According to the recommendations of the European Directive on Water,
applied the concept that the addition of sewage waste water before discharging into
the recipient, makes cleaning and surface water from precipitation that is collected
from traffic areas. Provided for a large number of pumping stations of sewerage
systema and retention of rainwater. It was found that did not completely preserved
corridors for major collector route and location of plant for wastewater treatment,
which were planned earlier solutions
Key words: sewage, waste water, sewage collectors, pumping stations, retention
1
mp. nnn.nnx.rpah. YPFHC HEHTAP, .o.o. Fana Hyxa
138
1 YBO
Hponemarnxa caxynana, onohena n npeunmhanana ornannx noa ca rpacxor
nopyuja Fana Hyxe je axryenna o nymrana y pa npnor jannor noonoa, o 1908.
ronne o anac. Hsrpana xanannsannonor cncrema nnje napanenno nparnna nsrpany
noonoa, raxo a n anac na ypanom rpacxm nopyujy nmamo nennx poja nacea es
janne xanannsannje (npema caamnnm nponjenama, noxpnnenocr xanannsannonom mpexom
rpaa je oxo 60%). Hocrpojene sa npeunmhanane rpacxnx ornannx noa o anac nnje
nsrpaheno, naxo je npennhano y ocaamnnm nnancxnm oxymenrnma.
Hpema Ienepannom npojexry, ocnm xanannsannonnx xonexropa (oxo 36 xm rnannnx
xonexropa) n nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ynorpnjeennx noa, na xanannsannonom
cncremy Fana Hyxe ce janajy none npcre ojexara: cn]onn sa nponasax ncno pnjexe
Bpac (2 cn]ona), xanannsannone npenymnne crannne (yxynno 17 npenymnnnx crannna),
perensnonn asenn sa xnmnnny, cenaparopn ya sa npeunmhanane xnmnnne.
2 3AKOHCKH HPOHHCH
Inannn saxoncxn nponncn xojnma ce perynnme oacr caxynana, onohena n
npeunmmanane oopnncxnx n ornannx noa y Penynnnn Cncxoj:
- 3axon o noama ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p. 50/06, 92/09),
- 3axon o samrnrn xnnorne cpenne ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p.
53/02),
- Ypea o xnacn]nxannjn noa n xareropnsannjn nooroxa ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx
Penynnxe Cpncxe", p. 42/01),
- Hpannnnnx o rpermany n ononn ornannx noa sa nopyuja rpaona n nacea rje
nema janne xanannsannje ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p. 68/01),
- Hpannnnnx o ycnonnma sa ncnymrane ornannx noa y janny xanannsannjy
("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p. 44/01),
- Hpannnnnx o naunny n meroama opehnnana crenena sarahenocrn ornannx noa xao
ocnonnne sa yrnphnnane noonpnnpene naxnae ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe
Cpncxe", p. 44/01),
- Hpannnnnx o ycnonnma ncnymrana ornannx noa y nonpmnncxe noe ("Cnyxenn
rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p. 44/01),
- Hpannnnnx o ycnonnma xoje mopajy a ncnynanajy noonpnnpene naoparopnje xao
npanna nnna nnn y oxnnpy npannnx nnna xoje npme opeheny npcry ncnnrnnana xnannrera
nonpmnncxnx, nosemnnx n ornannx noa ("Cnyxenn rnacnnx Penynnxe Cpncxe", p.
44/01).
Honn 3axon o noama je ycarnamen ca npexrnnama Enponcxe ynnje o noama, na ce
moe cmarparn xao opa saxoncxa ocnona sa npannnno pjemanane onohena n
npeunmhanana ornannx noa.
139
3 IAABHA OKYMEHTAHH1A H3 OBAACTH KAHAAH3AHH1E
Haxon nymrana y ]ynxnnjy npnor jannor nooa sa oprannsonano cnanjenane rpaa
noom (noonnn cncrem Cyornna) 1908. ronne nponem ornannx noa na nopyujy
rpaa nocraje ennenran n nesaonnasan y pasnojy rpacxe nn]pacrpyxrype. Crora ce
1912. ronne npncrynnno nspan Hpojexra rpacxor xanannsannonor cncrema. Hpojexrny
oxymenrannjy je ypanno Hpeysernnmrno sa eron n noorpany Jocnn ycxn ns
3arpea. Ha ocnony npojexne oxymenrannje, rpa je no nonjeen y ner nopyuja, uerpn
na nnjenoj n jeno na ecnoj oann Bpaca (yxnne nonpmnne 252 xa, na nnjenoj oann
191,1 xa, na ecnoj 60,9 xa). Hperxono je onyueno a ce njenoxynna capxnna xanana
nymra y pnjexy Bpac. Kanannsannonn xonexropn nsrpahenn no onoj oxymenrannjn cy y
ynorpen o anamnnx ana.
Y ronnama nocnje pyroro cnjercxor para rpa oxnnana emorpa]cxy excnansnjy.
Pan ce na canannjn omrehenor xanannsannonor cncrema, y manem onmy na nsrpann
none xanannsannone mpexe. Hnrnsnnnnje axrnnnocrn cy ce onnjane y nepnoy o 1961.
o 1968. ronne. O snauajnnjnx ojexara nsrpahen je xonexrop Pocye - Kymcane.
Ypanncrnuxn sano FnX n Ypanncrnuxn sano Fana Hyxa ypannn cy 1965. ronne
Crynjy xanannsannje rpaa, xao nocean npnnor Ypanncrnuxom nnany Fana Hyxe.
Hpema onoj crynjn ycnojen je mjemonnrn cncrem npnxynana n onohena ornannx noa.
Hocrojeha rpn xanannsannona cncrema rpea npnxunrn na yyhn rnannn rpacxn
xanannsannonn xonexrop, xojn he cne ornane noe ca yyhe ypane repnropnje (oxo 1100
xa), ononrn y nenrpannn rpacxn ypehaj sa rperman ornannx noa, unja je noxannje
npennena y naceny Manp. 3a ]apnxy nenynose, xoja no raamnnm nponjenama aje
sarahene o 3.140.000 exnnnanenrnnx cranonnnxa, npennheno je a cnoje ornane noe
pjemana camocranno.
Houerxom 1975. ronne ycnojena cy na xyuna oxymenra y onacrn pasnoja rpaa, y rom
xonrexcry n pjemanana nponemarnxe npnxynana n onohena ornannx noa:
Ypanncrnuxn nnan n crynja Hejno pjemene onone ornannx n oopnncxnx noa sa
rpa Fana Hyxy. Y cxnony onor oxymenra je npennheno a ce sa none ypane nonpmnne
npennhene Ypanncrnuxnm nnanom, na oxo 5200 xa ycnojn pasjennn cncrem npnxynana
n onohena ornannx noa. Hocrojehn cncrem n no sapxan camo na nonpmnnn 820 xa y
yxem ypanom nopyujy. Cne ornane noe ce onoe na nenrpannn rpacxn ypehaj sa
npeunmhanane ornannx noa, unja ce noxannja npenna nnsnono o ymha noo1oxa
parouaj y Bpac ca nonpmnnom o 20 xa. Ha asn onor Hejnor pjemena ypahenn cy
Inannn npojexrn sa nojenne npocropne njennne Ipaa, n nsnpmeno nsnohene njena
nocrojeher rpacxor xanannsannonor cncrema. Bema rnannnx xanannsannonnx xonexropa
n npnjenor noaxnje ypeheja sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa no Ypanncrnuxom nnany je
aje na cnnnn p. 1 [1] .
3ano sa noonpnnpey Capajno je 1983. ronne ypano Crynjy n nejno pjemene
nocrpojena sa rperman ornannx noa nnycrpnje n rpaa Fana Hyxa. Y xonaunoj
napnjanrn cy npennhena 2 nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa: nocrpojene sa
npeunmhanane nnyc1pnjcxnx o1nannx noa xounna1a HHHEA na noxannjn
qapnuxor xomnnexca (norpena nonpmnna noxannje 6 xa), re nen1pano rpacxo
noc1pojene sa npeunmhanane o1nannx noa c1anonnnm1na na noxannjn 3anyaann
(yaena 8 xm o rpaa, norpena nonpmnna noxannrera 12 xa).
140
Ona crynja n nejno pjemene je ynaxanana noarxe n pjemena n nperxono ypahennx
oxymenara:
- Perynannonn nnan HHHEH, ypahen 1978. ro.
- Hcnnrnnane ornannx noa nnycrpnje n nacea Fana Hyxa, Hncrnrnr sa
noonpnnpey Japocnan uepnn, Feorpa 1971. ro.
- Feasibility report for collection and tretman of sewage and industrial wastes of Banja
Luka, Nedeco and Witte veen Bos. Holand, 1975. god.
- Yrnphnnane napamerapa sa nonomxo npeunmhanane ornannx noa nponsnone
nenynose n rpacxnx ornannx noa, Fana Hyxa, 1979. ro.
C.. 1. Le+a npu+apue eoooeooue u raua.usauoue +pe+e no n.auy oo 1975. eoo.
Figure 1. Schematic of hte primary water supply and sewerage sins 1975.

Homro noxannje nocrojena sa ornane noe y 3anyxannma nnje cauynana o nsrpane, a n
sor cranne nsrpane ojexara ys pnjexy Bpac na njeny o 3anyxana o Haxrama,
eneece1nx ronna ce cne nnme sac1ynana neja a nen1panno noc1pojene sa
npeunmhanane o1nannx noa 1pea nonnpa1n na nopyujy snanou C1apaua
nnsnono o Aax1ama.
Crynjcxom oxymenrannjom o 2004. rone [4] erannje cy anannsnpane napnjanre
noxannje nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa. Kao axryennn noxannrern osnpom
na pacnonoxnnn npocrop y osnp cy onasnnn:
- Bapnjanra 1: rnanno nocrpojene nnsnono o camocrana y ennamnno ceny,
pyro nocrpojene na noxannrery Crapaua ncno Haxrama;
- Bapnjanra 2: rnanno nocrpojene nnsnono o 3anyxana (na ecnoj oann Bpaca),
pyro nocrpojene na noxannrery Crapaua ncno Haxrama;
- Bapnjanra 3: jeno nenrpanno nocrpojene na noxannrery Crapaua ncno Haxrama;
141
Texnoexonomcxa anannsa je noxasana a je exonomnunnje rpanrn jeno (rnanno)
nocrpojene na noxannjn ennamnno ceno, ocrarax ornannx noa ca njenonoom maner
npo]nna nonrn n rpernparn ca ornannm noama Haxrama na noxannrery Crapaua.
Pjemena no anannsnpannm napnjanrama cy ara na cnnnn p. 2 [4] .

C.. 2. Aua.usupauu .ora.umemu ypehafa sa npe:uuhaeane omnaouux eooa
Figure 2. Analyzed sites the cleaning device effluents
142
Y roxy 2011. ronne oanenn cy nocnonn na npesenronany, pennsnjn n ycnajany
Ienepannor npojexra Kanannsannonn cncrem oopnncxnx n ynorpnjeennx noa
cranonnnmrna n nnycrpnje Ipaa Fana Hyxa. Hapyunnan nocna je no Ipa Fana Hyxa, a
npojexar je ypano 3ano sa noonpnnpey, .o.o. Fnjenna. Haxon nnsa nponeennx
npesenrannja n crpyunnx pacnpana na nnnoy penenanrnnx rpacxnr crpyxrypa (Ojeene
sa xomynanne n cramene nocnone, Boono, a.. Fana Hyxa, npojexranrn), re oanene
pennsnje, Ienepannn npojexar je enaopnpan y rpn njennne:
- Knnra 1: Kanannsannonn cncrem oopnncxnx noa ypanor nopyuja Ipaa Fana
Hyxa
- Knnra 2: Kanannsannonn cncrem ynorpnjeennx noa ypanor nopyuja Ipaa
Fana
- Knnra 3: Karacrap sarahnnaua na nopyujy IYH Fana Hyxa
Ho onom renepannom npojexry nponemarnxa npeunmhanana ornannx noa je cneena
camo na ypann no repnropnje Ipa Fana Hyxa, es ysnmana y osnp njena repnropnje
onmrnne Haxramn. Hpenoxenn xonnenr napnjanre sa ycnajane onohena oopnncxnx n
ornannx noa, re noxannje ypehaja sa npeunmhanan ce aje na cnnnn p. 3 [5]
Hope nosnnnja rnannnx xonexropa oopnncxe n ]exanne xanannsannje, noxannje
nocrpojena sa npeunmhnane ornannr noa, mory ce younrn noxannje nymnnnx crannna na
]exannoj xanannsannjn (16 xomaa), xao n noxannje perensnnox asena na xnmnoj
xanannsannje (are nosnnnje sa 17 anannsnpannx cnnnona) ns xojnx he ce noa
npenymnanarn y cenaparope ya, re naxon npeunmhanana ynymrarn y nooroxe.
4 HOCTO1ETE CTAHE KAHAAH3AHH1E
Ipa Fana Hyxa nma jennmnuno nsrpahen xanannsannonn cncrem sa onohene
oopnncxnx n ynorpnjeennx noa nacea n nnycrpnje. Hponjena je a je nocrojehnm
xanannsannonnm cncremom oyxnaheno oxo 60% rpacxor ypanor nopyuja. Behn no
nocrojeher xanannsannonor cncrema je mjemonnror rnna, ox cy y nojennnm
perynannonnm njennnama nsrpahenn xanannsannonn cncremn pasjennor (cenaparnor)
rnna. Ipa nema nsrpaheno nocrpojene sa rperman (npeunmhannane) ornannx noa, neh
ce ornane noe onoe n ynymrajy y najnnxe pennnnjenre (pnjexe Bpac n Bpany n
nnxone npnroxe). Mjecra nsnnnana ornannx noa cy nsnop pasnnx sapasa n sarahena, a
mnpn ce n nenpnjaran mnpnc no oxonnnn. Perncrponan je nennxn poj sarahnnaua
(nncrpnja n mana npnnpea) xojn nemajy nnxaxan nperperman npnje ynymrana ornannx
noa y xanannsannonn cncrem.
Ha ocnony nocrojeher crana, moxe ce nenrn]nxonarn 16 rnannnx ]exannnx
xonexropa, yxynne yxnne oxo 42 xm. C osnpom na crapocr xonexropa, najsacrynennjn
marepnjann cy asecr nemenr n eron, ann n xepamnna, xao n nnacrnxa (HBH n HE).
Hpo]nnn xonexropa cy xpyxnor n jajacror onnxa. 3acrynenn cy xpyxnn npo]nnn 300
o 16000 mm, jajacrn npo]nnn: 300/450, 400/600, 500/750, 600/900, 650/1000,
700/1050, 800/1200, 900/1350, 1500/2000, 1700/2200 mm. Hponnjenena yxnna
cnnx xonxropa (npnmapne n cexynapn mpexe) nsnocn oxo 300 xm.
143
C.. 3. Pfeuena no Ieuepa.uo+ npofermy oo 2011. eoo.
Figure 4. Solutions for General Design in 2011. years.
144
5 OCBPTH HA P1EmEHA H3 IEHEPAAHOI HPO1EKTA
Hpema Ienepannom npojexry npenhen je pasjennn (cenaparnn) cncrem xanannsannje.
3a ycnajane je npenoxena napnjanra 1 onohena n npeunmhanana ynornpjeennx noa,
xojom je opahen maxcnmanno nenrpannsonann cncrem, xojn ce cacroj o:
- Hen1pannn cnc1eu xojn oyxnara rpacxo ypano nopyuje ca yxynno 235.000
exnnnanenrnnx cranonnnxa (EC) o 2040. ronne n nenrpanno rpacxo nocrpojene
sa npeunmhanane ynorpnjeennx noa (HHYB) xanannrera 330.000
exnnnanenrnnx cranonnnxa. 3a nornyno npnxyuene cranonnnmrna na nenrpannn
xanannsannonn cncrem, nnannpana je nsrpana 13 xanannsannonnx nymnnnx
crannna xanannrera 6 1225 n/cex. Yxynna yxnna rnannor n npnmapnnx
xanannsannonnx xonexropa je 54,4 xm, npeunnxa 250 1200 mm.
- Kanannsannonn cnc1eu Hecua ca 2.000 cranonnnxa, xojn sor xon]nrypannje
repena nemoxe a ce nonexe ca nenrpannnm rpacxnm cncremom, na ce npenaxe
nsrpana maner nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa xanannrera 2.000
EC. Yxynna yxnna npmapnnx xonxropa 2,9 xm,, npeunnxa 250 300 mm.
- Aoxannja HHYB ennamnno ceno: Yxynna norpena nonpmnna noxannje je
10 xa. Hoxannja ce nanasn nenocpeno nnsnono o Fananyuxe nnnape (ncno
camocrana Tpanncrn). Ono je jenno pacnonoxnna noxannja sa nsrpany
nenrpannor rpacxor nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ynorpnjeennx noa, na je
ncry norpeno pesepnncarn sa nsrpany HHYB (xaxo nen oxnnjena cynny
pannje nnannpane noxannje y Tpny). Horpena nonpmnna noxannje je opehena na
ocnony njearpama (cn. 4 [5]) xojn je asnpan na nonpmnnama neh nsrpahennx
HHYB.
Oopnncxa xanannsannja je pauynara na xnme 2-ronmner nonparnor nepnoa,
pauyncxo npnjeme xonnenrpannje Tc=20 mnnyra. Caxynene noe je norpeno npeuncrnrn
npnje ncnymrana y nooroxe. Mnnnmannn crenen npeunmhanana je yxnanane macnohe n
ya xoje ce cannpajy ca ac]anrnnx xononosnnx nonpmnna. 3a yxnanane macnohe n ya ns
oopnncxe noe, sa mane nporoxe 100 200 n/cex, mory ce xopncrnrn npe]apnxonann
cenaparopn ya n macrn. Mehyrnm sa nehe npornnaje (xojn ce janajy na cxopo na cnnm
nsnnnnma) onaxan naunn je remxo npnxnarnn. Hpenoxeno je pjemene ca npnxnaranem
npnor ranaca jaxo sanpane noe y pesepnoape (perensnje) ns xojnx ce naxon npecranxa
naannna noa npnn nymnama xanannrera 20-50 n/cex na cenaparop xojn ce yrpahyje nsna
nnn nope ojexra perensnje.
Tpea nmarn y nny unnennny a he y perensnjama sor npemena sapxanana o 20
mnnyra nemnnonno onasnrn o ranoxena nnjecxa xojn he ce nonpemeno moparn uncrnrn.
Crora xo nspae Inannnx npojexara rpea nonrn pauyna a ojexrn perensnja mopajy
nrn npncrynaunn sa mexannsannjy nennxnx raapnra (arepa n xamnona). Ony unnennny
rpea osnno ynaxanarn xo nspae oronapajyhe npocropno-nnancxe oxymenrannje
(peynannonn nnanonn. sonnnr nnanonn, ypanncrnuxo-rexnnuxn ycnonn n cn).
145
Potrebna Povrina PPUV [ha]
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
3
0
0
,
0
0
0
4
0
0
,
0
0
0
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
6
0
0
,
0
0
0
7
0
0
,
0
0
0
Kapacitet PPUV [ES]
P
o
t
r
e
b
n
a

p
o
v
r

i
n
a

P
P
U
V


[
h
a
]
Potrebna Povrina PPUV [ha]
C.. 4. ufaepa+ sa oopehueane noepuuue npocmopa sa HHVB
Figure 5. Diagram for determining the surface area
Ocnonnn noxasaren sa ycnojeny napnjanry 1 ce ajy y napennm raenama:
- yxnne rnannnx ]exannnx xonexropa
- Hymnne crannne na ]exannoj xanannsannjn
- Yxynna npnjenocr ]exannor xanannsannonor cncrema
- Yxynna npnjenocr xnmnor xanannsannonor cncrema
Hocrojehn xonexropn Honn xonx1opn Penn
poj
Osnaxa
xonexropa yxnna m Yxynna nnjena
KM
yxnna m Yxynna nnjena
KM
1 GFK 1 1.449,00 1.379.882,00 16.900,00 8.972.645,00
2 GFK 1.1 - - 4.638,00 3.927.345,00
3 GFK 1.2 5.159,00 4.294.831,00 - -
4 GFK 1.3 572,00 981.095,00 8.125,00 4.837.306,00
5 GFK
1.3.1
1.621,00 1.222.496,00 1.157,00 583.654,00
6 GFK 1.4 - 3.965,00 2.695.886,00
yxynno: 8.801,00 7.878.304,00 35.245,00 31.016.836,00
Taoe.a 1. y+uue e.aeuux qera.uux ro.ermopa
Table 1. The lengths of the main sewage collectors
146
Pe
nn
po
j
Osnaxa
HC
Konexrop
na xome ce
nanasn
3anpem
nna
ycncnor
asena
(m3)
Hporox
Q maks
Bncnna
H (m)
Cnara
kW
Yxynna
nnjena KM
1 PS 1
GFK
PPUV Del.
selo
400 1.285,00 12 225 1.200.250,00
2 PS 2 GFK1.1.2 20 55 6,5 6 51.300,00
3 PS 3 GFK1.1 20 100 6,8 11 81.050,00
4 PS 4 GFK1 15 41 9,7 7 43,600,00
5 PS 5 GFK1 5 17 3,7 2 15.800,00
6 PS 6 GFK1.3.3 4 11 10,1 2 11.900,00
7 PS 7 GFK1.3.2 2 6 4,5 1 5.950,00
8 PS 8 GFK1.3.1 30 91 3,3 5 68.750,00
9 PS 9 GFK1 15 49 5,1 4 37.450,00
10 PS 10 GFK1 10 52 2,0 2 15.000,00
11 PS 11 GFK1.4 20 110 7,6 15 276.000,00
12 PS 12 GFK1.4 5 22 8,2 3 19.800,00
13 PS 13 GFK1.6 5 14 6,6 2 13.850,00
14 PS 14 GFK1 5 10 4,0 2 11.000,00
15 PS 15 GFK1.3 4 8 5,6 3 15.000,00
16 PS 16 GFK1.3 5 15 9,6 3 15.000,00
17 PS 17 GFK1 75 80 4,6 15 205.050,00
Yxynno 308 2.086.750,00
Taoe.a 2. Hy+nue cmauue ua qera.uo+ cucme+y
Table 2. Sewage pump station on the system
Bpnjenocr KM Penn
poj
Bpcre ojexara
Hocrojehn ojexrn Honn ojex1n
1 Konexropn 112.929.257,00 77.235.334,00
2 Baxronn 29.874.500,00 17.012.000,00
3 Hymnne crannne - 2.086.750,00
4 HHYB ennamnno ceno - 52.800.000,00
Yxynno 142.538.000,00 149.134.084,00
Yxynno npnjenocr ]exannor cncrema 291.673.000,00
Taoe.a 3. Vrynua epufeouocm qera.uoe raua.usauouoe cucme+a
Table 3. The total value of fecal sewage system
147
Hocrojehn xonexropn Honn xonex1opn Penn
poj
Osnaxa
xonexropa yxnna
(m)/ xom
Yxynna nnjena
KM
yxnna (m)
/ xom
Yxynna nnjena
KM
C.1 GKK-M 35.858,00 34.185.082,00 37.737,00 21.311.455,00
C.2 GKK-Z - - 5.414,00 4.872.605,00
C.3 GSKK-M 16.842,00 12.027.730,00 5.178,00 2.264.262,00
C.4 GSKK-Z - - 4.346,00 2.998.108,00
C.5 KK 196.710,00 9566.363,00 105.926,00 51.512.657,00
C.7 Baxronn 3.563 5.344.500,00 1.988 3.966.000,00
C.8 Cnnnnnnn 9.976 2.521.000,00 6.344 1.586.000,00
C.9 Perensnje - 25.450,00 16.165.500,00
Yxynno 249.410,00 149.744.675,00 158601,00 104.676.587,00
Yxynno crapn + nonn xonexropn 254.421.262,00
1aeua 4. Vrynua epujeuocm ruuuoe rauauusauuouoe cucme+a
Table 4. The total value of rain sewerage system
Ienepannnm npojexrom je xoncraronano a ocnm cranonnnmrna, y xanannsannonn cncrem
ocnnjenajy n ornane noe o npnnpennx cyjexara (mane npnnpee n nnycrpnje).
Perncrponano je yxynno 136 sarahnnaua. Hpema npnxynennm n opahennm noannma
(mjepennma EFC-a sa nehe nnycrpnjcxe sarahnnaue, nponjene na ocnony anxernnx
ynnrnnxa, noannma npeyseha Boono, a.. na ocnony xonnunna ncnopyuene noe),
omno ce o noarxa a sa xpaj nnancxor nepnoa (2040. ro) yxynna npornosnpana
npoyxnnja nyrpnjenara nspauynara na ocnoy snpa exnnnanenrnor poja cranonnnxa
(EFC) sa cranonnnmrno, many npnnpey n snauajne npnnpene sarahnnaue nsnocn:
EFC = 270.500 + 49.677 = 320.177 EC, mro je naxno sa yxynno onrepehene yyher
nocrpojena sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa rpaa.
6 3AKYHAK
Hn onora paa nnje no a ce onoce cyrecrnje n saxyunn o opnm nnn nomnm
pjemennma arnm y Ienepannom npojexry Kanannsannonor cncrema oopnncxnx n
ynorpnjeennx noa cranonnnmrna n nnycrpnje Ipaa Fana Hyxa o 2011. ronne.
Onjene n cyrecrnje je ana pennsnona xomncnja n ncre cy yrpahene y xonauno pjemene xoje
je npearo napyunony nocna. Hamjepa je a ce yxaxe na yyhe xon]nnxre y npocropnma
rje ce yy peannsonann nojennn cermenrn npojexra. Inannn xanannsannonn xonexropn
cy yrnannom nnannpann y xopnopnma jannnx caopahajnnna, mro je opo ca acnexra
moryhnocrn naxmer npncryna xo nsrpane n yyhnx opxanana (nema norpee
xopnmhena npnnarnnx nocjea). Hponemarnxy he npecranarn nocrojehe nncranannje
xao n onnjane caopahaja (nosnna n njemxa) roxom nsrpane. 3a pojne nymnne crannne
sa ynorpnjeene noe, xao n perensone asene n cenaparope ya sa oopnncxe noe, na
nexnm noxannjama he nrn nponemarnuno oesnjenrn norpean npocrop. Moxe ce pehn
a je nocrpojene sa npeunmhanane ornannx noa npennheno na jennom o caa
148
nensrpahenom npocropy xojn moxe nrn noroan sa one namjene (nma onono npocropa
xojn nnje nsrpahen). Jannocr no onome ce jom nnje nsjacnnna: mory ce ouexnnarn
npornnena sor nnsnne camcrany, nopyujy napx myme Tpanncrn n cn. Y cnaxom
cnyuajy nemernn npojexar n rpeano peannsonarn y nnannpannm poxonnma, xaxo ne n
oxnnno cynny pannjnx npojexara (na nnannpanoj noxannjn ce nsrpae pyrn ojexrn)..
Pjemena no ycnojenoj napnjanrn je norpeno ynaxanarn xo nspae npocropno
nnancxnx oxymenara (Ypanncrnuxn nnan, Perynannonn nnanonn, 3onnnr nnanonn,
Ypanncrnuxo-rexnnuxn ycnonn). Horpeno je pesepnncarn norpene npocrope: sa rpace
xonexropa, HHYB, nymnne crannne, perensnone asene, cenaparope ya, nsnnne
oopnncxe xanannsannje, npncrynne nyrene nnannpannm ojexrnma.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Bana Hyra, Vpoauucmu:ru n.au / Cnnresa // Ypanncrnuxn sano Fana Hyxa, 1975.,
Fana Hyxa
[2] Cmyoufa u uoefuo pfeuene nocmpofena sa mpem+au omnaouux eooa uuoycmpufe u
epaoa Bana Hyra / Crynja//3ano sa noonpnnpey Capajeno, 1983., Capajeno
[3] eeeoecem eoouua Bana.y:roe eoooeooa, / Monorpa]nja //Ocnonno pxanno janno
xoynanno npeysehe Boono Fana Hyxa, 2000., Fana Hyxa
[4] Cmyoufa sa pfeuaeane npoo.e+a omnaouux eooa, / Crynja // Mnnepan npojexr, ,
2004., Chemnitz of Grna, Bemauxa
[5] Kaua.usauouu cucme+ ooopuucrux u ynompufeo+euux eooa cmauoeuuumea u
uuoycmpufe Ipaoa Bana Hyra / Ienepannn npojexar // 3ano sa noonpnnpeyy,
.o.o. Fnjenna, 2011. Fnjenna
[6] Vnpae+ane npofermu+a xuopomexuu:re uuqpacmpyrmype, ua npu+fep+a usepaone
e.aeuux epaocrux raua.usauouux ro.ermopa u nocmpofena sa npe:uuhaeane
omnaouux eooa ua npocmopu+a oumuua Penyo.ure Cpncre u Ipaoa Bana Hyra /
Marncrapcxa resa // Pncro Crjenanonnh, nnn.nnx.rpah, 2008. Fana Hyxa
[7] Bpeouoeane eapufaumuux pfeuena sa usoop .oraufe sa usepaony nocmpofena sa
npe:uuaeane omnaouux eooa epaoa Bana Hyra / 3opnnx paona, XXXV
Cnmnosnjym o onepannonnm ncrpaxnnannma, SYM-OP-IS 2008 // mp Pncro
Crjenanonnh, nnn.nnx.rpah, 2008. Coxo Fana
[8] upermuee Eeponcre Vuufe o eooa+a / Hpeno // Ypyxene sa rexnnornjy noe n
cannrapno nxenepcrno, 2005. Feorpa
[9] 3aroucru nponucu Penyo.ure Cpncre us oo.acmu saumume eooa / Hponncn // Bnaa
Penynnxe Cpncxe
149
Bpauro Bojoeuh
1
HYTEBH H CYKOBH HHTEPECA Y HPOCTOPY
Pesu+e:
Hyrenn cy nran enemenar crpyxrype npocropa n ]axrop neronor pasnoja. Ann
nyrenn cy n nonnron sa cyxoanane pasnnunrnx nnrepeca y npocropy, mro ayrop
noxasyje na uernpn ooapana npnmepa ns pyre Jyrocnannje n anamne Cpnje.
Ayrop yxparxo npnxasyje axrepe cyxoanana n cymrnny cyxoa xoje cmarpa sa
nrne yspoxe xaornune ypannsannje y Cpnjn. Te cyxoe ne npenosnajemo jep
cmo yneenn y pasnnunre nonnrnuxe n pymrnene crepeornne, onocno nannxnyrn
na opehena nonnrnuxo-npanna pemena. Ayrop cmarpa a je norpena remena
pennsnja mnornx nponeca xojn ce rnuy nsrpane n ypehena npocropa n nacea. To
npeme he ohn rex ca nojanom ypannsonannx n npocnehennx nonnrnuxnx ennra.
K+yuue peuu: uumepecu, cyroou, paseof, ypoauusa+.
ROADS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN THE SPACE
Summary:
Roads are an essential element of space structure and factor of space development.
But roads are also a polygon for conflicts of various interests in the space, which the
author of this paper shows on four chosen examples in the second Yugoslavia and
todays Serbia. The author briefly indicates actors of conflicts, as well as the essence
of conflicts which he considers crucial for causes of chaotic urbanization in Serbia.
We do not recognize these conflicts as we have been drawn into different political and
social stereotypes, actually, we are accustomed to certain political and legal
solutions. The opinion of the author is that it is necessary to comprehensively revise
many processes associated with the development and arrangement of space and
settlements. This time will come only with arrival of urbanized and committed
political elites.
Key words: interests, conflicts, development, urban planning.
1
nnn.nnx.apx., n.. rnannor n oronopnor ypennxa uaconnca Hsrpana, 11000 Feorpa, Knesa Mnnoma 7a
E-mail: izgradnja@sezampro.rs
150
1. YBO
Hyrenn cy najcrapnjn onnx nn]pacrpyxrype
2
. Hyrenn cy najnpe nemauxe crase
xojnma ce xpehy npno yn - nonnn n caxynaun mymcxnx nponsnoa, a norom ronapne
xnnornne nojennauno n y xapanannma, nsa rora sanpere cne o canpemennx npenosnnx
cpecrana, yrnannom pymcxnx. Hojam nyra npemenom mena capxaj sanncno o
rexnonomxor pasnoja ynoe ce nojmonn nnonnnx, nasymnnx n pyrnx nyrena.
Hyrenn cy snauajnn sa xopnmhene n ]ynxnnonncane npocropa onocno
repnropnja, onn cy yspox ann n nocnenna pasnoja. Hnrepaxnnja nsmehy nocrojana nyrene
n pasnoja npocropa nocrojn o nnnoa reononnrnxe o naxannor nnnoa. Orya snauaj nyrena
sa nonnrnxy ypehena n pasnoja npocropa.
Ca pyre crpane, cnaxn onnx nnn npcra repnropnjannnx nncranannja, na n
nyrenn, npemer cy uecro necarnacnnx nnn cynpocranennx nnrepeca y npocropy. Ipahann
xojn cy, no npnpon crnapn, yneenn y pasnnunre nonnrnuxe, pymrnene, oprannsannone n
pyre crepeornne ne npenosnajy re nnrepece, mro je na nexn naunn nopmanno jep cy
rpahann uecro neypannsonann, ca nncxom ypanom cnemhy n nncxom ypanom xynrypom.
uecro re cyxoe ne npenosnajy nn crpyunann, mro yxasyje na manax snana n
xomnerennnje. Hajxpnrnunnje je, mehyrnm, mro re cyxoe ne npenosnajy nn ennre na
nnacrn, one ennre xoje onoce onyxe o pasnojy yonmre, na n o pasnojy npocropa.
Ha cnaxoj nonnrnuxoj repnropnjn pxann, pernnjn n onmrnnn najnaxnnje cy
ne crnapn: nonynyc n repnropnja, onocno npocrop. Hpocrop je nran ]axrop
ersncrennnje yn n napoa, ycnon ersncrennnje yn n napoa. Horpemne onyxe o
npocropy nmajy nennxe n uecro neorxnonnne, nehnre nocnenne sa name xparxe xnnore.
Cne ono je nono sa nacranax onnx nexonnxo maprnnannja.
Hponem cyxoa nnrepeca y npocropy y nesn ca nyrennma je neoma nennxn n
xonnxo je menn nosnaro na npocropy pyre Jyrocnannje nnxaa nnje nenonnro enaopnpan.
Hponem saxrena osnan nnmencnnnnnnapnn npncryn nexonnxo ocnonnnx crpyxa
nonnrnuapa, nnanepa, npannnxa, exonomncra, nnxenepa pasnnx crpyxa, n pyrnx.
Y rexcry xojn cnen, sa uernpn oapane reme, nhe are camo ocnonne nasnaxe o
cyxonma nnrepeca y npocropy y nesn ca nyrennma, es cexropcxnx anannsa y nesn ca
naneennm nponemnma. Maprnnannje nsnoce nnuna casnana n nnune cranone ayropa,
npaxrnuno es nanohena nnreparype xoja sa ony onacr cxopo a ne nocrojn, jep npanna n
exonomcxa nayxa pasmarpany onnx nponema nncy nocnernne oronapajyhy naxny. Texcr
nma nn a npononnpa pacnpany o nponemnma xojnma je nocnehen, a ne a ys xopnmhene
nayunor anapara ynasn y erano enaopnpane nponema.
2
Hojam nn]pacrpyxrype npnn nyr ce nojanyje nouerxom XIX nexa, roxom Hanoneononnx parona,
xao snpnn nasnn sa cne cncreme repnropnjannnx nncranannja o snauaja sa nsnohene parnnx
ejcrana, onocno sa xperane yn n oapa y ro npeme, a y anamenem snaueny peun n sa xperane
nn]opmannja, mehyconor xomynnnnpana yn n nncrnrynnja n p.
151
2. AYTOH-HYT BPATCTBO-1EHHCTBO
- Hema nnxaxne cymne a cy n npna n pyra Jyrocnannja nacrane nonnrnuxnm
cnopasymom Cpa n Xpnara y 1919. n 1945. ronnn. Oa nyra nacrane cy pxane y
npnnnxno ncrnm rpannnama.
- Jena o rnannnx ]nocxyna y pyroj Jyrocnannjn onocnna ce na parcrno n
jenncrno jyrocnonncxnx napoa n naponocrn. Ona je nspaxanana neonomxn
cran nnaajyhe nonnrnuxe crpyxrype, a rneeano nonnrnuxn, nmana je nennxn
nponarannn snauaj. Ho, ocnm ror snauaja, ]nocxyna o parcny n jenncrny nmana
je n mnore onpemehene, marepnjanne nspase mehy xojnma je no n ayro-nyr
Fparcrno-jenncrno nsmehy Feorpaa n 3arpea y yxnnn o oxo 400 xm.
- Hpna eonnna ayro-nyra Fparcrno-jenncrno, nsrpahena je oxo oxo 1950. ronne
y oxnnpy Hpnor neroronmner nnana (1947-1952.ro). Ayro-nyr je rpahen npexo
omnanncxnx pannx axnnja ys orpomne marepnjanne n pyre remxohe nsasnane
nycromenem Jyrocnannje y pyrom cnercxom pary.
3
- Ayro-nyr xpos Hocannny nmao je ne anrepnarnne cnanoncxy n ocancxy.
C.aeoucra eapufauma je nopasymenana rpacy: Feorpa-Cpemcxa Mnrponnna-
ynana-Cnanoncxn Fpo-Hona
Ipanmxa-3arpe, na xojoj cy ce raa nanasnna camo na npana rpacxa nacea
Cpemcxa Mnrponnna n
Cnanoncxn Fpo.
Bocaucra eapufauma je nopasymenana rpacy: Feorpa-Baan-Fnjenna-Fpuxo-
Focancxn Fpo-Focancxa
Ipanmxa-Focancxa ynna-Cncax-3arpe. Tpaca je morna a ye cnymrena n
jyxnnje n a ranrnpa Tysny,
ooj, na moxa n Fana Hyxy.
- Heo ayro-nyr nonoxen je y Cpem n Cnanonnjy n jenno npenmyhcrno oapane
rpace je nna penarnnno naxa nsrpana ayro-nyra y cpemcxoj n cnanoncxoj
pannnnn. Jenna npana n snauajna rpacxa nacea na rpacn nnn cy Cpemcxa
Mnrponnna n Cnanoncxn Fpo oa rpaa na Cann, ox cy ynana n Hona
Ipanmxa raa nne nspasnro mana n nepasnnjena mecra. Can ocrann npocrop
xojnm je nonoxen ayro-nyr no je npaxrnuno nenaceen npocrop.
- Cnaxn nyr nma cnojy pasnojny ]ynxnnjy jep ornapa npocrop y xome ce nanasn, a
y npocropy y xome ce nanasn, nyr pasnnja cnojy arnomeparnnny ]ynxnnjy rj.
nannaun axrnnnocrn n ojexre xojnma je nyr neonxoan. oxas sa ro cy Cpemcxa
Mnrponnna n Cnanoncxn Fpo, xojn cy ce pasnnjann npema ayronyry, omnn o
ayro-nyra n npecxounnn ra, y nponecy, yrnannom crnxnjcxe rj. mano nnn nn mano
xonrponncane ypannsannje. Can ocrann npocrop oxo ayronyra ocrao je nperexno
onaxan xaxan jecre, rj. perxo naceen n ojexrnnno cnanje pasnnjen.
- Morna ce samncnnrn n pyra napnjanra rpace onor ayronyra xoja n nmna xpos
Focancxy Hocannny rj. jyxno o Cane. Ta rpaca je morna nonesarn rpaone
3
Haxo je ayro-nyr rpahen no neoma remxnm marepnjannnm n pyrnm ycnnonma nno je n nexnx
neoma npennx rpanrecxnx pesynrara. Y nemoryhnm marepnjannnm n pyrnm ycnonnma nnxenep
Fpanxo exe, nanpanno je mocr na Focyry ys nomoh nexnann]xonane omnanncxe pane cnare.
Fno je ro npnn mocr o npenanpernyror erona na repnropnjn Jyrocnannje.
152
Focancxe Hocannne n nna n nemro rexa n nemro mano yxa. Ipaonn Focancxe
Hocannne nacrann cy na onpy pcxo-nnannncxor n pannnuapcxor npocropa one
Penynnxe xao mecra pasmene oapa cranonnnmrna ns nponsnono pasnnunrnx
nopyuja. Ta rpaca n oyxnarnna nehn poj rpaona ca mnoro nnme yn n
pasnojem rnx rpaona nomorna n orxnanany orpomnnx mrera nacrannx roxom
pyror cnercxor para, mro n nomorno ynoheny Focne n Xepneronnne y
nnrensnnnnjn npnnpenn n cnaxn pyrn pasnoj.
- Onpeeene nonnrnuxor npxa seme nno je sa rpacy xpos Cpem n Cnanonnjy. Ta
rpaca je naxma, ann je snaunna maprnnannsannjy Focne n Xepneronnne xao
penynnxe, y xojoj cy n Cpn n Xpnarn nmann nnrepece, Focna n Xepneronnna je
neh mnoro enennja npe rora nna cnopna sema sa Cpe n Xpnare. Onaxna
onyxa, ca acnexra pasnoja n nacea, onocno crpyxe xojom ce annm je xpynna
rpemxa. Hyr Fparcrno-jenncrno n mnoro nnme oronapao cnom nmeny a je
npomao xpos mro nnme jyrocnonencxnx penynnxa onocno noxpajnna. Onaxo je
ono jeno nponaranno nme xoje je npnxpnno ann nnje orxnonnno cranne cyxoe
nnrepeca xoje nnxaxna neonornja n nnxaxna nonnrnxa, na nn nponarana nnje
morna a neyrpannme - oxas sa ro je a ce nexonnxo enennja xacnnje
Jyrocnannja pacnana n ymna y rpahancxn par.
- Kojy ronny xacnnje 1954. ronne Ipuxa, Typcxa n Jyrocnannja nornncane cy
naxr, unme je Jyrocnannja ]axrnuxn ymna y HATO. H oner, xojy ronny xacnnje
1958. ronne nacranena je nsrpana ayro-nyra Fparcrno-jenncrno n ro npno
eonnne yana 3arpe, a nocne rora xpos Mopancxy n Bapapcxy onnny.
Hyr ce n ae snao Fparcrno-jencrno, a crnapno je no crparernjcxn nyr HATO
naxra, rpahen na repnropnjn seme xoja je nna npnxpnnenn unan HATO naxra, a
nyr je nparno rpannny sema unannna Bapmancxor naxra Mahapcxe, Pymynnje n
Fyrapcxe. O Tenhennje nyr je nono xa Hapncn, Hamnjn re je nna nennxa
HATO asa, o Arnne.
- unnennne xparxo nsnere nanpe ronope o cyxoy mnornx nnrepeca. Ca acnexra
nnrepeca penynnxa n napoa nnme Jyrocnannje, npnn eo ayronyra Fpacrno-
jenncrno nsmehy Feorpaa n 3arpea nspaxana cyxo nnrepeca penynnxa
Xpnarcxe n Focne n Xepneronnne xojn je pemen y npxy jenonaprnjcxe pxane, y
nme napoa, n es napoa. Fnno n, y pyroj Jyrocnannjn, mnoro nnme parcrna n
jenncrna a je rpaca onor ayronyra nohena xpos Focny, ann je ounro npennaao
pyrn, jaun nnrepec.
- o onaxnor nnunor crana omao cam anannsom pasnoja mnornx pyrnx orahaja n
nnnecrnnnja xojn cy ce onrpann y pyroj Jyrocnannjn, npe nenor pacnaa. Taxo
nnp. Jyrocnonencxn na]rono o Kpxa o Hanuena, ]nnancnpan nperexno nonnem
Cpnje n FnX-a, nn jennm yxnnm merpom ne nponasn xpos FnX-a n Henrpanny
Cpnjy, a rpaca y Cpnjn y nennnn ne xpos Bojnonny - ayronomny, na naunn
Ycrana ns 1974. ronne. Hcro raxo, Japancxn ayronyr ]nnancnpan nnocrpannm
cpecrnnma xoje je ornnahnnana canesna pxana cnymren je na camy oany n
npaxrnuno ce y nennnn nanasn y Xpnarcxoj, ocnm mane eonnne y sonn Heyma.
Hr. Kao nojanan rpahannn n one Jyrocnannje n one Cpnje, ja cymnam a ce ry
panno o jenoj cncremarcxn cnponohenoj reononnrnuxoj xonnennnjn npnxpnnene
excnponpnjannje pyrnx penynnxa n napoa y nnrepecy jene o jyrocnonencxnx
penynnxa.
153
- Mehnrnm, ncropnja n norpea napoa cy neymonnn. Hpecrojn nsrpana
ayronyra jyxno o Cane, xoja je nernrnmnn pasnojnn nnrepec n Penynnxe Cpncxe
n Focne n Xepneronnne. Hacrahe cnryannja xojy here perxo nahn nno re y
pannonannom n pasnnjenom cnery, a ro je a nmare na napanenna ayronyra na
mehyconom pacrojany o 30-40 xm n mane, mro je na npnn norne nepannonanno,
a na pyrn norne je nopannane pannjnx rpexona n ncnpanane nounnennx
rpemaxa.
3. HYTEBH H 3EMHmHA PEHTA
- Hema nnxaxne cymne a nocrojane nn]pacrpyxrypnnx cncrema nxe npenocr
semnmra. To ce napounro n npe cnera onocn na nryene xojn cy enacrnuan n
cnnma ocrynan nn]pacrpyxrypan cncrem, y najuemhem n najmaconnnjem
xopnmheny.
- Axo samncnnmo nennxy nonpmnny penarnnno xomorenor, pennmo
noonpnnpenor semnmra, nnp. nennxn arap nexor cena, xomorenom xnannrery
semnmra oronapa xomorenocr onocno ypannorexenocr nene semnmra.
Hsyserax je camo semnmre y ceny, onocno nacey unja je nena nemro nnma.
Ann, axo npexo arapa n xpos ceno npohy opn, canpemenn nyrenn, nena
semnmra ys re nyrene necpasmepno pacre, sor nonoxaja ror semnmra ro je
rsn. nonoxajna penra xao cnenn]nuan onnx excrpa npo]nra.
- Ynpomheno peueno nyrenn noxannn n penynnuxn nponsnoe penry. Bnmn
panr n neha naxnocr nyra ayromarcxn snaue nnmy neny semnmra, rj. penra ys
arapcxe nyrene je mnoro mana nero ys pernonanne nyrene nr.
- Ca acnexra nnacnnmrna, nnacnnnn semnmra ys nyrene ocrnapyjy nexy npcry
mononona, a ]opmnpany ror mononona onpnnocn ncxyunno nyr. Hyr je y cnapn,
nexa npcra nnnecrnnnje xojy je yunnno nexn pyrn rnrynap onocno nnacnnx
nnacnnx nyra, xaa ce pan o pernonannnm n pyrnm nyrennma ona je ro pxana.
Hyr je axne nexa npcra xannrana, nexa npcra nnnecrnnnje y semnmre xoja
nonehana npenocr rora semnmra.
- Y semama rpxnmne exonomnje, axo nnacnnx, pennmo, pynor semnmra ne moxe
ro semnmre a npnnpee exonomcxoj excnnoarannjn, on rpaxn naprnepa xojn
nma xannran n snane a n, sajennuxn, ro pyno semnmre xao pecypc, npnnenn
excnnoarannjn. Y rom cnyuajy nnacnnx semnmra n nnacnnx xannrana npo]nr
ene no oronopenom xyuy.
- Y namem nonnrnuxo-npannom cncremy nopes na npomer semnmra n srpaa je
nsnopnn npnxo onmrnna, onocno noxanne camoynpane. Honehana npenocr
semnmra ys nyrene snaun nnmn nopes sa noxanny camoynpany xojn ce nannahyje
jenoxparno n rpomn xpos yner, y rexyhoj ]nnancnjcxoj ronnn. 3or rora je
nnrepec cnaxe onmrnne onocno noxanne camoynpane a ce mro nnme rpan ys
nyrene, na npennjem semnmry, a ce npexo nopese saxnare mro nehn penrnn
n]epennnjann, onocno nnrepec je cnaxe noxanne camoynpane a ce mro nnme
rnx napa cnnje y onmrnncxn yner.
154
- Exonomcxn rneano, onaxan cncrem nynena ynera nnje am nopmanan. Jean
axrep, nnacnnx, rj. ynpanau nyra xojn je nonehao npenocr semnmra ne
npnxoyje nnmra ro je pxana. Ona nma camo rpomax nsrpane n opxanane
nyra. Ca pyre crpane pyrn axrep noxanna camoynpana, ynpa eo nonehane
npenocrn semnmra xpos nopese n raxce, ona nocraje cnojenpcran penrnjep y
mexannsmy npnxpnnene excnponpnjannje pxane xao rnrynapa n ynpanaua
nyrennma.
- Onaxan mexannsam nynena ynera npexo rasonana semnmrem je jean o
ocnona xaornune n nexonrponncane nsrpane rpaona n nacea y Cpnjn.
Hnrensnnno ce npoaje semnmre yx nyrena, a n ce rpanno, neranno n
ecnpanno. Onmrnne ne cnpeuajy ecnpanno rpahene yx nyrena ns mnoro
pasnora:
- ynrpajy nopes na semnmre, y nponecy npomera semnmra
- nmajy xopncr y ]asn nsrpane ojexara xpos nopes na rpahennncxn
marepnjan, onpnnoce na oxorxe sanocnennx n p.;
- ynpajy nopes na nexpernnne semnmre n srpae;
- ynpajy nopes na npomer n pyre onnxe nocnonana y nsrpahennm
ojexrnma;
- nr.
- Onaxnom ypannsannjom mena ce mnoro rora y npocropy:
- nacea menajy crpyxrypy rj. rye nenrpannrer, nacrajy nnneapne
crpyxrype, onocno nexa npcra pymcxnx nacea mane ynne, ann uecro
ca npensrpahennm ynnunnm ]ponronnma, es connjanne onpeme, ca
nonehannm nemauxnm n pyrnm xperannma yx nyrena, mro je
neeseno sa nemaxe n sa eny, eo rpacxor nemauxor n moropnor
caopahaja ce ca ynnna npeanyje na janne nyrene nr.;
- nyrenn ce oocrpano ysnhyjy ojexrnma pasnnx npcra n namena, ca
napnena n ojexara ocnonennx na ynnny nosnna ce cranno ncxyuyjy n
yxyuyjy y caopahaj na jannom nyry na npno xparxnm ncrannama mro
nsasnna na nyrnnx psnna, na xon]opa n na esenocrn caopahaja.
- Kaa crane nocrane xpnrnuno, xaa yn nouny a rnny, noxanna sajennna
sarpaxn o penynnxe nsrpany nyrne onnasnnne. To je neonxona, nsnyhena
mepa n ro je, no npannny, nnnecrnnnja penynnxe. Hoxanna camoynpana y raxnnm
nnnecrnnnjama yuecrnyje mano nnn nn mano, naxo je xpos nopes na npomer
semnmra saxnarnna eo nonehane npenocrn semnmra ys nyr.
- A xaa ce onnasnnna nanpann nponec nounne o nouerxa onnasnnna nonehana
npenocr semnmra xpos xoje je nonoxena, noxanna camoynpana nounne a ynpa
nopes na npomer rora semnmra n raxo ce xaornuna nexonnenryanna
ypannsannja nacrana y neorne.
- Ionne 1979/80 pano cam YH ena Iopner Mnnanonna xojn je nopasymenao
nsmemrane ena Hapcxor nyra xojn je nponasno xpos nenrap rpaa, na ncrounnjy
nosnnnjy, ca pyre crpane pexe ecnoronnne. Onnasnnna je nsrpahena n sa mane
o ecer ronna nsrpahen je can npocrop ca pyre crpane nyra. Hapcxn nyr n
ae ne xpos nacee, camo caa nma nemro nehn npo]nn n nere n nanosne
pamne xao nesy ca rpacxom ynnunom mpexom, yneeno je n orpannuene psnne
xperana. Iopnn Mnnanonan je nocrao nexa npcra Feorpaa y manom noeen je
155
ayronyrem, xojn je y crnapn cnojenpcna npenpexa nopmannom pasnojy n
]ynxnnonncany rpaa.
- Y yxparxo nsnernm unnennnama nma mnoro cyxoa pasnnunrnx nnrepeca. Ocnonn
cyxo je nsmehy noxanne camoynpane, xoja nma monononcxo npano na saxnar ena
semnmne penre, xoja, rneano exonomcxn, noj ojexrnnno ne npnaa y nenocrn n
Penynnxe xoja je nnacnnx nyrena xojn nonxy npenocr semnmra, ann ne
onja npano na ynpane ena semnmne penre sor nonehane nene semnmra
ocnonenor na nyr Penynnnn ocrajy camo oanese, a ro je opxanane (]nsnuxo
n ]ynxnnonanno) nyrena n nsrpana onnasnnna.
- Hema nnxaxne cymne a n ce mornn cmncnnrn mnorn n nrno pyraunjn
moannrern semnmne nonnrnxe xojn n cnpeunnn ynponamhanane nacea n
nyrenea na naunn xaxo je nsnoxeno, xojn n omoryhnnn ]opmnpane nexnx cacnnm
nonnx n npoyxrnnnnx semnmnnx nonnrnxa o onnx xoje nponsnoe ypann
xaoc y xome xnnnmo n na xojn cmo ce nannxnn.
4. Y3HTHBAHE HYTEBA (HAH: OCBETA CEAKA)
- Bnpom Cpnje ce moxe nnern a ce nyrenn maconno ysnhyjy ca oe crpane n
npernapajy y ynnne. Jean mexannsam xojn ojamnana ony nojany npnxasan je
nornany na, a pyrn he nrn npnxasan y rexcry xojn cnen.
- Ho cnnm jannnm exnapannjama y npeme pyre Jyrocnannje rpahann n ceann nnn
cy pannonpannn. A nncy. Ceann cy o 1945. ronne na o jyue npnnpemeno
esnnnecrnpana pan npeannnana axymynannje y nnycrpnjy. Ta npnnpemenocr
rpaje o 1945. ronne o caa n oyxnara xnnor ne renepannje ceaxa.
enennjama ceann nncy nmann nensnono n spancrneno ocnrypane, nncy mornn
a nonrny xpenr n p. Ta ncxpnmnnannja rpaje n anac. Taxo nnp. eoa
ecnnarnnx axnnja y Cpnjn mnmonmna je ceaxe camo onn nemajy npana na
ecnnarne axnnja jep jenno onn nncy ann nnxaxan onpnnoc pasnojy seme.
Taxo nnp., npe nexonnxo ronna, ceaxe je opaonao narnn cxox nene nmennne
na 17,00 nnapa. Ceann cy ce nonaann psoj npoajn nnmxona n npncrojnoj
sapan. Ann pxana Cpnja je sapannna nsnos, n sapana je rpajana cne ox
nena xnra nnje nana. Kaa je nena nana ncno nponsnone nene pxana je yxnnyna
sapany, n rnme nspasnna cran a ceax ne rpea a sapan ann a pxana nema
nnmra npornn a ceann exonomcxn nponany. Hr.
- Tpanc]ep cranonnnmrna ns cena y rpaone je nopmanan connjannn nponec xojn
nma cnojy nornxy pasnoja n nnamnxy. Y nac, rpanc]ep ns cena y rpaone nmao je
y crnapn npncnnan xapaxrep, jep ce nnme panno o nporepnnany nero o
oponono nceanany ceaxa. Ocnonnn pasnor sa noxperane mnnnoncxnx maca
ceaxa xa rpaonnma nna je neonomxa norpea sa crnapanem pannuxe xnace, a
exonomcxa n cnaxa pyra ncxpnmnnannja nne cy cpecrno sa ocrnapnnane re
nonnrnxe.
- Mehy nennxa oehana nnacrn roxom rpajana pyre Jyrocnannje, nna je n npnua o
ypannsannjn cena. Ymecro crnapne ypannsannje cena ocrnapnnana je nonnrnxa
sanocranana cena o nnxonor ynnmranana n necranxa. Y ncro npeme mehyrnm,
156
raxnom nonnrnxom ynnmrenn cy n rpaonn. Ceocxo cranonnnmrno nenpnnaroheno
ypanom naunny xnnora oneno je o onora mro cy connjonosn nasnann
noceaunnane rpaona ymecro ypannsannje ceaxa. Mnnnoncxe mace ceaxa
yrepane y mane, nepasnnjene n exonomcxn cnae rpaone acnmnnonane cy
manopojno rpacxo cranonnnmrno, ymecro a ye oparno.
- Mann xomenrap xojn cnen sacnnnam na na npnmepa:
- nyhn nyrem o Banna o Hosnnne nmare oxnnaj a ce xpehere
ynnnom, re ce yrnannom ne sna re xoje ceno nounne, a re ce sanmana.
To casnajere npexo rann xoje osnauanajy rpannne arapa cena xpos xoje
nponasnre. Ha rom nyry ynnnn , na cnaxnx, 15, 20, 30 merapa na nyr ce
yxyuyjy nnn ce ca nyra ncxyuyjy ayromonnn, xamnonn, rpaxropn,
xomajnn;
- mehy 11 onmrnna nenrpanne sone Feorpaa nocroje onmrnne xoje nmajy
rpacxn n ceocxn eo ro cy Hannnyna, 3nesapa, Boxonan, Paxonnna,
uyxapnna, n Cypunn xao eo onmrnne 3emyn. Ipacxn enonn onnx
onmrnna nsrnaajy rpacxn, na n nenerpacxn, ceocxn enonn onnx
onmrnna onrepehenn cy xomynannom eom cnaxe npcre. Bra ce sanpano
snnano n snna?
- Ynpxoc cnnm mepama exonomcxe, pymrnene, connjanne ncxpnmnnannje ceno ce
nnax nexaxo pasnnjano, cnopo n nonarano, naxo y nenaxnonenom n
nenpnjarecxom oxpyxeny. Ceann cy jauann, crnnann, nonaxo cy ns narypanne
npenasnnn y pony nponsnony, xynonann rpaxrope, noonpnnpene mamnne,
xomajne, xamnone, ayromonne. a n ]ynxnnonncann xao ponn nponsnohaun
nna nm je norpena nesa ca cnerom, nyr y cner.
- Cnn rpahann nnahajy nopese, raxce, onpnnoce. Taxo ce nyne ynern n ]ononn
pxane n noxannnx camoynpana, a npexo nnx ce ynanpehyjy n rpae n npocrop
pxane n npocrop noxannnx camoynpana, na n nyrenn. H raxo pxana nsrpan n
opxana nyr Baan Hosnnna, mro je naxno sa pxany n one rpaone. 3a ceane
xpos unje arape onaj nyr nponasn, naxno je a ce npnxyue na onaj nyr n a nm ce
ac]anrnpajy ynnne y ceny. Hexaamne onmrnne, a anac noxanne camoynpane
nncy npornn, ann y ynery nema napa. Ceann ynnne y ceny mory a nsrpae n
an]anrnpajy ynnne axo pacnnmy mecnn camoonpnnoc, onocno nonono nnare.
- Ocyhenn camo a ajy n nnahajy, na uecro nn xaa nonono ajy ne onjy ono mro
nm rpea, ceann cy ce ocernnn jay ocxohnnn cy nnacrn xoja ne pnne nnn ne
pnne onono o nnma. Ceann cy nouenn a nanymrajy cena n nsnase na nyrene
xojn nponase xpos arap cena, nouenn cy a snajy xyhe na cnojnm napnenama,
nouenn cy a saonoanajy cnojy nernrnmny norpey xojy xao ponn nponsnohaun
nmajy. Houenn cy a rpae n npanno n ecnpanno, a pesynrar je npernapanej nyrena
y ynnne, onocno ynnmranane n nacea n nyrena.
- Y nepn]epnjcxnm enonnma eorpacxnx onmrnna je cnnuno. Fyner onmrnna,
onocno noxnnnx camoynpana najnehnm enom ce rpomn na rpacxom eny
repnropnje, a npnrpacxnm cennma, axo nm nemro rpea, ocraje oprannsonane
camoonpnnoca n cnnunnx axnnja. Taxo oncrajy nacea xoja ojexrnnno xnne y
xomynannoj en n xoja cy mecra sa ncnoanane cnaxojaxnx cyxoa y npocropy.
Taxo nnp. y noanancxom eny onmrnne Boxonan, npnrpacxn ceann xojn ce
157
ane nonprapcrnom nmajy norpey sa noom, a noe y Feorpay nema onono. Tn
ceann ce janno nposnnajy sor rora mro rpome noy ns noonoa jep rnme
napymanajy cranap Feorpahana na nm ce cnaenane noom orpannuana
ncxyunnanem n na pyre naunn.
Ca pyre crpane, y nemoryhnocrn a sapae n xnne o noonpnnpee, ceann
npoajy semnmre y xonraxrnnm
sonama Feorpaa n npnxoyjy no ocnony nonoxaja cnora semnmra onocno
ocrnapajy, onocno saxnarajy,
nonoxajny penry. Tnme pemanajy cnoje nnune n rpynne nponeme jep y
nocrojehnm mexannsmnma semnmne
nonnrnxe ry penry Feorpa ne sna a saxnarn. Y raxnnm ypanncrnuxnm
nonnrnxama xomynanna ea
npnrpacxnx cena Feorpaa rpaje n rpajahe yro.
- Hpnua o jenaxocnrn n pannonpannocrn xao n npnua o ypannsannjn cena rpajane
cy enennjama. Bpeme je noxasano a cne ro nna uncra nonnrnuxa nax. Ha eny je
no repop rpaa na cenom y cnnm c]epama xnnora, onocno npnmnrnnno
neponane y ypann naunn xnnora xao jenno oap n nopmanan naunn xnnora.
- Ceann cy ce pannnn n opannnn npexnnenn cy cne uemy cy nnn nsnoxenn.
H anac y Cpnjn oxo 45% cranonnnmrna xnnn na ceny, a o rora cy 15-18%
npann ceann, onocno noonpnnpennnn. Fpanehn ce, onn cy y npncrny n ys
nomoh nnacrn:
- ynponacrnnn concrnena cena, jep cy ymecro rpynncannx rj. snjennx n
nonysnjennx cena nanpannnn pymcxa nacea xao najnpnmnrnnnnjn
onnx cnonranor n nexonrponncanor ypanor pasnoja,
- ynponacrnnn cy rpaone jep nncy nnn npnnarohenn ypannm naunnnma n
onnnnma xnnora. Camo y Feorpay nnp. oxo 60% rpacxe repnropnje
]opmnpano je ecnpannom nsrpanom ro je ypano rxnno xoje nnxaa
nehe nrn rpa,
- ynponcrnnn cy nyrene nope xojnx cy rpannn jep je raj onnx nsrpane
ycrnapn nam moen ypannsannje ee.
- pyrnm peunma, ysnann nyrenn y Cpnjn, nope ocranor, nspas cy name
neypannsonanocrn, neocrarxa npannx, ypanncrnuxnx n pasnojnnx enornopnnx
nonnrnxa, ann npe cnera onn cy nspas cyxoa nnrepeca rpahannna n ceannna,
onocno rpaa n cena.
5. 3AmTHTHH HO1AC HYTA
- Y anac naxehem 3axony o jannnm nyrema y Cpnjn (naxn o 1. janyapa
2006.ronne) nornane IV nocneheno je samrnrn jannnx nyrena. Y unany 27
nanon ce a ce nyrenn mrnre sor necmeranor onnjana caopahaja n pexnma
caopahaja. Y unany 28 nanon ce a ce y samrnrnom nojacy nyra moxe rpanrn
camo ys carnacnocr ynpanaua nyrem n nanon ce mra ce moxe rpanrn. Y unany
29 nanon ce mnpnna samrnrnor nojaca ca cnaxe crpane jannor nyra: xo
ayronyrena 40 m, xo nyrena I pea 20 m, xo nyrene II pea 10 m n xo
onmrnncxnx nyrena 5 merapa.
158
- Mehyrnm, nnje ynex nno raxo y crapnjnm saxonnma samrnrnn nojac je no
opehen raxo a oesen camo nenocpeny ]ynxnnjy nyra. To je neoma norpemno
nonmane crnapn, a pesynrar ror n raxnor nonmana je nsrpana cnaxonpcnnx
ojexara nenocpeno ys xononos nyra, mro ce moxe nnern mnpom Cpnje.
- Hyr je enonyrnnna, pasnojna rpahennna. On nannahn caopahaj, npemenom ce
crpyxrypa n nnresnrer caopahaja menajy, nyr mopa a ce npnnarohana cne
nonnjnm n nonnjnm norpeama, cne ox nocrojn. Hpnmep Hapcxor nyra ro neoma
opo noxasyje. Ipahen je xao crparernjcxn nyr y mecroj enennjn npomnor nexa
ca ne rpaxe mpnne, 3,5 m, nexaa je no cnao onrepehen n onpemen, a anac je
npeonrepehen n onacan.
Axo ce ysme eo Hapcxor nyra na amnnncrparnnnoj repnropnjn Feorpaa, o
Hnnonnuxe myme o Crenojenna,
nnn ce a je nyr oocrpano ysnan na manom pacrojany o nyra n a je nsrpana
ys nyr nnnrxa, rj. cnao
pasnnjena na noxannjama mano yaennjnm o nyra.
Pasnoj caopahajnor onrpehena saxrenao je nnrepnennnje na nyry crajannmra sa
ayroyce, rpaxe sa remxa n cnopa nosnna, rpaxe sa saycranane n p. Ha eonnnn
Hnnonnuxa myma Crenojenan ro je cxopo nensnonno na nehem eny rpace, a
axo je n nsnonno re nnrepnennnje cy neonone - norpean je npann ayronyr.
uax xaa n Hapcxn nyr nmao enemenre rpace ayronyra, nna n norpena
orpomna pymena najmane ca jene, a na mnornm mecrnma n ca oe crpane
ayronyra.
- Cpnjn je norpena nesa ca Hpnom Iopom, a Feorpay n ca Jyrosananom Cpnjom
n ca Hpnom Iopom. To mopa nrn canpemenn ayronyr. Y npnrpacxoj sonn
Feorpaa rj. y sonama rymhe nsrpahenocrn n naceenocrn, rpaca ce mopa nonrn
najpannonannnje xonnxo je moryhe. H ra rpaca je opehena: Feorpa Openonan
Crenojenan, n ae na jyr. Hona rpaca je yxa nero nocrojeha rpaca Hapcxor
nyra, ona ne no xarerama, a ne no xnnorenysn xojy y onom cnyuajy unnn rpaca
Feorpa Crenojenan. To snaun cpasmepno nonehane rpomxona nsrpane ann n
rpomxona caopahaja xpos npeme, na n cannaanane remxe eonnne xnnsnmre
yoxo xo Ymxe nnn nsrpany mocrona na Cann, ann je cne ro nena xoja mopa a
ce nnarn.
- Ynpxoc naneennm opeama 3axona o jannnm nyrennma, y Cpnjn ce n anac, na
mnoro mecra rpan cynporno opeama onor saxona. Ayronyr xpos Feorpa nhe
samenen onnasnnnom unja je nsrpana nouena jom npe 20 ronna. Jenora ana,
xaa onnasnnna ye sanpmena, ayronyr he nrn psa rpacxa caopahajnnna.
Ann npe nexonnxo ronna nenocpeno ys orpay ayronyra, na repnropnjn
onmrnne Boxonan, nsrpahenn cy mnorn nocnonnn ojexrn xojn o ayronyra ne
pasnaja uax nn cepnncna caopahajnnna. 3axon o jannnm nyrennma xaxe a je
samrnrnn nojac o 40 m oanesan ocnm yxonnxo ypanncrnuxnm nnanom nnje
pyraunje opeheno. a nn Ypanncrnuxnm nnanom moxe nrn opehena
nsrpana nenocpeno ys oojnnx ayronyra?
- Hponemn xojn cy onpnyrn nanpe nacrann cy sor xpaxopounor n ycxor
cxnarana nyra xao ]enomena. Ann n one nocrojn cyxo xojn ne npenosnajemo.
Ipahene ynyrap samrnrnor nojaca nyrena najuemhe je ecnpanno, n ro onmrnne
yrnannom ne cnpeuanajy n ojexre ne pyme. Hocrojn cyxo nsmehy noxanne
159
camoynpane xoja nma ynpanne nanexnocrn a ro cnpeun n re nanexnocrn ne
xopncrn sor rora mro nma nnrepeca a re ojexre ne pymn, n ynpanaua
nyrennma xojn nma ynpanne nanexnocrn camo na anane carnacnocrn sa
nsrpany y samrnrnom nojacy nyra, ann ne n sa pymene ojexara. 3axon o jannnm
nyrennma y Cpnjn sa npexpmaj open ns unana 28 nma camo nonuany xasny.
6. YMECTO 3AKYHKA
Hojane n nponecn xojn cy yxparxo naneenn n xparxo xomenrapncann y nperxonom
rexcry, rpajy enennjama.
Ionne 1965. y nesn ca raamnom rsn. Hpnnpenom pe]opmom (xpaj jyna 1965. ronne)
raamnn Canesnn sano sa ypannsam n xomynanna n cramena nnrana (xacnnje:
Jyrocnonencxn nncrnryr sa ypannsam n cranonane), oprannsonao je caneronane na remy
Exonomcxn acnexrn nsrpane rpaona. Jean o najsanaxennjnx pe]epara nmao je
opnna Tocnh no je ro rexcr Cnxnja nnn crnapanamrono
4
. Hanonm rpn xparxa
nnrara ns onor rexcra:
Jeno o onmrnx oenexja namer crana yxa je cnaxaxo n nneranrnsam. Onacnocr o
nneranrnsma neponarno nnje npe cnera y cymn nesnana xoje on nocn, nero y ocycrny
mopanne oronopnocrn sa cnojy axnnjy.
He nepyjem a anac n sa namy renepannjy nma cnoxennjer n rexer saarxa o
crnapana cnooe n rpahena rpaona.
Mn crnapamo cnojy ypany xonnennnjy, axo je yonmre nenncxono n nnancxn
crnapamo, na rny jenor cnenn]nunor anxancxor nopyuja, na rny ceocxe nnnnnnsannje y
oymnpany n pacny.
Ha xanocr cnooy nncmo ocnojnnn jep a jecmo, pacnaa pxane n rpahancxor para
ne n nno.
Haxanocr crane namnx repnropnja n nacea noxasyje neocrarax snana n mopanne
oronopnocrn. Hame nonnrnuxe ennre cy nnannpane npocropa n nacea npernopnne y
cnojenpcny npnmnrnnny ymernocr, one ounro nncy nne, nnrn cy caa, opacne
nponemnma xojn y rom omeny nocroje. To je nornyno nopmanno y xaponcxoj nonnrnnn y
xojoj cnaxo pan ono mro ne sna.
Hojane n nponecn yxparxo npnxasann y nprxonom rexcry, noxasyjy nexe o nrnnx
neocraraxa nponeca ypannsannje y Cpnjn. Hajnaxnnjn pymrnenn nponecn y Cpnjn
XX nexa nnn cy ypannsannja n noj xomnnemenrapan nponec earpapnsannje, a ne nponec
npnmnrnnne neonornsannje na naunn rpnjymnnpara Fpos-Kape-Faxannh. Bpeme je
pasorxpnno sanye, a crane ypehena repnropnja n nacea je nenonran oxas a ce o
sanyama pan.
3anye ce ncnoanajy na mnoro naunna:
- ypannsannja ymecro a nocrane axrnnnocr ypehana n ynanpehena
xnnornor npocropa yn n napoa npernopnna ce y nns npoxparcxnx
pnryana ca nnsom ecmncnennx pecrpnxnnja n jom rnynnx ronepannnja;
4
Texcr je ojnen y cnnm nsannma xnnre Crnapno n moryhe.
160
- semnmna nonnrnxa xao najnrnnjn ]axrop sa ynpanane pasnojem
npocropa y namoj npaxcn npernopena je camo y ]ncxyc cncrem nannara,
xao mro je nnp. nerannsannja n cn.;
- npano, exonomnja, connonornja, nonnrnxa, oprannsannone nayxe n nns
pyrnx nayxa ane cy nsyserno mann onpnnoc npaxcn ypehena n pasnoja
npocropa, nr.
Hajnehn eo nocrojehe npaxce ypehena nacea n repnropnja rpeano n remeno
npomennrn. 3a on ypannsam, onocno sa oe ypehene repnropnja n nacea, sa on
xnnor yn n nojennana rpea cauexarn nexo pyro npeme n nexe pyre, ypannsonane n
ypanncrnuxn npocnehene, enenre. Hsnecno je a ja ro npeme nehy ouexarn.
161
Mupfaua Hyruh
1
BEOIPACKO HOBO IPOBE KAO KYATYPHO
HCTOPH1CKO, H OPAOBAHA KAO HA1BETE HOBO
HPO1EKTOBAHO IPOBE
Pesu+e:
Hono rpoe y Feorpay je o 1886 o anac nocrano nennxn memopnjannn cnome-
nnx, mysej na ornopenom onuaja n neponana, pnsnnna cnomennxa n cxynnrypa
xojnx nma npexo 900, n nannapnjym xamena ns cnnx namnx n cnercxnx majana.
Ha nonpmnnn o 33 ha, cy nope nnme crornna xnaa rpahana Feorpaa n
nojennaune napnene; pycxo, mycnnmancxo, jenpejcxo xao n parnnuxa nojna
rpoa. Ipoe Opnonaua je najnehe nononnannpano rpoe sa jyxno nopyuje
rpaa Feorpaa, ys Hapcxy marncrpany n ncronmeny nery na repnropnjn o 72
xexrapa, Ono rpoe ca rprom n ojexrom sa ncnpahaj onnxonano je
cnmonnunnm onnnnma ]ayne n ]nope xao xnnor xojn ce onana.
K+yuue peuu: ucmopufcra cno+eu epoo+a, uafeehe uoeo epoo+e, npupooa
rofu ce oouae+a
THE NEW CEMETERY OF BELGRADE AS HISTORICAL AND
MONUMENTAL, AND ORLOVACAAS A NEW PLANNED AND
CONSTRUCTED CEMETERY
Summary:
The new cemetery of Belgrade from 1886, until today became a great historical
monument, museum of sculptures more than 900 and artifacts of event, wars. On the
territory of 33 ha, beside of hundreds of citizens of Belgrade, there are the parcels of
Russian, Muslim, Jewish and military cemeteries. The cemetery Orlovaca is the
biggest new planned and constructed cemetery for the southern part of Belgrade on
the territory of 72 ha. This cemetery is created with the main round square and the
object with chapels with symbolic shapes of fauna and flora as life that survives.
Key words: historical memorial cemetery, biggest new cemetery, the nature that
survives

1
p, nnn.nnx.apx., ncraxnyrn ymernnx YHYHYYC-a, apxnrexra n ypanncra. Hspanna je erane
ypanncrnuxe nnanone, ayrop nejnnx pemena sa Hono rpoe, 1979, n sa rpoe Opnonauy 1986
ronne. Kpyncxa 28, 11000 Feorpa, Cpnja, e-mail:mirluk@sbb.rs
162
1 HOBO IPOBE, CHOMEHHK KYATYPE, MY3E1 HO BEPHM
HEBOM, H IPOBE OPAOBAHA HA1BETE HOBOHAAHHPAHO
IPOBE BEOIPAA
Hono rpoe je npnn rpacxn nnannpan n oprannsonan npocrop sa ony nameny y
Feorpay. Hpnn nncann noarnn o nemy nanase ce 1871 ronne, na nnany Feorpaa
nojanyje ce 1884, ox cy npannna sa cnyxy onera 1986, raxo a ce ra ronna cmarpa
nouerxom nerone ]ynxnnje.
Hpe rora rpoe je nno na eny Kocmajcxe n Fpanxone ynnne cne o 1826 ro, xaa ce
no napen Knesa Mnnoma cenn na Tammajan, ys nopry Hannnyncxe npxne, sacaheny
nncnarnm pnehem re je caxpannnane rpajano cne o 1883, xa je onera ypea o
sapann caxpannnana na onom rpoy. To ce snano Crapo rpoe n y nemy je nna mana
npxnnna Cneror Mapxa y xojoj je caxpanen nocnenn Openonnh, xpa Anexcanap n
xpanna para.
Caxpannnane na na Honom rpoy, noueno je 17 anrycra 1886 ronne.
Ha npecexy rnannnx crasa y nenrpannom xpyxnom npomnpeny nonrnyra je 1893
ronne npxna Cneror Hnxone, (no npojexry apx. Cnerosapa Hnauxonnha, (nxonocrac
axaemcxn cnnxap Crenan Tooponnh, a xnnonnc majcrop omennxo no nanprnma cnnxapa
Herpa Panoconnha).
Ha nnany Feorpaa ns 1910 ronne, npanoyraonn npocrop rpoa ]opmnpan je ca 12
nonpeunnx n rpn ysyxne crase, xoje cexy no npannm yrnom n opasyjy 13 peona
napnena. Ona ncnosnnnja napnena n uax nymepannja, ocrana je o anamnnx ana.
Hse.eo npe+a Pysee.moeof y.uu
Hocne Hpnor Cnercxor para, no sananoj n jyrosananoj nnnnn rpoa, npnoara cy
parnnuxa rpoa, npno upannycxo (1928 ronne), na Aycrpoyrapcxo, (ypeheno 1932-33) a
nope nera, Hrannjancxo n Fpnrancxo nojno rpoe, ox je Kocrypnnna nsrnnynnx pycxnx
nojnnxa n o]nnnpa, ns onor para na repnropnjn Jyrocnannje, ocnehena 1936 ronne.
Y xomnnecxy nnnnnnor ena rpoa ]opmnpana je Aneja nennxana, (napanenna ca
rnannom crasom), n o onmrnncxom rpomxy nocenn rpoonn sacnyxnnm parnnnnma, ox je
mecro xanennne na rnannoj crasn aro nojnon Paomnpy Hyrnnxy.
163
Aycmpoyeapcro eofuo epoo+e
1931 ronne eorpacxa onmrnna carpanna je xocrypnnny sa opne ns cpncxo rypcxnx
parona, a 1934 na mecry cpncxor nojnnuxor rpoa nonrnyra je Kocrypnnna n cnomennx
Fpannonnma Feorpaa, ns 1915- 1918 ronne.
Cu+oo. cpyueue Aycmpoyeapcre u+nepufe
Bpumaucroo eofuo
epoo+e
Cno+euur u rane.a
pycroe epoo+a
Cno+eu rocmypuua
Bpauuou+a
Beoepaoa 1915-1918
164
Cno+euur noouo+fe
Apxnrexroncxo - cxynnropannn cnomennx, jean o najnenmnx y Feorpay nonrno je
Ypyxene pesepnnnx o]nnnpa n parnnxa ys nomoh Feorpacxe onmrnne. Hpojexar sa
xocrypnnny sajeno ca cxynnrypom opna, xojn npercrana cpymeny Aycrpoyrapcxy
nmnepnjy, nope cpncxor nojnnuxor rona, nspano je apx. Poman Bepxoncxn, a cxynnrypy
nojnnxa na npxy ca sacranom, najap nnojnn Hyxnh. Fponsann enonn cnomennxa nsnnnenn
cy y Aprnepncxo-rexnuxom sanoy y Kparyjenny, 1930 ronne. O onyxe o nsrpann
(1921) o peannsannje norpajano je nnme o enennje.
Y Kocrypnnnn je caxpaneno 4000 nornnynnx nojnnxa y ocnooheny Feorpaa 1915
ronne, a ry cy npenern n ocrann onnx parnnxa xojn cy nnn caxpanenn na mnoro nehem
npocropy Bojnor rpoa.
Honpcfe Huro.e Hauuha, Cno+euur Hpequneua r.acu:ua
pao Heaua Meumpoeuha Hempy Ko:uhy cry.nmypa
Hono rpoe npecrana nennxn cnomennx xynrype, ne camo saro mro cy ry namn
nennxn yn parnnnn n xepojn, necnnnn n xnnxennnnn, ymernnnn n nayunnnn, (npexo
600 nnunocrn ns ennnxnonenje), neh mro cy ry mnorn namn mnnn n parn. Ty je raxohe n
165
pycxo rpoe, n mycnnmancxo rpoe, n jenpejcxo rpoe, ry je pnsnnna cxynnrypa
mnornx namnx ayropa n npennx n perxnx npnmepaxa xojnx nma npexo 900, ry je raxohe n
nannapnjym xamena ns cnnx namnx n cnercxnx majana..
erannm ypanncrnuxnm nnanom ns 1979 ronne, mnoro rora je nnannpano sa nerono
ypehene; nsmemren je xpemaropnjym, sarnm je nnannpana n srpaa Ynpane rpoa
cnmerpnuna ca xanenama na ynasy ca nyunnm nopranom, y cpncxo nnsanrnjcxom crnny, xaxo
n ce yxnonnna ca nocrojehom orpaom n xanenama (apx. Pajxo Tarnh). Y ro npeme ono je
no npecean, jep xaa cam xao ayrop nsnarana ypanncrnuxo apxnrexroncxo pemene
Ynpanne srpae npe Hsnpmnnm Canerom Cxynmrnne rpaa, nno je nennxnx npornnena
a ce rpan y cpncxo nnsanrnjcxom crnny, (y 21 nexy)! Hnax nehnna unanona Canera je
ycnojnna pemene, n xo ce ceha ene yxepnne, na mecry caamne srpae Ynpane rpoa,
sna a je ro no nennxn
ycnex, nsrpaheno 1981, (saxnayjyhn sanarany raamner npexropa Ynpane rpoa, nox.
Mp Mnpocnana Herponnha), a xacnnje narpaheno na Canony apxnrexrype.
Y xomnnexcy Honor rpoa na ojennennm napnenama 16 a, 16 , 31, 56 n 62, Ipacxn
oop canesa opana HOP- a Feorpaa nonrao je Ipoe crpeannx pooya y
oxynnpanom Feorpay. Ha onom rpoy caxpaneno je 1300 nornnynnx n crpeannx
pooya y Feorpay o 1941-1945 ronne, n ro 438 nosnarnx nmena n 843 nenosnarnx
nmena.
Cno+eu epoo+e noeuuy.u+ Jeepefu+a y Pe+eq no+yoa,
I ceemcro+ pamy 1912-1919. ua ua feepefcro+ epoo+y
feepefcro+ epoo+y aymop Ca+ye. Cy+oy. Cu+eoua Porcauouha
166
Y oxnnpy one apxnrexroncxo nejsaxne xomnosnnnje, nsnoja ce nexonnxo nennna;
mecro ca anepama o xonanor rnoxha, cnmonnunnm nemannma na Tepasnjama, na xojnma
cy 1941 nna oemena neropnna Feorpahana, norom rpannara nnpamnanna xymxa ca
ponsanom yxrnnom, y xojoj cy caxpanenn pooyn, unja cy nmena ocrana nenosnara,
cnmonnme Anany, ox cy onn unja cy nmena nosnara, caxpanenn camo ca cnmonnunom
nnouom xo rnane. e ca yxnecannm nmenom, a repen je ocrao no rpanom. Hep]opnpann
eroncxn sn xojn onacyje ono rpoe cnmonnsyje oxynannjy. Ipoe je cneuano
ornopeno na nernecroronmnnny npocnane ocnoohena Feorpaa,oxropa 1959 ronne.
Ono jenncrneno Cnomen rpoe, ne camo a je ymernnuxa samncao nennxor apxnrexre
Forana Foranonnha, unja cy ena nosnara n nenena y nenom cnery, neanno je npemnnyo
y Feuy.
Hnanom je no nocenom xonxypcy (mro je no ycnon sa cna Cnomen rpoa), ypehena je
n Aneja naponnx xepoja, onocno Bpr Bennxana, xoja je nacrana cnonrano oxo oxo
Kocrypnnne pannonnma Feorpaa ns 1914-18, unjn eo no nennxnm nnarannma, je ypehen
no xonxypcnom pemeny apx. H. ee 1976 ronne, n ry cy caxpanenn naponn xepojn n
ncraxnyre nnunocrn ns nepnoa nocne pyror Cnercxor para.
Ipoe je nno n snauajna senena nonpmnna ca oxo 3000 craana, najnnme nnna, no
unjnm xnaom je nna nena Inanna crasa, xoje cy naxanocr xacnnje noceuene.
Hpema nnany nno je npennheno a ce rpoe nnme osenenn, a ce pan na
cncremarcxoj ononn pneha, xao n nanopnsannjn n xonsepnannjn cnomennxa xynrype, ca
nnanom na yrny cnaxe napnene n cnncxonnma snauajnnx cnomennxa n ncropnjcxnx
nnunocrn, ry caxpanennx. a ce ajy nasnnn sa crase (Crasa cehana, Aneja nennxana, n cn.)
pan naxme opnjenrannje, a ce ypen Ynasnn rpr ncnpe n nsa ynasa y rpoe, xao n
nexonnxo rprona npomnpena, pan moryher oxynana, npernenocrn n nnsypa, a ce
nocrane xnyne, xanenapn...
Hnannpano je nno a ce nsrpae n ypee cna rpn ynasa ca uynapom n jannnm roanerom,
sarnm orpaa rpoa, (ennmnuno ypahena, n ro camo ca ynyrpamne crpane ca
xonymapnjymnma ox je cnoa ocrana neopahena), xao n srpaa Cnomen myseja na yrny
ynnna Pysnenrone n Cneror Hnxone, y xome n ce uynana cna apxnncxa rpaha n apre]axrn,
ca nnaroom sa xomemopannje, n nosemnom rapaxom sa norpee rpoa. Onaj ojexar
onpmno n nennny n e]nnncao rpoe ca ror ncraxnyror yrna xao n npema ynnnn Cn.
Hnxone. Ty n ce uynana apxnna, xao n npenn ymernnuxn npemern n saocranmrnna.
Haxanocr onaj ojexar nnje nn o anac nsrpahen.
2 IPOBE OPAOBAHA, HA1BETE HOBOHAAHHPAHO IPOBE
BEOIPAA
Ipoe Opnonaua je najnehe nononnannpano eorpacxo rpoe xoje noxpnna neno
jyxno nopyuje rpaa Feorpaa n npocrnpe ce na repnropnjn o 72 xexrapa, a xanannrer
my je 130.000 mecra. (y jenom rypnycy). Hapxoncxo pemanane rpoa ca nperexno
senenom nonpmnnom na rponnm mecrom rpeano n a ye nmneparnn, ne camo ns
ecrercxnx, nero n exonomxnx saxonnrocrn.
Hocne nspae YH-a Opnonaua nspahen je n rnannn npojexar Hapcxe marncrpane
(Feorpa-nyr), xao n onnasnnne ayronyra oxo Feorpaa, eo o oanonana o Fyan
Horoxa, re je y nnsnnn Kpyxnor nyra npennhena nera Opnonaua. Ona nera
nsneena je je y onnxy uernoponncne erennne ca ennnenncannm nporpamom nesa.
167
Caopahajnnm pemenem ynas y rpoe Opnonauy ns npanna Feorpaa je ynnn-nsnnn ca
Hapcxe marncrpane, ox je sa nonparnn npanan xa Feorpay nsrpahen norxonnx, 2009,
raxo a ce raj npanan ne yxpmra ca Hapcxom marncrpanom y nnnoy, nero a ce nocne
nosemnor nponasa, na ecny crpany nyra npaha xa Feorpay.
Hem+a Op.oea:a
Ipoe je ornopeno sa cnojy ]ynxnnjy oxropa 1991. ronne.
Inannn ojexar rpoa y xome cy nne nnannpane xanene sa ncnpahaj, xao n
amnnncrpannja, n pann mannnynarnnnn eo cnnx ]ynxnnja rpoa nnje nn sanouer, nero
je sa ncnpahaj n neonxone ]ynxnnje rpoa nsrpahen je n aanrnpan, xao npnnpemeno
pemene, ojexar rapaxa.
Onaj ojexar nnannpan xao rapaxa sa norpee ponoxonaua, n pyrnx nosnna norpennx
sa oncnyxnnane n opxanane rpoa, naxanocr je aanrnpan y ojexar xojn rpea
npnnpemeno saonoana cne norpee rpoa, n xanene n amnnncrpannje n pannxa n
npoaje onpeme.
Onaj ojexar ce cacrojn o 11 oxcona sa cmemraj n opxanane: ponoxonaua,
nnymxapa, mannx xamnona n norpennx nosnna xao n ne panonnne sa nonpanxy n
opxanane ca xanannma na cnaxom xpajy onor ojexra. Yxynna nonpmnna onor ojexra je
315 m
2
.
Ooferam eapa+a npuepe+euo aoanmupau rao e.aeuu ooferam epoo+a oo 1991 oo 2009
168
Mehyrnm, na xanocr, ojexar rapaxa je no aanrnpan y 3 xanene sa ncnpahaj; najneha
xanena y cpennn (sa ponoxonau), n ne ouno (sa xamnone), n ocrann oxconn cy
npnnpemeno aanrnpann sa xannenapnjy sa ynpany, npoannnny nneha.
Taj ojexar je xao raxan cnyxno o 1991 o 2009, xao rnannn ojexar rpoa sa
ncnpahaj.
O raa y roxy 1992 - 1995. ronne, nsrpahenn cy n ojexrn ca noxannma na
npncrynnom rpry, xao n nns areea najapa n panonnna xamenopesana, a raxohe n jannn
cannrapnn unop, y oxnnpy rpra sa ncnpahaj.
Taxohe je peannsonan eo nnannprannx napxnnr mecra n xpyxna caopahajnnna xoja
yoxnnpyje rpr sa ncnpahaj, na xome je nnannpan rnannn ojexar rpoa, n cannrapnn unop.
Y oxnnpy npocropa rpoa Opnonaua nnannpan je npncrynnn rpr na xome je nsneen
ojexar noxana, a nnannpana ]onrana nnje. Honpmnna onor rpra je yxynno ca ojexrom oxo
4.600 m
2
.
Ynnna Kpyxna, ]opmnpa npocrop na xome je nnannpan rpr sa ncnpahaj xpyxnor onnxa
nonynpeunnxa 42 m raxo a unnn nonpmnny, na xojoj je nnannpan n rnannn ojexar
rpoa, ca xanenama sa ncnpahaj, amnnncrparnnnnm enom n mannnynarnnnnm enom
ojexra. Honpmnna rpra sa ncnpahaj sajeno ca rnannnm ojexrom je oxo 5.500 m
2
.
Kpy+ua y.ua ca Tpeo+ u oofermo+ noe.eo us easoyxa
O apxnrexroncxnx ojexara na ceneponcrounoj crpann o xomnnexca npxne nsneen je
ojexar noxana ca npoannnnama yrnannom nneha n xa]enma). Fnno je nnannpano 14noxana
(sa norpee rpoa), a xacnnje je aanrnpano sa uax 30 mannx noxana. Onaj ojexar nanasn
ce na npncrynnom rpry n nonpmnna my je 522 m
2
.
Ha npocropy nnannpanom sa rnannn rpr rpoa (xojn nnje no nsneen), nsneen je
ojexar jannn cannrapnn unop sa nocernone rpoa, xanannrera 6 xencxnx n 4 mymxe
xanne, ca 3 nncoapa, n npernpocropom sa npane pyxy. Yxynna nonpmnna onor ojexra je
65 m
2
. Ojexar je ca jyroncroune crpane noxpnnen semom n sarpannen, a ca
ceneposanane, nonyornopen n noxpnnen nacrpamnnnom. Hacrpemnnna je nonyxpyxnor
169
nenesacror onnxa nsneena o uennunnx npo]nna n noxpnnena apmnpannm craxnom.
Honyxpyxnn sn xojn onaja npenpocrop ncnpe onor ojexra xao n ynasnn eo onoxenn
cy ennm mepmepom.
Jaeuu moa.em ua mpey
Ha eny npema npncrynnom rpry nsrpahen je nns areea najapa n panonnne
xamenopesana, no 3 namene, cnaxa nonpmnne oxo 70 m
2
. Areen najapa cy ca ranepnjom, a
panonnne xamenopesana y jenom nnnoy (sor nehe nncnne). Yxynna nonpmnna onor nnsa
o 6 ojexara je 420 m
2
.
Onn ojexrn cy opahenn cnoa enom ]acanom onexom ca narnamennm nennnma n
nonynyxonnma n mehycono nmajy norpene pasmaxe sa npncryn nnymxapy. Kpononn cy
xocn, na ne noe n noxpnnenn nnmom nnane oje.
2.1 IAABHH OB1EKAT IPOBA 3A HCHPATA1.
Inannn ojexar sa ncnpahaj nsrpahen je y nenrpy xpyxnomr Tpra sa ncnpahaj, xojn je
npeunnxa 84 m. ox je cam ojexar y xpyxnom eny npeunnxa 34 m., ox ce na xpaxa oje-
xra ns nenrpa npyxajy raxo a unne jeno ynyrpamne nopnmre, arpnjym xojn cnyxn a ce
caxpnje ]ynxnnja onohena n
Ojexar ce cacrojn ns rpn rnanna cermenra, xpyxnor ena sa ncnpahaj ca ceam xanena n
jenom sajennuxom ca xnanauama, amnnncrparnnnnm xpaxom ojexra, n mannnynarnn-
nnm xpaxom ojexra
Inannn ojexar je nennxn nner, o ocam eroncxnx ycxn, xnneponnunnx napaono-
na, xojn mrnrn nocernone o Cynna, xnme n cnera, nsna xanena sa ncnpahaj, a craxnena
xynona y nenrpy ycmepana norne xa ney n ocnerana xanene nennom cnernomhy. Hma
yxynno ceam xanena. Kpyxnn rpr sa ncnpahaj je npeunnxa 84 m. n neo je onoxen rpa-
nnrom y rpn nnjance, ox cy xanene n cnoa n nsnyrpa onoxene ennm mepmepom, xao n
neo ojexar, n cryonn cnernxe.
170
Ooferam sa ucnpahaf ua mpey
Hena xoncrpyxnnja je nsanexa je nnnna xao penep Feorpaa ca Hapcxe marncrpane.
Knyne cy eroncxe, nanonnre n onnxonane xao cmaxnyrn ranacn, cnmonnsyjy no-
pnram, a nocranene cy no panjycy nsmehy xanena na Tpry, a raxohe n no neronom ooy,
n oxo ynasnor ena rpra n ncnpe amnnncrparnnnor ena ojexra. Cnernxe cy na
cryonnma o enor mepmepa, raxohe panjanno nocranennm no Tpry, ca maxama
cxynennm y monnrny onnxonannm o enor mepmepa, xoje pxe cnernxy, jaje, xao
cnmon xnnora.
Orpaa je raxohe nanonnra xao ranac n onoxena cnno nnanaxacrnm xamenom, a
merannn eo orpae, unne opnonn crnnnsonann y rpn onnxa, xao uynapn nea n cnmonn
ysnnmenocrn. Ynasna xannja nanasn ce y noprany, eroncxom npcreny, nncnne 5 m. a unnn
je ]nopannn mornn, xojn nonana ocnony rnannor ojexra sa ncnpahaj.
Hopma. ca ranufo+ u oepaoo+
171
Ymernnuxnm npncrynom onnxonany Tpra sa ncnpahaj, rnannor ojexra n cnnx eraa
npocropne xomnosnnnje Ynasnor noprana, orpae, xnyna, cnernxn, ca enemenrnma ]ayne
n ]nope ouapana ce npnpoa, n cnmonnxa nenor onanana, xao neunn xnnor. Cnernnm
ojama, n oprancxnm onnnnma apxnrexrype ynaxanajy ce remxn rpenyrnn ncnpahaja, a
raj unn ce ysnxe na nnno yxonnocrn n nnjerera.
Kpyxnn Tpr sa ncnpahaj ca rnannnm ojexrom ca xanenama n amnnncrpannjom,
roanerom, cnernxama n xnynama, xao n Ynasnn rpr ca; nopranom, xannjom, orpaom n
uynapnnnom cne sajeny unne ]ynnnonanny n cxnany ymernnuxn opaheny nennny, sor
uera je onaj Tpr n ojexar no npenoxen sa Bennxy narpay sa npnmeneny ymernocr n
nsajn Penynnxe Cpnje, 2007 ronne.
AHTEPATYPA
1. ETAHH YPFAHHCTHuKH HHAH HOBOI IPOFA Y FEOIPAY,
Ypanncrnuxn 3ano Feorpaa 1979, Mnpjana Hyxnh
2. KOEKC HOIPEFHHX YCHYIA, Hpnnpena xomopa CP Cpnje
3. CHYFEHH HHCT IPAA FEOIPAA 17-72, 5-77
4. CHYFEHH HHCT CuPJ, 3AKOH O APXHBY Jyrocnannje,6-73, 18-76, 22-78
5. HPEIHE HCTOPHJE YMETHOCTH, Mnnyrnn Pyxnh, xnnra 2, Capajeno 1960.
6. IPACKA IPOFA, 3ano sa xomynanny n craneny enarnocr rpaa Feorpaa
7. EBPOHCKA IPOFA, apx.Hnan Herponnh, 3ano sa xomynanny n craneny
enarnocr rpaa Feorpaa,1973.
8. CKYHHTYPA HA FEOIPACKOM HOBOM IPOFY, xaranor, 3ano sa samrnry
cnomennxa xynnype rpaa Feorpaa
9. MHPOIOJ 3AIPEF,1873 -1973, Ipa]nuxn sano Xpnarcxe n Ipacxa rpoa,
3arpe Ypennx Fopnc Xyrnnen
10. ETAHH YPFAHHCTHuKH HHAH IPOFA OPHOBAuA, 1985, 3ano sa
nnannpane rpaa Feorpaa, Mnpjana Hyxnh
11. TPI H OFJEKAT 3A HCHPATAJ HA IPOFY OPHOBAuA Y FEOIPAY Y
H3IPABH, p apx. Mnpajana Hyxnh, uaconnc H3IPABA p.
12. 3ABPBEHA H3IPABA TPIA H OFJEKTA 3A HCHPATAJ HA IPOFY
OPHOBAuA, p apx. Mnpjana Hyxnh, uaconnc H3IPABA, p.11-12, 2009 ronna
13. TPI H OFJEKAT 3A HCHPATAJ HA IPOFY OPHOBAuA Y FEOIPAY,
Mnpjana Hyxnh, IHACHHK Hnxnnepcxe Komope Cpnje, p.
14. CEOCKH HAIPOFHH CHOMEHHHH H KPAJHYTABH Y CPFHJH, Fpanxo
Panuennh, Hsanauxn sano Jyrocnannja, 1965.
15. HAPOCKH HAIPOFHH CHOMEHHHH, Anexcanap epoxo, Inacnnx cxoncxor
nayunor pymrna, Cxone, 1938
16. HHYCTPOBAHA EHHHKHOHEHJA TPAHHHOHAHHHX CHMFOHA, Hopn
Kynep, Hpocnera- Honnr, 1986.
17. PEHHIHO3HH OFPEH, OFHuAJH H CHMFOHH, Pannuxa mramna
Feorpa,1980.
18. uACOHHC YPFAHH3AM FEOIPAA,Fpojenn 2,22, 24,26,29,34-35, n 57
19. FEOIPA- YPFAHH3AM, 1521-1867,, nnna Typnh 3amono, Feorpa 1977.
172
20. IOHBBAK IPAA FEOIPAA,Knnra 26, nnna Typnh 3amono n Heexo
Forynonnh, Mysej rpaa Feorpaa,1979.
21. YPFAHA MOPuOHOIHJA FEOIPACKHX IPOFAA, APXHTEKTOHCKH
uAKYHTET 1986-87, npo].Fopxo Honaxonnh, crpyunn capannnn: apx. Mnpjana
Hyxnh, apx.Mnnnna Momunnonnh, apx.Cnacoje Kpynnh
173
oopueofe Touroeuh
1
TEOPH1CKH ACHEKT: O HOBHX YTOHHCTA O TEOPH1E
YPBAHOI IPAHTECTBA
Pesu+e:
Y ynoy ce ncrnue, a nayuna reopnja mopa a ye pannonanna n penenanrna. Pasnnjajyhn
one neje n cranone, Ayrop no rauxom 1 pasmarpa remy ypana cnryannja n nonn yronncrn
re je neorpannuena moh rexnonomxe epe npoynna pymrnenn nepe, nonehana nejena-
xocrn xao pesynrar connjannnx n exonomcxnx ycnona, mro je rpaonnma oneno jom jeny
necpehy: neocrarax mepnna n pacxopax nsmehy ocehana n ynanpehena rexnonornje. Cnen
norne na none yronncre n ypany peoprannsannjy xao naxne enemenre ypane mncnn n
axnnje. Y rauxn 3 pasmarpajy ce reopnjcxn nornen. One je, npno, yunnen ocnpr na ]ynxnno-
nanncrnuxy opnjenrannjy unjn je xpeo Arnncxa nonea. Ona reopnja rpernpa cranonane, pa
n pexpeannjy xao ocnonne enemenre. Ho nnma axrnnnocrn ne rpea a ce memajy. Kpnrnxa one
reopnje, xao aprymenr ysnma ro mro on xpos ypann nsajn enyje esnnuno. C pyre crpane
xymanncrnuxa reopnja je npe xonexnnja nnrennnja, rexnnxa n nsajnepcxnx neja. Kpnrnxe
xaxy a xymanncrn ne pasmarpajy noenre y mnpnm pasmepama, nnrn onmre norpee rpaa.
cncremcxo rnenmre, nax, crana narnacax na enemenre ypanor rpanrecrna nehe pasmepe.
Ho nnma cnecrpanocr nma npenacxony npenocr, a xyu ycnexa nexn y oprannsonany
cncremcxnx cnojena. 3a ]opmanncrnuxo rnenmre cmarpajy ce one npenocrn, noceno
neannn moen nnn ynnnepsanno ypehene ypanor npocropa n ]opme.
K+yuue peuu: meopufa, ypoauo epaoume+cmeo, mexuo.oeufa, uoeu ymonucmu
THE THEORETICAL ASPECT: FROM NEW UTOPIANS TO THE
THEORY OF URBBAN BUILDING DEVELOPMENT
Summary:
In its introduction, It is pointed out that a scientific theory must be a rational one, as well as, a
relevant one. By developing these ideas and opinions, the author, within number 1 considers the
topic urban situation and new utopians where a non limited power of technological era has
deepened social disorder, increased uneven state as a result of social and economic conditions,
what to the towns brought another damage: lack of measures and gap between feelings and an
improvements of technology. Follows a view at new utopians and urban reorganization as an
important element of urban think and action. Within number 3 are covered theoretical views. The
first is given a review of the functionalistic theory whose credo athens charter. This theory
considers housing, work, and recreation as the key elements. By them, activities should not be
mixed. Criticism of this theory as an argument takes that it in urban design deals monotonous.
From another side, the humanistic theory is more a collection of intentions, technical and designers
ideas. Criticism think that the humanists do not consider points in a broader sizes nor general
needs of a town. the system approach gives an accent at elements of urban building development
of a larger size. By them "versatility" has a distinguished validity organization of systemic layers.
For formalists the values in ideal models or universal arrangements of urban space and form.
Key words: theory, urban building, technology, new utopians

1
p opnnoje Tomxonnh, nnn.nnx.apx., nayunn canernnx HAYC-a y Feorpay, y nensnjn
174
YBO
Hs ncropnje, nnenn cmo xonxperne "orahaje" y pasnojy rpaa xojn cy nmann cnoje
rpenyrxe, cnojy psnny, cnoje crpyxrype n ]opme, nsa xojnx je crajano opeheno snane.
Taxo, xonxperno oxnnena ncropnja crnapana je nocene cncreme neja, xojn y oxnnpy
rnx onoca nspaxanajy crnapne n npaxrnune cranone opehennx pymrnennx sajennna.
Cne ro ronopn a n rexnonomxa epa 21-or nexa, ca cnnm cnojnm nosnrnnnnm n
nerarnnnnm yrnnajnma na pasnoj rpaa, rpaxn oronapajyhy ]nnoso]njy ypannsannje n, y
rom nponecy, aexnarny reopnjy ypanor rpanrecrna. Jep, nnje onono camo ncrahn n
oxasarn a crape crpyxrype, xao ne]nexcnnnne, ne oronapajy caamnnm saxrennma.
Kao mro cmo nnenn, ns ncropnjcxor pasnoja, moryhe je nsnyhn n nexnnje xoje mory a
nncnnpnmy y rpacnpany nonor nyra y nponecy npomene xoje cy onor nyra namernyre
npnrncxom opehennx pymrnennx n rexnnuxo-rexnonomxnx ycnona xao mro cy ro nexa
unnnne meroe nohena para.
Hpnnasehn ca onor npanna pasmnmana, nayune reopnje, y onmrem cmncny, nojanyje
ce xao npnnnnnn ypehena xojn ojamnanajy youene unnennne, yxyuyjyhn "saxone"
pasnnrxa, yspoune nanne n pyre emnnpnune perynapnocrn xoje cy orxpnnene o raxnnm
unnennnama. Hexa opo yremeena reopnja, xoja noxpnna mnpox njanason unnennna o
nncoxor crenena raunocrn je, y crnapn, najxomnaxrnnja n najoneparnnnnja ]opma no xojoj
ce moxe npnxasarn, mannnynncarn, xopncrnrn nnn cxnarnrn nayuna nn]opmannja. To je n
nyr a ce npnpoa ypanor rpanrecrna nspasn xao nayuno snane.
Y rom xonrexcry, "nexo ojamnene mopa a ye renepannnje n ancrpaxrnnje nero nen
npemer rymauena, raxo a nnonn ojamnena nexe jean ynyrap pyror mnpehn ce
npema xnjepapxnjn oyxnara. "Ha rom nyry, rexnmo nanymrany "rna" emnnpnjcxnx
"unnennunnx" xapaxrepncrnxa nha xoja pasmarpamo rpernpajyhn nx uecro xao xonnenre
xojn nocroje camo y omeny mncnn". [1]
Teopnje necymnnno npnnaajy cnery neja n mory ce jenno nspasnrn y cnmonnunoj
]opmn xao mro cy peun "cxnne" nr. One yrnphyjy crpyxrypanna cpocrna nsmehy
xonnenara ca xojnma ce moxe ae mannnynncarn ancrpaxrno npema nornnn nnn pyrnm
"saxonnma mnmena". Hpn rome cy nsnecne mnpe xapaxrepncrnxe-nrne. Ha npnom mecry
nayuna reopnja mopa a ye pannonanna. Ona mopa a pesynrnpa nornuno, es
ynyrpamnnx xonrpanxnnja, nnaue, ne n nna jacno nesana sa ncxycrno. [2]
Jena o npenocrn xoncrpyncana nexor reopnjcxor cncrema oxo nexor marepnjannor
moena je casnane, a on, y crnapn, moxe a ce "peannsyje" es cnojnx xonrpanxnnja.
pyra nrna npenocr nayune reopnje je a ona rpea a ye penenanrna. Hexa neno
aprnxynncana n camoonona crpyxrypa ancrpaxrnnx enrnrera, nnje o nayunor nnrepeca
ocnm axo je npahena ojamnnnnm npnnnnnnma xojn ro nesyjy sa emnnpnuxn cner [3]. Bra
ro snaun y xonrexcry ypanor nsajna?
Jean nomronann ypann nsajnep xojn pan y jenom amepnuxom rpay, nocranno je
jeno aprymenronano nnrane: "Je nn nexa reopnja o ypanom nsajny sa Amepnxy
norpena? Ho nemy, "Hnje nn onono panrn nnrynrnnno ns concrnenor ncxycrna o
opom n nomem ypanom nsajny"?
Ham oronop je, a paehn npema reopnjn oesehyje ce ncnnnnnna n ocnona sa
npenonane. Teopnja npyxa nexy pe]epenrny rauxy npema xojoj ce nexo moxe nparnrn npn
onomeny onyxa. 3arnm, ona oesehyje cranap npema xome ce mory mepnrn onyxe.
Fes onnx cnonnx ncnnnnnna n cranapa nocroje ne osnne onacnocrn. Hpna, onyxe
ce mory onern es pe]epennn na nnene, neh xao oronop na noxanne nnn momenranne
175
npnrncxe. Taa, rpanrecrno nocraje npoyxr npe pasnnx saxrena ("exonomnmn",
"saonon ror crapnjer uonexa", "ne nn y cyxo ca nonnnapnma" nr.) nero mnpnx
nnena. pyro, pasne onyxe mory a onoxe cnaxy pyry, n a npnajy mane snauaja
nexom xpajnem npoyxry.
Maa reopnje mory a yy n norpemno ynorpeene, es nnx mano n ce nocrnrno
mro je snauajno n mro ocraje y memopnjn.
1 YPBAHA CHTYAHH1A H HOBH YTOHHCTH
Ypannsannja je cnercxn nponec, xojn je, nsmehy ocranor, xpos neorpannueny moh
rexnonomxe epe npoyno pymrnenn nepe nonehao nejenaxocrn xao pesynrar
connjannnx n exonomcxnx ycnona, npe cnera, y rpaonnma. Ann, "ro je rpaonnma oneno
jom jeny necpehy: neocrarax mepnna n pacxopax nsmehy ocehana n ynanpehena
rexnonornje" [4].
Taxo je cnaxn ycxn nocrynax necnecno o]opmen no yrnnajem opehene ocehajne
nosanne, jep "yn ne mory nnannparn cner a a ne npojexryjy n cee" [5] - a ro sanpe
ye y caamne crane xynrype: xonnxo nnsnonapn, nope emorpa]cxe n rexnnuxe
npnnye ysnmajy y osnp n saonoene xynrypnnx norpea yn.
Hpenarpnanocr rpaona nncnnpncana je pojne nocrynxe sa pemene ror nponema a
nexn ]anracrnunn npenosn cyrepncann cy o npaxrnunnx yn. Bncoxn rpomxonn
semnmra nnn cy raxo jaxo yxopenenn y crane rpacxor yma a cy neronn e]exrn nnn
npnxnahenn xao nopmanan xypc "semnmne exonomnje".
Ys ro je jom mopao a ce pemn nponem caopahaja n, axymynnpann cnojenn ynnna,
jean npexo pyror, onnn cy yenn nsrne. A xaxo cy xpononn onaxoepa nmnn
nannme ro je oneno o npenora sa ynnne na nnme nnnoa.
Hnxn nonoxaj na nonpmnnn rna, ynao je y mpax xojn je ocnojno uonexony cpenny.
Pacryha nensnecnocr o ocnereny npnnyxna je naxny yn. uonex je rpano remxo
mnpoxo n ranxo nncoxo a, mro je nno nnme cnerna nna je ya cenxa. Hecrana je
xymanocr. yn cy opasonann ym ]anopnsyjyhn mpax, ro je saxnonnno xonrpacre n
nnxone nenne ersncrennnje. Bemrauxn cjaj nohnor xnnora nocrao je nonynapan, n yn
cy y nemy namnn onymrane o crnapnocrn oxo cee. Ca nojanom ana onn cy rpuann y
cnoje xannenapnje nnn cramene hennje.
Ymernocr merana nna je nsryena. Hosemna xenesnnna ononna je ye o cpna
rpaa. Bro je mane npemena na ornopenom nasyxy n nennom cnerny, pxe je cnecr
uonexa ocnoohena nensnecnocrn n pnra. Fexane o peannocrn nahena je y ennmnunoj
sampauenocrn nocxoncxnx cnnxa, y onom cnery ]anrasnje n ynepanana, cnn n mornn
momenranno a ce npenecy y nexo mecro npnnarnocrn.
Hponem nenpnnnneronannx ce ynehao, naxo ce pymrneno narocrane npomnpnno, a
cne nnme n nnme nopesa nno je ycmepeno sa anane nomohn pyrnma.
Cnn xojn cy nporecronann npornn npenarpnanocrn n pyxnohe rpaa orxpnnn cy
anaxponnsam namer nnycrpnjcxor oa - necnoconocr pymrna a oxynn cnare
rexnonomxor nporpeca y nny ypane oprannsannje.
Ycmepena xa ncrom saarxy ynanpeheny ypane cpenne - nojanyjy ce reopnje xoje cy
y mehyconom xon]nnxry, a mnmena o cnryannjn napnpajy. Onn cy nensexnn n ro
opaxana ennrmy oa. Orpomno nanpeonane nayxe n nnnennnje-nancnpano je nsnenaa
176
jeny nnemy n nnnnnnsannja ce namna y roj cnryannjn. Taxo je omno o nojane uoeux
ymonucma y npnoj nononnnn 20 nexa.
2 HOBH YTOHHCTH H YPBAHA PEOPIAHH3AHH1A
Hcrpaxnnajyhn nexy ypany ]opmy norony sa merponone nnycrpnjcxe epe, nonn
yronncrn cy ]opmynncann nexe npnnnnne xojn n mornn a noe peoprannsannjy rpaa
yyhnocrn. Onn npnnnnnn yonmranajy sajennuxe xapaxrepncrnxe "nnneapnnx" n
"xonnenrpnuxnx" rpacxnx ]opmn. Onn ycnajajy ]nsnuxe npenocrn "jennnna cycecrna"
y npnnor ocnonnnm norpeama omahnncrna n ncrnuy nepcnexrnny nenrnrera nojennnx
enona nennxor rpaa xojn cy caa nsryenn y cnnnny anamnnx merponona. Homro
rpacxa ]opma mopa a ce mena xaxo n npexnnena, a saro mro mopa a npexnnn xao
nnrerpannn enemenr nnycrpnjcxor oa, - npenosn nonnx yronncra cy naxnn enemenrn
ypane mncnn n axnnje.
Ha nsnoxn y Hapnsy 1922. ronne nna je nsnoxena nnsnja "Ipa cyrpamnnne" (La
Ville Contemporaine) xonnenropa ymnor Kopnsnjea. Beron yronncrnuxn nnan no je rpa
o nmnpecnnnnx onaxoepa oxpyxennx mnpoxnm ornopennm npocropom. Ipa je no
orpoman napx. Amnnncrparnnne srpae o 60 cnparona cmemrajy nexnx 2800 yn no
xexrapy, noxpnnajyhn camo 5 nponenara repena, rpynncane cy y jesrpy rpaa. Caopahajnn
nenrap, xenesnnna n aepopom nnn cy nenrpanna noenra nnrepeca. Oxono onaxoepa
nne cy cramene uernprn o ocmocnparnnx srpaa ypehennx no "nnx-nax" cncremy ca
mnpoxnm ornopennm npocropnma oxo nnx n rycrnnom naceenocrn o oxo 290 cr/xa. Ipa
je no samnmen sa 3.000.000 cranonnnxa. (cn. 1)
C.ura 1: "LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE", Le Corbusier
Hsnanpene rpa]nuxe npecrane n jacno nspaxene mncnn ca xojnma cy nnanonn nnn
onncann, crnopnno je censannjy n, 1925. ronne, Kopnsnje je npnnarono cnoj "Ipa
cyrpamnnne" y "Plan Voisin" sa nenrap Hapnsa. Konrpacr ca crapnm rpaom no je
pamarnuan, noceno nspaxennm nncoxnm rycrnnama. Hnan unnn npanoyraono ypehene
177
ynnna, ann noxannn n nponasnn caopahaj cy jacno pasnojenn a nennxn ornopenn
npocropn cy rpernpann xao ne]opmanna nemauxa nnpxynannja opahena xao nejsax. (cn. 2)
C.ura 2: KOHTPACT us+ehy cmapoe u uoeoe y "Plan Voisin"
Kopnsnje pacnpana o axryennoj remn xonnenrpannja versus-ncnepsnja =
npenaceenocr. On ojamnana a he neron rpa xonnenrpncarn ye, nomreern nenne
uacone xoje onn nponoe y xopnsonrannom nyronany n rnme ycmjepnrn nnxono npeme y
npoyxrnnne nanope n omapane. On rnpn a je amepnuxn onaxoep cynnme mann n
npenaxe na Menxerny poj o 6.000.000 cranonnnxa n rycrnnom o 1000 cr/xa n 88
nponenara nnannpanor semnmra xao cnoono n ornopen npocrop. Ono je, uax, rpn nyra
mana rycrnna nero mro je npenoxeno y neronom "Ipay cyrpamnnne" [7]. (cn. 3)
A ynnna? Komnnerna nonornja
Ynnna je saopanena. npnxnarnno nocrojane
C.ura 8: Meuxemu
178
Ann, one moxe a ce ohe o norpemnor mnmena o nncoxoj rycrnnn n ornopenom
npocropy. Kaa ce ayromonn yxyun y raj xonrexcr, ona semnmre ca 1000 cr/xa ne
nocraje noenn npr, neh napnena sa napxnpane.
Pannorexa ornopenor "npocropa" je na ynnnama xoje cnponoe xona y n nan onnx
napxnpannmra. "3enenn" npocrop xome rexnmo n xojn ocra oehana, y crnapn, nocraje
rnpa nonora sa rpancnoprna nosnna. Cnryannja ce ae xomnnnxyje sor unnennne a
n samrnra nasymnor npocropa nsna rna morna jenno a ce ocnrypa orpannuananem
ceux srpaa na nncoxe "xyne", nncxe srpae ca nncoxom rycrnnom n noxpnnane repen xao n
o caa.
Hoxenocr nncxe rycrnne sa crameny cpenny je ounrnena na cnnm crpanama cnera.
Bncoxa rycrnna enyje ecrpyxrnnno. Hporecr npornn rycrnne naceenocrn xoje
rnranrcxe srpae crnapajy, nnje ynepen npornn cnoconnx rpanrea, neh, camo ornapa
nexa nnrana xoja rpaxe naxnno pasmarpane o rome a nn je xonnenrpannja oprancxa
norpea yyhnx merponona.
Je nn cynna cnaxor uonexa a xnnn y nexom cramenom "xyycy" nncoxnx srpaa? Je
nn ro naunn xaxo cnaxn uonex xenn a xnnn? Je nn uonex ycnonen nayxom n
exonomnjom? Hnn cy one y cnyxn uonexa. Jecy nn one crnapanamrno uonexa, nnn je uonex
nnxon po? Moxe nn uonex a pe]opmnme cnoje exonomnje n ocrnapn cnoje xee a ye
oe oncnyxen? Axo n ono nocrana ncrnna nncmo nn ona oanesnn a npencnnramo,
npno, name xee n yxyunmo nayxy n exonomnjy xao namy npenocr?
Hayxa, exonomnja n nnycrpnja nnrensnnnpane cy ]ynxnnje rpaa. One cy, raxohe,
crnopnne n nncrpymenre xojn neyrpannmy nene e]exre. Jaxa xonnenrpannja yn nnje
nnme norpea sa nohene nsnnca nnn sa norono n xom]opno xnnene. Meorn
rpancnopra, eneprnje n xomynnxannje nonnmranajy npenarpnany xonnenrpannjy xojy
anac cmarpamo xao necpehy ypane ersncrennnje. Hpenarpnanane yn n srpaa je
nerannja cnaxor canpemenor cpecrna xomynnxannje n rpancnopra no namnm
ynpananem.
3or rora mro je "exonomnja" nnacnnmrna uecro ]nxnnja nnn saro mro cy yn
nonpemenn cranapn y nexoj srpan, ro ne mena cymrnncxy xey a ce xnnn y
xopnsonrannom npocropy. To nnje nnrane nonnrnxe, exonomnje nnn pymrnene pe]opme.
To je crnap ycxnx nnena, acnnpannja, xea n menrannor yxnanana y ]nsnuxn
xonrexcr. Hnje ro nn nexa reopnja o ecrernnn, nnrn, nax, pomanrnunn nanaj yn xojn
xene xyhy n npr. Hnje onono samennrn ro canpemennm nenrnnannonnm ypehajnma y
"hennjama" nnmecnparnnx srpaa, saro mro sa ro nmamo rexnnuxe moryhnocrn ("Know-
how"). Yronncrn cy noxasann camo jeny crpany "meae": onaxoepn mory a ancopyjy
nncoxe nene semnmra, n a ymree na xomynannjama n y npemeny nyronana. Ann onn,
raxohe, mory a crnope npenaceenocr n nncoxe nene semnmne npenocrn xojn
nonnmranajy nerone npenocrn n ocrpanyjy cne nsope sa nexom pyrom ]opmom
cranonana ca acnexra rpacxnx cranapa. uecro ce ro nesyje sa exonomnjy. Y rom cmncny
rpea ncrahn a nncy cramene "xyne" re xoje nocrnxy exonomnunocr, nnrn ce sor rora
rpae. One ce rpae saro mro je nena semnmra "excrpanaranrna" n raj ce nponec
nacrana es orpannuena, n raxo oaje ye na narpy ypane npenaceenocrn, nponaana
n esnnrerpannje.
3nauajno je, nnax, a xojnm ro npannem a xpene ncrpaxnnane sa nexom nonom
ypanom ]opmom, neja o epaoy nnje nanymrena. Komnnexcn n pasnonpcne ]ynxnnje ce
npeonnxyjy, nperpynnmy n peoprannsyjy, ann cacrannn enemenrn rpaa ocrajy. To mro cy
179
nexe naxne npenocrn rpaa napymene, ne nonnmrana nnxony norpey. Ann, nocrojn jax
a]nnnrer sa enenrpannsannjom n pacnojananem nperpaha xao pesynrar nperepanor
pacra, nperepanor sonnpana n npenaceenocrn nennxnx rpaona.
Y paonnma nonnx yronncra sa nnannpany nnrerpannjy namena semnmra ononena
je xymana pasmepa nsrpane. Onpeeene a merponone rpea a ancopyjy neorpannueno
cranonnnmrno npecrana nsason, a cranapn rycrnna cy nesann sa oprancxe ]ynxnnje
rpaa. Hpnpone cnare xoje enyjy ynyrap n na nennxn rpa ]opcnpajy npencnnrnnane
]opme n crpyxrype xoje cy nonn yronncrn anrnnnnnpann. Ornopen nam je nyr a ys nomoh
nayxe n nnnennnje ocnoonmo ce xonnennnja xoje anac namehy nensexne npomene.
Moxemo nmarn n nncoxe n nncxe srpae, ornopene npocrope n norone xomynnxannje.
yn mory nmarn npnjarnocr xnnena ca ojom, annmannjom n pasnonpcnnm enemenrnma
xojn unne xnannrer moepnor rpaa. One npenocrn he nacrarn xaa npeonnaa
pannonanan norne na rycrnne n na onoc nsmehy nnannpana n ypanor nsajna. O rome y
cneehem pasmarpany reopnjcxnx nornea.
3 TEOPH1CKH HOIAEH
3.1 mynxnnonannc1nuxa opnjen1annja
O uernpn opnjenrannje (rnenmra) npno unnnmo ocnpr na qyuruoua.usa+ xojn nma
najyxy ncropnjy. Berono nopexno je y oayxaycy n y eny Kopousufea. Beron xpeo je
Amuucra noee+a. Ynorpennn cmo peu "opnjenrannja" nnn "rnenmre" xoje ce unne
npnxnannje y onom xonrexcry nero repmnn "reopnja". Jena reopnja o ypanom nsajny
rpaxn a ce onnme npnpoa ypane cpenne, nnenn sa ypany ]opmy n nameny, n mero
sa peannsonane nnena xojn cy xonsncrenrnn ca npnpoom ypane cpenne. Hexa
opnjenrannja je cnnuna ann mane npennsna. Ona ncrnue xoncrenannjy nojennana cnnunnx
npenocrn, mehy xojnma, mory, mehyrnm, a yy snarne pasnnxe y mnmeny n narnacxy.
uynxnnonannsam samnma rpa xao rpynannjy namene xoje rpea cmecrnrn: crano-
nane, pa, pexpeannja n caopahajnn cncremn xojn nm cnyxe. Y panoj ]asn ]ynxnno-
nanncrnuxe mncnn rpa je no oxapaxrepnsonan xao nexa mamnna, y xacnnjnm nejama, xao
xomnnexcan oprannsam n xao nexa mpexa nnn xoncrenannja nenrpa rpacxnx sajennna
nesannx sa jeno nenrpanno jesrpo. uynxnnonanncrnuxn rpa je yjenauen, on ne
]anopnsyje nnn sanemapyje pymrnene rpyne. Cnaxome je oeseheno onono cynuenor
cnerna, cnexer nasyxa n npncryn ornopenom npocropy. [9]
uynxnnonanncrnuxa reopnja rpernpa cranonane, pa n pexpeannjy xao ocnonne
enemenre. Axrnnnocrn ne rpea a ce memajy.
Orya je sonnpane xyunn enemenr ]ynxnnonanncrnuxor rpaa, jep, y jenoj
sonnpanoj cpennn, enarnocrn mory a ce onnjajy ca mano nnn es memana ca pyrnm
enarnocrnma. Y ]ynxnnonanncrnuxom ypanom nnannpany, oprannsonane ]yxnnonannx
onoca y nonmensnonannom nnany, onuno nperxon oprannsonany pyrnx onoca.
Ineano xpos rpa]nuxe npnxase a y xonrexcry uernpn opnjenrannje xoje he ce
anannsnparn, nnnmo a ce ]ynxnnonanncrn jaxo ocnanajy na nnancxe nprexe, ox
xymanncrn nnme naxne noxnanajy nnrnmnnm nornenma, cncremnuapn ce nspaxanajy
xpos njarpame, a sa ]opmanncre je najnaxnnja nrnuja nepcnexrnna.
Maa ]ynxnnonanncrnuxa reopnja rpaxn nonajane enarnocrn na nojenne
noxannrere, cpne nnn jesrpo rpaa mopa a nma nnrerpnmyhy ]ynxnnjy. Heannsonana
180
namena ypanor nenrpa je a "omoryhn ynma a cperny jean pyror pan nsmene
neja". 3or rora, raxan nenrap "mopa a ye arpaxrnnan sa cne npcre yn y pernony
xora oncnyxyjy". Y nennnn, rpacxn nenrap rpea a ojaua "rpcxy cnecr". [10] 3a ycnex
ypanor nenrpa norpeno je oesenrn ocycrno ayromonncxor caopahaja, xaxo n raj
nenrap no omen nemaxa.
"Oproronanno nnannpane xapaxrepnme najnehn poj ]ynxnnonanncrnuxnx ypannx
nsajna. Hnanonn rexe a ojenne ]opmanne n acnmerpnune enemenre y nexaxnom
nnsyennom nocrynxy, xojn unnn ce, saonoana an ]ynxnnonanncrnuxn nn a
canpemenn rpaonn nspase canpemena cpecrna excnepcnje". [11]
Knannrer ]ynxnnonanncrnuxor nsajna sanncn o rora xonnxo on xomnerenrno
saonoana norpee n enarnocrn n xonnxo opo xopncrn cnerno, npocrop, n senennno,
xao enemenre ypanor nnana xojn jauajy nenne oxnnaje. Ornopenn npocrop je nncoxo
npenonan noceno xaa je y nnsnnn ]ynxnnonannnx nonpmnna. Ona npenocr moxe a
ce carnea xao peaxnnja na canjene ycnone y cpenenexonnnm rpaonnma n
nnycrpnjcxnm rpaonnma 19. nexa.
uynxnnonanncrnuxa reopnja rpaxn ncrpaxnnana, remene anannse norpea n npnnnxa
n nponeca onyunnana cne ro o crpane oyuennx npo]ecnonanana. Onn mopa a
xoopnnnpajy npnpone, connonomxe, exonomcxe, n pyre ]axrope cnenn]nune sa
xynrypnn xonrexcr n cranjym pasnoja. Hnannpane anrnnnnnpa npe nero a aje oronope:
"Hnrennrenrno npornosnpane he nmarn cxnnnpany cnojy yyhnocr, onncan cnoj
xapaxrep, npennhen oncer cnor mnpena n orpannuena cnojnx excneca ynanpe". [12]
Fyyhn a je ]ynxnnonanncrnuxo mnmene nesano sa Kopnsnjea n Arnncxy noney,
xacnnja exncrnuxa reopnja Koncranrnna oxcnjanca, moxe ce cxnarnrn xao nexaxna
xopexnnja n enaopannja re rpannnje. Taxo, Exncrnuxn npnnnnnn yxyuyjy (1) nrn
peanan, (2) mnmene na "yre crase n y mnpem enoxpyry", (3) nnenrn]nxonane,
npenonane, n xnacn]nxonane nponema xoje rpea pasmarparn, (4) onomene nonnrnxa
xoje he nonrn onyunnane, (5) xpenpane nnanona xojn cnee ns onnx nonnrnxa, (6)
xoncranrno npenonane, (7) nepnonuno npencnnrnnane. [13]
Hpema ]ynxnnonanncrnuxom rnenmry, rpea cauynarn ncropnjcxn snauajne srpae
sor nnxone eyxarnnne npenocrn, ann nsajn ncropnjcxnx uernprn ne rpea a ye
ocnona sa nnannpane canpemennx rpaona.
Kpnrnxa ]ynxnnonannsma xao aprymenr ysnma ro mro on, xpos ypann nsajn, enyje
esnnuno n y nennxoj pasmepn: "Ienepannn nnan namene nonpmnna sa nexn nennxn rpa je,
yrnannom, crnap npenoxenor nonnpana, uecro y onocy npema caopahajy, ox je xymana
pasmepa, uecro, sanemapena". [14]
3.2 Xyuannc1nuxo rnenm1e
Xymanncrnuxn nonoxaj nnje raxo jacno n cnecrpano ]opmynncan xao ]ynxnn-
onanncrnuxn. Hpe je ro xonexnnja nnrennnja, rexnnxa n nsajnepcxnx neja xoje nye
pasnonnxe rpyne npncrannna. Hojana one opnjenrannje, y 50-rnm n 60-rnm ronnama, nnje
nesana sa nexy nony reopnjy, neh je peaxnnja na nesaonoanajyhe pesynrare ]ynxnn-
onanncrnuxor mnmena n nsajna. Mehy onnma xojn penpesenryjy xymanncrnuxa no-
namana nnn cy npecrannnnn pnrancxe mxone nsajna, nenojannn unanonn CIAM-a,
xojn cy ysenn nme Ipyna 10, xao n nsnecnn ancxn apxnrexrn. Hajnosnarnjn o pnrancxnx
nsajnepa cy: Kenr Fpayn (Kennt Browne), Iopon Kanen (Gordon Cullen) n Tomac Bapn
(Thomas Sharp), xojn cy nnme nesann sa nejcaxne npenocrn, n nnrepeconana sa
181
orarcrno n nspaxajnocr y mannm ypannm cpennama. O Ipyne 10 nosnarnjn cy Ancon
Cmnrcon (Alson Smithson), Herep Cmnrcon (Peter Smithson), Ano nan Ajx (Aldo van
Eyck), opx Kannnnc (Georges Candillis), Hexo Faxema (Jacov Bakema). ancxn
apxnrexrn ca xymanncrnuxo crpyxrypanncrnuxnm naxnonenocrnma yxyuyjy Xepman
Xepneprep (Herman Hertzberger) n Ano nan Ajx.
Maa cy oa npncryna (]ynxnnonanncra n xymanncra) ycpecpehena na norpee, nnax,
]ynxnnonanncrn nounny na maxpo nnnoy ca sonnpanem sa nnycrpnjy, cranonane nr. n
norpene rpancnoprne xomynnxannje, ox xymanncrn nounny ca ncnnrnnanem yrnnaja
enemenara mane pasmepe na nenne oxnnaje xojn ]opmnpajy nsnecno ncxycrno
(npnjarno nnn nenpnjarno).
Xymanncrnuxn xnannrern ce samnmajy xpos nnsyenny pasnonpcnocr, naxny na mane
pasmepe, onnc yn anraxonannx y axrnnnocrnma, n anorannje xpos xoje nsajnep
"cxnnnpa" mecro. Ano nan Ajx ro crane noernsyje na xaxe:
"Hanpann opoomnnny o cnnx npa1a, nspaaajnoc1 cnaxor nposopa.
Hanpann o cnauera jeno uec1o, jeny rpynannjy uec1a o cnaxe xyhe n
cnaxor rpaa (jena xyha je neoua uann rpa, jean rpa je orpouna xyha)
" [17]
uynxnnonanncrnuxo nnannpane namehe jeny crpyxrypy na rpa, ox xymanncrnuxo
nnannpane rpaxn peannsannjy n ojauana nperxono nocrojehe n ncraxnyre pymrnene
crpyxrype. njarpamn namene nonpmnna cy rnnnune nnycrparnnne rexnnxe y nnanonnma
]ynxnnonanncra, nsajn xymanncra ce neponarnnje moxe onncarn nnsom nprexa y
cexnennama xojn onncyjy xopncnnxony pasnonpcnocr nnsyennor xapaxrepa, nnn xpos nexn
njarpam moena nonamana.
Axo je sa nexora npnencrnena sannrepeconanocr xymano ncxycrno npn oxnnanany
rpaa, raxohe, n neron pymrnenn xnnor, oap rpa he ce najoe pasymern xao
xonexnnja enxnana. Xymanncrnuxn nsajnepn ouexyjy o cranonnnxa nexor rpaa a cy
saononn cpennom n a je npnxnarajy xao cnojy concrneny. "Ono mro nynmo ne moxe
nrn neyrpanno", ro mopa nrn cnpon marepnjan, xao mro je no, capxanajyhn
"nnrennnje" o xojnx cnaxo moxe a nanpann cnoj concrnenn nsop y nexoj nocenoj
cnryannjn, nsnajajyhn ns rora, npennsno, namepy xoja je "exo" neronnx namepa. [18]
Onyxe ce asnpajy npe na xopncnnxonnm norpeama n npnnnxama, nero na
xonnenrnma: "Hajon nyr sa nnannpane nenrpa je carnearn xaxo ra yn xopncre anac,
rnearn nerony cnary, excnnoarncarn n ojauarn je. Hema nornxe xoja n morna a ce
namerne rpay, yn ro npane, sa cee, na, orya, npema nnma, a ne npema srpaama,
mopamo yecnrn nnanone". [19] Onyunnane rexn, npexonpemenom jauany, nero a ye
]nxcnpano renepannnm nnanom. Hnenn nnannpana rpea npe a ycmepanajy npomene n
a opaxanajy ocehana npnnanocrn rpay, nero a npnryjy: "Hayxa ypannsma n
ymernocr rpacxor nsajna, y crnapnom xnnory n sa peanne paone, mopajy nocrarn nayxa
n ymernocr ycmepanana npomena y xonrexcry opxnnor pasnoja xao nncxo ojenneno
pano cpocrno". [20]
Xymanncr - ypann nsajnep, noxnana naxny enemenrnma mane pasmepe n ne]opman-
nnm cncremnma ypehena, nseranajyhn nennxe pasmepe n cynep-namernyre reomerpnje.
nsajn y xymanoj pasmepn nocrnxe npncnocr n ocehane a cy "crnapn nanpanene o
182
yn n sa ye". [21] Taxo Van Eyck a]npmnme naxnocr npnnarohanana apxnrexrype
ynma xojn je naceanajy. [22]
uynxnnonanno sonnpane n ]ynxnnonanne ocoenocrn nncy, no nnxonom mnmeny,
nopma, ymecro rora, axrnnnocrn n enemenrn ce npexnanajy, nporxann cy raxo a je "pama
y onymrany". [23] Ynnne xo xymanncra npahajy crapn xapaxrep xao "xnna" mecra "sa
ye". [24] Kaa ce caopahajnn xasap yxa n sarahene xonrponnmy na rnannnm
aprepnjama, rporoapn nocrajy nne sa rearapcxn xnnor cycecrna. A ypann xapaxrep
onasn ns orare memannne "oprannsonane xomnnexcnocrn" xaxo xaxe Hen Hexoc (Jane
Jacobs). [25]
Onn nepyjy a yyhnocr rpaa ne mopa mnoro a ce pasnnxyje o caamne, yxonnxo je
caamne crane saonoanajyhe. Ma xoje npomene xoje yy norpene, nhe onnxonane
uemhe na enemenrnma nocrojehnx sajennna n peona, nero na nonnm xonnenrnma. Y
cymrnnn, rpannnja je nsnopna xnnra onnx enemenara xojn cy nnn oauenn nnn
nrnopncann y nsajny ]ynxnnonanncra, xojn cy rpaxnnn neje nexe none n pasnnunre
yyhnocrn. "nsajnepn xymanncrn, raxohe, npeysnmajy ns nepnaxynapne rpannnje
raxne xnannrere xao mro cy rpxnmnn rpronn, nacaxn n cramene rpynannje. Kaxo cymnajy
y npexrne nmnrannje, nsajnepn xymanncrn npernapajy npeysere neje ns npomnocrn y
moepne repmnne re ro je moryhe" [26].
Kaxo jean ]ynxnnonanncr ypann nsajnep, cxnara ypann nenrap xao mecro sa
esnnuny pasmeny poe n nn]opmannja, na, npema rome nnannpa ro xao mecro e]nxacno sa
onaj nponec, c pyre crpane, nsajnep xymanncr nnn nenrap y cnerny jauana xymanor
ncxycrna onnx axrnnnocrn. Hnrnmnocr n orarcrno ncxycrna mopa a ny pyxy no pyxy
ca e]nxacnomhy. "nsajnepn mopa a pasmorpe mra unnn nexn rpacxn nenrap
marnernunnm? " [27].
Kpnrnxe xaxy a xymanncrn ne pasmarpajy noenre y mnpnm pasmepama nnrn onmre
norpee rpaa. Honpemeno nonehane nnannpana xoje xapaxrepnme xymanncrnuxn mero,
moxe crnopnrn nponeme y ]ynxnnonncany neher ypanor cncrema. Fyyhnocr rpaona je
cynnme xomnnexcan saarax sa nannne.
3.3 Cnc1eucxo rnenm1e
Cncremcxn npncryn crana narnacax na enemenre ypanor rpanrecrna nehe pasmepe
n rpaxn onmrn pa sa ypano mecro. Berone npncrannne onennnn cy "cnecrpanocr" xao
npenacxony npenocr. [29] Cncremcxa reopnja ycnaja ypannsannjy n nonehane pymrne-
ne xomnnexcnocrn xao nensexno. Kyu sa ycneman ypann nsajn y xomnnexcnom cnery
je y oprannsonany cncremcxnx cnojena, a ne y nnnnnyannnm srpaama.
Maa cncremcxa reopnja aje npnopnrer ypanom ypeheny nehe pasmepe, rauno mra ce
ypehyje moxe a napnpa. 3a nexe reopernuape ypanor nsajna, nocrnsane njarpamcxe
jacnohe y rpancnoprnnm cncremnma je rnannn saarax: "anac, nama najounrnennja
rpemxa je neocrarax cneoyxnarnocrn n nenrnrera y nennxnm rpaonnma, a oronop je
cnrypno y jenom jacnom, nyrnom cncremy nennxe pasmepe y rpacxoj excnpecnoj nyrnoj
mpexn xoja n ce rpanc]opmncana o amennoparnnne ]ynxnnje y ojennanajyhy
]ynxnnjy". Ho nnma rox n xperane cy nsnop apxnrexrype, excnpecnn nyrenn ypehyjy rpa.
3a pyre nsajnepe, noceno nsnecne apxnrexre ns ancxe, ypana crpyxrypa pesynrnpa ns
jenor ]nsnuxor cxnona (nornope) na xojy ce oajy cnoone jennnne, raxo: "Hexa
repnropnja ce moxe pasnnxonarn na ony, na xojom nojennan nma xonrpony, n ony pyry
o xojoj sajennna xonexrnnno onyuyje". [32]
183
Hpnxnarajyhn a mopajy ysern y osnp n cmemrajne xanannrere xao n rpancnoprne,
nexa pemena cncremcxor ypanor nsajna nnrerpnmy ra na cncrema. Ipa je, no nnxonom
cxnarany, mehycono ojennen cncrem xperana, xopnopa n crpyxrypannor cxnona xojn
oesehyje cranonane n pyre namene.
Ca npaxrnune rauxe rnenmra, cneoyxnarno ypehene je norpeno sor saxrena
moropnor caoahaja, sanncnocrn canpemenor xnnora o xomynnxannja, n norpee sa psom
n xonrnnyannom nponsnonom rpahennncxnx enemenara. E]nxacnocr y xomynnxannjama je
nocrnrnyra, ennmnuno, pasnajanem nyrena rpancnopronana, moryhnocrn xon]nnxara je
peyxonana, na npnmep, xaa cy pasnojena xperana nncoxnx psnna o onnx ca manom
psnnom n xaa cy nemann nsmemrenn ns xoncxnx cncrema. Fps pacr rpaona n nponaane
crapnx srpaa, raxohe, rpaxe e]nxacnocr y xonnenry opxnnor pasnoja. 3ajennuxa nnnnja
nponsnone rpahennncxnx enemenara ncrnue norpey saonoena saxrena sa pxnm
pacrom xaxo sa none raxo n sa pexoncrpyxnnjy orpajannx crpyxrypa. Kao nocnenna
raxnnx saxrena, enemenrn raxnnx ypannx cncrema ]anopnsyjy nnycrpnjcxy ecrernxy.
Cncremcxn nsajnepn caneryjy pasnnjane "ecrernxe norone sa rexnnxe mexannsonanor
rpahena n pasmepa onepannje" [32] saro mro je raxna xopenannja ]opme n nponsnone
pannonanna.
Jena o nnonannja cncremcxor mnmena je neja a repnropnje sa pexoncrpyxnnjy ne
mopa a ce pamuncre. uynxnnonanncrnuxa reopnja npernocrana uncr repen, ox
cncremcxa reopnja npenaxe a nnneapnn cncremn (xperana, nonnx xoncrpyxnnja) yy
yrxann y n oxo nocrojehnx crpyxrypa. Ymecro cxnarana ypanor rxnna xao cxyna
rpahennncxnx maca, cncremcxn nsajn ro rpernpa xao nnamnuny mpexy nesa. Cncremn ce
samnmajy xao cnoconn sa pacr n nparehe npomene es xomnpomnca y ]opmnpany ase sa
ypehene. (cn. 4)
C.ura 4: Houoepa+ cucme+amcre opufeumaufe uae.auaea oesou+eusuoua.uu pacnopeo
ynproc oooaeany u ooysu+any
Anrponnomxn xonnenr crpyxrype je penenanran onoj nponemarnnn. Ann ymecro
yxnanana rora y nexy reopnjcxy opnjenrannjy, cnnuny cncremcxoj reopnjn, nanasnmo
nerone acnexre y nexonnxo npncryna ypanom nsajny. Cncremcxe, xymanncrnuxe n, uax,
]opmanncrnuxe reopnje, na onaj nnn onaj naunn, cnaxa pe]nexryje nsnecne
crpyxrypanncrnuxe npemnce n npeoxynannje.
Y apxnrexrypn, crpyxrypannsam je y anrpononomxom cmncny, nesan sa apxnrexre
ancxe cnnuno Xepmany, Xepneprepy n Ano nan Ajxy, a ca nocennm nnrepecom sa
xperane "mecra" xoja nmajy cnoja nyna snauena. Y rom xonrexcry, uemhe, ro ce onocn na
nsajn srpaa nero na ypann nsajn. Kaa ancxn crpyxrypanncrn npojexryjy y nehoj
184
ypanoj pasmepn, nnxon crpyxrypannsam noceha na Tanreono crpyxryncane (mro one
sonemo cncremcxo mnmene) n onocn ce mane na ycxo nonamane, nero na nnene a
ce onjy crpyxrype xoje ce mory mon]nxonarn xaxo n oronapane npomennnnm
npnnnxama. Apxnrexrn xojn npnnaajy "Ipynn 10" xoje cmo one nenrn]nxonann ca
rnenmrem xymanncra, nexn nyr, noxasyjy crpyxrypanncrnuxe npenocrn.
3aro mro nsrpana rpaa mopa a oronapa nennunnn axrnnnocrn cncrema [36], n
cncremcxn nsajn rexn xa ancrpaxrnom, ox cy nsajnn cnenn]nunnx eraa, uecro,
ocyrnn. To snaun a xymana pasmepa nnje o nnrepeca, neh a je nsajn mane pasmepe
ocranen pyrnm, nnn sa nexn pyrn cranjym y nponecy nsajna. Jennnna pea, ymecro
a yy srpae xao mro je nno rpannnonanno, caa je nesnn cncrem.
Excrensnnnn xapaxrep cncremcxor ypanor nsajna snaun a onyunnane mopa a ye
nenrpannsonano n noheno o ncxycnnx nnanepa n apxnrexara. Tnnnuno, onn nounny
rpaxehn (nnn namehyhn) nexy nspasnry crpyxrypy xperana.
nsajn mannx enona mory a npeysmy pyrn, uax, no rpynama rpahana n nojennana,
jep nexn pannonn cncremcxor npncryna, ycnajajy rnenmre a raxno yuemhe y manoj
pasmepn nsajna "xymannsyje" cncrem. pyrn, nax, mncne a sa ro nsajn enona, nesan y
cncrem mopa a ye rexnonomxn na raxnom nnnoy xojn rpaxn oyuene nsajnepe.
Mnore npncrannne cncremcxor ypanor nsajna axnenryjy "sacrapenocr" xao unnennny
moepne nnycrpnjcxe nnnnnnsannje. Maa onn nepyjy a ncraxnyrn ypann cncremn
ocrajy xomnnernn, onn npnxnarajy a ce neronn enemenrn oajy nnn nnajy samenenn y
nexom xonrnnyannom nporpamy ynanpehena: "a n ce pasymene nnn xopncrnne
moryhnocrn xoje nyn rexnonornja resom "oann mro ne naa" mopamo crnopnrn jeny
nony npcry cpenne ca pasnnunrnm nnxnycnma npomena sa pasnnunre ]ynxnnje". [37]
Moepnn rpancnopr n moepna nnycrpnjcxa nponsnona, noceno, yunnnnn cy a cy
nennxn enonn rpacxor nacneha orpajann. 3aro mro he ce yyhe norpee n npnnnxe
pasnnxonarn xaxo o onnx y npomnocrn raxo n o onnx anac, onn enonn xojn unne rpa
mopa a yy y ynorpenom crany. Ho nnma, uax, ca npomenama nyxnnm a ce noxpnje
sacrapenocr, ypann oxnnp he ocrarn xao crpyxrypa, cncrem ynyrap xora ce npomene
emanajy.
3aro mro raj npncryn samnma rpa xao mpexy xoja ne sanncn o nenrpa, cncremcxa
reopnja nma mano a xaxe o ypanom jesrpy. Y cnyuajy mynrnnenrpnuno oprannsonannx
ypannx jennnna - ncropnjcxn nenrap, no nnxonom mnmeny, morao n nmarn nexy
cnennjannsonany ynory xao nexo mecro re ce opehenn npemern mory nahn, onocno, xao
nenrap xynrype n ymernocrn. Hnn ro moxe a ye xnxa ]nnancnja. Ann, xonnenryanno,
ro n nna camo jena o nexonnxo xnxnnx axrnnnocrn.
Kpnrnuxn rneano, cncremcxn nsajn nrnopnme npenocrn n cnoconocr ycranonenor
]nsnuxor n pymrnenor rxnna: cncremcxa pemena ne ocnanajy ce na npomnocr npn
ynanpeheny crana, ncxopenyjy caamne moene, n ynoe crpane. Brannme, jacnoha
cncremcxor npncryna ynanpehyje "unrnnocr" ypanor rxnna n e]nxacnocr nerone
onepannje, pasmarpana maner onma xoja ce onoce na noomane xnnena - ocranena
cy cnyuajy.
Konauno, xpnrnxa ncrnue, a maa npocropnn cncremn ca npomennnnm
xomnonenrama, mopajy nrn nponsneenn ca moepnnm nnycrpnjcxnm rexnonornjama,
npareha nnycrpnjcxa ecrernxa je crpana sa mnore ye.
185
3.4 Inenm1a qopuannc1a
Ono mro sonemo ]opmanncrnuxn npncrynn cy one npenocrn, noceno, neannn moen
nnn ynnnepsanno ypehene ypanor npocropa n ]opme. 3a nnanepe Beaux Arts, ono ypehene
najuemhe ynpmhyjy axcnjanne oprpannsannje n crarnune npocrope ocnanajyhn ce na
enemenrapne reomerpnje. To opaxana nejy ynnnepsannor pea n xapmonnje. Heanno, sa
neopannonanncre, na npnmep, xojn cy sannrepeconann sa mane cncremarnuno "janno
noe", ono ypehene unne ynnne, rpronn n jannn cnomennnn xojn unne crpyxrypy ypanor
rxnna. [38]
pamarnuno nspaxene pasnnxe y connoexonomcxnm aconnjannjama Beaux Arts n
neopannonanncrnuxe npaxce (npnn ca xnjepapxnjcxnm npenocrnma ropne cpene xnace,
pyrn ca xonexrnnnom ]opmom n nonynncrnuxom neonornjom) unnn ce xao xypnosnrer a
ce onn cnpcrajy one xao "]opmanncrn".
Hpnxnarnmo a nnxonn meron n mornnn nncy cnnunn, ann y xnxn n jennx n pyrnx
je ]nsnuxa ]opma n nena aconnjarnnna snauena. H cnaxn o nnx ycnaja nocrojane
nepmanenrnnx npojexrnnx reomerpnjcxnx onnxa ns xojnx rpea a nponsnhe ypann
nsajn. Ono je orxpnneno ennmnuno crynom rnnonornja n nperxonnx onnxa.
"Hexonnxo rpahennncxnx marepnjana n enaopara o ypanoj rnnonornjn srpaa, crnopnhe
nexy nony apxnrexroncxy ncnnnnnny jenocrannor panra n monymenrannocrn" [39]
Hanasehn ononocrn y pannjnm ]opmama, ]opmanncrnuxom rnenmry neocraje
neannsam rneana nanpe pyrnx reopnja, xoje pxe a ce moxe nahn nexn pyrn - on
nyr y pay ca crnapnma, axo ce nanycre neaexnarne crape meroe n ncrpaxe nsnonnn
nyrenn y rom nponecy. Ymecro rora, ]opmannsam nspaxana cynporan cran rnpehn a
saonoanajyhn moenn ycxnx norpea n yxonnn nocrnnaj nocroje y namem
xynrypnom n ypanom nacnehy. Ha npnmep, sa neopannonanncre, cnenn]nuna npra crapnx
rpaona xoja je nna nsryena xpos ]ynxnnonanncrnuxo sonnpane namena nonpmnna,
npecrana orarcrno "rpaona ynyrap rpaa" - "xnaprnpn" nnn pejonn xojn nnrerpnmy
cne ]ynxnnje ypanor xnnora.
Maa n nno naxo oxapaxrepncarn rnenmre ]opmanncra xao neannsam xojn nyue
nasa, najnnme ]opmanncra y cnojnm cranonnma, y crnapn, ne xapaxrepnme npomnocr xao
nexo oe npeme xome rpea a ce nparnmo, neh, camo pxn, a rpannnonanna pemena
capxe neje xoje nmajy e]exar n a re neje noce y cen memopnjanne xnannrere, xoje
none apxnrexroncxe ]opme n nonn ypann npocropn nemajy. Heopannonannsam ne
npenaxe nopaxanane ncropnjcxor ypanor rxnna, neh xopnmhene npomnocrn xao jean
]nnrep xpos xojn ce samnma yyhnocr.
3a nsajnepe Beaux Arts npomnocr je xonexnnja npnmepa ns xojnx ce yun, npnmepa xojn
cy, camn no cen, napnjannje o nperxonnm npenocrnma. axne, srpae ns npomnocrn,
]opme o xynrypnor snauaja - noe nsajn ronnxo xonnxo cy ope n nsnonne.
Maa je ]opmannsam neopannonanncra n Beaux Arts nonnxao y cncremnma ]opmannor
ypehena, nnxona ena ce pasnnxyjy no pasmepn n rexcrypn. Heopannonanncrnuxn rpa je
xonax moenonan y repmnnnma "nynor n npasnor". Bnxonn enonn, morno n ce pehn,
ncnynenn cy noernunom rensnjom xoja pacre o npnponor cynporcranana nynor n
npasnor, o exoparnnnnx moena n repena. Hexn enonn cy namenenn xao "janna c]epa"
ox cy pyrn enonn narnameno ne nperennnosne c]epe. Heon Kpnp (Leon Krier) onncyje
xao xomnensannone enemenre janne "cnomennxe" n "anonnmno rxnno". enonn o xojnx je
xomnononan ypann xonax cy penenanrnn ncropnjcxnm npocropnma n ]opmama, ann cy npe
186
pennrepnperannje nero xonnje. Ipa n nerone srpae ne mopajy saonoanarn cnenn]nune
norpee (xao mro je cnyuaj xo srpaa ]ynxnnonanncra), neh, rpea a omoryhe cmemraj
npomennnnx moena namene y nepmanenrnnm ]opmama. (cn. 5)
C.ura 5: Houoepa+ qop+a.ucmu:roe cmaea rofu npaeu pas.ury us+ehy faeuoe oo+eua u
auouu+uoe ypoauoe mruea, eoe oeo noc.eone ooyxeama nosuame ypoaue qop+e rao umo cy
mpe, aeeuufa u cno+euur u e.e+eumapue apxumermoucre epeouocmu
ox ]opmannsam neopannonanncra rexn xa nexom xereporenom xonaxy, Beaux Arts
ypann nsajn ]anopnsyje xnjepapxnjy n excresnnne axcnjanne cncreme ypehena, nerono
ypano rxnno yxyuyje mnore exoparnnne srpae, srpae xoje ne nocrnxy anonnmnocr
neh nenrnrer.
Hpema A. Bnnepy (A. Vidler) nexa pannonanna apxnrexrypa "je jacno asnpana na
pesony, xnacn]nxannjn n ocehany jannor y apxnrexrypn". [40] Ca name rauxe rnenmra,
"peson" snaun ornopeno-cnecno nocmarpane n naxo pasymnnn mero nspae.
"Knacn]nxannja" snaun rneane n npenonane rpannnonannnx moena ypanor npocropa
n onnxa srpae (rnnonomxe n mop]onomxe crynje). "Ocehane jannor y apxnrexrypn"
snaun noernxy, cnmonnxy nnn ecrercxn npnjaran xnannrer.
Kpnrnuxn rneano, ypann nsajn ]opmanncra je yrnannom npeoxynnpan ecrercxnm
crnapnma, a camo cnyuajno ca crnapnnm norpeama: "Ycnemne ypane ]opme uecro cy
npoyxr mane noxennx pymrnennx ycnona". [41]
Kpnrnxa nsajna "City Beautiful" o crpane CIAM-a nne cy cnnune: "Ypannsam ne
moxe nnme a ce noxopana npannnnma aror ecrernsma. On je ]ynxnnonanan no cnojoj
cymrnncxoj npnpon" [42]
Kpnrnnnsam Hen Hexoc nonono npaha remy: "Hocrojn nexaxan xnannrer, uax, nomnjn
nero mro cy jacna pyxnoha n nepe, a raj nomnjn xnannrer je nenomrena macxa npe-
opehenor pea, nocrnrnyror nrnopncanem crnapnor pea. Hexopncno je nnannparn rpa-
cxn nsrne, nnn mnexynncarn o rome xaxo onrn oap xnannrer ca npnjarnnm nsrneom
pea, a es nosnanana xojy npcry xnannrera nma cmncao ]ynxnnonncana rpaa". [43]
Kpnrnuapn ]opmanncrnuxor mnmena nspaxanajy cynporne cranone a: "Hnrn cy
nocranrnja sa nepmanenrnom npomnomhy nnrn yronnjcxe nnsnje o yyhnocrn - rapannnja
ope apxnrexrype". [44]
Koncxn caopahaj je unnennna moepnor ypanor xnnora mro ce ne moxe nrnopncarn,
a rpannnonannn ypann moenn cy necnoconn a ro cmecre. Bra rpea unnnrn xaa je
187
nocrojehe ypano rxnno nenorono sa none norpee nnn je nnaue nesaonoanajyhe? (He
npen nnmra mro neopannonanncrn rexe nrnopncany ayromonna n mro enyjy raxo xao
a he on necrarn, xaa cncremcxa reopnja npann ]ernm o xoncxor xperana ajyhn my
crpyxrypy ypane ]opme).
4 3AKYHAK H3 TEOPH1CKHX PA3MATPAHA
Y uemy je nponem?
Hpno mro ce a sanasnrn je a cy re reopnje mehycono ncxyunne. Cnaxn nonn
npncryn, unnn ce, nacrao je xao onosnnnja n samena sa pyre. Ann, saro mro ce cnn
npncrynn cmenyjy narepanno, nn jean, nojennauno, ne moxe a oyxnarn pyre. Bnenn
cmo anrepnarnnne npncryne y enponcxom ypanom nsajny xao xomnnemenrapne n xojn ce
npexnanajy, ann ne xao onone.
Onmrn saxyuax n morao nrn a nocrojehe reopnje cnenn]nnnpajy noxene ann
ycxe nnene: e]nxcany n xoxepenrny oprannsannjy nnn naxnocr jannor npocropa, nr.
One ne noxasyjy xaxo ce onn nnenn mory nocrnhn, n a cnaxn o nnx nma cnojy
mepnropnocr. Y najoem cnyuajy, cnponohene ce onncyje y onmrnm nprama rpahancxe
naprnnnnannje, xonexrnnnor (npe nero nnnnnyannor) nnnecrnpana, noernune
rpanc]opmannje, nr.
C pyre crpane, one reopnje cy ncxyunne nrnopnmyhn jene ]axrope pan rpahena
jaxnx jenocrpnnx ynopnmra sa pyre. Ha npnmep, nnanonn xymanncra sanemapyjy
exonomcxe ]axrope, ]ynxnnonanncrnuxe neje (mro je rnnnuno) nrnopnmy naxnocr
xynrypnnx rpannnja, cncremcxn nnanonn cy onrepehenn n cynnme onrnmncrnuxn
opnjenrncann na rexnonornjy.
Hnn, xao xonrpacr nnamnunnm nponecnma npomena, xojn ocranajy cnoje e]exre.
uynxnonanncrnuxa apxnrexrypa moxe ce npe samncnnrn xao crarnuan ]nsnuxn moen
rpaona, nsajn xymanncra xao crnmynnmyha noxannja sa ycxe axrnnnocrn, cncremcxn
nsajn xao nexa mpexa xomynnxannja, a nsajn ]opmanncra xao nexo orenonene ypannx
apxernnona. Cnaxn o nnx nma orpannuen enoxpyr n nnsnjy. Cnaxn cyrepnpa jenocrpano
narnameny npnpoy rpaa.
Ha xpajy, rpea ncrahn, a nsajnep xojn ycne a ojennn npenocrn cnaxe o onnx
reopnja, a pxehn ce ]nnoso]nje roumercma, na nyry je a npyxn nennxn onpnnoc
pasnojy ypanncrnuxe mncnn, n ocrnapn snauajna pemena y npaxcn.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Johan Ziman: An introduction to Science Studies, Cambridge University Press, 1384.
[2] Hcro
[3] Hcro
[4] Giedion, Sigfried: Space Time and Architecture, Harvard University Press, Combridge,
1954.
[5] He]enp, A: Ypana penonynnja, Honnr, Feorpa, 1974.
[6] Dame, E. Sharp: Britain's New Towns, Town and Country Planning, Jan. 1961.
[7] Artur B. Gallion u Simon Eisner: The Urban Pattern, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc,
1963.
[8] Hcro
188
[9] Ascoral: Le trois Establissements Humains, Denoel, 19, Rue Amelie, Paris, 1945.
[10] A Short Outline of the Core, Extracts from Statements Prepared during the Eight
Congress of CIAM'' y Jaqueline Tyrwhiett et al, CIAM8
[11] Hcro
[12] Charles Edouard Jeanneret: The Alhens Charter, New York - Grossman, 1973.
[13] Constantine A. Doxiadis: Urban Renewal and Future of the American City, Chicago,
Public Administration Service, 1966.
[14] Jane Jacobs: "The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Random House,
1961.
[15] Oscar Hansen, nnrnpan y Alison Smithson, ed Team 10 Primer, Cambridge, 1968.
[16] Aldo Rossi: The Architecture of the City, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1982.
[17] Aldo Van Eyck: Place and Occasion, Progressive Architecture 43, 1962.
[18] Herman Hertzberger: Strukturalism - a New Trend in Architecture, Bauen + Wohnen,
1976.
[19] Jane Jacobs: The Exploiting Metropolis, Doublday, 1958.
[20] Jane Jacobs: Death and Life, 14
[21] Aldo Van Eyck, nnrnpan y Oscar Newman, CIAM, u Otterloo, Stuttgard, Karl Kramer,
1961.
[22] Aldo Van Eyck, nnrnpan y Smitson's Team 10
[23] Gordon Cullen: The Concise Townscape, London, Architectural Press, 1971.
[24] Donald Appleyard: Livable Streets, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981.
[25] Donald Appleyard and Mark Lintell: Environmental Quality of City Streets, University of
California, Berkeley, 1970.
[26] Alison Smitson: Team 10, Primer, 22
[27] Jane Jacobs y The Exploiting Mettropolis, 158
[28] Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter: Colage City, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1978.
[29] Smitson: Team 10, Primer, 48
[30] Alison Smitson and Peter Smitson: Uppercase y Team 10, Primer, 48
[31] N. J. Habraken and Others: The Systematic Designs of Supports, Cambridge, MIT, 1976.
[32] "Forum" (Holland), 7, 1959.
[33] Undo Kultermann, ed: Kenzo Tange 1946/1969, London, Pall Mall, 1970.
[34] Arnulf Luchinger: Structurialism in Architecture and Urban Planning, Stuttgart, Karl
Kramer, 1981.
[35] Hcro
[36] Smitson: Team 10, Primer, 62
[37] "Forum" (Holland) 7 nnrnpano y Smitson: Team 10, Primer, 52
[38] Hpnnnnnn onnx nnanepa nponsamnn cy ns npeanana n nsajna nesannx sa Ecole des
Beaux Arts y Hapnsy roxom enernaecror nexa
[39] Leon Krier y Rational Architecture, 41
[40] Antony Vidler: The Third Typology y Rational Architecture, 29
[41] Deborah Berke y Rob Krier: Urban Projects 1968-1982, Catalogue S, New York, 1982.
[42] CIAM 1928 meeting at La Sarraz.
[43] Jacobs: Death and Life, 15, 14.
[44] Bnn ncxycnjy o nsajny ]opmanncra y Berke, Rob Krier: Urban Projects, 13
189
Iopau 1upoeuh
1
, Cue+aua Mumpoeuh
2
, paeau Huro.uh
3
MHHHMH3AHH1A EAA TPOmKOBA HBOTHOI
HHKAYCA 3IPAA - EmHHHCAHE HPOBAEMA
Pesu+e : Canpemenn ojexrn rnna srpaa nonamajy ce xao xnnn cncremn xojn
yrnuy na xnnorny cpenny na pasne naunne. Tpome nennxe xonnunne ]nsnuxnx
pecypca xao mro cy marepnjann, eneprnja n nonan sa nnxony nsrpa-
ny, opxanane n xopnmhene, ann mory onecrn n o pyrnx e]exara xojn nome
yrnuy na oxonnny, na uax n spane yn, a xojn cy remxo nponenn-
nn. Hpojexronane senennx srpaa je npojexronane y cxnay ca crparernjama
xoje nomaxy ouynany pecypca, cmaneny ornaa, mnnnmnsnpany rpomxo-
na xnnornor nnxnyca n crnapajy spany xnnorny cpenne sa ye. Anann-
sa yxasyje a nocrojn cnaxna xopenannja nsmehy onnxa srpae n norpomne
eneprnje. Hn onor paa je npecranane moena nnmexpnrepnjymcxe onrnmn-
sannje onnxa srpae sa ymrey eneprnje srpae, a no yrnnajem noxannnx
xnnmarcxnx ycnona y Cpnjn.
K+yuue peuu: Onrnmnsannja onnxa, Eneprercxn e]nxacna srpaa
PARTIAL MINIMIZATION OF LIFE CYCLE COSTS -
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Summary: Modern type building structures behave as living systems that affect the
environment in various ways. Spend large amounts of natural resources such as
materials, energy and money for their construction, maintenance and use, but can lead
to other bad effects that affect the environment and even human health, which
are difficult assessable. Green building is design in accordance with the strategies that
help conserve resources, reduce waste, minimize life cycle costs and create a healthy
environment for people. The analysis indicates that there is a strong corre-
lation between the shapes of buildings and energy consumption. The aim of this
paper is to present the multicriteria optimization shape building model for energy-
saving building under the influence of local climate conditions in Serbia.
Key words: Shape optimization, Energy Saving Building
1
p, Bucora epaheeuucro eeooemcra uro.a , Xafoyr Cmauroea 2, Beoepao, cirovic@sezampro.rs
2
p, Bucora epaheeuucro eeooemcra uro.a , Xafoyr Cmauroea 2, Beoepao, mitrozs@sezampro.rs
3
Mp, Hucmumym HMC, By.. eofeooe Muuuha 43, Beoepao, dragan.nikolic@institutims.rs
190
1. YBO
Canpemenn ojexrn rnna srpaa nonamajy ce xao xnnn cncremn xojn yrnuy na xnnorny
cpenny na pasne naunne. Tpome nennxe xonnunne ]nsnuxnx pecypca xao mro cy
marepnjann, eneprnja n nonan sa nnxony nsrpany, opxanane n xopnmhene, ann mory
onecrn n o pyrnx e]exara xojn nome yrnuy na oxonnny, na uax n spane yn, a
xojn cy remxo nponennnn. 3rpae xopncre pecypce xao mro cy eneprnja, noa n cnpo-
nnne, crnapajy orna (roxom nsrpane, opxanana n pymena) n emnryjy norennnja-
nno mrerne armoc]epcxe racone. Hmajy nennxn yrnnaj na rnoanne xnnmarcxe npome-
ne, xpos emncnje CO2, SO2 n NOx. Ha cnercxom nnnoy, srpae cy oronopne sa ynnmra-
nane 17% cnexe noe, 25% pnnnx pecypca, crnapane 33% emncnje CO2, xao n 40%
norpomne yxynnnx marepnjana n eneprnje. Hpema Henrpy sa ononnne nsnope eneprnje
(CRES) [1], ojexrn cy oronopnn sa 50% emncnje CO2, 35% norpomne marepn-
jana, 45% norpomne eneprnje, n 10-35% ornaa xojn ne na enonnjy.
Hpema casnannma Enponcxe ynnje, nsrpaheno oxpyxene n emncnja racona ys crnapane
e]exara craxnene amre, nenrn]nxonann cy xao osnna nperna xnnornoj cpennn.
npexrnna Enponcxe ynnje o eneprercxnm xapaxrepncrnxama srpaa (EPBD) je rnan-
nn saxonoannn nncrpymenr caunnen a ce ycnocrane pannonannn eneprercxn n xnnma-
rcxn yrnnajn srpaa na oxpyxene. Ha ocnony one npexrnne, pxane unannne EY mopa a
cmane emncnjy racona craxnene amre sa 20%, xopnmhene eneprnje sa 20% n on-
jy najmane 20% o eneprnje ns ononnnnx nsnopa o 2020. upannycxa, Hemauxa, Bennxa
Fpnrannja n sajennuxe EY xomncnje cy sanaxy sa jom nnmn nnno nocnehenocrn y nny a
ce cmane emncnje racona craxnene amre sa 30%. Mehyrnm, seme unannne
EY cnopo pearyje na npexrnny n nehnna je anexo o nocrnsana nnena 20-20-20 o
2020. 3eme xoje nncy unannne EY y namem pernony cy raxohe nopxane onomene
saxona y cxnay ca EPBD, naxo je npnmena onaxnnx saxona na namem nopyujy neoma
cnopa n, peanno, yrnannom nenpnmennna. Y anpnny 2010. oner je amanman na ony
npexrnny xojn saxrena a cne none srpae nsrpahene nocne 2020. xopncre uemo
uy.a eneprnjy. Kaxo ce npnnnxana 2020., npnrncnn a ce ocrnape saxrenn EY he nocra-
rn jom nehn, mro nonehana norpaxny sa senenenm srpaama n norpomny ononnnnx
nsnopa eneprnje, xao n eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn srpaa.
Pasnojnn npojexrn n ojexrn XXI nexa ce cyouanajy ca nsasonnma xoje nocn XXI
nex, xao n npojexranrcxnm moryhnocrnma a ce nosaane onnm nsasonnma sor none-
hane cnecrn o yrnnajnma xojn camn ojexrn nmajy na ye, nnanery n, napanno, moryhno-
cr nnnecrnropa a nanpane npo]nr. Hsrpana nnnecrnropnma, xopncnnnnma, npojexranrn-
ma n rpanrenma npecrana jenncrnen nsason a ce ncnyne saxrenn sa nonnm n
penonnpannm ojexnma xojn cy ocrynnn, cnrypnn, spann n npoyxrnnnn, a ncronpemeno
ca cmanennm yrnnajem na xnnorny cpenny. Hs ror pasnora ce ce pasmarpa yrnnaj oje-
xra roxom cnor nynor +ueomuoe ur.yca. Honexa ce onaj nponec onncyje xao anannsa "o
xonenxe na o rpoa".
Tpea a ye ncrpaxeno nyno npojexranrcxnx neja y nny a nponahe onrn-
manno nnn ohe nnsy onrnmannor pemena. Onrnmanno pemene je ono xoje he naxon
191
nsrpane ojexra onern mnnnmanne rpomxone n crnaparn mnnnmanan yrnnaj na xnnorny
cpenny, ann n crnopnrn najnnmn nnsyennn xom]op.
Taxohe, ono onrnmanno pemene nopasymena najnnxe rpomxone ojexra xpos neron
xnnornn nnxnyc: yxynne rpomxone nncranannja, mamnna n onpeme, yxyuyjyhn rpomxone
naanxe, opxanana, enenryanne samene n/ nnn pacxoonana nojennnx enemenara [2].
Mnnnmnsnpane rpomxona xnnornor nnxnyca ojexra je ocnonnn nn onrnmnsannje
nponeca npojexronana.
Onrnmnsannonn nponec rpea a ye n nponec n nn ncronpemeno, pesynrar
n narpaa. Orpannuena cy rorono espojna n pasnnunra y cnom rnny. Hexa o nnx mory
nrn:
rexnonornja rpane,
ronnorna ornopnocr sna, noa n xpona,
rnn n nonpmnna nposopa,
rpomxonn rpahennncxnx enemenara n marepnjana,
xopncne/nero nonpmnne npocropnja y ojexry,
yrnnaj nsrpane na oxpyxene ...
Onrnmnsannonn nponemn mory nrn maremarnuxn opehenn nnn neopehenn, a y
sanncnocrn o rnna orpannuena. Taxohe, mohe nocrojarn jena ]ynxnnja nna nnn ce
pan o nnmexpnrepnjymcxoj onrnmnsannjn. Haxo je xnacn]nxonarn srpae na ocnony came
nene, ann je rexe axo ce nocmarpa ncronpemeno na nnn nnme napamerapa, xao mro cy nena
n norpomne eneprnje [3], nnn eneprnja n nnsyennn xom]op [4] . Y onom cnyuajy
norpeno je ynecrn mameroe nnmexpnrepnjymecxe onrnmnsannje xoje ce mory npnmennrn
na opehenoj npcrn onpeme [5] nnn srpaa [6].
2. mOPMYAAHH1A HPOBAEMA
Yxynnn rpomxonn xnnornor nnxnyca ojexra cy cyma nnnecrnnnonnx rpomxona,
rpomxona opxanana n norpomne eneprnje, ys yuemhe nennxor poja orpannuena.Y roxy
rpahennncxnx onrnmnsannonnx nponeca xao npemerne ]ynxnnje ce nnxa ne xopncre
esycnonnn excrpemymn. Hocrojn nennxn oncer n nennxn poj xomnnannja npojexrnnx
npomennnnx xojn ce mory yxyunrn y ]opmynannjy nponema. Hanme, naxan enemenar
sa ]opmynannjy onrnmnsannonor nponema je nsop npojexrnnx npomennnnx.
C.ura 1.Ocuoea sepaoe
Hpomennne mory nrn nena ojexra, reomerpnjcxe nmensnje ojexra nnn
neronnx enemenara, nnn mexannuxe n ]nsnuxe xapaxrepncrnxe xoje onncyjy nonamane y
192
xoncrpyxnnjn. Ono non xa oanesnoj npnmenn onrnmnsannone meroe xoja xpajnem
xopncnnxy npyxa nyny xonrpony na ]opmynannjom nponema.
Hpemer onor paa je ojexar (srpaa) ca neprnxannnm snonnma n xoncranrnom
sanpemnnom V. e]nnncahe ce maremarnuxa ]opmynannja ena rpomxona xnnornor
nnxnyca xoja ce onocn na eneprercxe saxrene. Ocnona pasmarpane srpae je npnxasana na
cnnnn 1. Mnnnmann cesoncxn saxrenn sa rpejny cesony cy [7,8,9]:
n
0 co
c j j j
r
j=1
j j
Q
E = K + K g + B
q Q
| |
|
|
\ .
_
(1)
re cy:
0
j
K - ]nxcnn rpomxonn, sa f-rn ronnornn nsnop
j
K - jennunn rpomxonn, sa f-rn ronnornn nsnop
j
q - e]nxacnocr sa f-rn ronnornn nsnop
j
Q
r
- cpena xanopnjcxa npenocr ropnna sa f-rn ronnornn nsnop
j
g - npoceunn ronmnn yeo sa f-rn nsnop roxom nocmarpanor nepnoa npemena
Q
co
- ronmnn saxrenn sa rpejanem
B pyrn, nesanncnn rpomxonn
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1
Q 1 24
24
n n n
co k i i i i i i i i
i i i
si oi
pd
d
pod w i
d pd
m h l r l r SD l r P
R R
A SD Q Q
R R
u o

= = =

(

= + +
` (

)
| |
+ + + + |
|
\ .
_ _ _
(2)
re cy:
m poj cnparona
h
k
- nncnna cnpara
l
i
- yxnna i-ror sna
r
i
- onoc nonpmnne nposopa npema nonpmnnn snona
R
si
, R
oi
, R
d
, R
pd
- repmnuxa ornopnocr sna, noa n nna]ona
SD poj an arpejne cesone
P
i
- nponas ronnore xpos nposope y i-rom sny,
0
i
(o) - cyma yxynnnx cynuannx ana roxom cesone xoja ce opaxana na nonoxaj sna y
onocy na npanan cenep-jyr,
A
pod
- nonpmnna ocnone srpae
Q
w
- ronnora xoja je neonxona sa nenrnnannjy
Q
i
- ronnora o nnrepnnx nsnopa
( )
1 2 3
cos cos 2 cos3
i o
A A A A u o o o o = + + + (3)
A
0
, A
1
, A
2
, A
3
- xoe]nnnjenrn xojn sannce o reorpa]cxe n xnnmarcxe cnryannje
dz dw
d
sz sw
t t
t t

(4)
193
pz pw
pd
sz sw
t t
t t

(5)
t
dz
, t
sz
, t
pz
- cpene npenocrn remneparype ca cnone crpane sna, noa n nna]ona,
pecnexrnnno
t
dw
, t
sw
, t
pw
- cpene npenocrn remneparype ca ynyrpamne crpane sna, noa n nna]ona,
pecnexrnnno.
Cyma yxynnx cynuannx ana roxom ronne 0
i
(o) npnmeneno na sn xojn saxnana
yrao o npema npanny cenep-jyr moxe a ce ycnojn na ocnony xnnmarcxnx noaraxa ns
raene 1[8,10 ]. Cyma yxynnnx cynuannx ana na neprnxannn sn je jenaxa cnoxenom
snpy npoceunor nennor cynuanor spauena na xopnsonranny nonpmnny, npexrnor
spauena na neprnxanny nonpmnny n n]ysnor spauena nocnenunor yaenocrn sna o
Cynna n mereponomxnx ycnona, nyra poj ana y ronnn.
1aeua 1. Hpoceuuo ueeuo cyunauo spauene ua xopusoumauuy noepuuuy y kWh/m
2
,sa
opeheue epaoee y Cpuju
Mecen
Ipa I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Feorpa 1,40 2,20 3,35 4,85 6,00 6,45 6,75 6,00 4,65 3,05 1,60 1,15
Honn Ca 1,45 2,35 3,20 4,65 5,80 6,20 6,35 5,75 4,40 2,90 1,45 1,20
Hnm 1,75 2,60 3,45 5,00 6,10 6,35 6,70 6,15 5,35 3,45 1,85 1,50
2.1. HPO1EKTHE HPOMEHHBE
Hpojexrne npomennne mory a yy noeene y ne rpyne:
A. Hpomennne e]nnncane onnxom n nmensnjama srpae n nennm cnonnm snonnma:
- yxnna sna l
i
-yrao xojn sn saxnana ca npannem cenep-jyr o
i
- repmanna ornopnocr sna, noa n nna]ona (R
si
, R
oi
, R
d
n R
pd
)
- onoc nposop/sn r
i
B. Hpomennne e]nnncane ronnornnm nsnopnma n nnxonom ynorpeom:
- cnara nojennaunor nsnopa Q
j
- poj nsnopa ca arom cnarom s
- yeo nojennnaunor nsnopa y yxynnoj eneprnjn y nocmarpanom nepnoy g
j
2.2. OIPAHHHEHA
Hpojexrne npomennne mopajy a saonoe cneeha orpannuena:
- Koncranrna sanpemnna srpae
| |
2
1 6 3 4
2.7 3.3
200 300
k pod
k
pod
V m h A
h m
A l l l l m
=
s s
(
s = s

...................................................................(6)
-Ycnonn nonnrona ocnone srpae
194
| |
6 2 4
1 3 5
2 3 4 5
, , , 4
l l l
l l l
l l l l m
= +
= +
>
...................................................................................................(7)
-Orpannuena xoja ce rnuy nennunne nposopa (onoc nposop/sn)
0.25 0.65
i
r s < .....................................................................................................(8)
- Orpannuena y cnasn nesana sa yxynan poj rpejnnx rena
- Cyma ronmner yuemha nojennaunnx nsnopa g
j
mopa nrn jenaxa 1.
3. 3AKYHAK
Anannsa yxasyje a nocrojn cnaxna xopenannja nsmehy onnxa srpae n norpomne
eneprnje. Hn onor paa je npecranane moena nnmexpnrepnjymcxe onrnmnsannje
onnxa srpae sa ymrey eneprnje srpae, a no yrnnajem noxannnx xnnmarcxnx
ycnona y Cpnjn. 3a npecranenn moen moxe ce nsnpmnrn onrnmnsannja nponeca na
ocnony naxo ocrynnnx xomnjyrepcxnx nporpama sa pemanane nponema onrnmnsannje.
3AXBAHHOCT: Y pay je npnxasan eo ncrpaxnnana xoje je nomorno Mnnncrapcrno sa npocnery n
nayxy Penynnxe Cpnje y oxnnpy rexnonomxor npojexra TP 36017 no nasnnom: "Hcrpaxnnane moryhnocrn
npnmene ornannx n pennxnnpannx marepnjana y eroncxnm xomnosnrnma, ca onenom yrnnaja na xnnorny
cpenny, y nny npomonnje opxnnor rpahennnapcrna y Cpnjn".
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, http://www.cres.gr/kape/index_eng.htm
[2] Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Reliability and Maintainability Guideline for
Manufacturing Machinery and Equipment, M-110.2, Warrendale, PA, 1999
[3] A. Bolattrk:"Determination of optimum insulation thickness for building walls with respect to
various fuels and climate zones in Turkey", Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 26, 2006, pp.
13011309
[4] LG. Caldas, LK. Norford:"A design optimization tool based on a genetic algorithm", Automation
in Construction, Vol. 11, 2002, pp.173184
[5] TT. Chow, GQ, Zhang, Z. Lin, CL. Song:" Global optimization of absorption chiller system by
genetic algorithm and neural network", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 34, No.1, 2002, pp. 103109
[6] M. Adamski:"Optimization of the form of a building on an oval base". Building and
Environment, Vol. 42, 2007, pp.16321643
[7] W.Marks: "Multicriteria optimization of shape of energy-saving buildings", Building and
Environment, Vol. 37, No.4, 1997, pp. 33139
[8] S. Owczarek:"Vector model for calculation of solar radiation intensity and sums incident on tilted
surfaces. Identification for the three sky condition in Warsaw", Renewable Energy, Vol.11,
No.1,1997, pp.77-96
[9] H. Jedrzejuk, W. Marks:" Optimization of shape and functional structure of buildings as well as
heat source utilisation. Partial problems solution", Building and Environment, Vol.37, 2002, pp.
10371043
[10] Gh. A. Kamali, I. Moradi, A. Khalili:" Estimating solar radiation on tilted surfaces with various
orientations: a study case in Karaj (Iran)", Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Vol. 84, 2006,
pp. 235241
195
aueca Heeo
1
, Pauuo Xauh
2
HPHAOI CHEHHmHHHOCTH IPATEBHHCKHX
HPO1EKATA
Pesu+e:
Cnaxn rpahennncxn npojexar npecrana xomnnexcan noyxnar xojn oyxnara
pjemanane rexnonomxo - rexnnuxnx, oprannsannonnx, ]nnancnjcxnx, npannnx,
connonomxnx n pyrnx saaraxa. Beron xpajnn nn je nsrpana n onpemane
ojexra xojn he saononrn cne ]ynxnnje xoje cy my namnjenene n cnaxn sa cee
je jenncrnen n cnenn]nuan. 3or rora je neonxono ynpanarn rpahennncxnm
npojexrnma y cnnm neronnm ]asama a n ncrn no ycnjemno sanpmen, onocno
a cnn nnenn n saxrjenn yy ncnynenn.
K+yuue pujeuu: Ipaheeuucru npoferam, ynpae+ane npofermo+, qase
epaheeuucroe npoferma, cneuqu:uocmu epaheeuucroe npoferma, u+eeu,
saxmfeeu.
SPECIFICITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Summary:
Every construction project is a complex undertaking that includes solving
technological - technical, organizational, financial, legal, sociological and other tasks.
The final project objective is build and equip the facility which will meet all the
functions which have been designed and each of them is unique and specific. It is
therefore necessary to manage construction projects in all its stages for it to be
successful finished, that all the objectives and requirements are met.
Key words: Construction project, project management, construction phase of the
project, the specific construction project, the objectives, requirements.
1
Bnmn acc., Mp.cn.,nnn.nnr.rpah., Ynnnepsnrer y Capajeny Ipahennncxn ]axynrer, Capajeno
2
Ynnnep. npo].., p.cn.,nnn.nnr.rpah., Ynnnepsnrer y Capajeny Ipahennncxn ]axynrer, Capajeno
196
1. EmHHHHH1E, KAPAKTEPHCTHKE H OCOBHHE HPO1EKTA
Pnjeu npojexar onasn o narnncxe pnjeun projectumodprojicere ''bacitiispred''. Hpema
rome, opnrnnanno snauene pnjeun npojexar je nemro mro onasn npnje nero mro je nno
mro pyro nanpaneno.
Y nacranxy cy are jom nexe e]nnnnnje npojexra:
Hpojexr je jenncrnen noyxnar c nouerxom n xpajem, xojn noe yn npema
nocranennm nnennma, yxyuyjyhn napamerpe rpomxa, pacnopea n xnannrere.
Hpojexr je npnnpemeno nacrojane a ce crnopn jenncrnen nponsno nnn ycnyra.
Hpojexr je njenonnr, saoxpyxen, nnmecnojan noyxnar unjnm nsnpmenem rpea
nocrnhn opehenn nn, y opehenom npemeny, ys opehene ynjere (rpomxone, xapone,
xnannrery,....).
Mehynaponn cranap xnannrere (The International Standards Organization ISO 8402)
e]nnnme npojexar xao '' nns xoopnnnpannx axrnnnocrn, c opehennm nouerxom n
sanpmerxom, nohennx sa nocrnsane cnenn]nunor nna, y orpannuenom npemeny,
rpomxonnma n pecypcnma''.
''Hpojexr je cnaxn nponec xojnm ce nocrnxe nexn nn nnn rpyna nnena. Hpojexar nma
cnojy crpyxrypy, mro nopasymnjena cne axrnnnocrn xoje unne npojexar n nnxona nornuxa
nonesanocr. Crpyxrypa sanncn o nny npojexra. Hponecom nponohena axrnnnocrn, xoje cy
mehycono nornuxn nonesane y nonpojexre ocrnapyjy ce napnnjannn nnenn, a annm
nonesnnanem omoryhyje ce nocrnsane xonaunor nna. To npnje cnera snaun a npema
nojmy npojexra opahamo ce y cnnjeehem:nn nnn rpyna nnena, pasnnjajyhn cncrem xpos
mehycono nonesane napnnjanne nnene, nnannpane npojexra, cxyn saaraxa, axrnnnocrn
n oanesa, xonauan nn. (cnnxa 1.)'' [3]
C.ura 1 - Hpoferm y onume+ c+uc.y
[3]
Kapaxrepncrnxe npojexra cy:
- jenoxparan npnnpemenn noyxnar xojn nma nn, namjeny, nouerax n xpaj;
- sa pesynrar nma jenncrnenn nponsno nnn ycnyry;
- ycmjepen je xa opehenom, nperxono e]nnncanom nny;
- nma nnacrnrn npopauyn;
- capxn yrnphenn pacnope oanana axrnnnocrn, xoje unne xnnornn nnxnyc
npojexra;
- npesenryje cnoconocrn cnonsopa n npojexrnor menanepa;
197
- yremeyje rpxnmre na xnannrern;
- nma cnojy crpyxrypy;
- rpanc]opmnme nocrojehe y yyhe, xeeno crane. [1] [2]
''Pesynrar, nponsno nnn ycnyra nacrana sanpmerxom npojexra moxe nrn:
- nponsno nnn npemer xojn je nacrao nponsnonom, xojn ce moxe xnanrn]nxonarn,
re xojn je njennna sa cee nnn rorona xomnonenra njennne;
- cnoconocr nsnohena ycnyre, xao nnp.nocnonne ]ynxnnje xoje cy nopmxa
nponsnonn nnn ncrpnynnjn;
- pesynrar, xao mro cy nocenne nnn oxymenrn.
Jenncrnenocr je nrna xapaxrepncrnxa npojexra. Honanane nexnx cacrannnx
enemenara ne mnjena ocnonno cnojcrno jenncrnenocrn cnaxor nojennor npojexrnor
ocrnapena.'' [1]
''Cnaxn npojexr je nocean n jenncrnen, npe cnera sor rora mro npojexrn nmajy
pasnnunre nnene, onm, poxone, rpomxone, n p. n mro ce peannsyjy y pasnnunroj
oxonnnn. Mehyrnm, cmarpa ce a nocroje opehene oconne xoje cy sajennuxe sa cne
npojexre.'' [4]
To cy cneehe oconne:
- HH - cnn npojexrn cy ycranonenn a n ncnynnnn nexy norpey nnn saxren
menanmenra. Cnaxn npojexar nojennauno mopa a ocrnapn nexn cnennjannn nn xojn my
je nocranen.
- POKOBH - cnn npojexrn nmajy e]nnncan opehenn nn xojn ce mopa ocrnapnrn y
oxnnpy opehenor npemena.
- KOMHHEKCHOCT - xomnnexcnocr npojexra je nonesana ca rexnonornjom xojom ce
ocrnapyjy nnenn npojexra. Axo rexnonornja ne nocrojn nnn nnje pacnonoxnna, mopajy ce,
nnn nahn anrepnarnnna pemena sa ocrnapene nnena npojexra nnn npoyxnrn poxonn a
n ce pasnnna n ocrnapnna rexnonornja.
- OFHM H HPHPOA 3AATKA - cnaxn npojexar moxe ocrnapnrn cnoje nnene y
oxnnpy yrnphennx poxona n rpomxona, jenno axo ce nanpann oronapajyhn nnan
peannsannje, xojn ycrnapn npecrana crparernjy npojexra.
- PECYPCH - cnaxn npojexar xopncrn nexe pecypce (ye, onpemy, marepnjan,
]nnancnjcxa cpecrna, nr.) sa nsnpmene nocranennx saaraxa. Osnpom a cy pecypcn
orpannuenn, nn moxe nrn a ce naronpemeno oesee norpenn pecypcn n a ce onn
pannonanno xopncre.
- OPIAHH3AHHOHA CTPYKTYPA - sa peannsannjy npojexra neonxono je openrn
oronapajyhy oprannsannony crpyxrypy n npojexrnor menanepa xojn he nmarn
oronapajyha onnamhena n nrn oronopan sa npojexar. On mopa a oesen a ce
ocrnape nnenn npojexra y oxnnpy nocranennx orpannuena. Hpn rome je neoma naxno a
nn je sa peannsannjy npojexra moryhe xopncrnrn yonuajene xanane nn]opmncana n
onomena onyxa y nocrojehoj oprannsannjn.
- HHuOPMAHHOHH H KOHTPOHHH CHCTEM - yonuajenn nn]opmannonn n
xonrponnn cncremn xojn ce xopncre y oprannsannjama, najuemhe asnpann na
]ynxnnonannnm nnnnjama onnamhena, nncy ononn sa e]nxacno npahene peannsannje
npojexra.
198
2. KATEIOPH3AHH1A HPO1EKTA
Y nnreparnpn mory ce nahn pasnnunre xareropnsannje npojexara npema pasnnunrnm
ayropnma.
H. Typanonnh [5] rpahennncxe npojexre njenn y rpn ocnonne rpyne: npojexrn ns
onacrn nncoxorpane (apxnrexroncxn ojexrn, nnxenepcxn ojexrn), npojexrn ns
onacrn xnporexnnxe, npojexrn ns onacrn caopahaja.
. Hpamuennh [6] nojeny npojexara npmn npema: namjenn nnn npemery (nayuno
ncrpaxnnauxe, pasnojne, npojexre ncrpaxnnana rpxnmra n pyre npojexre): pnsnxy
ocrnapena (erepmnnncrnuxe n croxacrnuxe); yuecranocrn (jenoxparne n rnncxe
npojexre). Onaxna nojena moxe ce npnxnarnrn n sa rpahennncxe npojexre, jep xo cnnx
nocrojn e]nnncana namjena, pnsnx, a noceno yuecranocr.
Fes osnpa na npcry ojexra xojn rpea nsrpanrn, on mopa nrn nsneen na ceehn
naunn:
- ''y cxnay ca saxonom, rj. npn nsnoheny ce mopa nomronarn saxon, nponncn n
cranapn;
- npanoono, rj. y poxy xojn je opehen yronopom o rpaheny. Taj pox uecro nnje
onrnmanan, a nexn nyr nn moryh c osnpom na pacnonoxnne pecypce. Tox nsnohena
capxn y cen rpn npemencxe opennne: nouerax, rpajane n xpaj nsnohena. Kpaj
moxe nrn e]nnncan na pasne naunne: an nymrana y noron, an npnmonpeaje,
an yceena, an onpmena cnnx paona na nsnoheny ojexra n cnnuno, ann uecro
nnje onono npennsno opehen;
- rexnnuxn xopexrno, rj. ojexar mopa nrn nsneen y cxnay ca naxehnm rexnnuxnm
nponncnma, nopmama n yonuajennm npannnnma crpyxe re y cxnay ca canpemennm
ocrnrnnhnma nayxe n rexnnxe. To ce yrnphyje rexnnuxom oxymenrannjom n
nanprnma, onncnma, rexnnuxnm cnenn]nxannjama n pyrom oxymenrannjom mro je
opehena yronopom o rpaheny;
-
exonomnuno, rj. a cy nsrpanom ojexra ocrnapenn exonomcxn nnenn npojexra
mro ce onoce na nsrpany ojexra. Hpn rome rpea pasnnxonarn exonomnunocr
npojexra, mro je nn nnnecrnropa nnjenor npojexra, n exonomunocr nsnohena
ojexra (npemera npojexra), mro je nn nsnohaua ojexra. Hojam exonomnunocrn
yonmreno snaun a yxynan nsnas (output) ye nehn o yxynnor ynasa (inputa) y
npnjenocnome cmncny. ''[3]
3. CHEHHmHHHOCTH IPATEBHHCKHX HPO1EKATA
Ipahennncxn npojexrn ne nponsnoe nponsno y ocenom cmncny pnjeun n ns nnx ne
nponsnnasn rorona ycnyra, neh omoryhyjy nponsnony (nnycrpnjcxn ojexrn) n crnapajy
npeycnone sa npyxane ycnyra (o nncxorpane - necra, xeesnnna n cn., o ]nna-
nnnjcxnx, spancrnennx n ocrannx ycnyra: anxe, onnnne, rpahennne sa cnoprcxe namjene,
nr.). 3aro ce uecro y xnnornn nnjex rpahennne yxyuyje n ]asa ynorpee rpahennne
naxon npnmonpeaje xopncnnxy. 3nauajnn cy reorpa]cxn n npnponn yrnnajn na cnaxn
nojennn rpahennncxn npojexar, ann jom je nrnnjn yrnnaj rpahennne na oxonnm.
Ipahennncxn npojexrn rpome nennxe xonnunne marepnjannnx pecypca cnponnna,
nonynponsnoa n roronnx nponsnoa xojn ce npepahyjy n yrpahyjy y xonauan onnx
rpahennne.
199
Hponec nnnecrnpana y rpahennncxe npojexre je neoma xomnnexcan n cnoxen noyxnar.
Cnoxenocr nponeca nponsnnasn ns ceehnx cnenn]nunocrn n unnennna:
- rpahennncxa nponsnona ce cxopo ynnjex ocrnapyje no napynn, rj. sa nosnaror
xynna, mro rpahennncxoj xomnannjn cmanyje npocrop sa rnnnsannjy, cranapn-
sannjy n ynohene canpemennx meroa rpahena;
- nocao ce onja nyrem nnnnrannja, xojom npnnnxom nojennn nnnecrnropn namehy
raxne ycnone xojn ce nnrje nan rpahennnapcrna ne mory cpecrn;
- rpahennncxn ojexar je ynnjex nennxor onma n nennxe npnjenocrn;
- rpahennncxn ojexar naxon sanpmerxa ocraje, a yn n cpecrna ce cene, mro je xo
pyrnx nponsnonnx onacrn opnyro;
- rpahene ojexara ocrnapyje ce na ornopenom npocropy n no yrnnajem oro-
napajyhnx noxannnx npnnnxa n xnnmarcxnx yrnnaja xojn orexanajy pa pannxa n
snauajno yrnuy na nmannxy n nnjeny nsrpane ojexara;
- nennxn poj rpahennncxnx ojexara rpan ce nan ypannx cpenna, mro ycnoxnana
oprannsannjy nponeca rpahena, orexana ycnone paa n ycnonana xnnor pannxa
nan noponunor xpyra, mro cne cxyna nma osnnor opasa na ncnxy pannxa;
- nperexan poj axrnnnocrn y npnnpemn n peannsannjn rpahennncxor ojexra
ocrnapyje ce ys yuemhe nennxor poja npojexranara, nsnohaua, nonsnohaua n
ncnopyunona ca pasnnunrnm nannxama n meroama paa, mro ycnoxnana nponec
xoopnnannje n ynpanana;
- yxnna nepnoa npanena xonnenra, npojexronana n rpahena ojexara npecrana
nennxn nponem xaxo ca acnexra nnnecrnropa raxo n ca acnexra nsnohaua, jep uecro
onon o sacrapnjenana rexnonomxor nponeca, npexopauena rpomxona (nn]na-
ropna xperana, nnrepxanapne xamare n p.), ryena onrn, cnaena rexno-
nomxe n pane ncnnnnnne, npomjene na rpxnmry naanxe n npoaje n cn.;
- nspaa rexnnuxe oxymenrannje o crpane jenor, a rpahene o crpane pyror
nsnpmnona ycnoxnana nocao ca acnexra rexnonornje, oprannsannje n p.
- peannsannja nennxnx npojexara ocrnapyje ce y eranama, raxo a ce nojenne erane
excnnoarnmy, onocno nymrajy y ynorpey, ox ce pyre peannsyjy;
- cnaxn rpahennncxn ojexar je ynnxar, jep nerony nennunny, onnx, crpyxrypy n
pyre enemenre nxrnpajy noxannn n ypanncrnuxn ycnonn, nnnecrnrop n ycnonn
npnxyuena na nn]pacrpyxrypy. Ono ycnoxnana npnnpemy, npojexronane n rpa-
hene ojexra n snarno yrnue na nnjeny xomrana;
- ycnjex, onocno neycnjex npojexra nma nennxn yrnnaj na yxynnn pymrnenn n
npnnpenn pasnoj mjecra nnn pernona;
- nennxn poj npojexara, y ]asn peannsannje, a napounro y ]asn excnnoarannje nma
nennxn yrnnaj na xnnorny cpenny. [5]
3axyuyje ce a rpahennncxn npojexar npecrana xomnnexcan noyxnar xojn oyxnara
pjemanane rexnonomxo - rexnnuxnx, oprannsannonnx, ]nnancnjcxnx, npannnx, conno-
nomxnx n pyrnx saaraxa unjn je xpajnn nn nsrpana n onpemane ojexra xojn he
saononrn cne ]ynxnnje xoje cy my namnjenene. Hpn onom ynnjex rpea nonrn pauyna o
cymrnncxom nny nnnecrnpana, a ro je: opnnane y caamnocrn pan crnapana onx
ycnona n oer xnnora y yyhnocrn.
200
4. YHPABAHE IPATEBHHCKHMHPO1EKTHMA
4.1 HO1AMYHPABAHA
Ynpanane npecrana ynnnepsanno cpecrno, neonxono opyhe canpemenor nnycrpn-
jcxor cnera. Cnaxa oprannsannja, cnaxn none cnoxennjn nocao nnn osnnnja axrnnnocr,
saxrena ynpanane a n ce onena o oapanor nna, onocno a n ce e]nxacno
sanpmnna. Canpemene oprannsannje, npnnpene n nenpnnpene, saxrenajy cranne ynpana-
uxe axnnje a n enonane n pasnnjane ce y cnoxenom n nnamnuxom oxpyxeny y xome
]ynxnnonnmy. [6]
Ynpanane je ejcrno na ojexar xoje noomana ]ynxnnonncane nnn pasnoj aror
ojexra, a xoje je nsapano ns mnomrna moryhnx ejcrana, na ocnony sa ro pacnonoxnne
nn]opmannje.
4.2 YHPABAHE HPO1EKTOM
Typnep onncyje ynpanane npojexrom xao naunn ynpanana n xonrponncana yrpomxa
pecypca onjeennx nexoj npnnpemenoj oprannsannjn, xaxo n ce ncnopyunne xopncrn
rpaxene o crpane nnacnnxa.
Ynpanane npojexrom npecrana nayuno sacnonan n y npaxcn nponepen xonnenr
xojnm ce, ys nomoh oronapajyhnx meroa oprannsannje, nn]opmarnxe, nnannpana, nohena
n xonrpone, npmn pannonanno ycxnahnnane norpennx pecypca n xoopnnannja norpe-
nnx axrnnnocrn a n ce opehenn npojexar peannsonao na najon naunn. [6]
Beunna yn cmarpa a je Manhattan Project (nsrpana npne aromcxe ome) no npnn
npojexar xojn je ynorpeanao xonnenre anamner ''moepnor'' ynpanana npojexrnma.
Onaj rporonmnn npojexar, xojn je xomrao nnje mnnnjape onapa (npnjenocrn ns 1946.)
nmao nesanncne nonree npojexara n rexnnuxe nonree. Hanono cy CA nne
npnnnuno nepnosne xaxo ce rpomn onaj raa orpoman nonan, na je rpaxeno a ce erano
nsnjemranajy o rpomeny n nanperxy npojexra.
4.2 mA3E YHPABAHE HPO1EKTOM
Ynpanane npojexrnma saxrjena nojeny npojexra na nnme njnona nnn ]asa, xojnma je
naxme ynpanarn. Te ]ase npecranajy nocene nponece nnn rpyne nponeca y oxnnpy
ynpanana npojexrnma. Hajuemhe ce ynpanane npojexrnma, njenn na ceehe ]ase nnn
nponece, mro yjeno
npecrana n ]ase npojexra: 1 - nnnnnpane, 2 - nnannpane, 3 - nsnpmanane, 4
xonrponncane n 5 saxyuene (cnnxa 2).
C.ura 2 H -4ase ynpae+ana npofermu+a
I
3
2 1
4
5
201
Toxom npne o onnx ]asa, ]ase nnnnnpana, nenrn]nxyje ce norpea. Oronapajyhn
oronop na ry norpey ce opejyje n onncyje (onje y crnapn npojexar nounne). Inannn
saann n rpyne xoje yuecrnyjy ce nenrn]nxyjy. Tnm nounne a onja onnx. Hnrana
nsnonnocrn (a nn moxemo a opanmo npojexr?) n onpanana (a nn n rpeano a
panmo npojexr?) onjajy oronope. Konauno, onyuyje ce xoje pjemene he ce npnmjennrn
o nnme enenryannnx anrepnarnna.
Cnnjeeha je ]asa nnannpana, y xojoj ce pjemene npojexra pasnnja o najcnrnnjnx
eraa. Hpojexr ce pamunanyje na jenone, yrnphyjy ce norpenn enemenrn paa
(axrnnnocrn n saann) n opehyje onrnmannn peoce nnxonor nsnpmena. ajy ce
nponjene nsnpmnnana, nonna n npemena norpenor sa nsnpmene nocna. Hnrana nsno-
nnocrn n onpananocrn nonono nspanajy na nonpmnny, nomro ce onuno rpaxn ]o-
pmanna osnona npe nacranxa npojexra.
Toxom rpehe ]ase, ]ase nsnpmanana, nponncann nocao ce nsnpmana no ynnm oxom
npojexrnor menanepa. Kpos nnjeny ony ]asy npojexrnn rnm ocraje ]oxycnpan na
ocrnsane nnena xojn cy ncnnannpann y nperxonoj ]asn npojexra.
Hanpeax ce, xpos ]asy xonrponncana, xonrnnyanno nparn, ynopehyje ca nnanom, npme
ce oronapajyhe xopexnnje n nexe xao ocrynana o opnrnnannor nnana.
Toxom ]nnanne ]ase, nnn ]ase saxyuena, narnacax je na nepn]nxannjn a je npojexr
saonono, nnn a he saononrn npnonrny norpey. Heanno, npojexr xynmnnnpa
rnarxom rpansnnnjom o xpenpana nnena (npojexr) o ocrnapena nnena (nocr-
npojexrnn xnnornn nnjex). Hapyunnan rj. nnnecrnrop npojexra npnxnara n xopncrn
pesynrare. Kpos ony ]asy, npojexrnn pecypcn (unanonn npojexrnor rnma) ce nocreneno
pac]opmnpajy n npojexar ce nanoxon racn. Hnax, naxo npojexrnn rnm n menanep npecrajy
naae a pae, mory nmarn mnoro xopncrn axo pasymnjy n ynne mra ce emana nocnnje
npojexra.
5. YM1ECTO 3AKYHKA
Y nacranxy he nrn arn nexn o pesynrara ncrpaxnnana (anxere, nnrepnjyn)
rpahennncxor cexropa y Focnn n Xepneronnnn nponeenn y nepnoy cenremap 2010 maj
2011. nesann sa nexe o noxasarea xaxo ce ynpananno rpahennncxnm npojexrnma.
Hpnnpenn cyjexrn xojn ynomanajy nnme o 50 ynocnennxa ynenn cy none
rexnonornje y cnoje nocnonne nponece n ro 45 % sor pasnoja xomnannje, a 55 % sor
saxrjena rpxnmra, ann n sor saxrjena rpxnmra, mro jacno noxasyje xonnxo cy
rpahennncxe xomnannje cnjecne cnryannje n npemena y xome nocnyjy n a es ynohena none
rexnonornje ne mory noomarn nocnonnn nponec, a rnme nn xonxypenrnocr na rpxnmry.
Hnannpann rpomxonn roxom peannsonana npojexra nncy npexopauenn y 88,2 %, ann
nnje omno nn o ymree mro noxasyje a ce npojexrn ]nnacnjcxn penarnnno opo
ncnnannpajy.
Yronopenn poxonn rpahena cy nnax npexopauenn n ro y 64,1 % ncnnrannxa n ro sor
npomjene npojexrnor saarxa, nnnecrnropa n neocraraxa y npojexrnoj oxymenrannjn.
Cnnxa 3. npnxasyje pasnore npexopauena poxona rpahena.
202
6%
20%
20%
20%
12%
12%
6%
4%
promjene projektnog zadatka
6%
investitora (bilo koji razlog) 20%
izvodaca radova 20%
promjene tokom izvodenja20%
vremenskih uslova ili nepogoda
12%
finasijskih sredstava 12%
nedostaci u projektnoj
dokumentaciji 6%
nedostatak strucnog kadra 4%
C.ura 3- Pas.osu nperopa:ena poroea epahena
Y nponeennm ncrpaxnnannma na nopyujy ueepannje Focne n Xepneronnne sa
nepno o janyapa o oxropa 2009. ronne peannsonano je 73,7% yronpennx npnjenocrn
paona, a o janyapa o nonempa 2010.ronne je raj nponenar mann sa 6,5, onocno
peannsonano je 67,2% yronopennx npnjenocrn paona mro moxe nr jacan noxasare
yrnnaja pnsnxa na peannsannjy npojexara. Kojn cy xonxpenro ysponn onnx nponenara
rpeano n ce ncrpaxnrn mro n morno nrn nonora sa ann nayuno ncrpaxnnauxn pa
n xao rema sa nacranax n oxropcxy nceprannjy, (cnnxa 4.)
67,2
32,8
73,7
26,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
do X 2009. I-XI 2010.
ugovorene vrijednosti gradevinskih radova u FBiH
nije realizovano
realizovano
C.ura 4- Pea.usoeaue yeoeopeue epufeouocmu epaheeuucrux paooea y 4BuX
Ipahennncxe xomnannje FnX nncy jom nn nnsy nnnoa xojn je y enponcxnm semama
mro ce rnue ynpanana npojexrnma, maa n seme ns namer oxpyxena cy ocra ncnpe
namnx xomnannja. Aexnarnom eyxannjom n cxnaranem naxnocrn onor nopyuja FnX
xomnannje he xpenyrn nanpnje.
203
AHTEPATYPA
[1] A Guide to the Body of Knowledge/ Project Menagment Institute/ Third Edition, 2004.,
Pennsylvania, USA,
[2] The AMA Handbook of Project Management/ , P.C. Dinsmore, J. Cabanis-Brewin,
(eds)/ Second Edition/ AMACOM, 2006.
[3] Ynpanane npojexrom/ P. Xannh/ Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Ynnnepsnrera y Capajeny,
2010., Capajeno
[4] Organizing for Project Management/ Cable D. P., Adams J. R./ Project Management
Institute, 1982., Drexel Hill
[5] Ynpanane rpahennncxnm npojexrnma/ H. Typanonnh/ Ipahennncxn ]axynrer,
2005., Horopnna
[6] Ynpanane npojexrom/ H. Jonanonnh/ Bncoxa mxona sa npojexrnn menanmenr/
2010, Feorpa
205
Pao+u.a Cuuhuh-Ipeooeuh
1
CTEHEH HPETXOHOI HAHPE3AHA KO HAPHH1AAHO
HPETXOHO HAHPEIHYTHX HOCAHA
Pesu+e:
Y pay ce anannsnpa crenen nperxonor nanpesana xo napnnjanno nperxono
nanpernyrnx nocaua n neron yrnnaj na yxynny xonnunny apmarype y npecjexy.
Hpopauyn ce npmn npema opeama EH 1992-1-1. Y nny pasmarpana e]exara
npnmjene erona nncoxe unpcrohe xo napnnjanno nperxono nanpernyrnx nocaua,
pan ce ynopena anannsa sa eron nopmanne n eron nncoxe unpcrohe. Anannsa
ce cnponon napnpanem crenena nperxonor nanpesana. Pesynrarn anannse rpea
a nocnyxe xao nnnxaropn sa nsop npomjennnnx sa onrnmnsannjy napnnjanno
nperxono nanpernyrnx enemenara.
K+yuue pujeuu: napufa.uo npemxoouo uanpesane, oemou eucore :epcmohe,
cmeneu npemxoouoe uanpesana
PRESTRESS DEGREE OF PARTIALLY PRESTRESSED
GIRDERS
Summary:
This paper analyzes the prestress degree in partially prestressed girders and their
influence on the total quantity of reinforcement in cross-section. The calculation is
done according to the stipulations of EN 1992-1-1. In order to study the effects of
application of high strength concrete in partially prestressed girders, comparative
analysis for high and normal strength concrete is performed. The analysis is carried
out using variations of the degree of prestressed. The results of the analysis are
supposed to serve as indicators for determination of variables in optimization of
partially prestressed elements).
Key words: partially prestressing, high strength concrete, prestress degree
1
p, on, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer Horopnna, Horopnna
206
1 HO1AM HAPHH1AAHOI HPETXOHOI HAHPE3AHA
(HHH)
Hojena apmnpanoeroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja na nperxono nanpernyre n one xoje cy es
e]exara nperxonor nanpesana je nacrana y nepnoy noueraxa npnmjene nperxono
nanpernyror erona. Houerna cxnarana nperxonor nanpesana cy nopasymnjenana a ce
npojexryjy xoncrpyxnnje xo xojnx ce nehe nojannrn npcnnne nn sa jeny xomnnannjy
onrepehena. Hperxono nanpernyre xoncrpyxnnje cy npojexronane na na naunna: xao
nornyno nperxono nanpernyre, mro je nopasymnjenano a ce y erony ne nojane nanonn
saresana nn sa jeny xomnnannjy onrepehena, nnn xao orpannueno nperxono nanpernyre
xo xojnx je nna npennhena moryhnocr nojane nanona saresana y erony, sa xoje ce ca
opehenom cnrypnomhy morno rnpnrn a nehe nsasnarn nojany npcnnna.
Mehyrnm, canpemenn xonnenr apmnpanoeroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja ne npann crpory
nojeny nsmehy xoncrpyxnnja xoje cy npopauynare raxo a ce npnmjenom nperxonor
nanpesana y nornynocrn ncxyun nojana npcnnna y npecjennma n onnx xo xojnx je crane
npcnnna y npecjennma y roxy excnnoarannje jeno o yonuajennx crana. 3a napnnjanno
nperxono nanpernyre xoncrpyxnnje ce moxe pehn a nonynanajy npocrop nsmehy
nornyno nperxono nanpernyrnx n xnacnuno apmnpanoeroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja.
Hapnnjanno nperxono nanpernyrn enemenrn n xoncrpyxnnje ce mory e]nnncarn xao
enemenrn n xoncrpyxnnje xojn, nope xanoncxe apmarype xojom ce nocrnxe nperxono
nanpesane, nmajy n nperxono nesarernyry apmarypy xoja npeysnma no yrnnaja o
excnnoarannonor onrepehena. Y onmrem cnyuajy xo napnnjanno nperxono nanpernyrnx
xoncrpyxnnja ycnojena je npernocranxa a ce npecjenn enemenra n xoncrpyxnnja mory
nahn y crany ca npcnnnom npn ejcrny excnnoarannonnx onrepehena.
Hapnnjanno nperxono nanpesane ce e]nnnme n xao npncryn npojexronany y xome ce
apmarypa sa nperxono nanpesane nnn xomnnannja nesarernyre n nperxono nanpernyre
apmarype xopncre raxo a ye onymreno saresane n npcnnne y erony npn cannjany no
excnnoarannonnm crannnm n xopncnnm onrepehenem, npn uemy cy saonoenn saxrjenn
nocnnocrn n ynorpennocrn.
2 OCHOBE 3A KAACHmHKAHH1Y HHH
Hperxono nanpernyre xoncrpyxnnje ce, y nehnnn cnyuajena, xnacn]nxyjy npema
crany nanona y npecjennma. Honasehn o rora napnnjanno nperxono nanpesane ce
e]nnnme xao cnyuaj xaa ce npn ejcrny excnnoarannonor onrepehena janajy nanonn
nehn o unpcrohe erona na saresane n rnme nojana npcnnna y npecjexy unnn njeponarnom.
Yonuajeno je a ce npecjenn napnnjanno nperxono nanpernyrnx xoncrpyxnnja pauynajy
xao nornyno nperxono nanpernyrn sa cranna onrepehena, a sa nponasna onrepehena ce
osnoana nojana npcnnna. Mehyrnm, onaxan npncryn nnje pannonanan jep ce onoc
crannor n nponasnor onrepehena moxe snarno pasnnxonarn, sanncno o cnyuaja. Hope
rora canpemenn nponncn xao mro je Enpoxo, pasnnxyjy unran nns xomnnannja ejcrana sa
cranne n nponasne npopauyncxe cnryannje, raxo a ne n nno cacnnm jacno sa xojy
xomnnannjy ejcrana rpea ycnojnrn xojn nnno nanona y npecjexy. Hs ror pasnora je
norpeno e]nnncarn nnno nperxonor nanpesana xojn he y opehenom cnyuajy arn
onrnmanno pjemene.
207
2.1 CTEHEH HPETXOHOI HAHPE3AHA
Canpemenn rexnnuxn nponncn ne npane nojeny apmnpanoeroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja na
xnacnuno apmnpane n nperxono nanpernyre, neh ce sa nnx npnmjenyjy jenncrnene
opee sa npopauyn, c rnm mro ce xo npncycrna cnne ynnjere y npecjex nperxonnm
nanpesanem nponncyjy oarnn saxrjenn xoje rpea ncnynnrn. Jean o naunna a ce
nanpann xnacn]nxannja apmnpanoeroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja y rom norney je ynohene
crenena nperxonor nanpesana.
Hpema jenoj o e]nnnnnja [4,5], crenen nperxonor nanpesana e]nnnme no
onrepehena sa xoje ce y npecjennma ne janajy nanonn saresana, a nspaxana ce xao onoc
xapaxrepncrnunnx momenara:
Q G
d
M M
M
K
+
= (1)
rje je:
d
M momenr exomnpecnje,
Q G
M , M momenrn cannjana y npecjexy o crannor n npomjennnor ejcrna.
Crenen nperxonor nanpesana npema npnjenosnma nojennnx ayropa npecrana
onoc rpannunor momenra cannjana xojn npnxnara nperxono sarernyra apmarypa n
rpannunor momenra cannjana xojn npnxnara yxynna nperxono sarernyra n nesarernyra
apmarypa y npecjexy. Taxohe nocroje npnjenosn a ce crenen nperxonor nanpesana
e]nnnme y onocy na momenr cannjana o crannor onrepehena.
Hocrojn jom nexonnxo napnjanrnnx npenora sa e]nnncane crenena nperxonor
nanpesana xojn ce yrnannom mory cnecrn na na naneena. Cmarpa ce a je e]nnnnnja
crenena nperxonor nanpesana ara nspasom (1) najjenocrannnja n najnoronnja sa
npnmjeny, na he ona nrn npnmnjenena n y onoj anannsn. Momenr exomnpecnje ce y onom
cnyuajy pauyna ynaxanajyhn nouerne n npemencxe rynrxe cnne nperxonor nanpesana,
raxo a crenen nperxoor nanpesana onncyje no yxynnor cnoner momenra cannjana
xojn je xomnensnpan nperxonnm nanpesanem.
2.2 HO1AMEKOMHPECH1E
exomnpecnja npecrana crane npecjexa y xome cy nanonn y erony, xojn cy pesynrar
nperxonor nanpesana, ypannorexenn ]nxrnnnnm cnoamnnm momenrom n nsnoce 0.
Pasmarpano nnaxno npecjexa y xome cy nanonn jenaxn 0 je najuemhe nnaxno na onoj nnnnn
npecjexa xoja je nnxa mjecry ejcrna pesynryjyhe cnne nperxonor nanpesana. Mehyrnm,
xaxo je crane exomnpecnje xo napnnjannor nperxonor nanpesana nesano sa pasmarpane
nojane npcnnna, ro ce e]nnncane onor nojma moxe nesnnarn n sa pasmarpane crana n
xonrpone npcnnna y npecjexy, xaxan je cnyuaj ca Enpoxoom 2.
Ho rpannnom exomnpecnje npema EH 19921-1: 2004 ce nopasymnjena a cy cnn
jenonn xanona xojn npnjanajy ca eronom, nnn nnjenn sa xanone, najmane 25 mm ynyrap
npnrncnyror erona sa uecry xomnnannjy onrepehena.
Y onoj anannsn momenr exomnpecnje je npopauynar raxo a ce nnme anynnpa nanon
npnrncxa nsasnan rpajnom cnnom nperxonor nanpesana na onoj nnnnn npecjexa xoja je
sarernyra npn ejcrny excnnoarannonor onrepehena.
208
3 AHAAH3A HOCAHA
3.1 YAA3HH HOAHH 3A HPOPAHYH
Anannsnpana je npocra rpea pacnona 25 m, nonpeunor npecjexa npnxasanor na cnnnn
1. Ocnonnn noann sa npopauyn cy arn y raenn 1.
C.ura 1 Honpe:uu npecfer aua.usupaue epeoe (Cross-section of analyzed girder)
1aeua 1 Vuasuu noauu sa npopauyu (Input data for design)
Ieomerpnj. noann Onrepeh. / yrnnajn Marepnjann
A
c
5060 cm
2
G
1
12 kN/m Feron uennx
W
c1
203084 cm
3
G
2
48 kN/m C50/60 C90/105 Za PN
W
c2
223934 cm
3
Q
1
22 kN/m f
ck
50 MPa 90 MPa f
pk
1860 MPa
a
p
20 cm M
G1
937.5 kNm f
ctm
4.1 MPa 5.0 MPa f
p01,k
1600 MPa
a
s
5 cm M
G2
3750 kNm E
cm
37 GPa 44 GPa Mexa apmarypa
z
cp
69.15 cm M
Q
1719 kNm c
cu2/3
3.5 2.6 f
ys
500 MPa
Hpn npopauyny je sapxan xoncranran nonpeunn npecjex erona, ox je napnpan
nonpeunn npecjex uennxa sa nperxono nanpesane, xaxo je aro y raenn 2. 3a pasnnunre
xonnunne uennxa sa nperxono nanpesane yrnphena je norpena nonpmnna nonpeunor
npecjexa mexe apmarype, raxo a ce ocrnrne norpena npopauyncxa nocnnocr npecjexa na
cannjane. 3a eron C50/60 npopauyn rpannune nocnnocrn na cannjane npmen je
xopnmhenem npopauyncxor njarpama napaona npana, ox je sa eron C90/105 nocnnocr
npopauynara npnmjenom ynopomhenor npanoyraonor njarpama, xaxo npennha EH 1992-1-
1:2004.
209
C.ura 2 Vnpouheuu uanoucru oufaepa+ ropuuheu sa C90/105 (Simplified concrete stress
block used for C90/105 )
1aeua 2 Bpujeuocmu nojeuuux napa+emapa sa npecjer C50/60 (Values of some
parameters for cross-section C50/60)
Iynnn cnne
Osnaxa
A
p
(cm
2
)
P
m0
(kN)
P
m
(kN) t=0 t=
A
s
(cm
2
)
A
s+p
(cm
2
)
o
c1
(kN/cm
2
)
M
d
(kNm)
k
31N 46.5 6149.9 5263.8 8.2 14.4 20.5 67.0 2.83 5752.6 0.898
30N 45.0 5962.9 5128.1 8.0 14.0 23.5 68.5 2.76 5604.2 0.875
29N 43.5 5775.1 4990.5 7.8 13.6 26.7 70.2 2.69 5453.9 0.851
28N 42.0 5586.6 4851.0 7.6 13.2 29.7 71.7 2.61 5301.5 0.828
27N 40.5 5397.3 4709.7 7.4 12.7 32.9 73.4 2.53 5147.0 0.803
26N 39.0 5207.2 4566.3 7.3 12.3 36.1 75.1 2.46 4990.3 0.779
25N 37.5 5016.4 4421.0 7.1 11.9 39.4 76.9 2.38 4831.5 0.754
24N 36.0 4824.8 4273.7 6.9 11.4 42.7 78.7 2.30 4670.5 0.729
23N 34.5 4632.5 4124.2 6.8 11.0 46.0 80.5 2.22 4507.2 0.704
22N 33.0 4439.4 3972.7 6.6 10.5 49.3 82.3 2.14 4341.6 0.678
21N 31.5 4245.5 3819.0 6.4 10.0 52.7 84.2 2.06 4173.6 0.651
20N 30.0 4050.9 3663.1 6.2 9.6 56.2 86.2 1.97 4003.2 0.625
19N 28.5 3855.5 3504.9 6.1 9.1 59.7 88.2 1.89 3830.4 0.598
18N 27.0 3659.3 3344.5 5.9 8.6 63.2 90.2 1.80 3655.0 0.571
17N 25.5 3462.4 3181.7 5.7 8.1 66.9 92.4 1.71 3477.1 0.543
rje je:
A
p
nonpmnna nonpeunor npecjexa uennxa sa nperxono nanpesane,
P
m0
nouerna cnna nperxonor nanpesana,
P
m
xpajna cnna nperxonor nanpesana,
A
s
nonpmnna nonpeunor npecjexa mexe apmarype,
o
c1
nanon npnrncxa o nperxonor nanpesana na mjecry exomnpecnje,
M
d
momenr exomnpecnje,
k crenen nperxonor nanpesana.
210
1aeua 3 Bpujeuocmu nojeuuux napa+emapa sa npecjer C90/105 (Values of some
parameters for cross-section C90/105)
Iynnn cnne
Osnaxa
A
p
(cm
2
)
P
m0
(kN)
P
m
(kN) t=0 t=
A
s
(cm
2
)
A
s+p
(cm
2
)
o
c1
(kN/cm
2
)
M
d
(kNm)
k
31H 46.5 6199.5 5448.8 7.4 12.1 0.00 46.5 2.93 5954.7 0.929
30H 45.0 6009.0 5295.3 7.3 11.9 3.15 48.2 2.85 5786.9 0.903
29H 43.5 5818.0 5140.4 7.1 11.6 7.45 51.0 2.77 5617.7 0.877
28H 42.0 5626.3 4984.3 7.0 11.4 11.74 53.7 2.68 5447.1 0.850
27H 40.5 5433.9 4826.7 6.8 11.2 16.04 56.5 2.60 5274.9 0.823
26H 39.0 5240.9 4667.9 6.7 10.9 20.33 59.3 2.51 5101.3 0.796
25H 37.5 5047.3 4507.7 6.5 10.7 24.63 62.1 2.43 4926.2 0.769
24H 36.0 4853.0 4346.0 6.4 10.4 28.93 64.9 2.34 4749.6 0.741
23H 34.5 4658.1 4183.0 6.2 10.2 33.23 67.7 2.25 4571.4 0.714
22H 33.0 4462.6 4018.5 6.1 10.0 37.52 70.5 2.16 4391.7 0.686
21H 31.5 4266.4 3852.6 5.9 9.7 41.82 73.3 2.07 4210.4 0.657
20H 30.0 4069.6 3685.3 5.8 9.4 46.12 76.1 1.98 4027.5 0.629
19H 28.5 3872.1 3516.4 5.6 9.2 50.42 78.9 1.89 3842.9 0.600
18H 27.0 3674.0 3346.1 5.5 8.9 54.72 81.7 1.80 3656.8 0.571
17H 25.5 3475.3 3174.2 5.4 8.7 59.02 84.5 1.71 3469.0 0.541
3a cne xomnnannje uennxa sa nperxono nanpesane n mexe apmarype ocrnapena je ncra
npopauyncxa nocnnocr npecjexa na cannjane, xoja nsnocn M
Rd
=M
Ed
=1.35M
G
+1.5M
Q
=8906.6
kNm. Jenno je y cnyuajy erona C90/105 ona nocnnocr npenasnhena xo nocaua 31H, rje
je camo ca uennxom sa nperxono nanpesane nocrnrnyra nocnnocr na cannjane neha o
saxrnjenane, M
Rd
= 8977.7 kNm.
Hpnmnjerno je a cy rynnn cnne nperxonor nanpesana nemro mann xo nocaua o
erona C90/105 nero xo nocaua C50/60, naxo ce y npopauyny nomno o ncre cnne na
npecn.
3.2 PE3YATATH HPOPAHYHA
3.2.1 Ho1pena uexa n yxynna apua1ypa ns ycnona npopauyncxe nocnnoc1n na
cannjane
Hpopauyn nocaua je ypahen raxo a je nonpmnna npecjexa uennxa sa nperxono
nanpesane A
p
mnjenana ca xopaxom AA
p
=1.5 cm
2
. Ta npomjena oronapa nonpmnnn
nonpeunor npecjexa jenor xana cncrema HMC CHF Cynep, 116, xnaca B Y1860S7.
Hapanenno cy anannsnpann nocaun o erona C50/60 n C90/105. Hpopauynara je norpena
mexa apmarypa sa ocrnsane npopauyncxe nocnnocrn. Yrnnaj crenena nperxonor
nanpesana na norpeny yxynny apmarypy y npecjexy npnxasan je njarpamom na cnnnn 3.
Pesynrarn npopauyna noxasyjy a je sa eron nncoxe unpcrohe C90/105 norpena snarno
mana yxynna apmarypa n a je na norpene apamarype y npecjexy nehn ca nonehanem
crenena nperxonor nanpesana.
Horpeno je narnacnrn a cy nmensnje eroncxor npecjexa y cnponeenoj anannsn y
oa cnyuaja ncre, mro onpnnocn cmaneny pannonannocrn nsopa npecjexa n neronor
211
yxynnor xomrana xaa je y nnrany eron nncoxe unpcrohe. Yrnnaj cmanena nmensnja
npecjexa ca nonehanem unpcrohe erona n cnaxaxo rpeano ysern y osnp, raxo a je
pesynrar one anannse norpeno nocmarparn y rom xonrexcry.
Potrebna ukupna armatura C50/60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k
A
p
,

A
s

(
c
m
2
)
As
Ap
As+Ap
Potrebna ukupna armatura C90/105
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k
A
p
,

A
s

(
c
m
2
)
As
Ap
As+Ap
C.ura 3 Vmuaf cmeneua npemxoouoe uanpesana ua nompeouy yrynuy ap+amypy (Effects
of prestress degree on requured total reunforcement)
Ha cnnnn 4 . npnxasan je ynopenn njarpam norpene mexe apmarype sa erone
pasnnunre unpcrohe rje ce jacnnje youana na norpene mexe apmarype y npecjexy sa
nocrnsane ncre nocnnocrn xo rpea o erona nncoxe unpcrohe C90/105.
212
Potrebna meka armatura
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k

A
s

(
c
m
2
)
C90/105
C50/60
C.ura 4 Potrebna meka armatura u presjeku (Required reinforcement in cross-section)
3.2.2 Hojana npcnnna n c1enen npe1xonor nanpesana
Anannsnpana je n nojana npcnnna y npecjennma y sanncnocrn o crenena nperxonor
nanpesana. 3a nnxn crenen nperxonor nanpesana nojana npcnnna je ynnjex moryha sa
ejcrno yxynnor excnnoarannonor onrepehena, jep je yxynan excnnoarannonn momenr nehn
o momenra nojane npcnnna xo cnnx anannsnpannx nocaua, ocnm nocaua 31H. Momenr
nojane npcnnna je y onom cnyuajy npopauynar na asn cnne nperxonor nanpesana P
k,inf
y
cxnay ca opeama EH 1992-1-1: 2004 xoje ce onoce na npopauyn mnnnmanne
nonpmnne mexe apmarype y nny xonrpone mnpnne npcnnna.
Moment pojave prsline
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k
M
c
r

(
k
N
m
)
C50/60
C90/105
MG+MQ
C.ura 5 Mo+eum nofaee npc.uua y qyurufu cmeneua npemxoouoe uanpesana (Cracking
moment depending on prestress degree)
213
Napon pri pojavi prsline (C50/60)
fctm= -4.1
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k
N
a
p
o
n

u

b
e
t
o
n
u

(
z
a
t
e
z
a
n
j
e
)

(
M
P
a
)
Kvazi -stalna
Cesta
Karakteristicna
fctm
Napon pri pojavi prsline (C90/105)
fctm = - 5.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
k
N
a
p
o
n

u

b
e
t
o
n
u

(
z
a
t
e
z
a
n
j
e
)

(
M
P
a
)
Kvazi -stalna
Cesta
Karakteristicna
fctm
C.ura 6 Hanouu y oemouy ua sameeuymof ueuu nonpe:uoe npecfera sa pas.u:ume
ro+ouuaufe oefcmaea (Stresses in concrete on tight edge of cross-section for different
combination of actions )
Hojana npcnnna y npecjennma je njeponarna xa nanon saresana y erony npenasnnasn
unpcrohy erona na saresane. Ha njarpamnma na cnnnn 6 cy npnxasann pesynrarn
npopauyna nanona y erony sa pasnnunre xomnnannje onrepehena y ]ynxnnjn crenena
nperxonor nanpesana. Taxohe je npnxasana rpannuna nnnnja unpcrohe npn saresany f
ctm
,
xoja sanncn o xnace erona. Haxo ce na anannsnpana erona snarno pasnnxyjy npema
unpcrohn na npnrcax, nnje snauajna pasnnxa xo crenena nperxonor nanpesana y onocy
na rpenyrax nojane npcnnne. Jean o pasnora je mana pasnnxa y unpcrohn erona npn
saresany xo na anannsnpana erona.
214
4 3AKYHHH
Yrnnaj crenena nperxonor nanpesana na yxynny xonnunny apmarype y npecjexy
napnnjanno nperxono nanpernyrnx enemenara je ennenran. Anannsa je noxasana a je
yxynna apmarypa y npecjexy npopauynara ns ycnona npopauyncxe nocnnocrn npecjexa na
cannjane, y cxnay ca EH 1992-1-1: 2004, mana sa nehn crenen nperxonor nanpesana. Ono
je y nehoj mjepn nspaxeno sa eron nncoxe unpcrohe.
3a norpee onrnmnsannje npecjexa y anannsy je norpeno yxyunrn n yrnnaj nncnne
eroncxor nonpeunor npecjexa na norpeny yxynny apmarypy n yxynno xomrane nocaua,
mro nnje no cacrannn no one anannse.
Anannsa crana npcnnna n mnnnmanne apmarype sa xonrpony mnpnne npcnnna cy
noxasane a ce nojana npcnnna snarno ne onaxe ynorpeom erona nncoxe unpcrohe.
oarno je norpeno anannsnparn yrnnaj crenena nperxonor nanpesana n ynorpee
erona nncoxe unpcrohe na xapaxrepncrnuny mnpnny npcnnna.
Y onoj anannsn je pasmarpano n crane e]opmannja y npecjexy y crany npopauyncxe
nocnnocrn n yrnpheno je a cy nemro nehe e]opmannje y apmarypn xo erona nncoxe
unpcrohe sor nnmer nonoxaja neyrpanne oce, naxo cy maxcnmanne e]opmannje y erony
orpannuene na 2.6 y cnyuajy erona C90/105. Tnme je nnnnnpano a eron nncoxe
unpcrohe nema snauajnnjn yrnnaj na cmanene mnpnne npcnnna, mro rpea nrn npemer
oarne anannse.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] EN 1992-1-1:2004- Evrokod 2, Hpopauyn eroncxnx xoncrpyxnnja eo 1-1
Onmra npannna n npannna sa srpae, Feorpa, ]epyap 2006.
[2] EN 1990-1-1:2002- Evrokod 0, Ocnone npopauyna xoncrpyxnnja, Feorpa, ]epyap
2006.
[3] Limit state design and verification / J. Walraven // Workshop: Eurocode 2: Design of
Concrete Buildings, Brussels, October 2011, p. 104.
[4] Hapufa.uo npemxoouo uanpeeuyme roucmpyrufe / P. uonnh, F. Hononnh, //
Ynnnepsnrer y Honom Cay, uaxynrer rexnnuxnx nayxa, 2008, Honn Ca, crpana
212.
[5] u+eusuouupane roucmpyrufa oo npeouanpeeuymoe oemoua / M. 3narap // PACT
STABILITY DAAD Program, Universitt Stuttgart Ipahennncxn ]axynrer y
Capajeny, 2001, crpana 24.
[6] Partially prestressed concrete beam optimization / V. Saouma, R. Murad // Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 3, March 1984, pp. 589-604.
215
Huro.a Pafaroeuh
1
, H.ufa Bamac Bfe.uh
2
CMAHEHE EMHCH1A CO
2
Y CEKTOPY 3IPAAPCTBA
PEHYBAHKE CPBH1E
Pesu+e:
Penynnxa Cpnja moxe a ocrnapn ]nnancnjcxy nopmxy yxonnxo npeysme
oanese cmanena emncnja CO
2
mro je moryhe nocrnhn mepama eneprercxe
nonnrnxe nnn rpxnmnnm mexannsmnma. Kao pannonanne onnnje rpea
pasmorpnrn mepe eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y srpaapcrny n cmanene enexrpnunor
rpejana. Yxynan norennnjan ymree onnx mepa nponenyje ce na 3.5 Mt CO
2
eq
mro nocn n snauajan ]nnancnjcxn e]exr. oarne ymree ce mory ocrnapnrn
npnmenom mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn npn xonnepsnjn eneprnje, npomenom
ropnna y cexropnma nponsnone enexrpnune n ronnorne eneprnje xao n
npenacxom na ononnne nsnope eneprnje .
K+yuue peuu: euepeemcra no.umura, euepeemcra equracuocm, sepaoapcmeo
CO
2
REDUCTION IN SERBIAN RESIDENTAL SECTOR
Summary:
Energy policy measures or market mechanism may introduce positive financial effects
based on CO
2
emission reduction in Serbia. Possible measures are energy efficiency
in residential sector and decrease in electrical heating. These measures may save 3.5
Mt CO
2
eq. Further saving potential in Serbia is energy efficiency and fuel substitution
in electricity and heating production sector and transition towards renewable energy
sources.
Key words: energy policy, energy efficiency, residental sector.
1
oxrop nayxa, peonnn npo]ecop, Enexrporexnnuxn ]axynrer, Fynenap xpaa Anexcanpa 73 11111 Feorpa,
rajakovic@etf.rs
2
nnn. nnr, ncrpaxnnau capannx, Enexrporexnnuxn ]axynrer, Fynenap xpaa Anexcanpa 73 11111 Feorpa,
batas@etf.rs
216
1 YBO
Penynnxa Cpnja, nornncnnna Oxnnpne xonnennnje YH o xnnmarcxnm npomenama n
Kjoro nporoxona xao sema y pasnojy, nsysera je ns oanesyjyher cmanena emncnja y
nepnoy 2008-2012. ann nma npano na ]nnancnjcxy nopmxy sacnonany na mexannsmy
uncror pasnoja (CDM) yxonnxo oponono npeysme oanesy cmanena emncnja CO
2
.
Cmanene emncnja moxe nrn namernyro xao oanesa xoja cnen ns saxona, onocno ns
crparernje, mehynaponnx yronopa n nyrem npnmene npexrnna y nponecy npnpyxnnana
EY. Cmanena emncnja moxe ce nocrnhn mepama eneprercxe nonnrnxe nnn rpxnmnnm
mexannsmnma [1].
Hponsnona enexrpnune eneprnje y Cpnjn sacnnna ce na omahem nncxoxanopnunom
cynennnonncanom nnrnnry [2]. Yeo masyra xao ropnna y nponsnonn ronnorne eneprnje
y cncremy anncxor rpejana onaa y nopeheny ca xopnmhenem npnponor raca, ox je y
cncremy nnnnnyannor rpejana yeo nnrnnra, npnponor raca n orpennor pnera
nojenax [3]. unnanna norpomna enexrpnune eneprnje sa nponsnony ronnorne eneprnje
y omahnncrny je snauajna. Emncnonn ]axrop y cexropy enexrpoeneprernxe je nnmn nero
y cexropnma anncxor n nnnnnyannor rpejana na je onpanano cmanene enexrpnunor
rpejana pan cmanena emncnja CO
2
.
npexrnnom o eneprercxom yunnxy srpaa [4] nanaxe ce penonnpane y cnyuajy a nnje
nocrnrnyra mnnnmanna eneprercxa e]nxacnocr yxonnxo je ro rexnnuxn, ]ynxnnonanno n
exonomcxn nsnonno. npexrnna sa orpannuanane emncnja yren-noxcna xpos
ynanpehene eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn [5] nanaxe nannary ycnyre na ocnony xonnunne
ncnopyuene eneprnje n e]nnnrnnno je nocrnnaj sa oarna ynarana y nsonannjy
onocno nocnenuno y cmanene norpomne eneprnje n emncnja CO
2
. oarnn e]exar je
npomena ronmne xpnne ronnornor onrepehena jep ce nonehana poj ana y xojnma nnje
norpeno rpejane npocropnja.
2 METO
3a cnmynannjy eneprercxor cncrema Penynnxe Cpnje xopnmhen je ecnnaran, bottom-
up moen EnergyPLAN [6] noroan sa anannsy cnenapnja. 3acnonan je na
erepmnnncrnuxnm ynasnnm npenocrnma norpomne, nponsnone, e]nxacnocrn n
nennunnn nocrojehnx eneprercxnx nocrpojena na xojnma je moryhe npnmennnarn
pasnnunre perynaropne rexnnuxe nponeype, onrnmnsannjy n pauyna xpnrnuny
nponsnony enexrpnune eneprnje xoja mopa a ce nsnese npn nnrerpannjn ononnnnx
nsnopa eneprnje.
3a norpee nspauynanana norennnjana ymree y emncnjn CO
2
y srpaapcrny y
Penynnnn Cpnjn o nnrepeca cy cexropn:
- nponsnona enexrpnune eneprnje,
- nponsnona ronnorne eneprnje y cncremy anncxor rpejana n
- nponsnona ronnorne eneprnje y cncremy nnnnnyannor rpejana.
Pan xnanrn]nxannje e]exara ymree npn ynopehnnany cnenapnja o nnrepeca cy:
- norpomna ronnorne eneprnje na npary y cncremy anncxor rpejana (DHD),
- norpomna ropnna y omahnncrny (FCO), npnmapna eneprnja,
- norpomna ronnorne eneprnje y omahnncrny (IHHD), ]nnanna eneprnja,
- norpomna enexrpnune eneprnje sa rpejane (EH) n
217
- yxynna exnnnanenrna CO
2
eq emncnja ns enepercxor cexropa.
Hpnmenen je meroonornja xao y [7] es npomene carne ronmne xpnne ronnornor
onrepehena jep nnje nna ocrynna. Kopnmhena je rexnnuxa onrnmnsannja cncrema ca
xpnrepnjymcxom ]ynxnnjom mnnnmnsannje ynorpee ]ocnnnnx ropnna npnmenena na
sarnopenn enexrpoeneprercxn cncrem.
2.1 PEmEPEHTHH CHEHAPHO
Pe]epenrnn (BAU) cnenapno je eneprercxn cncrem Cpnja sa 2009. ronny. Yxynna
ronmna norpomna enexrpnune eneprnje opehena je ns [8]. Hoann o cncremy anncxor
rpejana n xomnnonane nponsnone enexrpnune n ronnorne eneprnje ns [9] a noann o
xanannrery nocrpojena sa nponsnony enexrpnune eneprnje ns [10]. Yxynna norpomna
npnmapne eneprnje n eneprnje no cexropnma n ropnnnma npeysera je ns [3]. E]nxacnocrn
repmoenexrana nspauynare cy ns [11]. Kpnna ronnornor onrepehena onjena je ns
noaraxa METEONORM [12]. Ycpenene carne npenocrn nponsnone ns nporounnx,
axymynannonnx n nymnno-axymynannonnx xnpoenexrpana nspauynare cy ns noaraxa [8]
a xanannrern ns [10]. Ipynncane na nporoune n axymynannone xnpoenexrpane je ycnonno
nmajyhn y nny ronmnn nnanc nponsnone enexrpnune eneprnje. E]nxacnocrn
xonnepsnje ropnna y cexropy nponsnone ronnorne eneprnje y cncremy nnnnnyannor
rpejana are cy y Taenn 1.
1aeua 1 Equracuocmu roueepsuje euepeuje y cermopy npouseone
monuomue euepeuje y cucme+y uuueuyauuoe epejana.
Efficiency of energy conversion in individual house heating
sector.
Euepeeum Bueuum Masym Hpupouu eac peo Euermpuuuo epejane
q 0,8 0,9 0,8 0,8 1
Ycnojena norpomna ronnorne eneprnje sa rpejane npocropnja xoje ce rpejy cncremom
anncxor rpejana je 70% o ronnorne eneprnje pacnonoxnne na npary eneprena y
cncremy anncxor rpejana. Ycnojena norpomna ronnorne eneprnje, y omahnncrnnma
xoja nncy y cncremy anncxor rpejana, sa rpejane npocropnja je 75% o yxynne
norpomne ronnorne eneprnje y rnm omahnncrnnma a ocrarax norpomne je sa rpejane
ronne noe.
Ycnojeno je a je norpomna enexrpnune eneprnje y omahnncrny sa nponsnony
ronnorne eneprnje oxo 30% o yxynne norpomne ronnorne eneprnje eneprnje.
2.2 HOTEHHH1AAH YmTEE EMHCH1A
Horennnjan ymree emncnja je y cmaneny norpomne eneprnje sa rpejane npocropnja
ycne npnmene mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y srpaapcrny nnn mepa cmanena
enexrpnunor rpejana. Ha ocnony ymree ropnna n nosnarnx emncnonnx ]axropa pauyna ce
cmanene emncnja CO
2
. Ha ocnony onor cmanena n nene emncnja 10 /tCO2 pauyna ce
]nnancnjcxa ymrea onocno npenocr rpxnmra eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y srpaapcrny.
218
2.2.1 Mepaua enepre1cxe eqnxacnoc1n y srpaapc1ny
Hoomanem nsonannje npocropnja cmanyje ce cnenn]nuno oanane ronnore na je
ncry cony remneparypy moryhe oesenrn ca manom norpomnom ronnorne eneprnje.
Cmanene norpomne ronnorne eneprnje onon o ymree y ropnny, xoja pesynrnpa
cmanenem emncnja CO
2
.
Hpernocrannhemo rpn cnenapnja cmanena norpomne ronnorne eneprnje sa rpejane
npocropnja:
- C1a Cmanene sa 20% ycne npnmene mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn,
- C1 Cmanene sa 40% ycne npnmene mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn,
- C1n Cmanene sa 60% ycne npnmene mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn.
2.2.2 Mepe cuanena enex1pnunor rpejana
Cmanene enexrpnunor rpejana n nerona samena pyrnm ropnnom oesehyje ncry
xonnunny ronnorne eneprnje ys many emncnjy. Ymrea y emncnjn CO
2
sacnnna ce na
ynorpen cncrema nponsnone ronnore xojn cy nnxer exnnnanenrnor emncnonor ]axropa.
Mepe cmanena enexrpnunor rpejana nocmarahe ce xymynarnnno ys mepy cmanena
norpomne ronnorne eneprnje ns cnenapnja C1n.
Hpernocrannhemo na cnenapnja cmanena enexrpnunor rpejana:
- C2a 3amene enexrpnunor rpejana nponopnnonannnm nonehanem nponsnone
ronnorne eneprnje ns ocrannx eneprenara,
- C2 3amene enexrpnunor rpejana nonehanem nponsnone ronnorne eneprnje ns
ropnnnor pnera, a norpomna ocrannx eneprenara je nenpomenena
3 PE3YATATH
3a pe]epenrnn cnenapno yxynna norpomna npnmapne eneprnje nsnocn 155 TWh/a ys
emncnjy o 46,7 MtCO2eq o uera 34,9 MtCO2eq ns enexrpoeneprercxor cexropa.
1aeua 2 Cueuapuju nomeuuujauuoe c+anena e+ucuja CO
2
u
yumee y spaapcmey Penyuure Cpuje. Scenarios of
potential CO
2
emission reductions and savings in Serbian
residental sector.
DHD FCO IHHD EH CO2
TWh/a Mteq M
BAU 9.56 7.69 9.11 2.73 46.7 449
S1a 8.22 6.53 7.74 2.32 46.1 443
S1b 6.88 5.38 4.81 1.9 45.5 437
S1c 5.54 4.22 4.97 1.5 44.9 432
S2a 5.54 5.96 4.97 0 43.5 426
S2b 5.54 6.05 4.97 0 43.2 422
219
Hpnmenom mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y srpaapcrny xao y cnenapnjy C1a onaa
norpomna ronnorne eneprnje na npary y cncremy anncxor rpejana (DHD) sa 14% a
norpomna ropnna (FCO) y omahnncry (npnmapna eneprnja) n norpomna ronnorne
eneprnje y omahnncrny sa 15%, mro pesynryje cmanenem emncnja CO
2
eq sa 0.6 Mt n
ymreom no rom ocnony o 6 M. 3nauajnom npnmenom mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn xao
y cnenapnjnma C1 n C1n moryhe je cmannrn emncnjy CO
2
eq sa 1.2 Mt onocno 2.1 Mt ys
ymree o 12 M onocno 17 M.
Komnnonanem mepa eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn n samenom enexrpnunor rpejana xao y
cnenapnjy C2a emncnja CO
2
eq ce cmanyje sa oarnnx 0.6 Mt ys oarny ymrey o 6 M y
onocy na cnenapno C1n. 3amena enexrpnunor rpejana rpejanem na orpenno pno xao y
cnenapnjy C2 ymanyje emncnja CO
2
eq sa 1 Mt mro nsnocn 10 M ymree y onocy na
cnenapno C1n.
4 3AKYHAK
Horennnjan ymree emncnja CO
2
eq y cexropy srpaapcrna y Penynnnn Cpnjn
xomnnonannm mepama eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn n mepom cmanena enexrpnunor rpejana
npema cnenapnjy nsnocn 3.5 Mt ys ]nnancnjcxy ymrey o 27 M.
oarnn norennnjan ymree emncnja CO
2
eq rpea rpaxnrn najnpe y nonehany
eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y norpomnn eneprnje, nonehanem eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn y
nponsnonn enexrpnune eneprnje, npomenn rnna ropnna y nponsnonn enexrpnune
eneprnje, npenacxom na nponsnony enexrpnune eneprnje ns ononnnnx nsnopa eneprnje,
npomenn rnna ropnna y cexropnma nponsnona ronnorne eneprnje y cncremy anncxor
rpejana n nponsnone ronnorne eneprnje y cncremy nnnnnyannor rpejana.
5 3AXBAAHOCT
Onaj pa ]nnancnpan je o crpane Mnnncrapcrna npocnere n nayxe penynnxe Cpnje,
npojexar p. 42009.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] F. Johnsson, D. Johansson, U. Persson, and E. Pihl, Pathways to Sustainable European
Energy Systems. .
[2] A. Kovacevic, Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Western Balkans, 2011.
[3] IEAInternational Energy Agency. [Online]. Available:
http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=RS. [Accessed: 08-Feb-
2012].
[4] DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL, Official Journal of the European Communities, pp. 65-71, 2003.
220
[5] COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/76/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities,
1993.
[6] D. Connolly, H. Lund, B. V. Mathiesen, and M. Leahy, A review of computer tools
for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems,
Applied Energy, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 10591082, 2010.
[7] H. Lund, EnergyPLAN Exercise 2: Make Simple Energy System Analyses., 2010.
[8] ENTSO-E European network of transmission system operators for electricity.
[Online]. Available: https://www.entsoe.eu/resources/data-portal/country-packages/.
[Accessed: 2012].
[9] Euroheat & Power. [Online]. Available: http://www.euroheat.org/Statistics-69.aspx.
[Accessed: 08-Feb-2012].
[10] EHC Texnnuxn ronmnax sa 2009. ronny., 2010.
[11] South East Europe Consultants - SEEC, Study on the Potential for Climate Change
Combating in Power Generation in the Energy Community, 2011.
[12] METEONORM Global Meteorological Database for Engineers, Planners and
Education. [Online]. Available: http://meteonorm.com/home/. [Accessed: 2012].

221
Cana Paou:uh
1
BPEHHPAHH XOTEAH KAO HOBO LIFESTYLE
HCKYCTBO HA HPHM1EPHMA APMAHH XOTEAA Y
YBAHY H MHAAHY
Pesu+e:
Tesom a je nsop xorena jenaxo nran xao n nsop ojehe xpos pennpane
xorene npomonnme ce "nn]ecryne xoren" moen xojn nopasymnjena xomnneran
"Apmann" naunn ynnora. Excxnysnnan nyxcys nparn ]nnoso]njy najnosnarnjer
monor pena xpos jenocranan n xapmonnuan nsajn enrepnjepa. Onaxnn xorenn
]ynxnnonnmy npexo "nn]ecryne manarep"-a xojn cy rocrnma na ycnysn xpos
nepconannsonane nporpame npema Apmannjenom xonnenry a je xoren emornnno
ncxycrno n a rocr rpea "nrn xao xo xyhe anexo o xyhe".
Knyune pnjeun: pennpann xoren, lifestyle manager, nepconannsonann
nporpam
BRANDED HOTELS AS A NEW "LIFESTYLE" EXPERIENCE
WITH REFERENCE TO ARMANI HOTEL DUBAI AND
ARMANI HOTEL MILANO
Summary:
Following the idea that the choice of a hotel is equally important as choice of
clothing, branded hotels promote the model of a lifestyle hotel which implies the
complete "Armani" lifestyle. Exclusive luxury follows the philosophy of the most
famous fashion brand through a simple and harmonized interior design. These hotels
are managed by the lifestyle managers who provide customer service through
personalized programs following Armani's concept that staying at hotel is an
emotional experience and that a guest should feel "at home away from home".
Key words: branded hotel, "lifestyle manager", personalised programme

1
mp Cana Panunh, nnn.nnr.apxnr.,"HHKOHPOM".o.o. Fananyxa


222
YBO
Hponec rnoannsannje n npannn pasnoja rypnsma xojn ce cmarpa nnycrpnjom 21. nnjexa
cy onenn o pse excnansnje y pasnojy xorena n crnapana nonor xonnenra canpemenor
xorena. Inoannsannja nocraje nnamnuan exonomcxn, xynrypnn n nonnrnuxn nponec xojn
je nopyan canpemennm n psnm xomynnxannjama a npnmapno ycnonqen exonomcxnm
mornnnma rnoannnx xopnopannja. Onaxna renennnja je npexrno nesana sa ocnajawe
nonnx rpynmra o crpane mohnnx cnjercxnx xomnannja n nnrensnnnpawe xonxypenrnocrn
na rpynmry. Taxo ce xpos onaj xonrpanepsan nponec crnapa jenncrneno cnjercxo rpynmre
xoje ymanyje nanexnocrn nannonannnx pxana n npenocn na nnno mehynaponnx
nncrnrynnja. Hocenna excnansnje nponeca rnoannsannje je ornapane xorena na nonnm
ecrnnannjama n crnapane pennpannx nanana xorena ca neh yrnphennm npenosnarnnnm
cranapnma. Hyrem penona ce nenrn]nxyjemo ca jennma n crnapamo apnjepe npema
pyrnma. Fpenonn nonesyjy norpomaue n crnapajy mehycony xomynnxannjy. Kpos pen
ce npyya nenononqnn oxnnaj n xnnornn crnn. Hsop xorena je ncro raxo nran xao n
nsop rapepoe. Hpnn pennpann xorenn cy nacrann y capann ca monnm mapxama
Bulgari n Versace. Konnenr n ]nnoso]nja xojy je Ian Schrager sajeno ca Phillipe Starck-om
npomonncao 80-rnx ronna xpos "design hotel"
2
morao je a saonon ecrercxe xpnrepnje
xnnjenara ann ne n a ocrnapn nnxone nepconannsonane saxrjene. Haxo cy
excnepnmenrncann ca emornnnnm onocom xnnjenr-xoren neocrajano je nornyno
censyanno ncxycrno, xoje ce uecro nasnna ]axrop X. Xoren ce ynpano nepnnnnpa nyrem
ner rnannnx uyna xojnma ce moxe oarn n mecro uyno a ro je ]anrasnja. Onrnuxa,
mnpncna, snyuna, crnmynannja uyna yxyca cy censannje xoje emnryjy opeheny aypy xoja
jenyje na xnnjenre y npocropy re nx je norpeno onecrn y xapmonnjy. 3aro ce xpos
"lifestyle"
3
xorene nyrem nnrepaxnnje ca rocrnma noxymana rocry nonynrn nnnnnyannn
n nenononqnn oxnnaj xorena. Onaj xonnenr pasnnja Apmann xpos cnoje xorene xojn
rpeajy y yyhnocrn a npepacry y rnoannn nanan.
1.0 APMAHH KOHHEHT, mHAO3OmH1A CTHAA
Ionprno Apmann je 1975. ronne ocnonao nrannjancxy mony xyhy ca cjenmrem y
Mnnany. anac ce werona mona nnycrpnja cmarpa jenom o najnpecrnynnjnx n nocrana
je cnnonnm sa nncoxy moy. Fann ce nsajnnpawem, nponsnowom n ncrpnynnjom
nyxcysne mone ojehe nncoxor xnannrera xao n xosmernxe, nap]ema, carona n naxnra.
Werona mona nnycrpnja anac nponsnon xonexnnje unjn cy nasnnn Inoprno Apmann,
Apmann n Emnopno Apmann xonexnnja, Apmann Jeanc, Apmann Exnxanre n Apmann
Jynnop. Moyemo pehn a weronn enrepnjepn npecranqajy na nexn naunn nacranax mone
nncre (Cnnxa 1).

2
"design hotel" xoren je nojam nacrao xpajem 1990. ronne n nopasymnjena nepconannsonane npojexre ca
axnenrom na nsajn enrepnjepa
3
"lifestyle" xorenn npomonnmy opehen crnn ynnora sa co]ncrnnnpany xnnjenreny

223

C.ura 1. Ap+auu ro.erufa,
Fashion Week, Milano, 2012
oxasanmn ce y cnnjery moe 2000. ronne ocnnna Armani Casu (Cnnxa 2) sa xojy
nsajnnpa namjemraj n exopannje sa xyhy mro he nrn najon yno y nsajnnpane
xorena. 3arnm nsajnnpa pacnjery, rexcrnn, nocyhe xao n moynapnn cncrem sa xynarnna n
xyxnne, re nnacnpa y npexo 35 semaa. Kpos Casu xenn crnopnrn nocean n npo]nnen
npocrop ncronpemeno co]ncrnnnpan n yoan xojn n oronapao ocoama xaxne npajy n
nerony ojehy. Ocnonna ]nnoso]nja neronor nsajna cy jenocrnnocr n uncre nnnnje.
Cnojnm nsajnepcxnm nponsnonma onpemno je 14 Emporio Armani n Armani Jeans cafe-a.
Taxo je y Hong Kongu ornopno Armani Bar n na pecropana Nobu&Prive.
C.ura 2. Armani Casa, Armani Fiori, Armani Dolci

224
O 2000. ronne nocrojn renennnja a ce nsajnnpanem xorena ane najnosnarnjn
nsajnepn ns cnnjera nncoxe moe. Pan ce o xorennma y xojnma cy monn nsajnepn
jennmnuno nnrepnenncann nnn nornyno ocmncnnnn xonnenr. Ha raj naunn cy
pee]nnncann nnacrnrn pen nyehn no rnm nmenom xomnnerny "lifestyle" nnsnjy. Taxo
je ynpano Apmann na nouerxy rpane cnor xorena pexao:"ennm npyxnrn nnme o rex
ecrercxor nspasa, yxyca n nenrnrera. Kpos nnacrnre xorene ocrnapnr hy can a xpenpam
xomnnernn "lifestyle". Armani Hotels&Resort opaxanar he mojy ]nnoso]njy crnna n
nsajna re cnnm noxnonnnnma mor crnna npyyxnrn najayrenrnunnjn "Apmann oxnnaj".
Peannsannja onaxnnx npojexara npecrana najuemhe ]ysnjy xorencxnx nanana n
nnnecrnropa y rpann nonnx nnn ononn nocrojehnx xorena nsajnnpajyhn nx n
ycrynajyhn nm nnacrnro nme. Taxo nsajnepn ynacxom y xorencxy nnycrpnjy onnajy
npnnnxy a cnoj pen npecrane na non naunn mnpoxoj nynnnn ann n opnyro
xorennjepn nmajy xopncr jep nosnarn monn penonn neh y crapry npnnnaue nennxn poj
rocrnjy. Taxo nnrepaxrnnno nacrajy pennpann xorenn
4
.
2.0 APMAHH XOTEA YBAH
Apmann, xora cmarpajy najnosnarnjnm monnm nsajnepom anamnnne, cnoj npnn
pennpann xoren ornapa anpnna 2010. y nonom nenrpy rpaa "Downtown Dubai-ju"
(Cnnxa 3) n ro y najnnmoj srpan na cnnjery Burj Kalifa (Cnnxa 4) nncnne 818m. Ojexar je
nsrpahen na njemuanom rny yanja n ca cnojnx 160 cnparona nsajnepcxn n rexnonomxn
npecrana nxony rpaa. Hejnn ayrop onor npojexra je amepnuxn apxnrexr Adrian Smith n
npojexranrcxa xyha Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ns unxara. Apmann xoren je cmjemren na
npnnx ocam cnparona, re na 38. n 39. cnpary onor ropna. Ha npxy ojexra je nnnxonan, a y
camoj srpan ce nanasn 57 nn]rona. uacaa je ypahena o 26 xnaa craxnennx nanena.
Ojexar je xomrao oxo 4.1 mnnnjapy amepnuxnx onapa. Hcnpe ojexra ce nanasn najneha
mysnuxa ]onrana (Cnnxa 5) na cnnjery xoja "nneme" n mnjena oje y pnrmy mysnxe.
Apmann xoren nma nnacrnrn ynas (Cnnxa 6) nnesanncno o rnannor ynasa y ojexar.
Mnnnjapep Giorgio Armani nparehn rpenone npemena naxon cxynnx nexpernnna n
cynepnyxcysne jaxre cxnara a yxonnxo xenn nrn ncrnncxa "lifestyle" snnjesa mopa
nmarn n cnoj xoren. Y capann ca Emaar Properties nmnepnja Apmann naxon nornncnnana
cnopasyma 2004. ronne nnannpa nsrpany nanna xorena Armani Hotels & Resorts. Ocnm y
yanjy n Mnnany rpanno n ce jom 14 Apmann xorena y Hapnsy, Toxnjy, Honony,
Byjopxy, Banrajy, xao n npnn Armani Resort y Mapaxemy. Hsop noxannje npernocrana
a nocrojn nsmehy ocranor n xnnjenrena xoja je sannrepeconana sa nncoxy moy.

4
"brendirani hoteli" xorenn ca nncoxnm cranapom nsajna, xnannrera n ycnyre sa co]ncrnnnpany xnnjenreny

225
Ocnm nsjnom ann ce xonnenryannnm oxnnpom y xojem rocre nnax crana y npnn nnan.
Homano sanocranenn xonnenr rocronpnmnnocrn cnojcrnen nrannjannma npomonnme
nepconannsannjom opanxa nojennaunor rocra. Excxnysnnna nonya xorena
nopasymnjena a cnaxn rocr nma rsn. nnunor "lifestyle manager-a"
5
xojn je neron omahnn
o rpenyrxa pesepnannje o ojannnana ns xorena na uax n xacnnje. Fasnpano na
]nnoso]njn a je cnaxo nyronane n emornnno a ne camo ]nsnuxo ncxycrno onaj xoren
npyxa n ncxycrno opanxa ca Apmannjem onocno xonnenra "nrn xao xo xyhe anexo o
xyhe".
C.ura 3. Downtown Dubai

C.ura 4. Burj Kalifa

5
"lifestyle manager " ocoa sayxena sa najnnmn nnno nnune ycnyre xnnjenara

226
C.ura 5. Mysu:ra qoumaua C.ura 6. I.aeuu y.as
3.0 APXHTEKTOHCKA CTPYKTYPA H EHTEPH1EP
Hpne rpn eraxe saysnmajy jannn capxajn, a nsna cne o ocmor cnpara re 38. n 39.
cnpara ce nanasn sona sa cnanane. Mnnnmanncrnuxa enerannnja n nocean Apmannjen
"nenamernnn nyxcys" y nsopy co]ncrnnnpannx oja n marepnjana o cnnor
nrannjancxor mepmepa na noonnma o mapnncxo nnane cnnnene nocrenne cy rnanne
onnxe enrepnjepa.
3.1 YAA3HA 3OHA, XOTEACKH LOBBY
Xorencxn lobby (Cnnxa 7) capxn penennnjy, cafe-lobby bar, lounge a nenocpeno je n
pecropan Mediterraneo. Hnax y sonn lobby-a najnnrepecanrnnje nonye cy y "Armani Dolci"
rje ce nye cnarxn cynennpn, pyuno npanena uoxonaa nepconannsonana ca namnm
norom nnn cnennjannom nopyxom, Armani fiori, nnjehapa xoja nyn nnjerne apanxmane n
excxnysnnny xonexnnjy Apmann nasa n "Armani Galleria" ca nnmnrnpannm xomanma
ojehe, caronnma, naxnrom n nap]emnma ca nornncom onor cnannor xpearopa. Ys nomoh
ronnnx oja, nnnpexrne pacnjere, nsajnepcxnx namnn n npxyncxnx marepnjana y nnjenom
xoreny nnaa npnjaran mnp n penaxcnpajyha armoc]epa (Cnnxa 8).
C.ura 7. Lobby

227
C.ura 8. V.asuu xo.
3.2 3OHA 3A CHABAHE
Ocnona ropna je rpoxpaxa ca rpn xopnopa oxo xojnx ce nnxy coe n anaprmann ca
nenrpannnm jesrpom sa neprnxanne xomynnxannje (Cnnxa 9). Hncnnpannja sa onaj onnx je
oprancxa n onasn ns ]opme pernonannor Hycrnncxor nnnjera /Hymenocallis/. Ha onnm
eraxama cy sajennuxn npocropn a na ropnnm nnrnmna sona sa cnanane (Cnnxa 10).
C.ura 9. Tunu:ua ocuoea C.ura 10. Anapm+auu

228
Kpos npnrymeny armoc]epy xonnxa ocnnjerenor nnnpexrnom pacnjerom no noy n
crpony onasn ce o coa n anaprmana (Cnnxa 11). Coe cy onpemene eneranrno
nsajnnpannm namjemrajem ca king-size xpenernma ca co]ncrnnnpannm snnnm n nonnm
onorama ajy xapmonnuan npocrop (Cnnxa 12). 3aoene nperpae, npnrymena pacnjera,
npo]nnene nnjance crnapajy mncrepnosny n onymrajyhy armoc]epy. One nnnnje snona,
nyxcysne rxannne n raramn janancxe npocrnpxe cy no nyxcysnor enrepnjepa. Coe
namnjenene nocnonnnm ynma ns nnjenor cnnjera npecranajy ]ynxnnonanne
xannenapnje. Onpemene cy moepnnm ypehajnma flat-screen TV-e ca DVD nnejepom, asne
crannne sa iPod n ce] sa nanron. Y anaprmannma ce nanase anaparn sa xa]y n arnep
crannna npexo xoje ce xomynnnnpa ca nocnyrom. Knaparype coa cy 45m, xnacnunn
anaprmann no 70m, nennxn nsmehy 95-150m a najnehn anaprman Armani Suite nma 390m
n nanasn ce na 39 cnpary. Ynpano onaj najnehn anaprman ocnm excxnysnnne nnsype nma n
pany coy, npnnarny reperany, rpnesapnjy n noceno xencxo xynarnno (Cnnxa 13). Hexe
jennnne nmajy nanopamcxn norne na rpa, a nexe o nnx yxyuyjyhn anaprmane norne
na uynene ]onrane yanja.
C.ura 11. Xoouur C.ura 12. Cooa ca king-size rpeeemo+
C.ura 13. Armani suite ca rynamu.o+

229
3.3 3OHA COHH1AAH3AHH1E KPO3 YIOCTHTEQCKE HPOCTOPE
Apmann lounge ce nanasn na nnnoy lobby-a, npecrana sony sa pyxene n "bussines" ys
nrannjancxn anepnrnn n "light" xyxnny ca norneom na ]onrane yanja (Cnnxa 14).
Pecropan Mediteraneo e]nnnme moepan "casual style" xojn nounne xonrnnenrannnm
opyuxom a sanpmana "a la carte" nonyom npo]econannnx xyxapa rje ce npe ounma
rocrnjy npane cnennjannrern menrepancxe xyxnne (Cnnxa 15). Pecropan Apmann ce
raxohe nanasn na nnnoy lobby-a n onnxyje ra nrannjancxa xyxnna cepnnpana ca crnnom
(Cnnxa 16). Forara racrponomcxa nonya ce nyn y 8 remarcxnx pecropana ca
cnennjannrernma nrannjancxe, menrepancxe, nnnjcxe n janancxe rpannnonanne xyxnne
nnrepnpernpane na moepan naunn. Opnrnnanne namnpnnne ce cnaxonenno onpemajy ca
cnnx crpana cnnjera xao n rpannnonannn saunnn. Cnyxe ce raxohe nosnarn nnnjcxn
uajenn a y enorenn je orara nonya nrannjancxnx nnna, noceno ns pernje Tocxane (Cnnxa
17). Cne rexcrnnne onore ann n cnn pyrn eran xao mro cy ecnajr, nocyhe n uame je
nsajnnpao Apmann xojn je na onom npojexry pano yxynno 5 ronna (Cnnxa 18).
C.ura 14. Lounge C.ura 15. Pecmopau Mediteraneo
C.ura 16. Ap+auu pecmopau

230
C.ura 17. Buuomera C.ura 18. eropaufa cmo.a
Y ersornunom amnjenry pecropana Aman ce cnyxe nnonarnnnn cnennjannrern nnnjcxe
xyxnne (Cnnxa 19). Xpany onnxyjy opnrnnannn saunnn re oapana nnha n uajenn (Cnnxa
20). Pecropan ce nanasn na rpehem cnpary ca norneom na cnexraxynapne ]onrane.
C.ura 19. Huoufcru pecmopau A+a. C.ura 20. Eesomu:uu sa:uuu
Hoceno arpaxrnnan je npno-njenn pecropan Peck xojn ca coom nocn 125 ronna crapy
rpannnjy npecrnynor mnnancxor pecropana Peck enn n ncxycrno y npnnpemn
nrannjancxnx cnennjannrera (Cnnxa 21). Ocnm nonye y pecropany xnnjenrnma ce nye
oponn sa nonnjern. Onaj pecropan ce nanasn y npnsemqy n ocnm nonye y pecropany
xnnjenrnma ce nye oponn sa nonnjern. Janancxn pecropan Hashi nyn najcnjexnjy pny
ns nnjenor cnnjera n nsnopnn janancxn cymn (Cnnxa 22). Jenaxo je sacrynena
rpannnonanna ann n moepna janancxa xyxnna. Hosnnnja pecropana rocrnma npyxa
yxnnane y nanopamcxom norney na ]onrane. Honyy xpane nparn n aexnaran nsop
nnna. Y pecropannma je moryhe npexo nnunor menaxepa nepconannsonarn xpany n nnhe.

231
C.ura 21. Hma.ufaucru pecmopau Peck C.ura 22. Janaucru pecmopau Hashi
3.4 3OHA 3A HBEHTE
Armani Prive je VIP lounge, mjecro sa ysynnn nohnn npono rje mysnxy nymrajy
nosnarn DJ-enn (Cnnxa 23). Armoc]epy y npocropy onynyje n mnjena RGB led pacnjera.
C.ura 23. Armani Prive
Onaxnn xorenn cy oanesno nesann sa oprannsonane pasnnx npcra oxynana, npnnarnnx n
nocnonnnx xon]epennnja, anxera sa xoje je npennhena ]nexcnnnna nonpmnna o
3000m ca ]oajeom ncnpe (Cnnxa 24). Cne nyxcysne nopane n cane sa xon]epennnje cy
nonn]ynxnnonanne n moryhe nx je xopncrnrn sa nnme namjena. Jenncrnena orahana c
nornncom n crnnom nouenmn o nancxnx nocnonnnx cxynona npexo nperonopa nsa
sarnopennx npara o cnaennx cneuanocrn oesjehyje npo]ecnonannn rnm crpyunaxa
nyehn tailor-made
6
ncxycrno. Apmann Ballroom je nonn]ynxnnonanan npocrop
xanannrera 450 mjecra (Cnnxa 25). Enrepnjep onnxyjy npnn mepmepnn eran, eneranrnn
cnnn noonn, ymjepena pacnjera crnapajyhn ronny n co]ncrnnnpany armoc]epy.

6
" tailor-made " nojam xojn snaun nepconannsonano, ypaheno no mjepn

232
C.ura 24. Foaje
C.ura 25. Ballroom
Armani Pavilion je nancxn npocrop npocrop xanannrera 350 mjecra ca cnexraxynapnnm
norneom na xynrne ]onrane yanja (Cnnxa 26). Jenocranan n eneranran monnnjap,
nnacrnra xyxnna n ]onrana y nosannn cy rnannn ayrn onor npocropa.

233
C.ura 26. Armani Pavilion
Al Majlis je npocrop y nnnoy lobby-a nsajnnpan xao rpannnonanna apancxa coa sa
cacranxe. Onnm ce noxasyje nomronane noxannnx n rpannnonannnx onuaja.
Armani bussines nenrap je nsajnnpan mnnnmanncrnuxn onpemen nocnenom
rexnonornjom sa npesenrannje n xomynnxannje(Cnnxa 27).
.
C.ura 27. Ca.a sa rouqepeuufe
Armani oasi je moepno rpernpana sona ca nnsypom na Downtown Dubai ca nancxnm n
ynyrpamnnm npocropom (Cnnxa 28,29).

C.ura 28. Ap+auu Oasa C.ura 29. Bawcra mepaca
Armani Galleria je mjecro rje ce npoajy monn oann, nnnjehe n nrannjancxe uoxonane
nocnacrnne. Hyn ncxycrno yxnnana y xynonnnn nponsnoa c nornncom (Cnnxa 30).
Kpenpane nesaopannnx orahaja xaxno je njenuane ca excrpanaranrnnm nnnjernnm
apanymannma n noxnonnma sa rocre ns acoprnmana Armani/Dolci je no nepconannsonane
nonye. (Cnnxa 31).

234

C.ura 30. Armani Galleria C.ura 31. Armani Fiori
3.5 SPA ZONA
Armani Spa nenrap nyn Spa rpermane n Spa-kuhiwu, nnunor fitness rpenepa na 1300m
ypehenor npocropa (Cnnxa 32). Fitness cana je cacrannn no Spa nenrpa (Cnnxa 33). Y onom
nenrpy ce npnmjenyjy repannje npema xonncrnuxnm rexnnxama sa spane n onymrane
(Cnnxa 34). Armani Spa je xpenpan o nnsa nnunnx rpermana sa onymrana n ro najuemhe
npema nepconannsonanom nporpamy na nona nnn nnjenn an. Cna xosmernxa sa rpermane
nnna n rnjena xoja ce xopncrn y Spa nenrpy je c Apmannjennm nornncom. Cayna, napno
xynarnno, asen n xnpomacaxne xae cy raxohe no nonye (Cnnxa 35).
C.ura 32. Spa eumap C.ura 33. Fitness
C.ura 34. Relax soua C.ura 35. Hidromasayni oaseu

235
4.0 APMAHH XOTEA MHAAHO
Xorenn xao cnanaonnne cy npomnocr, ono mro anamwn rocrn o xorena rpaye je nyno
nnme. Hnrnpar hy rocnonna Conrad-a Hilton-a nnacnnxa npecrnynor cnjercxor nanna
xorena "Hilton" xojn xaxe: "Y jenom xoreny, rocrn n rpeann nponahn ono o uemy canajy
xo xyhe". Canpemenn xoren ce raxo npernapa y npocrop y xojem rocrn ocrnapyjy cnoje
nnysnje. Caa xao axrepn na cnenn nocrajy ono mro nncy y onunoj cnaxonennnnn.
Ynpano xoren npecrana oxnnp sa ncxycrno anonnmnocrn xoje ce npernapa y yoxo
ocnoahajyhe.
Fnran npanan pasnoja xorena cy xorenn sa nocnonnn rypnsam xojn nmajy nnmn
xnannrarnnnn cranap nero y npomnocrn. O onnx xorena ce ouexyje a npnmapno
nocnonnnm ynma y coama ocnm xnacnunor nnrepnera n pyrnx xomynnxannja ca
oronapajyhom onpemom crnope ]ynxnnonanny xannenapnjy. O ncror xorena ce rpaxn a
nocnonnnm ynma naxon nanopnor paa omoryhn n maxcnmanny penaxcannjy y spa
nenrpnma. Y crporom nenrpy Mnnana xpajem 2011. je ornopen cynepnyxcysnn Apmann
xoren y shopping sonn Mnnana y nenocpenoj nnsnnn npecrnyne via Montenapoleone y
xojoj cy cmjemrenn yrnnn najennrnnjnx cnjercxnx monnx penona. Y nocnonnom
nenrpy rpaa onaj xoren nyn yrounmre nocnonnoj ennrn xpos ecrercxy ]nnoso]njy
nmnepnje Apmann asnpany na enerannnjn, xom]opy n co]ncrnnnpanocrn xoja ynpano
npecrana xnnornn crnn. Xoren ce nanasn y ncropnjcxom ojexry ns 1937. ronne.
Onje je nyxcys npo]nnennjn nero y Apmann xoreny y yanjy. Hocrnrnyr je ennxaran
ananc nsmehy ]ynxnnje n ecrernxe. Ynpano sa ecrernxy on xaxe: "Mopare ysern y osnp
pnsnx a ono mro cre oapann na nouerxy, nehere xeern uernpn ronne xacnnje. To je
nyno ronna sa ocoy mor oa. Ecrernxa je onje esnpemencxa. To je rajna ". On je xenno
a ye sanamhen ne camo no ojehn xojy xpenpa nero a xpos onaj xoren onece nyxcys
xojn n ao npecrny rpay. Cnmonnuan je n nsrne xorena ns nasyxa y onnxy nennxor
cnona A (Cnnxa 36). Honn xonnenr xpos pennpane xorene onna nonn connjannn
nenrnrer. Hocraje mjecro oxynana opehennx connjannnx crpyxrypa xoje cy y onom
cnyuajy nesane sa moy, rnamyp n nyxcys (Cnnxa 37).

C.ura 36. Horaufa C.ura 37. Milano fashion week 2012

236
5.0 APXHTEKTOHCKA CTPYKTYPA H EHTEPH1EP
Ha nocrojehn ojexar orpahene cy rpn nonyuene eraxe y craxny ca amyconnm nprom
]opmnpannm no pyy ojexra (Cnnxa 38,39). Ha onaj naunn ncropnjcxa ]acaa je
neonrepehena eneranrnnm craxnennm xyycom. Hpema canpemennm renennnjama y
npojexronany xorena n onje cy sanpmne eraxe ncxopnmrene sa janne capxaje. Taxo ce na
cemom cnpary nanasn pecropan n lounge ap a na ocmom Spa nenrap sa penaxcannjy. Onom
nosnnnjom ce nocrnye maxcnmanna npnnarnocr rocrnjy.

C.ura 38. Xome. Ap+auu Mu.auo C.ura 39. Ba+oycoe epm
5.1 YAA3HA 3OHA, XOTEACKH LOBBY
Y npnsemy je sapyao nocrojehn Apmann yrnx (Cnnxa 40). Y cacrany xonnenryannor
nenrpa ce nanasn n Apmann xnnxapa. Inannn ynas y xoren je narnamen nennxnm snarnnm
cnonom A, penennnja je cmjemrena na pyrom cnpary y npnsemy sapxao nocrojehn
Apmann yrnx (Cnnxa 41,42). Y cacrany xonnenryannor nenrpa ce nanasn n Apmann
xnnxapa.
C.ura 40. Ap+auu oymur

237
Slika 41. Glavni ulaz
C.ura 42. Lobby
5.2 3OHA 3A CHABAHE
Xoren nma 95 nyxcysnnx coa n deluxe anaprmana nonpmnne o 45m yxyuyjyhn
Apmann n npecjennuxn anaprman o 200m, onpemene nsajnepcxnm enemenrnma ns
Armani Casa nonye (Cnnxa 43,44). Hyxcys, xapmonnja n enora ce orneajy y cnaxom
eray xpos ojy n marepnjannsannjy. Hpnrymena snarna n cpepena, ex n cnna cy
ocnonne oje xoje xopncrn y enrepnjepy (Cnnxa 45,46). Hpojexronan je onrnmanan onoc
npnpone n nnnpexrne pacnjere. Mnnnmannsam n uncre nnnnje cy n y xynarnnnma
onoxennm y mepmep oje nnjecxa (Cnnxa 47). Ocjeha ce crpacr y cnaxom nsajnnpanom
npemery xojn npenocn armoc]epy nnacrnror oma. Henamernnn rnamyp je npncyran
xpos xnannrer n npenosnarnny Apmannjeny jenocrannocr n enerannnjy. Hajnyxcysnnjn
je noeraxnn Apmannjen anaprman (Cnnxa 48).

238
C.ura 43. 3oua sa cnaeawe C.ura 44. 3oua sa pao

C.ura 45. Anapm+au C.ura 46. eea++au
C.ura 47. Kynamu.o

239
C.ura 48. Ap+auu anapm+au
5.3 3OHA COHH1AAH3AHH1E KPO3 YIOCTHTECKE HPOCTOPE
Lounge n Pecropan ce nanase y eneranrnom amnjenry ca nanopamcxnm norneom xpos
craxnene crnjene o noa o crpona (Cnnxa 49,50). Pecropan nyn rpannnonanny
nrannjancxy xyxnny rnnnuny sa sony Mnnana. Y cxnony pecropana je n Enoteca ca
excxnysnnnom cenexnnjom nnna. Hnonarnnna je "lifestyle" ycnyra y rsn. npnnarnoj
rpnesapnjn. Lounge ap no cnom xonnenry nopasymnjena ne]opmannn pyuax nnn y onom
cnyuajy nosnarn mnnancxn anepnrnn. Hposopn ynne nncnne ca xopnsonrannnm
pnconejnma npyyajy norne na apoxno oxpyxene nacynpor xojer omnnnpa sn o onnx
nanena. Onaj npocrop je nosnar no opoj mysnnn mro je nran enemenar y jannnm
npocropnma xorena.
C.ura 49. Lounge bar

240
C.ura 50. Ap+auu pecmopau
5.4 3OHA 3A HBEHTE
Cna orahawa je moryhe npernopnrn y nepconannsonano "lifestyle" iskustvo xpos
nocnonnn nenrap xojn nyn mynrn]ynxnnonanny cany ca onpemom sa ayno nnsyenne
npesenrannje nnn y Apmannjenom anaprmany (Cnnxa 51).

C.ura 51. Ap+auu suite
5.5 CHA 3OHA
Hajarpaxrnnnnjn capyaj na nocnenoj eraxn xorena je "nn]nnnry" asen ca mecr
npocropa sa pasnnunre xosmernuxe rpermane yxyuyjyhn n cayne. Hnjenn ocmn cnpar
nocnehen je enorn n penaxcannjn, na 1200m nanasn ce Apmann spa y xojem cne repannje
nopasymnjenajy "nepconannsonane nporpame"
7
. Fitness nenrap ys cne najcanpemennje
nporpame nyn n xapno-nacxynapne mamnne re njexane ys nomoh nepconannor rpenepa
npexo "lifestyle" menaxera. Bncnna xoja oesjehyje npnnarnocr n arpaxrnnna nnsypa cy
ayrn onor npocropa (Cnnxa 52,53,54).

7
" personalizovan program" nojam xojn snaun nnnnnyanne rpermane

241
C.ura 52. Bazen infinity

C.ura 53. Relax soua
C.ura 54. Fitness soua

242
3AKYHAK
Hpnmapnom anannsom noxannje nyxcysnnx Apmannjennx xorena jacno je a je nsop
rpaona npexrno nesan sa nncoxy moy, nyxcys n rnamyp. yan je rpenyrno jena o
najsannmnnnjnx anexnx ecrnnannja, a Burj Kalifa, rpenyrno najnnmn ropan na cnnjery
y xojem je n cmjemren npnn Apmannjen xoren. Mnnano je nsapao xao nenrap nrannjancxe
moe ann n xao rpa sa xojn ra nesyjy emornnnn nouenn. H cnn ocrann nnannpann xorenn
he nrn nonnpann ramo rje nocroje jet-cerepn sannrepeconann sa nyxcysny mony ojehy
xao n nocnonna ennra. Ocnm monor pena y xoren ynocn n pyre enemenre xpos
pennpane nponsnoe ns nporpama Armani Casa, Armani Fiori, Armani Dolci. O
xpenpanwa ojehe npenasn na nsajnnpane xorena nacranajyhn ]nnoso]njy Apmannjenor
crnna n npomonnmyhn y npocropy jenocrannocr, yonocr n nncox xnannrer marepnjana
xao n co]ncrnnnpanocr y nsopy oja n nnjancn. Cnn onn enemenrn ys led pacnjery n
nsajnnpane namne crnapajy penaxcnpajyhe enrepnjepe, xojn cy ananrypa sa cna uyna, a xoje
Apmann nasnna esnpemencxnm. Konnenr Design xoren-a npomonncan npnje naecer
ronna xpos nepconannsonane npojexre anac npecrana mnnnmanan cranap. Xoren je
camo xoren cne ox ne nocrane rpaxenn n nosnarn pen. Enonynnja xorena ne y npanny
crnapana pennpannx lifestyle xorena. Onn nocrajy cnnonnm sa nnno xnannrera n
xnnornn crnn re craryc xojn onn xorenn npomonnmy xpos nonn nnonarnnnn xonnenr
nnnnnyannocrn n najnnmer crenena nepconannsonane ycnyre. Apmann xpos cnoje xorene
nponocn nejy rpannnonanne nrannjancxe rocronpnmnnocrn sa pasnnxy o design xoren-
a xojn cy axnenar crannnn na ecrercxn nenrnrer. Crnapa nnrepaxnnjy rocr-xoren xpos
nepconannsonany nonyy n nporpame xoje npare rsn. lifestyle manager-n n nnunn rpenepn.
Fpen ce na raj naunn nesyje sa nojennauno ncxycrno ycnyrom n xorenom xojn unne
"Apmann oxnnaj". Anannsom crpyxrype onnx xorena moye ce saxyunrn a cy capxajn
xorena ocmnmenn canpemeno ca narnacxom na janne npocrope xao nenrpe connjannsannje.
Xorenn capxe moepne lobby-e, lounge apone, remarcxe pecropane ca nnonarnnnnm
men-em, nonn]ynxnnonanne bussines sone n spa nenrpe ca xonncrnuxnm nnnnnyannnm
nporpamnma. Hnrnmna sona sa cnanane je nyxcysno onpemena ca nncoxoxnannrernom
high-tech onpemom. Hn ncrpaynnawa je no nenrn]nxonane nonor rpena y
xorennjepcrny c acnexra nsajna, apxnrexroncxe crpyxrype n nonor oxnnaja xorena.
Anannsa je noxasana nosnrnnne acnexre nnonarnnnnx nponeca ann ne rpea npennjern nn
one pyre. Jean o najynnrnnjnx enemenara je mro onaxnn xorenn onnajy opehen
connjannn nenrnrer n rnme jacno npo]nnnmy cnojy xnnjenreny. Connjannsannja je nesana
sa nenrn]nxonane nyrem penona n lifestyle-a xojn re penone nparn. Inoannn
nponecn na rpynmry xojnma ce npoyyjy pasnnxe nsmehy orarnx n cnpomamnnx na
cnnuan naunn n]epennnpajy n pennpane xorene xojn sa nexe nocrajy neocrnynn.
pyrn neocrarax onnx xorena je onacnocr a n mornn a nsrye excxnysnnnocr n
xnannrer yxonnxo ce ecn xnxona maconna nojana xao mro ce nnannpa.

243
AHTEPATYPA
1. Otto Riewoldt, (2002, Logos, Modena) "Albergi contemporanei"
2. Gay Dittrich, (2007, Te Neues, Kempen) "Fashion Hotels "
3. Graham Vickers, (2005, Laurence King Publishing, London)
"21st century Hotel "
4. Soledad Lorenzo, (2005, Architectural design)
"Design Hotels "
5. Daniela Freund de Klumbis, (2002, ESADE Escuela Universitaria
6. de Turismo Sant Ignasi, Ramn Llull University ( Barcelona)
Seeking the " Ultimate hotel experience "
7. Paco Asensio, (2002, Logos, Modena) " Alberghi and design "
8. Montse Borras, (2008,"Loft Publications", Barcelona,) "Hotel Spaces"
9. Carles Broto, (2010,"Links", Barcelona,) "Stylish hotel design"
IZVORI ILUSTRACIJA
www. burjkalifa.ae
www. giorgioarmani.com
www. armanihotels.com
245
paeo+up Bpnou
1
HOBH HPHCTYH 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA Y PEHYBAHHH
CPHCKO1 " HB1ETH CA HOHAABAMA " - H3A3OB
Pesu+e:
Y yyhnocrn ce xonnenr samrnre o nonnana y Penynnnn Cpncxoj mopa
asnparn na canpemennm cnjercxnm rpenonnma, ys ynaxanane axryennor crana
cncrema samrnre o nonnana n exonomcxe moryhnocrn pymrna. Bnjexonnma
npnmnjennnan npnnnnn "oopoe npomue non.aea" mopa ce samnjennrn npnnnnnom
"+uefemu ca non.aea+a", onocno nonnm nnrerpannnm xonnenrom samrnre o
nonnana. Cnpxa paa je ynosnanane crpyune jannocrn ca cnoxenom npone-
marnxom nnrerpannor ynpanana nonnanama nesan ca acnexrom samrnre xnnorne
cpenne y nny ocnrypana yropounor opxnnor pasnoja.
K+y:ue pufe:u: non.aea, uumeepa.uo ynpae+ane, oop+ue paseof.

A NEW APPROACH TO FLOOD PROTECTION IN THE
REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA LIVING WITH THE FLOODS -
CHALLENGE
Summary:
In the future the concept of flood protection in the Republic of Srpska has to be based
on contemporary world's trends, with respect to present conditions of flood protection
system and the economic potentials of society. For centuries the concept of fighting
against floods was applied and has to be replaced by the concept of living with
floods, i.e. a new integrated principle of flood protection. The purpose of the work is
to introduce experts into complex issues of integrated control of floods related to
aspects of environmental protection with the aim to ensure long term sustainable
development.
Key words: flood, integrated management, sustainable development.
.

1
Mp paromnp Fpnom, nnn.nnx.rpah, Xnpoenexrpane na Tpenmnnnn Tpenne
246
1. YBO
Honnane nmajy snauajan yrnnaj na pymrnenn n exonomcxn pasnoj ycxe sajennne.
ocaamna cnoxena n cxyna rexnnuxa pjemena opane o nonnana nncy nrno
noomana cnrypnocr panennx nopyuja. Henononn rpenonn y erpanpany xnnorne
cpenne, osnno yrpoxanane nonomxe pasnonnxocrn y nopyujy cnnnona, cne nehn
npnrncak na xopnmhene npocropa nope pnjexa n mnmena a cy y opn npornn nonnana
naunnene osnne crparemxe rpemxe pesynrnpane cy a nocrojehn nnjexonnma
npnmjennnan npnnnnn "oopoe npomue non.aea" mopa nrn samnjenen npnnnnnom
"+uefemu ca non.aea+a". Fopy ca nonnanama npema nonom crparemxom npncryny rpea
nnxopnopnparn y cncrem nnrerpannor ynpanana nonnm pecypcnma ( Integrated Water
Resources Management IWRM ).
Hn nonor nnrerpannor npncryna xojn ce yxnana y mehynapono npnxnahenn xonnenr
opxnnor pasnoja je e]nxacnnja xonrpona nonnana ann ys npeysnmane mjepa xoje ne
nanoce mrere xnnornoj cpennn.
Y onom pay ar je xparax npnxas moryher xonnenra pasnoja samrnre o nonnana y
Penynnnn Cpncxoj (PC), na canpemennm cnjercxnm n enponcxnm rpenonnma, a ys
ynaxanane axryennor crane cncrema sa samrnry o nonnana n orpannuene exonomcxe mo-
ryhnocrn Penynnxe Cpncxe. Honn xonnenr ycmjepen je ne camo y npanny e]nxacnor n o-
pxnnor ynpanana nonnanama, neh n pasnojy cnnjecrn a je pnsnx o nnanena nens-
jexan n a naueno +uefemu ca non.aea+a nnje camo ]pasa, neh peanan xonnenr xojn
mopa nrn npnxnahen y jannocrn. Hanme, ca connjannnm n exonomcxnm pasnojem cne nnme
pacre n sannrepeconanocr jannocrn a ye nn]opmncana o pnsnxy o nonnana n o mjepama
sa ynpanane nonnanama ca cne mannm crenenom ronepannnje.
2. CAAmHE CTAHE Y OBAACTH 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA PC
Y Penynnnn Cpncxoj yrnannom ce nponoe rexnnuxe mjepe sa samrnry o mrernor
jenonana noa, ox ce nennnecrnnnone mjepe cnponoe y mnoro manem onmy. O
nennecrnnnonnx mjepa cnponoe ce camo npnnpeme oneparnnnnx nnanona samrnre, ann ne
n yropoune mjepe xaxne cy: xnporexnnuxn xonrponncane ypannsannje, onomene n
npnmjena rexnnuxnx nponnca sa rpahene y yrpoxennm nopyujnma, nonehane cnnjecrn o
onacnocrn o nonnana, nonsane crenena npnnpannocrn, eyxannja cranonnnmrna n cn.
Hexonrponncannm naceananem pnjeunnx onnna n nnynannonnx nopyuja nponemn
ce nocennx ronna ycnoxnanajy n saxrnjenajy cxyny samrnry o nonnana, jep pa-
nxanna mjepa sapane rpane nnje ynnjex nn moryha, nnrn norpena. 3axonom o noama
Penynnxe Cpncxe xojn je xapmonnsonan ca Oxnnpnom npexrnnom o noama (WFD) n
npexrnnom o nonnannom pnsnxy yrnphena je samrnra o mrernor jenonana noa. 3a-
mrnra o noa nopasymnjena samrnry o: nonnana, pcxnx nancxnx noa, ynyrpamnnx
nonnannnx noa, yjnunnx noa n eposnje. Mnnncrapcrno noonpnnpee, mymapcrna n
noonpnnpee Penynnxe Cpncxe cnaxe ronne onocn Inannn oneparnnnn nnan opane
o nonnana. Hperne snauajnnjnx nonnannnx nopyuja ar je na C.uu 1.
247
C.ura 1- Hon.aeua noopy:fa y PC [1]
Karacrpo]anne nonnane y Hocannnn, Cemepnjn n Xepneronnnn y 2011. ronnn
nornpnne cy unnennny a nocrojehn cncrem opane o nonnana y Penynnnn Cpncxoj
yrnannom ne oesjehyje ycnone sa nponohene samrnre o nonnana npema canpemennm
cranapnma. To je noceno xapaxrepncrnuno sa nopyuja ys pnjexy Cany, rje cy cncre-
mnma opamennx nacnna, oonnx xanana n nymnnnx crannna samrnhena nennxa nace-
a, noonpnnpene nonpmnne n snauajnn nn]pacrpyxrypnn ojexrn. Y onnncxnm
njenonnma Hocannne n Cemepnje nononn Cane cy yxer rpajana n y xonnnnennnjn ca
nennxnm noama nennx nehnx npnroxa na samrnrnn cncremn mopajy a oesnjee
ncronpemeny samrnry o cnonnx n ynyrpamnnx nennxnx noa. Ha npnroxama pnjexe
Cane nononn cy ca pxnm xonnenrpannjama ranaca n xpaher rpajana n npnopnrer ce aje
samrnrn o cnonnx noa [2].
Y cxnay ca enponcxnm nonnm npexrnnama n Axnnonnm nporpamom sa opxnno
ynpanane nonnanama y cnnny pnjexe ynana, 2008. ronne npncrynnno ce nspan Hnana
ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom na nopyujy Penynnxe Cpncxe. ocaamnom nponjenom
pnsnxa o nonnana, nocrnsane neannor npncryna npomonncanor y npexrnnn orpannueno
je xanannrerom xannrana n ycxnx pecypca Arennnja sa noe onacnnx pnjeunnx cnnnona
pnjexe Cane n pnjexe Tpenmnnne.
248
3. CTPATEIH1A PA3BO1A 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA Y PC
3.1. HEOCTAHH HOCTO1ETEI HPHCTYHA 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA
Y cnoxenom nponecy xonrpone nonnana ocaamna crpyxrypna pjemena opane o
nonnana nncy nrno noomana cnrypnocr panennx nopyuja n perynannje nooroxa,
ann cy onena o nenononnx rpenona y erpanpany xnnorne cpenne, opxnnor
pasnoja n osnnor yrpoxanana nonomxe pasnonnxocrn. Inannn neocrarax ocaamnnx
cncrema opane o nonnana nexn y unnennnn mro cy cncremn xonrpone n samrnre o
nonnana rpernpann ncxyunno ca nnxenepcxor cranonnmra ne noehn pnry o conn-
jannnm, xynryponomxnm n exonomxnm e]exrnma nponeennx mjepa na xnnorny cpenny.
Heocrann onaxnor npncryna y opann o nonnana youenn cy npno y najpasnnjennjnm p-
xanama cnnjera xoje cy nsrpanne najcnoxennje n najcxyne cncreme opane o nonnana,
yrnannom saopanajyhn a nonnane nrpajy xyuny ynory y npyxany nopmxe nonomxoj
pasnonnxocrn y nnanennm nopyujnma n y mnpem npocropy cnnna.
Cjeua myma n npomjene namjene nonpmnna (ns npnponnx y noonpnnpene nnn ypa-
ne npocrope) onoe o snauajnor nonehana eposnje. Hponjenyje ce a je oxo 85% repn-
ropnje PC saxnaheno nponecom eposnje xojn je najnspaxennjn y cnnny pnne rje je oxo
94% nonpmnne saxnaheno nexnm onnxom eposnje. Konnunne nanoca xoje sor eposnje
ocnnjy y ornopene nooroxe cmanyjy eneprercxe moryhnocrn pnjexa a nponecy nanoc.
onasn o ecrannnsannje pnjeunor cncrema, xonrnnynpanor enononana nanoca, non-
sana pnjeunor na n snauajnor cmanena nponycne cnoconocrn xopnra. Pesynrar rora je
nonehane onacnocrn o nonnana, ann n nenpennnne yrnannom nerarnnne npomjene y
xnnornoj cpennn. Hponohene mjepa opane o nonnana y raxnnm ycnonnma je orexano, a
nexa n nemoryhe. Hajneha npoyxnnja n onomene nanoca je y cnnny pnjexe pnne rje je
npoyxnnja oxo 2,3x10
6
m
3
/ro, a onomene oxo 1,5x 10
6
m
3
/ro. Ca pyre crpane
nsrpana pana na nooronnma n ]opmnpane axymynannja, nponohene npornneposnonnx
mjepa n nomymanane, cmanyje nponsnony nanoca na cnnny nnn sapxana nanoc y axy-
mynannjama n rnme yrnue na pannorexy pnjeunor cncrema. To moxe nsasnarn osnne n
onacne npomjene yx pnjeunor roxa, a najuemhe onasn o cnnxanana nnnoa nosemnnx
noa mro yspoxyje cymene npnoanne nererannje, pymene oana, rynrax crannmra n cn.
Crpyxrypnnm mjepama opane o nonnana, nsrpanom nacnna y nnsnnn rnannnx
xopnra, ncxyuyjy ce nnanena nopyuja o xonraxra ca rnannnm nooroxom mro nera-
rnnno yrnue na samrnry xnnorne cpenne n npyxane nopmxe nonomxoj pasnonnxocrn.
Honnane ne camo a omoryhanajy axnarnunnm oprannsmnma npenasax ns rnannor xopnra y
nnanene nonpmnne neh yspoxyjy mop]onomxe npomjene, xpenpajy nona crannmra, ranoxe
cenmenre y xojnma nma oprancxnx enemenara n xpannna, npyxajy nopmxy opxanany
nnaxnnx npocropa, onanajy noy y enpecnjama xoje ce nanase ynyrap nnanennx
npocropa, ynaxanajy nonnane y nnsnonom njeny nooroxa n cn. 3aro ce crpyxrypnnm
mjepama opane o nonnane ne cmnjy y nornynocrn ncxyunnarn nnanena nopyuja ns
nnxone npnpone ]ynxnnje. Ha mnornm pnjexama ro je neh yunneno n anac je remxo nnn
uax n nemoryhe nonpannrn snarno npomnjeneno crane.
3.2. HOBH HHTEIPAAHH HPHCTYH 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA
Honn crparemxn npncryn saxrnjena a ce opa c nonnanama nnxopnopnpa y cncrem nn-
rerpannor ynpanana nonnm pecypcnma ys cnponohene xonrpone cnnx noennx
249
xaracrpo]a y oxnnpnma npnnnnna opxnnor pasnoja (Barrett, 1999). Cnjercxa mereo-
ponomxa oprannsannja n Inoanno naprnepcrno y noama je sajennuxom nnnnnjarnnom
Associated Programme on Flood Mangement npomonncano xonnenr nnrerpannor ynpan-
ana nonnanama (Integrated Flood Management) xao nonn npncryn ynpanany nonnanama
sa ncnynanane nnena samrnre xnnorne cpenne. Cymrnna nonor nnrerpannor npncryna
nonnanama sacnnna ce na ojamnanany ynore nonnana xao onacnnx npnponnx
xaracrpo]a, ann ys ynaxanane n npyxane nopmxe nosnrnnnnm npnponnm nponecnma
xojn ocnrypanajy yropouan opxnn pasnoj xnnorne cpenne [3]. Y npaxcn uecro nnje
moryhe nsjehn pnsnx onocno mrere xoje nonnane nanoce n norpeno je npncrynnrn
cmannnany n ynaxanany nonnana nponecom ynpanana pnsnnnma n xonrponn nonnana.
Ycnjex onor nponeca npnencrneno sanncn o nenrn]nxannje pnsnxa o nonnana n pasnoja
crparernje n nonnrnxe sa npaxrnuno cnponohene nocranennx nnena. Y rom nny,
Enponcxn napnamenr je 2007. ronne, xao oronop na excrpemne nonnane mnpom Enpone,
ycnojno npexrnny o nponjenn n ynpanany nonnannnm pnsnxom (2007/60/EC).
npexrnnom je e]nnncan npncryn nspae nnana ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom xojn ne
moxe nrn onncan camo exonomcxnm rynnnma, a mane pnsnxa nncy camo mane onma
nnanena.
Hpn pasmarpany cncrema opane o nonnana ne cmnjy ce sanemapnrn moryhn
nerarnnnn yrnnajn npnencrneno cyma n ocrannx nonnx xaracrpo]a xao mro cy:
xnnsnmra, mnpene sarahena n cn. Xonncrnuxnm npncrynom, onocno sajennuxnm
rpernpanem ope npornn xaracrpo]a, moryhe je nocrnhn snauajan e]exar y cncremy
opane o nonnana. Y nny nanaxena meroe sa nponjeny, xaprnpane n nn]opmncane
jannocrn o pnsnxy o nonnana, Enponcxa xomncnja (EC) je noxpenyna nnme npojexara, a
snauajnnjn cy: FLOODAWARE, FRIMAR n AFORISM. 3a pasnoj cncrema samrnre o
nonnana neonxono je e]nnncarn oronapajyhy crparernjy n nnene sa nesamrnhena
nopyuja, xao n sa cncreme es oronapajyher panra samrnre opamennx ojexara.
3.3. KOHHEHT BYYTEI PA3BO1A 3AmTHTE O HOHAABA Y PC
3.3.1. Hennnec1nnnone n nnnec1nnnone ujepe sam1n1e o nonnana
Hnrerpanno ypehene n samrnra nnannnx nonpmnna y Penynnnn Cpncxoj, xoje je y
cxnay ca xonnenrom opxnnor pasnoja y onacrn samrnre o noa, moxe ce nocrnhn
xomnnonanem nennnecrnnnonnx n nnnecrnnnonnx paona n mjepa e]nnncannx na nnnoy
cnnna. Y yyhnocrn he nennnecrnnnone mjepe samrnre, xao naxna xomnonenra opxnnor
ynpanana nnannnm nopyujnma, nmarn cne nehn snauaj, ann es sanemapnnana
nnnecrnnnonnx paona n mjepa, noceno na peonnom opxanany nsneennx ojexara
samrnre o nonnana. 3aro sa onrnmanno n nnrerpanno pjemene samrnre o nonnana rpea
rexnrn xomnnannjn nnnecrnnnonnx n nennnecrnnnonnx paona n mjepa.
Y onocy na xnacnunn xonnenr sacnonan na npyxany nomohn roxom n nenocpeno nocnnje
nonnane, npenocr nonor IWRM xonnenra cacrojn ce y rome mro ce maxcnmannn nanopn sa
ynaxanane nerarnnnnx nocenna ynaxy y nepnoy npnje nojane xaracrpo]a, a ne camo
roxom nnxonor onnjana nnn nenocpeno nocnnje. Y cxnay ca naneennm, axrnnnocrn
nonor xonnenra mory ce npnxasarn y rpn npemencxn orpannuene erane:
- Hpnje nojane nonnana - npenenrnnne n npnnpemne axrnnnocrn;
- Toxom nojane nonnana - oneparnnne axnnje ynaxanana nerarnnnnx nocenna;
- Hocnnje nonnana - onona cpymennx ojexara, pexannnrannja ycxnx n
250
npnponnx pecypca n exonomcxn onopanax.
Hajsnauajnnjn paonn n mjepe npne erane, rpea a oyxnare:
- Cnpeuanane, sapany nnn cmanene neoronapajyhnx jenarnocrn y sonn nnanena;
- Ocrpannnane rpahennna ns xopnra nnn nnynannja nooroxa xoje npecranajy
cmerny nponacxy nonnannnx nanona;
- Hsrpany ojexara cncrema sa opany o nonnana (nacnnn, pane, ononn
xanann ...), xoja yxyuyje n ojexre y cncremy sa npornosy n ynosopene;
- Hnannpane n xonrponncano xopnmrene semnmra y cnnny;
- Pasnoj cncrema npornosnpana nonnana n panor ynosopanana;
- 3onnpane repena npema creneny yrpoxenocrn o nonnana;
- onomene n cnponohene nnanona n npannnnnxa sa opany o nonnana;
- Opxanane nn]pacrpyxrype sa opany o nonnana;
- Oanjemranane cranonnnmrna ca nocrojanem onacnocrn o nonnana n mjepama n
nocrynnnma y cnyuajy onacnocrn.
Hpnopnrerne oneparnnne mjepe ynaxanana nerarnnnnx nocenna roxom nonnana cy:
- Hpornosa nonnannor ranaca (paapcxnm n xnpomereoponomxnm ocmarpanem);
- Oanjemranane n ysynnnane nanexnnx nncrnrynnja n jannocrn;
- 3amrnra o nonnana o crpane nanexnnx nncrnrynnja n cranonnnmrna.
Tpehom eranom, no npecranxy nonnana, najsnauajnnje mjepe n paonn rpea a oyxnare :
- Homoh yrpoxennma sa saonoene yprenrnnx norpea (noa, xpana, cmjemraj n cn.);
- Pexoncrpyxnnjy omrehennx cramennx n nn]pacrpyxrypnnx ojexara, xao n ojexara
sa samrnry o nonnana;
- Onony npnnpennx axrnnnocrn;
- Anannsy n onjeny nponeennx axrnnnocrn na opann o nonnana;
- Carneanane mjepa sa nonehane e]nxacnocrn samrnre o nonnana.
3.3.2. Hspaa nnanona ynpannana nonnannnu pnsnxou
Ha yrpoxennm nopyujnma o nonnana uecro ce nocranajy rpn nnrana: Crenen
cnrypnocrn?, Hnjena samrnrnnx cncrema? n Hpnxnarnn pnsnx o nonnana?.
Oronopn na ona nnrana mopajy nrn y cxnay ca nauennma none npexrnne o
nponjenn n ynpanany nonnannnm pnsnxom (2007/60/EC). Hpn rome ce sa pjemanane
samrnre o nonnana y anamnnm ycnonnma mopa rexnrn pasnojy n ycnocranany nnanona
ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom xoje rpea nponecrn y uernpn ]ase, n ro:
- Hspaa npennmnnapne nponjene nonnannor pnsnxa;
- Henrn]nxannja nopyuja no nonnannnm pnsnxom;
- Hspaa mana nonnannor pnsnxa;
- Hspaa nnanona ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom.
ocaamnnm axrnnnocrnma na peannsannjn Hnana ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom sa
nnjeno nopyuje Penynnxe Cpncxe, npnxynena je n nsnpmena cncremarnsannja
nocrojehe oxymenrannje o nonnanama n nsnpmena nponjena n oanp oxymenrannje.
Taxohe, nsnpmena je anannsa mehynaponnx oxymenara n ycarnamanane saxoncxe
perynarnne y PC ca WFD, Enponcxom npexrnnom o nonnanama n pyrnm oxymenrnma n
caunnena npornosa nonasnor crana o nonnanama y Penynnnn Cpncxoj xao ocnonna nono-
ra sa nspay Hnana ynpanana nonnannnm pnsnxom.
251
Ha ocnony pacnonoxnnnx n ocrynnnx nn]opmannja o nonnanama y npnoj ]asn norpe-
no je ypanrn npennmnnapny nponjeny nonnannnx pnsnxa, sa onacne pnjeune cnnnone
pnjexe Cane n pnjexe Tpenmnnne, xoja rpea a capxn najmane :
- Many nonor nopyuja, ca npnxasom ronorpa]nje n xopnmrena semnmra;
- Onnc nonnana y npomnocrn ca ocennm n rpancnapenrnnm onjennnanem pnsnxa o
nonnana na ocnony noxasarea: npnnpene axrnnnocrn, xynrypne amrnne, xnnorne
cpenne n ycxor spana.
Ha ocnony npennmnnapne nponjene nonnannor pnsnxa nenrn]nxonahe ce nopyuja rje
nocroje snauajnn pnsnnn nnn ce moxe nojannrn snauajna onacnocr o nonnana.
Hspaa mana nonnannor pnsnxa rpea a oyxnarn cnnjeehe axrnnnocrn:
- Xnponomxy anannsy nennxnx noa n nsop npojexrnnx nonnannnx ranaca;
- Xnpaynnuxy anannsy n e]nnncane nnnoa nennxnx noa na mjepoannnm
npo]nnnma;
- e]nnncane sona nnannor nopyuja npema ycnojennm nonnannnm ranacnma;
- Hpopauyn norennnjanne mrere, onocno nene ouexnnane ronmne npnjenocrn;
- Hponjeny pnsnxa.
Ha manama nonnannor pnsnxa mopajy ce npnxasarn n moryhe mrerne nocenne na
norennnjanno norohenom nopyujy, xoje mopajy yxyunrn :
- Oxnnpnn poj cranonnnmrna;
- Bpcry nocrojehe n nnannpane npnnpene axrnnnocrn;
- Hocrpojena n nncranannje xoje n morne onecrn o sarahena noe ;
- Ocrane nn]opmannje (nanohene eposnnnnx nopyuja n nopyuja yrpoxennx yjnnama,
nn]opmannje o ocrannm snauajnnm nsnopnma sarahena, n cn.).
Homro nennunna nnannor nopyuja n norennnjanne mrere sannce o xapaxrepncrnxa
nonnannor ranaca, ronorpa]nje pnjeune onnne n namjene nonpmnna, rpannne nnannor
nopyuja, nesanncno o npcre nonnana, mopajy ce openrn xnpaynnuxnm npopauynom
(moenom nnnnjcxor n/nnn panancxor reuena). Canpemenn npncryn y xaprnpany mrera n
pnsnxa nanaxe xopnmhena IHC-a xojn y onacrn samrnre o nonnana omoryhana uume-
epa.uo coqmeepcro orpy+ne sa cne neonxone npopauyne (xnponomxe, xnpaynnuxe,
exonomcxe, nnanepcxe n cn.), ( C.ura 2 ).
C.ura 2 - IHC orpy+ene y oo.acmu saumume oo non.aea [1]
252
Hpnmjena nennnecrnnnonnx mjepa mopa sanouern souupane+ noopy:fa npe+a yepo-
+euocmu oo non.aea n nnxonnm ynomenem y ypanncrnuxe n npocropne nnanone. To
omoryhana crnapane ycnona sa nponjeny norennnjannnx mrera o nonnana, ymanene no-
cenna nonnana, nnannpane npornnnonnannnx mjepa n paona n pjemanane enenryannnx
cycxnx cnopona. Kaprnpane pnsnxa y Penynnnn Cpncxoj nnje cranapnsonano na ce
npenaxe nemauxa xnacn]nxannja pnsnxa, ca nonparnnm nepnoom e]nnncannm sa
nennxe noe xoje ce janajy jenom y 10, 50 n 100 ronna, n ro y rpn crenena pnsnxa:
nncox, ymjepen n nnsax ( C.ura 3 ).
C.ura 3 - 3oue pusura no ne+a:rof r.acuquraufu
3onnpanem rpea oyxnarnrn xaxo peanno nnanne sone, raxo n sonnpane norennnjanno
nnannnx sona. Haxon sonnpana ca exonomcxnm npenonanem mrera nsasnannx nonnanom,
npncryna ce nspan nnana ynpanana pnsnxom o nonnana na cnnny, ys yuemhe jannocrn.
Xonncrnuxn naunn nponohena nnanona ynpanana pnsnxom o nonnana onacnnx
pnjeunnx cnnnona PC saxrnjena rpn rnanna cmjepa nsrpane xanannrera ( C.ura 4 ).
Crparernja noaraxa n
mannpana
e]nnnnnja "snauaja" n
anarn mannpana
Hanpr cmjepnnna sa
npocropno nnannpane
C1pa1eruja yxnyuunana jannoc1u u xoncyn1auuje
KPATKOPOHHO
Hmnnemenrannja
cmjepnnna sa npocropno
nnannpane sa xpeannjy
nnana pnsnxa o nonnana n
pasnoja xonrpona
Moennpane n mannpane
CPEHEPOHHO
Hpennhane nonnana n
ynosopanane na nonnane n
pasnoj nnme arennnjcxnx
oneparnnnnx nnanona
npornn nonnana
Hnanonn ynpanana
pnsnxom o nonnana
YIOPOHHO
C.ura 4 - Xo.ucmu:ru npucmyn uspaoe n.auoea ynpae+ana non.aeuu+ pusuro+ [1]
4. HPEHOPYKE 3A AE AKTHBHOCTH
a n ce oesnjeno aexnaran npannn oxnnp sa nmnnemenrannjy npenoxennx mjepa
n axrnnnocrn y onacrn samrnre o nonnana, neonxono je npnnaronrn saxoncxy n pyry
253
perynarnny npnnnnnnma opxnnor pasnoja. Taxohe, norpeno je nnrensnnnparn n pyre
axrnnnocrn xoje cy npeycnon sa e]nxacnnjy samrnry o nonnana (eyxannja, nn]op-
mncane, noomane npornose, monnropnnr n cn.).
ocaamne cxnarane a je samrnra o nonnana n nornyna esjenocr cnnx cranonnn-
xa pnjeunnx npnoaa, es osnpa na nnxono uecro neoronopno nonamane, nenomro-
nane ycnona, orpannuena nnn sapane nsrpane, ncxyunna oanesa pxane, mopa ce
mnjenarn. Ocnon yyher pasnoja samrnre o nonnana je oequuucane raro opyumeeue
maro u uuoueuoya.ue ooeoeopuocmu y nesn ca pnsnxom o nonnana ys xoopnnncano
jenonane cnnx yuecnnxa y samrnrn o nonnana. Hoceno naxno je ynohene cncrema ynpa-
nana n xonrpone na penynnuxom nnnoy.
Hanexne nncrnrynnje rpea a pasmorpe n moryhnocr a ce norennnjannn nnnec-
rnropn sa rpany na nonnanom yrpoxenom nopyujy ycnone naoxnaom sa ocueypane
npomue umema oo non.aea. Tnme n norennnjannn nnnecrnropn mornn a carneajy
nennunny pnsnxa o nonnana n nponnjene ncnnarnnocr ynarana. Hcronpemeno, nsmjenom n
onynom mexuu:rux nponuca rpea npennjern ycnone nsrpane ojexara y nnannnm
sonama n npennjern mjepe oesjehena o nnanena nocrojehnx ojexara. Yxonnxo je
moryhe, y yyhnocrn rpea nsjehn nsrpany nonnx nacea n ojexara y norennnjanno
nnannnm sonama. Mehyrnm, jannocrn rpea ojacnnrn mehycony ycnonenocr pasnoja n
samrnre xnnorne cpenne, xoja ce ne moxe ocrnapnrn panxannnm sapanama rpane,
crparernjom do nothing (ne unnnrn nnmra).
To je nornpheno oxymenrom The Report of the World Commission on Environment and
Development
2
, xojn narnamana a ce xnnorna cpenna ne moxe ycnjemno mrnrnrn es
oronapajyher exonomcxor pasnoja. Cne nehn snauaj y samrnrn o nonnana mopa ce arn
pasnojy cncrema npornosnpana nonnana n panor ynosopanana o nannacxy nonnana. Taxohe,
sa nomoh y cmaneny mrera norpeno je npncrynnrn opasonany nnrepncnnnnnnapnnx
crpyunaxa, no ysopy na npo]ecnjy disaster manager y pasnnjennm semama.
5. 3ABPmHA PA3MATPAHA
3amrnra o nonnana nnxaa n nnrje ne moxe nrn anconyrna, neh camo omoryhana
opehenn crenen cnrypnocrn sa cranonnnmrno, nmonnny n xnnorny cpenny.
Konnenr samrnre o nonnana y Penynnnn Cpncxoj y yyhnocrn ce mopa asnparn na
canpemennm cnjercxnm rpenonnma, ys ynaxanane axryennor crana cncrema samrnre o
nonnana n exonomcxe cnare pymrna. Hocennx enennja npomnor nnjexa, y cnnjery
najuemhe npnmjennnann, npnnnnn "oopoe npomue non.aea" je nanymren ys ncronpemeno
ynohene nonor npnnnnna "+uefemu ca non.aea+a". To je nonn, nnrerpannn xonnenr
samrnre o nonnana, xojn ce yxnana y mehynapono npnxnahenn xonnenr opxnnor pas-
noja, a rexn ycarnamanany saxrjena "xymane" xomnonenre (samrnre oapa n ycxnx xn-
nora) n "exonomxe" xomnonenre (ouynane nnn nononno ycnocranane npnponnx
]ynxnnja n pecypca nnannor nopyuja).
Aexnarna xomnnannja nennnecrnnnonnx n nnnecrnnnonnx paona n mjepa rpea a
oesnjen xnannrerno pjemene nnrerpannor ypehena n samrnre nnannnx nonpmnna y
cnyuajy mannx n cpennx nooroxa npn uemy ce nnrerpanna pjemena samrnre mopajy
e]nnncarn na nnnoy cnnna. 3amrnra o nonnana npnoaa nennxnx pnjexa mopa a ce

2
oxymenr xomncnje OYH, no nacnonom Our Common Future.
254
asnpa npnencrneno na xnporpahennncxnm ojexrnma, onocno na nsrpann n
pexoncrpyxnnjn ojexara samrnre n nnxonom peonnom opxanany. Y nny npnnaroha-
nana pnsnnnma xoje noce nonnane, one axrnnnocrn rpea a nparn n nspaa xapara nna-
nnnx sona (crnapnnx n norennnjannnx), onocno nspaa mana pnsnxa, nnrerpncanem
njeponarnohe nonnane n npnnaajyhe mrere, mro je ocnona sa nspay nnanona ynpanana
pnsnxom o nonnana na nnnoy cnnna.
Y yyhnocrn na penynnuxom nnnoy rpea npncrynnrn nspan crparernje samrnre o
nonnana, xopncrehn pesynrare ncrpaxnnana EC ys ynaxanane cnenn]nunocrn cnnnona,
ocaamnnx ncxycrana, pymrnenor oxpyxena, exonomcxnx moryhnocrn n cn.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Hporpam EY IPA 2007 (2011) Hoopura eoouof no.umuu y BuX .Texuu:ra noo.oea.
[2] 3ano sa noonpnnpey Fnjenna (2010) Hsefeumaf o uspaou n.aua ynpae+ana
non.aeuu+ pusuro+.
[3] Bonacci (2007) Buooeu oro.uua npu uumeepa.uo+ ynpae+any non.aea+a.Hpeoaeana.
255
Mp Hemap Beeoeuh.
1
, Bpauro Heauroeuh.
1
XHPOIEOAOmKE HPEHCHO3HHH1E Y mYHKHH1H
IPATEHA
Pesu+e: Ipahene xao exnnnanenr cranapa nexe pxane n cranonnnmrna, ornea
ce y oem ncxopnmhanany semnmra xao menja sa rpany. Hope
reorexnnuxnx ycnona sa npojexronane n nsrpany ojexara xnporeonomxe
xapaxrepncrnxe mory a onpnnecy cmaneny rpomxona nsrpane ann n
excnnoarannje rpahennncxnx ojexara. Xnporeonomxa orpannuena y npocropy
nonyr nncoxor nnnoa nosemnnx noa mory ce npencnonnparn oronapajyhom
cnparnomhy ca nnn es nosemnnx eraxa. Temneparypa nosemnnx noa
npecrana mnnepanny cnponnny rj. pecypc. Temneparypa nosemnnx noa nma
many ocnnnannjy y roxy ronne raxo a y nepnoy snme xa ce cpena
remneparypa nasyxa cnycrn ncno 0C, remneparypa nosemnnx noa je oxo 12C,
re npecrana pecypc xojn ce moxe ncxopncrnrn sa xnnmarnsannjy ojexara
nomohy ronnornnx nymnn.
K+yuue pujeuu: Xuopoeeo.oure npeoucnosuufe, xuopoeeomep+a.ua euepeufa,
oop+ueocm u oouoe+ueocm
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION IN FUNCTION OF
CONSTRUCTIONS
Summary: Construction, as an equivalent of the standard of a state and its citizens, is
reflected in a better exploitation of the terrain as a construciton medium. Besides the
geotechnical conditions for preparing projects and the construciton itself, the
hydrogeologic characteristics can contribute to a minimization of the construction
cost, as well as to a more cost effective exploitation of a construction. Hydrogeologic
limitations of a terrain, such as the high level of ground waters, can be predisposed by
an adequate hight of a construction - with or without the underground levels. The
temperature of ground waters represents a mineral resource. The temperature of
ground waters has a minimal oscilation throughout the year, so that in the winter
period, when the outside temperature falls under 0C, the ground water temperature
remains at about 12C, thus representing a resource which can be exploited for the air-
conditioning of the construction with the use of a heat pump.
Key words: Hydrogeological predisposition, hydrogeotermal energy, sustainability
and renewability
1
IBIS-INENJERING d.o.o., Omnanncxa 28, 78000 Fananyxa; www.ibis.ba
256
YBO
Fananyxa rpenyrno npecrana najnehe rpannnmre y Penynnnn Cpncxoj. Y ncro
npnjeme nenrpannn no rpaa, xao najnnrepecanrnnjn sa rpany, nocraje nperpnan oje-
xrnma. Bennxa nsrpahenocr nenrpannor njena rpaa nonehana npnjenocr cnoonor
semnmra. Bennxa npnjenocr rpahennncxor semnmra ycnonana maxcnmanno ncxopn-
mhanane rpacxor rpahennncxor semnmra. Maxcnmanno ncxopnmhanane semnmra
nopasymjena n nsrpany nosemnnx eraxa. Xnporeonomxn ycnonn rpane y onnm
cnyuajennma nrpajy naxny ynory.
3nauaj nosnanana xnporeonomxnx ycnona sa rpany ojexara omoryhana maxcnmanno
npnnarohanane ojexra npnponnm ycnonnma. Ys npennsno e]nnncane xnporeonomxnx
ycnona rpana y nenrpannom njeny Fananyxe nnjena rpane ce moxe cmannrn, a npocrop
maxcnmanno ncxopncrnrn. Y ]asn npojexronana ojexara norpeno je ysnmarn maxcn-
mannn nnno nosemnnx noa es osnpa y xom ce nepnoy npmn npojexronane n nsrpana
ojexra. Ha cnnnn 1. ara je memarcxa xapra pejonnsannje yxer ypanor nopyuja Fana-
nyxe na ocnony maxcnmannnx nnnoa nosemnnx noa. Ha cnnnn 1. npnxasann cy pejonn y
xojnma ce nosemne noe nanase y snauajnnjoj xonnunnn n rje je moryha excnnoarannja
ncrnx.
Anannsa xnporeonomxnx xapaxrepncrnxa, onocno, npnnpema xnporeonomxnx no-
nora npnje nspae rexnnuxe oxymenrannje nope saxoncxe oanese npercrana n
cymrnncxy norpey.
Xnporeonomxe nonore sa norpee nspae rexnnuxe oxymenrannje nopasymjenajy
opay xnporeonomxnx xapaxrepncrnxa y nny crana xnporeonomxe cpenne.
1. METOOAOIH1A H3BOTEHA XHPOIEOAOmKHX HCTPAHBAHA
Hmajyhn y nny xomnnexcnocr xnporeonomxnx ncrpaxnnana sa norpee ncrpaxn-
nana n excnnoarannje nosemnnx noa na cnnnn 1 je npnxasa anropnram ncrpaxnnana.
257
Cnnxa 1. Meroonornja ncrpaxnnana nosemnnx noa y ]ynxnnjn rpahena ojexara
(Metodology of ground water investigation in function of constractions)
2. XHPOIEOAOmKA HPEHCHO3HHH1A BAHAAYHKE
KOTAHHE
Hosemne noe mory a nmajy pasnnunr yrnnaj na rpahennncxe ojexre:
a) Yrnnaj cnoonor nnn xnpocrarnuxor nnnoa nosemnnx noa xojn moxe nrn
nerarnnan xao nnnrax nnno nnn nosnrnnan axo je ynna o nnnoa nosemnnx
noa ncno remea ojexara. Ipana nosemnnx eraxa y sacnhenoj cpennn no-
pasymjena cranna nymnana unme ce nonehana nnjena excnnoarannje ojexra.
b) Temeene ojexara y sacnhenoj cpennn nonynesannx n nenesannx cenmenara
ynehana npocrnpane censmnuxnx ranaca na cam ojexar n ro sa jean crenen.
Ipana y roj cpennn nopasymjena jauy xoncrpyxnnjy mro snaun cxynn oje-
xar.
c) Ha ocnony xnporeonomxnx xapaxrepncrnxa npmn ce nponjena pannnocrn nose-
mnnx noa yxonnxo ce ojexrn xojn ce rpae nanase y nexoj o sona cannrapne
samrnre nsnopnmra nosemnnx noa.
258
d) Hosemne noe y sonn rje ce npmn excnnoarannja nosemnnx noa cy no cann-
rapnom samrnrom raxo a ce y sonn cannrapne samrnre npmn npomjena namjene
ror semnmra rpahennncxo semnmre ryn cnojy npnjenocr.
e) Yxonnxo ce na noxannjn rpane ojexra mory saxnarnrn onone xonnunne no-
semnnx noa xoje n ce morne xopncnrn y cncremy Y onom cnyuajy nosemne noe
npecranajy mnnepannn pecypc.
H camn ojexrn mory a nmajy nerarnnan yrnnaj na nosemne noe na nnme naunna n ro
cnpeuanane nn]nnrpannje cnoonnx noa ca nonpmnne repena, pennpane repena
penaxama oxo remea ojexra mro ymanyje npnxpannnane nsann unnn mane
nsamnnm.
Y sane npnjeme nennxa naxna ce nocnehyje ncxopnmhanany xnporeorepmanne noe
nncxe enrannnje. Hope cnor reorepmannor norennnjana Fananyuxa xornnna omoryhana n
ncxopnmuanane xnporeorepmanne eneprnje nncxe enrannnje ca nennxnm crenenom xopnc-
nor ejcrna.
Ipnjane n xnahene xopnmhenem ronnornnx nymnn npecranajy npnmapnn npanan y
cnnjery n enponcxoj ynnjn cxoxom nnjena eneprenara y nocnennx nap ronna. Hanme,
enponcxa ynnja je nanpannna nopmarnne y xojnma ce xaxe a cnn ojexrn nsrpahenn nocne
2015-re ronne mopajy a nmajy eneprercxn e]nxacan cncrem rpnjana n xnahena xojn ce
nope cnnunnx maxom sacnnna na reorepmannoj eneprnjn (ronnornnm nymnama).
- Exonomxn qax1op
Kopnmhene npnnnnna ronnornnx nymnn je exonomxn noono jep nsasnna nynry
emncnjy mrernnx racona. Jenno sarahene xoje moxe nrn yxyueno y onaj nponec je ono
xoje nacraje nponsnonom enexrpnune eneprnje y repmoenexrpanama. Yxonnxo ce eneprnja
onja ns xnpo nnn eneprercxn ononnnnx nsnopa ona je pa onaxnnx cncrema nornyno
exonomxn uncr.
Hncrannpanem rpnjana n xnahena sacnonanom na ronnornnm nymnama onon o
cmanena onrepehena eneprercxnx cncrema (enexrpane, anexonon) n raxohe cmanyje
norpomny ]ocnnnnx ropnna.
Cne ono non xa cmaneny eneprercxnx rpomxona, ne sarahyje ce xnnorna cpenna, na
mra he ce, y nncxoj yyhnocrn, xao n sa ayromonne, nnaharn raxca.
259
Cnnxa 2. Bemarcxa xapra mnnnmannnx ynna (m) o nnnoa nosemnnx noa na an
07.10.1974 (Map of min. depth of ground water level on 07.10.1974)
260
- Exonoununoc1 1onno1nnx nyunn
Brena eneprnje n eneprercxa e]nxacnocr npnmenom ronnornnx nymnn, ce ornea y
rome, a je sa npenoc eneprnje ns jenor npocropa y pyrn, norpeno ynoxnrn camo jeny
rpehnny npenere eneprnje. To na pyrn naunn peueno, snaun a ce ns cnoamner nasyxa
nnn xopnmhenem nncxoremneparypne reorepmanne eneprnje (nosemnnx noa nnn ronnora
seme) moxe y rpnjann npocrop yannrn 20xWx ronnorne eneprnje npn uemy ce sa ro
norpomn camo 3-5xWx enexrpnune eneprnje sa pa ronnorne nymne. Ymrea eneprnje je
ennenrna, re nsnocn n o 80%.
Eneprercxa e]nxacnocr ronnornnx nymnn ce nspaxana npexo xoeqnnnjen1a yunnxa
(COP). To je onoc nsmehy eneprnje xoja je ynoxena n eneprnje xojy onjamo na nsnasy,
sa rpnjane. Ynopehene ce ae npmn y onocy na xnacnune cncreme. Bro je onaj
xoe]nnnjenr nnmn ro je oa eneprercxa e]nxacnocr cncrema.
Haxo Fananyxa nma nennxn norennnjan sa ncxopnmhanane xnporeorepmanne noe ro
ne snaun a je cnaxn ojexar moryhe rpnjarn na xnporeorepmanny eneprnjy. C rnm y nesn
ce ncrnue, a je norpeno npnje nsrpane ojexra norpeno je nsnpmnrn xnporeonomxa
ncnnrnnana unme he ce samrnra o nosemnnxnoa, re moryhnocrn nnmenamjenxor
ncxopnmhanananema norennnjana sa ncxopnmhanana reorepmanne eneprnje no cncremy
noa noa. Yxonnxo ce ncrpaxnnannma yrnpn a npemerna noxannja nnje nepcnexrnnna
ca acnexra ncxopnmhanane reorepmanne eneprnje nncxe enrannnje cncremom noa-noa jep
ncamnocr xnporeonomxe cpenne ne omoryhana norpene xonnunne noa, moxe ce
yrnpnrn moryhnocr xopnmhena npehn na napnjanry sema-noa.
3. HPHM1EPH KOPHmTEHA HO3EMHHX BOA HA
TEPHTOPH1H IPAA BAHA AYKE
Kao mro je peueno y camom pay nocroje snauajne moryhnocrn xopnmhena nosemnnx
noa na repnropnjn
rpaa Fananyxe. Hosemne noe ce xopncre sa:
- nnycrpnjcxe norpee (rexnnuxa noa y nponecy nponsnone, ayronpaonnne,
pnnann nr)
- noa sa norpee nanonanana senennx nonpmnna
- xopnmhene nosemnnx noa y cncremy ronnornnx nymnn (nnme cramennx n
nocnonnnx ojexara na repnropnjn rpaa y Peponny, Hasapeny nr)
4. 3AKYHHH
Y pay cy npecranene moryhnocrn n naunnn ncxopnmhanana nosemnnx noa, sarnm
meroonornja ncrpaxnnana xao n npnmjepn ncxopnmhanana nosemnnx noa na repn-
ropnjn rpaa Fananyxa. Kao saxyuax ce nsnaja ceehe:
261
- Xnporeonomxa ncrpaxnnana rpeajy a nperxoe npojexronany n rpann
ojexara n najoe je a ce ona ncrpaxnnana nsnoe sajeno ca reomexannuxnm
ncrpaxnnannma sa norpee rpane ojexara;
- Hpnnnxom ncrpaxnnana norpeno je npnmjennnarn meroonomxn npncryn
maxcnmannor casnana raxo a ce noxpnje acnexr xaxo samrnre o nosemnnx noa
raxo n samrnra nosemnnx noa n ncxopnmhanane nosemnnx noa y npnom pey
ncxopnmhanane reorepmanne eneprnje nncxe enrannnje.
- Xnporeonomxa anannsa rj xnporeonomxn pecypc, moxe a noje]rnnn xaxo
nsrpany ojexra raxo n excnnoarannjy ojexra rj opxnnocr ojexara.
- Xnporeonomxa pejonnsannja je nrna xaxo sa norpee nspae rexnnuxe
oxymenrannje raxo n sa nspay
262
AHTEPATYPA
- Beronnh H, 2009: Xnporeonomxe xapaxrepncrnxe Fananyuxe xornnne,
Mehynaponn cnmnosnjym o semorpecnom nnxenepcrny nonoom 40. ronna
Fananyuxor semorpeca. 3ano sa nsrpany Fananyxa, crp 247-256.
- Hpaxnunamnh X n p., 2008: Ieomexannuxa ncnnrnnane nopyuja
Fananyuxor noa sa norpee nsrpane rpxnor nenrpa enra, Ieonpojexr, Tysna
- Hnnh H n p. , 1974: Hnxenepcxoreonomxa xapra ypanncrnuxor nopyuja
Fananyxe, 1:10000, Hncrnryr sa reonomxa ncrpaxnnana Capajeno
- Mn1ponnh n p., 2009: Ieomexannuxa ncrpaxnnana nopyuja Fananyuxor
noa sa norpee nsrpane rpacxor cranona, Ieosano, 3nopnnx
- Mojnuennh M, Bnnoncxn C, Tounh B, 1976: Ocnonna reonomxa xapra nncr
Fana Hyxa P 1:100000., Canesnn reonomxn sano CuPJ
- Mojnuennh M, Bnnoncxn C, Tounh B, 1976: Tymau sa Ocnonny reonomxy
xapry nncr Fana Hyxa P 1:100000, Canesnn reonomxn sano CuPJ
- Tounh Mn p.,1971: Xnporeonomxn onocn nopyuja noonpnne crannne y
Honocennjn n anannsa moryhnocrn nonehana nsnopnmnnx xanannrera
nemrauxnx oorahnnana nsann, Fananyxa, Hncrnryr sa reonomxa ncrpaxnnana
Capajeno
- Tounh Mn p.,1972: Crynja xnporeonomxnx onoca y sananom nopyujy
rpaa Fana nyxa, Hncrnryr sa reonomxa ncrpaxnnana Capajeno
- Tpxyna n Beronnh H, 2008: Hnxenepcxa reonornja n censmonornja y
rpahennnapcrny, 3ano sa nsrpany, Fananyxa.
- Tpxyna , 1999: Hnyxonana censmnunocr pane Fouan n nen yrnnaj na
Fananyuxn pernon.
- Xpxanonnh Y n p., 2006: Xnponomxo mop]onomxa anannsa pnjexe Bpac,
3ano sa noonpnnpey .o.o., Fnjenna
- Hnunh C n Mnomnh H, 1986: Ieorepmanna eneprnja Focne n Xepneronnne,
Ieonnxenepnnr, Capajeno
- Hnanxonnh B, Beronnh H, 2009: Ieorepman norennnjan Fananyuxe pernje
263
yuro Cyuapuh
1
, C.ooooau Heoe+roeuh
2
, Muoopae Honoeuh
3
HEKH ACHEKTH MAKPOCEH3MHHKOI H3YHABAHA
KPAEBAHKOI 3EMOTPECA O 3.11.2010.
Pesu+e:
Hpn maxpocensmnuxom onnacxy repena nnencrocencra onor semorpeca, ayropn
cy xoncraronann cnsmoe]opmannje repena, y eny xojn je cnao ypannsonan,
ox y camom rpacxom jesrpy one nncy youene. Enenryanna nanopnsannja neena-
crnunor nonamana repena, na ypannsonanom npocropy, naxanocr nnje
npoyuanana. Kaa ce ro nponycrn, rpea uexarn ronnama a ce nononn cnnuna cn-
ryannja. Y pay cy onncane xapaxrepncrnxe nonpennocrn repena y nnencro-
cencry onor semorpeca n anannsnpana nonesanocr maxpo noaraxa ca nncrpy-
menrannnm noannma.
K+yuue peuu: se++ompec, +arpoceus+u:ra ucnumueana, ceus+ooeqop+aufe
SOME ASPECTS OF MACROSEISMIC STUDY OF KRALJEVO
EARTHQUAKE (3/11/2010)
Summary:
According to the macroseismic field investigation of the earthquake pleistoseist,
seismic field deformations were reported in the poorly urbanized parts, without
deformations in the city center. Unfortunately, possible valorization of inelastic field
behavior in the urbanized parts of the investigated field was not conducted. Hence, we
should wait for several years for another earthquake in order to valorize the soil
behavior. In this paper we present characteristics of field vulnerability in Kraljevo
earthquake pleistoseist, and we analyze the relations among macroseismic and
instrumental data.
Key words: earthquake, macroseismic investigation, seismic deformations.
1
Hpo]. p Pyapcxo-reonomxn ]axynrer - Feorpa
2
Mp , nnn. nnx. reon. ''Ieo Hn Hnrepnannonan'' Feorpa
3
nnn. nnx. reon. ''Ieo Hn Hnrepnannonan'' Feorpa
264
1. YBO
Jaxn semorpecn na npocropy Fanxancxor nonyocrpna penarnnno cy uecra nojana. Ho,
perxocr je, a ce nnxon ennnenrap, onocno ornnmre (xnnonenrap) nanasn y nenocpenoj
nnsnnn nennxor rpaa, xao mro je ro nno ca semorpecom y Cxony 1963., Fana Hynn
1969. n Kpaeny o 03 nonempa 2010. ronne. Moryhnocr nojane nnencrocencra jaxor
norpeca na npocropy IYH-a rpaa, anconyrno rpaxn ynaxanane nerone yrnnajnocrn, ne
camo na crnopeny (pasnonpcnn ojexrn) n pymrneny cpenny, neh noceno na repen
(npnpony cpenny), mro ce no npannny sanemapyje. Tex cnnresannjom rnx yrnnaja,
moryhe je e]nnncarn xonnennnjy semorpecne npenenrnne sa norpee rpaa. 3a ropny
rnpny, naxanocr nocrojn nornpa n npnnxom emanana semorpeca y Kpaeny. Hanme
rpacxe nnacrn, osnpom a nncy nmane crpyunaxe ns onacrn nnxenepcxe reonornje
(reorexnnxe) n nnxenepcxe censmonornje, ony onacr cy nornyno sanemapnne. Fnne cy no
yrnnajem ''excnepara'', xojn ce no npannny pso oprannsyjy. Bra nnme n nonore sa nspay
nonor IYH-a, ry marepnjy cy yxyunne camo ]opmanno (es aexnarnnx ncrpaxnnana,
maa nm je ecnanrno ocranen ''Hpojexar nnxenepcxo reonomxnx n nnxenepcxo
censmonomxnx ncrpaxnnana sa nspay nonora sa IYH Kpaena o 2020.ro.''). Pesynrar
rora je n y nepasymno xparxom poxy ynpnnnuen (2.jyn 2011.), Hayuno-crpyunn cxyn
''Hcxycrna n noyxe creuene naxon semorpeca y Kpaeny o 3.11-2010. ro.'', na xome cy
nsnarana 22 caonmrena nnocrpannx n omahnx excnepara, ann nn jean xojn rpernpa repen
(xao a ce ojexrn rpae y nasyxy nnn xao a cy crencxe mace nenonpenne npn cnnm
semorpecnnm onrephennma).
Tpea ncrahn, a nnuna xapra cnaxor jaxor norpeca rpea a nma, nope nncrpy-
menrannnx noaraxa: nonoxaj ornnmra n marnnrye (+urpo nooau), n noarxe o pesy-
nrary enonana aror norpeca na nonpmnnn repena (+arpo nooau). Cnn rn pesynrarn ce
cnnrernsonano npnxasyjy na xaprn nsocencra aror norpeca n onn opehyje jaunny
(nnrensnrer) norpeca na nonpmnnn repena. Hsmehy mnxpo n maxpo noaraxa, naxanocr ne
nocrojn ]ynxnnonanna nesa, neh ce ona ycnocrana xopenannonnm anannsama. 3a ycno-
cranane n ojamnene rnx xopenannja neonxona nocena ncrpaxnnana.
Hpemernn Kpaenauxn semorpec ca marnnryom o 5,4 jennnna Pnxrepone cxane, je
rnnnuan cnyuaj sa xojn cy neonxona nocena ncrpaxnnana. Ona omoryhanajy paronene
nn]opmannja sa censmnuxy npenernny. Hanme na nopyujy IYH-a, 1975. ro. cy nsneena
onmna nnxenepcxoreonomxa n nnxenepcxocensmonomxa ncrpaxnnana, xoja cy y
ononom creneny carneana nnxenepcxoreonomxa cnojcrana repena. Kaa cy ra casnana
nomronana npn npojexronany n nsrpann ojexara, rn ojexrn npn onom semorpecy cy
nesnarno, nnn yonmre nncy omrehenn. Omrehena nennxor crenena cy nesana sa ojexre
unjn nex excnnoarannje anno ncrexao (nsrpahenn npe 60 n nnme ro.), nnn nncy
nomronann nponncn nnn je nacrynno nom rna y xojnma cy ]ynnpann. Hoceno cy nnn
nonoxnn ojexrn xojn cy nasnhnnann roxo nocnene enennje ypanncrnuxor jana-
mnyxa. Te unnennne, na nomenyrom nayuno-crpyunom cxyny naxanocr nncy pasmarpane,
nnrn je ra nponemarnxa nsyuanana. Ha xa ''excneprn'' ro nncy yunnnnn, xaxo a
ouexyjemo o nonnrnuapa. Taxna ncrpaxnnany cy, naxanocr, nornyno nsocrana n nocne
semorpeca y Kpymenny (1972. ), Tpcrennxy (1978.) n Mnonnnn (1998.). Haxanocr raxna
npaxca ce n ae nacrana.
Cnpxa onor caonmrena je, nsmehy ocranor, a annmnpa crpyuny jannocr y neonxonocr
nsyuanana reonomxe cpenne na cnnm nnnonma, xaxo o ypanncrnuxor nnannpana n
265
npojexronana, raxo n npojexronana n nsrpane nojennaunnx ojexara. Hoceno je naxno
pasmarparn n nponemarnxy nonpennocrn reonomxe crpenne (repena) y ycnonnma
enonana reonnamnuxnx nponeca n noceno nojany censmoe]opmannja npn emanany
jaxnx semorpeca. H nope rora, mro cy, y ennnenrpannoj sonn, nojane censmoe]op-
mannje, xao n nnacrnuno nonamane cpenna, npn emanany jaxnx norpeca peannocr,
oronapajyhn nponncn, ann n npojexranrn nx neonono ynaxanajy. Ynoxena cpecrna y
nspay raxnnx nonora, maa nannnma nsrneajy nenorpeno nennxa, npn ypaanncrnuxnm
nnannpannma n nsrpann rpaona ce, y roxy excnnoarannje n y rom xonrexcry emanana
enemenrapnnx nenoroa (n semorpeca), nnmecrpyxo nanopnsyjy.
Y ono pay cy, ynaxanajyhn pacnonoxnn npocrop, npnxasann nexn acnexrn pesynrara
maxpocensmnuxnx ncrpaxnnana, xoje cy oannnn ayropn onor pe]epara, y cxnony exnna
Caopahajnor nncrnryra HHH ns Feorpaa, nenocpeno no emanany semorpeca o 04.
07.11.2010.ro., xao nomoh rpahannma n noxannoj camoynpann Kpaena.
2. OCHOBHA CBO1CTBA TEPEHA
Ipa Kpaeno ce nnrensnnno pasnnja, mro je najyounnnje npema nonpmnnama xoje cy
oyxnahene IYH-om: 1974. ro. oxo 35km
2
, a sa nonn nnan o 2020. ro. npennhena je
nonpmnna o oxo 74km
2
. Cmemren je y onnnn 3anane Mopane, onocno na ymhy Hpa y
3. Mopany. onnna je xomnosnrna n nonnrenercxa (rexroncxo-]nynnjanno-apasnnna) jep
nacrana ns nnsa xornnna, xoje cy y roxy neorena nne ncnynene jesepnma.
Hpocrop uauxancxo-xpaenauxe xornnne nasnnamo n sananomopancxnm acenom ca
nnapcxnm npannem. Hacrao je paceanem yx nexonnxo ynncxnx pacea n mnoro-
pojnnx panjannnx n ysyxnnx, unja axrnnnocr je onanana nnme nyra y roxy cenmen-
rannje. Hajsnauajnnjn je sananomopancxn ynncxn pace, xojn je npanna C3-JH, yx xora
je cenepnoncrouno xpnno acena cnymreno oxo 700m. pyrn pace je mpuajencxo-
nahenauxn. Hpncyrnn cy n pyrn pacen, ynpannn n njaronannn na rnanne pacee, na je
raxo onaj acen nseen na noxone ca enemenrnma napxerne crpyxrype. Onaj acen je
ncnynen yrnannom mnonencxnm n xnaprapnnm cenmenrnma yxynne enne n nnme o
2000m.
Mopqo.oure raparmepucmure noopy:fa omnnanrno cy ycnonene paom ]nynnjanne
eposnje n nanncxnm nponecnma. Ha raj naunn cy ]opmnpann pannnuapcxn enonn repena,
onocno nanncxn n pxyxacrn onnnn pee]a:
- anynnjanna panan pexa Hpa, 3anane Mopane n Pnnnne, xao n nnxonnx npnroxa, cy
cyxopnsonranne, ca xorama nsmehy 192 n 210mnv;
- peune repace (na nnnoa) ncrnx pexa n
- nanncxn enonn repena, onnncxe crpane pexa, xoce n rpeenn n noroune onnne.
onnne Hpa n 3anane Mopane pasnaja rpeen (noxanna nooennnna) Ipnne ca
xorama o oxo 230mnv.
Hpe+a eeo.ouro+ cacmaey (cn.1.), nyhn o ynna xoje cy snauajne ca cranonnmra
nsrpane pasnnunrnx ojexara, onocno neronor nonamana y ycnonnma enonana
semorpeca, repen unne:
-na.eope+eq na nopyujy IYH-a, y najnehem eny, unne mepufapuu (+uoeucro -
n.ueucru) ceou+eumu nperexno rnnnonnro-necxonnrn-mynxonnrn enosnrn ca
rnnnnnma, yem n asannnm xonrnomeparnma) n nnpoxnacrnrn, annro-anesnrn n
cepnenrnnnrn.
266
-reapmapuu ceou+eumu ce nanase rpancrpecnnno n ncxonparno, npexo nonncxnx
crencxnx maca. Hpecranenn cy repacnnm necxonnro mynxonnrnm cenmenrnma,
sarnm anynnjannnm raxohe necxonnro-mynxonnrnm, enynnjannom rnnnonnrom
ponnom, xao n nponynnjannnm nanocnma.
C.ura 1- Ieo.oura rapma uupee noopy:fa Kpa+eea: y n.eucmoceucma oo+uuaumuo cy
sacmyn+euu: Keapmap- n.eucmoeu: al, t
1
t
3
, pr, jQ; Heoeeu: M,Pl; M
1
, ;M
2,3
r.acmumu,
rpe:nau u e.uue ca ye+e+, rao u ey.rauumu (ooq, ola) u nupor.acmumu(o0q, 0ola); ona
rpeoa:K
1
3,4
; K
1
4
; Ha.eosour: Se - cepneumuuumu (uce:ar us OIK Kpa+eeo 1:100000)
Figure 1 - Geological map of wider zone of Kraljevo: the area of earthquake pleistoseist is
mainly built of: Quaternary Pleistocene: al, t
1
-t
3
, pr, jQ; Neogene: M, Pl; M
1
; M
2,3
clastics,
limestones and clays with coal, as well as volcanic rocks (ooq, ola) and pyroclastic rocks (o0q,
0ola); lower Cretacious: K
1
3,4
; K
1
4
; Paleozoic: Se serpentinitines (part of the Bsic geological
map, section Kraljevo 1:100 000)
Ha nopyujy IYH-a, onocno rpa+eea:re oenpecufe, nouerxom neorena onasn o
rexroncxe axrnnnocrn, xaa ce ]opmnpajy rpannrannonn pacen, yx xojnx je omno o
cnymrana n ]opmnpana noronnne, y xojoj cy ranoxenn jesepcxn mnonencxo-nnnonencxn
cenmenrn. O nocenor nnrepeca cy mnahn pacen yx xojnx je y neoreny onasnno o
marmarcxnx nsnnna n cnymrana mopancxo-napcxe enpecnje sa nnme crornna merapa. Ha
onnm pacenma je omno, a peanno je ouexnnarn a he n y yyhe onasnrn o renepncana
censmnuxe eneprnje, xoja nma yrnnaja na censmnunocr onor nopyuja, onocno neny
ypannsannjy.
3. AHAAH3A HO1ABE 3EMOTPECA
Honoxaj ennnenrpa norpeca y npocropy opehyje ce reorpa]cxnm xopnnarama
ennnenrpa, ynnom ornnmra n neronnm nnresnrerom. Ipa]nuxo npecranane norpeca
naneennm noannma na reorpa]cxoj xaprn sa nsyuanann npocrop n sa opehenn
267
npemencxn nnrepnan sonemo xaprom ennnenrapa orohennx norpeca na rom npocropy. Ha
cn. 1. npnxasana je xapra ennnenrapa npocropa Kpaena ca oxonnnom sa nepno 1893
1969. ro. ca nnresnrerom I
0
> 3
0
MHC. Ca one xapre moxe ce nnern a je ypann npocrop
Kpaena, xaa je peu o noxannoj censmnunocrn no yrpxanan norpecnma xojn cy ce
emanann na napcxom eny, ox y mopancxom eny nncy ennenrnpann ennnenrpn
norpeca. Ha ocnony xapre ennnenrapa, raxohe ce moxe nnern a cy pacen oxo Kornennxa
censmnuxn axrnnnn, ann ne n onn xojn ce nanase y neronom jyxnom eny.
Hapcxn eo npocropa ncnono je cnoj semorpecnn norennnjan 19. 04. 1987. ro., xaa
ce orono semorpec marnnrye 4,7 jennnna Pnxrepone cxane, onocno jaunne I=6,5
0
MHC cxane. Ennnenrap onor norpeca nesan je sa nnannny Iou. Onaj norpec xojn ce
orono y 5 carn n 55 mnnyra npoyno je n npennamno rpahane Kpaena, ann nnje
yspoxonao nexy snauajnnjy marepnjanny mrery. Taj norpec je y Kpaeny nparnna normyna
ryrnana. Onaj norpec npno jaxo je norpecao n Bpnauxy Fany n Tpcrennx. Berona
xapaxrepncrnxa je a ce npno cnao ocerno y nacenma ca ecne oane Mopane. Hocne onor
norpeca, 2.05.1987. ro. orono ce jax norpec marnnrye 4,1 jennnna Pnxrepone cxane.
orahane xpaenauxor semorpeca o 03.11. 2010. ro. ca marnnryom o 5,4 jennnna
Pnxrepone cxane e]nnnrnnno je npyxnno aprymenrannjy a je nyxno yropouno
ncrpaxnrn pasnomny censmorexronnxy npocropa, xojn reorpa]cxn sonemo 3anano
Homopane n yna. Y onom xonrexcry rpea nocean ocnpr rpea yunnnrn sa npocrop
uauxancxo-xpaenauxe xornnne n onjene pesynrare nnrerpncarn, napounro y nnancxoj
oxymenrannjn.
C.ura 2- Kapma enueumapa uupee npocmopa Kpa+eea sa nepuoo 1893 1969. eoo.
Kpaeno
Kraljevo
268
Figure 2 Epicentral map of the wider area of Kraljevo for the period 1893-1969. (detailed
explanation in text)
Cnenn]nunocrn xpaenauxor semorpeca o 03.11.2010. ro. noxymahemo a mro
jacnnje ncraxnemo. Hpna nn]opmannja Censmonomxor sanoa Cpnje (C3C Feorpa) o
nonoxajy ennnenrpa ror semorpeca nna nesana sa ceno Bnranonan. pyra nn]opmannja
nna je nesana sa ceno Cnpuy rj. 4km cenepno o Kpaena.
Y nn]opmannjn C3C o censmnuxoj axrnnnocrn y pernony Kpaena o 18.11.2010. ro.,
xoja je npnxasana na cajry npnxasan je pacnope nonoxaja a]repmoxona npemernor
semorpeca na cn.3. Ca cnnxe ce nnn rpynncane a]repmoxona na sanannm oponnnma
Kornennxa, y eny xojn rpannrnpa 3ananoj Mopann.
C.ura 3- Pacnopeo uaruaouux nompeca (seesoue) oo 18.11.2010 (C3C Beoepao)
Figure 3 Distribution of aftershocks (stars) until 18/11/2010 (Seismological Survey of
Serbia)
Y nsnemrajy Censmonomxor 3anoa o 17. 11. 2010. ro. ara je xapra ennnenrapa
rnannor semorpeca n naxnannx yapa. Ha noj je npnenom ojom npnxasan nonoxaj
ennnenrpa rnannor norpeca, a xyrom najauer a]repmoxa. Konrnnynpanom npnenom n
xyrom nnnnjom nasnauenn cy, npema crpyunannma ns C3C, pacen na xojnma cy ce onn
norpecn oronnn. Hnanom n npnenom ojom osnauenn cy naxnann norpecn (cn.4). Y
ncrom nsnemrajy npnxasana je n xapra nsocencra rnannor norpeca, a ona je npecranena
na cnnnn 5.
269
C.ura 4- Kapma enueumapa e.aeuoe nompeca ca aqmepuoroeu+a oo 17. 11.2010. (C3C
Beoepao), enueumpu cy osua:euu rpyeoeu+a: peeuu+ rpyeo+ enueumap e.aeuoe
se++ompeca; +ymu+ uafa:ee uaruaouoe yoapa, n.aeo+ enueumpu uaruaouux
se++ompeca, peeuo+ oofo+ cy osua:euu se++ompecu ooeoheuu 16.11,. a .uuufa+a
paceou no rofu+a cy ce oeu se++ompecu ooeoou.u.
Figure 4 Epicentral map of main shock with aftershocks until 17/11/2010 (Seismological
Survey of Serbia), epicenters are marked as circles: red circle epicenter of the main shock;
yellow circle epicenter of the strongest aftershock; blue circle epicenters of the all
aftershocks; red circle earthquakes occurred on 16/11/2010, red lines fault along with
these earthquakes occurred.
Ha ocnony npnxasane ]axrorpa]nje, ys pesynrare cnponeennx xparxorpajnnx repencxnx
ncrpaxnnana (o 4.-7.11.2010.) y cxnony exnna HHH-a, xoje cy nne nenocpeno yxyuene
y npyxany crpyune nomohn Kpaeny, caunnnnn cmo npennmnnapny pexoncrpyxnnjy
censmorexroncxnx ycnona nacranxa onor norpeca. oeahane e.aeuoe nompeca mpeoa
eesamu sa sanaouu oeo Kom.euu:roe o.ora. Ca+o enane cmeucre +ace oouepa.o ce y oe.y
rofu fe y uenocpeouof o.usuuu mora 3anaoue Mopaee: (ra .eeof ooa.u) npaey Cup:a
Tpeoeuume (ua oecuof) Cup:a Kpa+eea:ro no+e yuhe Puouue y Hoap. Ca+a oy+uua
enana cmeucre +ace npoeneua fe ca 5 oo 10km, a ue rao umo fe npurasauo ua c..5.
270
C.ura 5- Kapma usoceucma e.aeuoe nompeca (Ceus+o.ouru saeoo Cpoufe)
Figure 5 Map of isoseists of the main shock (Seismological Survey of Serbia)
4.EmOPMAHH1E TEPEHA HPH 3EMOTPECY
Hpn emanany semorpeca maxpocensmnuxnx nnrensnrera I_7
0
EMC-98, repen ce, no
npannny, ne nonama xao enacrnuna cpenna (Xyxono reno), neh ce rpajno e]opmnme. Te
e]opmannje cy pasnnunror rnna n onma, mro sanncn o nnme unnnnana: ]nsnuxnx cnoj-
crana npnnonpmnncxnx crencxnx maca (nnxone nnamnuxe ornopnocrn), xnporeonomxnx
cnojcrana, cnojcrna reonomxe cpenne xpos xojy ce npocrnpy censmnuxn ranacn o
ornnmra semorpeca o nennx npnnonpmnncxnx enona, xonnunne censmnuxe eneprnje,
xao n ynne ornnmra.
e]opmannje repena, yrnuy na nonehane crenena omrehenocrn ojexara xojn cy
]ynnpann y nnma, a y xpajnem creneny onoe o nnxonor pymena nnn yxonnxo cy
npojexronann n nsneenn ys ynaxanane censmnuxnx nponnca, onasn o nnxonor npery-
pana nnn ronena y repen. Kaxo cy cnnnn semorpecn, na ncrom repeny, penarnnno perxa
nojana, nsyserno je naxno anannsnparn n one xojn nncy nncrpymenranno perncrponann,
onocno ncropnjcxe semorpece, jep onn ajy snauajne noarxe, nsmehy ocranor n o
e]opmannjama repena.
Censmoe]opmannje repena ce janajy npn nnrensnrernma I_6
0
EMS98 (perxo n npn
nnxem nnrensnrery). ene ce na:
271
- Ceus+omermoucre oeqop+aufe ce ncnoanajy xao pacen na nonpmnnn repena (ca
cxoxom nnn camo xopnsonrannnm nomepannma). Onaxan nn e]opmannja nnje
xoncraronan npn emanany onor semorpeca.
- Ceus+oepaeumauoue oeqop+aufe ce janajy na nannama. Hajuemhe cy ro: oponn,
xnnsnmra, rennmra, ann n pojnn cnoxenn rnnonn onnx nojana. Hpn onom semorpecy je
xoncraronana camo jena cnrypna nojana opona ns xocnne noxannor nanasnmra necxa.
- Ceus+oouua+u:re oeqop+aufe ce janajy na cyxopnsonrannom (pannom) repe-ny n
mann]ecryjy ce nyxornnama n enpecnjama y repeny, noocxonnma, rnxcorponnnm
nojanama y rnnnonnrnm noosacnhennm cpennama n nojana nnxne]axnnje y necxonnrnm
noosacnhennm cpennama. Onnx nojana je xoncraronano nnme na he n erannje nrn
pasmarpane.
Ha cn. 6. xoja je npeysera ns nsnemraja Censmonomxor 3anoa o 17. 11. 2010. ro.,
npnxasana je nojana censmoe]opmannja (''nnxne]axnnje'') na npocropy oxonrypenom np-
nom nsocencrom. Hpnxasane e]opmannje repena nnje onpanano nesarn sa nojany nnxne-
]axnnje, xao mro cy ayropn nanenn, neh npe sa nojany censmonnamnuxnx nyxornna y
repeny. To je npnmep nennneapnor nonamana, onocno noma rna no nnamnuxnm onre-
pehenem. Ona nojana, npn jaxnm semorpecnma, jana ce y repennma nsrpahennm o npe-
rexno xpynnospnor necxa, y xome je npncyrna snjena nsan xoja je y xnpaynnuxoj nesn
ca nooroxom. Onaxne e]opmannje cy, npema Hsnemrajy C3C, xoncraronane y anynnony
3anane Mopane, mro je oxymenronano n oronapajyhom cnnxom.
C.ura 6- Hofaee ceus+ooeqop+aufe mepeua y oreupy npee usoceucme (C3C Beoepao)
Figure 6 Seismic field deformations in the area of the first isoseist
(Seismological Survey of Serbia)
272
Tpea ncrahn, a je jaxo naxno pasjacnnrn nojane censmoe]opmannja npn onom
semorpecy. Hanme rna nonoxna nnxne]axnnjn, na ocnony naxehe semorpecne
perynarnne, ncxyuyjy ce ns ypannsannje. 3or rora je neonxono, oronapajyhnm ncrpa-
xnnannma e]nnncarn enenryanne sone nonoxne onoj nojann. Tnm npe nomro je cacnnm
peanno ouexnnarn a ce na npocropy uauxancxo-xpaenauxe xornnne moxe jannrn norpec
marnnrye n 6 jennnna Pnxrepone cxane, axo ce nma y nny Pynnuxa n Konaonnuxa
ennnenrpanna sona.
Ha xpajy, rpea ncrahn, a je neoxono nsnpmnrn anannsy npcra npexrnnx n nnnpex-
rnnx mrera, onocno na ocnony rora nsnyhn n noyxe xaxo n aexnarnom npenenrnnom,
nnxon onm no oneen na npnxnarnny mepy.
Ca reonomxe xapre moxe ce nnern a ypano nopyuje Kpaena, ann n najnehn poj
oxonnnx naceennx mecra cmemren na ]nynnjannnm n repacnnm cenmenrnma, xojn cy n
najnonpennnjn y ycnonnma nnamnuxor onrepehena. Ynpano npncycyrno onnx cen-
menara n nnxona opnjenrannja jaxo je yrnnana na onnx npne nsocencre rnannor se-
morpeca.
5. 3AKYHHA PA3MATPAHA
Cnponeena anannsa yxasyje a nocne emanana onor semorpeca, nncy cnponeena
oronpajyha ncrpaxnnana, xoja n paspemnna ocnonna nnrana onor xapnmnor nopyuja, a
napounro pasjacnnna nesy nsmehy nncrpymenrannnx n maxpocensmnuxnx noaraxa. To ce
onocn n na nsyuanane onpnnoca xnannrera rna na crenen omrehena ojexara, e]o-
pmannnocrn npnnonpmnncxnx sona repena y ycnonnma emanana jaxnx semorpeca n p.
3or rora je npno nenncxono npnhn pennrpenerannjn noaraxa o orohenom norpecy, mro
nopasymena repencxa n xannercxa, censmonomxa, nnxenepcxoreonomxa, nnxenepcxo-
censmonomxa ncrpaxnnana n ycnocranane nnxone xopenannje ca xoncra-ronanom nonpe-
nnomhy crnopene cpenne (pasnonpcnnx ojexara).
Osnpom a je semorpec nsnenana nojana, a jaxn norpecn penarnnno perxa nojana y
censmonomxnm cnyxama, nno xoje pasnnjennje seme, nanase ce crpyune exnne, npn-
npemene a pso onase na yrpoxena nopyuja n npnxynajy repencxe noarxe o e]ex-
rnma orohenor semorpeca. Kaxo seme onor pernona ne cnaajy y ry xareropnjy n cens-
monomxe cnyxe cy necnpemne sa raxne orahaje, npe cnera xaponcxn n marepnjanno, neo-
nxoan je pyraunjn nprncryn onoj onacrn, xojn nsmehy ocranor mopa a capxn n
nnanone nnrerpannje pernonannnx pxannnx censmonomxnx n reonomxnx cnyxn.
Hnnnnjarnny o onome n rpeano ornouern npexo oronapajyhnx crpyunnx n pxannnx
oprana.
6. AHTEPATYPA:
Bnme ayropa: Hsnemraj o pesynrarnma n axrnnnocrnma Penynnuxor censmonomxor sa-
noa nocne semorpeca xo Kpaena 03.11.2010 y 01:56, C3C- Feorpa, 01.12.2010.
Fojonnh F.: Hnannpane npocropa n nacea y censmnuxn axrnnnnm nopyujnma,
Hsrpana p5-6 (crp. 339-342) Feorpa 2011.
Zbornik radova V naucno-strucnog skupa Iskustva i pouke stecene nakon zemljotresa u
Kraljevu 3.11.2010., (u elektronskoj formi) Izgradnja Beograd 2011.
273
3.amro Maproeuh
1
, Heuao 4pu
2
, Je.eua oopuh
3
CHEHHmHHHH HPOBAEMH KO HEAHHHHX
KOHCTPYKHH1A BETPOHAPKOBA
Pesu+e:
Ca pacnonoxnnnx 870 TW, nerap je anac pyrn najnehn ononnnn nsnop
eneprnje nsa cynuene, a ncnpe reorepmannnx n xnponomxnx nsnopa eneprnje.
Hpema noannma ns 2008. ronne sa ouexnnany nsrpany nerponapxona xana-
nnrera 27 GW norpeno je nsnojnrn oxo 1,35 mnnnona enpa no MW. Koncrpy-
xnnja uennunor ropna npecrana oxo 15-20% yxynne nnnecrnnnje na nsrpana
nerponapxona npecrana nennxy moryhnocr sa pasnoj rpahennncxe crpyxe. Hn
onor paa je a ce crpyuna jannocr ynosna ca cnenn]nunnm nponemnma npojexro-
nana uennunnx ropnena sa nomene nerporeneparopa.
K+yuue peuu: eemponaproeu,:e.u:ue roucmpyrufe,uacmaeu,usoo:aeane,sa+op
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF WIND TOWER STEEL
STRUCTURES
Summary:
Today, wind power is second largest available renewable resource of energy, after sun
and before geothermal and hidrologic energy resources. According to data from 2008.
for expected bulding of wind farms with capacity 27 GW it is required to pay 1,35
million euro per MW. The construction of steel tower is about 15-20% of total inves-
tment so construction of wind farms is great opportunity for development of civil
engineering industry. The aim of this paper is to introduce civil engineers with the
specific problems of design of steel towers for wind turbines.
Key words: wind farms, steel structures, joints, buckling, fatigue
1
p, nanpenn npo]ecop, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer, Feorpa
2
nnn. nnx. rpah., acncrenr cryenr oxropcxnx crynja, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer, Feorpa
3
Mp, acncrenr, Ipahennncxn ]axynrer, Feorpa
274
1 YBO
Berap npecrana nencnpnan exonomxn nsnop eneprnje unjn rnoannn norennnjan
nnmecrpyxo npenasnnasn cnercxe norpee sa enexrpnunom eneprnjom. Hpnmena eneprnje
nerpa y nponsnonn enexrpnune eneprnje nouena je rpnecernx ronna npomnor nexa
nsrpanom npnnx nerporeneparopa nocrpojena sa enexrpomexannuxy xonnepsnjy
xnnernuxe eneprnje nerpa. Mehyrnm, pasnojem nennxnx xnpoenexrpana n repmoenexrpana
nerpoenexrpane cy pso nane y saopan. Bennxa eneprercxa xpnsa ceamecernx ronna
npomnor nexa, a xacnnje n cne osnnnjn rnoannn exonomxn nponemn onenn cy o
penecance nerponapxona. anac, nerpoeneprernxa npecrana rpany eneprernxe xoja ce
najpxe pasnnja, xaxo y norney rexnonornje, raxo n y norney nopacra nncranncannx
nerpoenexrpana y cnery.
Hpema ronmnem nsnemrajy Enponcxe aconnjannje sa eneprnjy nerpa (EWEA) y roxy
2011. ronne y Enponn (es Pycnje) cy nsrpahenn nerporeneparopn xanannrera 10281 MW,
a o rora 9616 MW y Enponcxoj ynnjn (cnnuno xao n 2010. ronne xaa je nncrannpano
9648 MW). Y roxy 2011. ronne yxynno je nnnecrnpano 12,6 mnnnjapn enpa y
nerponapxone y Enponcxoj ynnjn. O 2000. ronne, 28,2% o nono nsrpahennx eneprercxnx
xanannrera xopncrn eneprnjy nerpa, 47,8% ononnne nsnope eneprnje, a uax 90,8%
ononnne nsnope eneprnje n rac. Y norney nsrpahennx xanannrera na ronmnem nnnoy,
Hemauxa je nnep ca 2100 MW nono nsrpahennx nerponapxona y 2011. ronnn. Omax nsa
Hemauxe nanase ce Yjenneno Kpaencrno (oxo 1300 MW), Bnannja (1050 MW), a cnee
Hrannja (950 MW), upannycxa (830 MW), Bnecxa (763 MW) n Pymynnja (520 MW).
Jacna je renennnja Enponcxe ynnje a ce nen eneprercxn cexrop yan o ynorpee
masyra, yra n nyxneapne eneprnje, ys nonehane npnmene raca, conapne eneprnje n
eneprnje nerpa.
Y namoj semn, norennnjannn noxannrern sa pasnoj nerpoeneprernxe cy nnannncxn
nennn ncroune Cpnje, Bojnonna, nnannncxe sapannn y nenrpannoj Cpnjn n onnne
ynana, Cane n Mopane. Ona nopyuja cy neanno mecro sa nsrpany nerpo napxona, jep
npoceuna psnna nerpa npenasn 6 m/s, mro je npema ncxycrnnma semaa (Xonannja,
Hemauxa, Bnannja, Hopryran, nr.) xoja ce ane neh yxe o 20 ronna onom onamhy,
rpannna ncnnarnnocrn.
Moepne nerpenaue nmajy reneparope ca xopnsonrannom oconnnom xo xojnx je
pornpajyhn cncrem y xopnsonrannoj pannn. Mory nmarn pasnnunr poj nonarnna, ann ce sa
nehe cnare najuemhe xopncre rpn nonarnne jep ajy najnehn crenen ncxopnmhena.
Hpeunnx poropa onnx rypnna sanncn o cnare n xpehe ce o 30 m o 115 m.
Berporypnna ce nocrana na npx neprnxanne nocehe xoncrpyxnnje (crya) xoja, y
sanncnocrn o npeunnxa poropa rypnne, moxe nrn nncoxa n npexo 100 m.
anac ce sa nspay nocehnx xoncrpyxnnja nerporeneparopa xopncre cnn
xonnennnonannn marepnjann (cnnxa 1). Y rom cmncny, nsnajajy ce:
eroncxe xoncrpyxnnje (Inneo Torres),
uennune pemerxacre xoncrpyxnnje (Ruukki),
uennune nnnnnpnune xoncrpyxnnje (Vestas, GE, Hitachi),
xnpnne xoncrpyxnnje (xomnnannja uennunor n eroncxor nnnnnpnunor crya).
To cy no npannny nncoxe n nnrxe xoncrpyxnnje, najuemhe xonsonnor crarnuxor
cncrema, maa nocroje n pemena ca npnmenom saresnnx yxan (japonn).
275
3a npojexronane xoncrpyxnnja onor rnna ce, nope yonuajennx cranapa sa npopauyn
xoncrpyxnnja (Enpoxo) xopncre n nocenn cranapn n npenopyxe:
Ypea sa ceprn]nxannjy cncrema xonnepsnje eneprnje nerpa (1988, Mehynapona
xomncnja sa enexrporexnnxy),
IEC 61400-1: Berporeneparopn - eo 1: 3axrenn sa npojexronane (1999, Mehynaponn
cranap) [1],
NEN 6096 (1988, Xonancxn nannonannn cranap),
DS 472 (1992, ancxn nannonannn cranap).
Mehynaponn cranap sa nerporeneparope, IEC 61400-1 [1], sa uax 17 pasnnunrnx
rpannunnx cnyuajena onrepehena n 5 cnyuajena onrepehena ycne samopa, nanaxe
xonrpony nocnnocrn n crannnocrn nocehe xoncrpyxnnje, xonrpony enexrpnune onpeme n
nncranannja, y ]asn monraxe, nymrana y pa, xao n y ]asn excnnoarannje.

a) o) e)
C.ura 1 Pas.u:umu munoeu cmyooea eempoeeuepamopa: a) oemoucru, o) :e.u:uu
peuemracmu, e) :e.u:uu u.uuopu:uu
Figure 1 Different types of wind towers: a) concrete, b) steel lattice, v) steel cylindric
Y onom pay je ar xparax ocnpr na cnenn]nunocrn npojexronana uennunnx
nnnnnpnunnx nocehnx xoncrpyxnnja cryona nerporeneparopa xoje ce najuemhe
npnmenyjy. Anannsnpann cy ]enomenn xapaxrepncrnunn sa onaxan rnn xoncrpyxnnja xao
mro cy: nsouanane nnpnnpnunnx ycxn, npopauyn monraxnnx nacranaxa n oxas
samopa marepnjana.
2 OHTEPETEHA
Osnpom na npomennnocr n nnamnuxn xapaxrep ejcrna nerpa, xao n nns ]enomena
xojn cy nocnenna nerone nnrepaxnnje ca paom rypnne n ca xoncrpyxnnjom xoja je, y
onmrem cnyuajy, ]nexcnnnna, anannsa onrepehena xo onaxnor rnna ojexra je neoma
xomnnexcna. Cna onrepehena xoja enyjy na xoncrpyxnnjy nerporenepaopa mory ce
noennrn y uernpn ocnonne rpyne:
276
aeponnamnuxa onrepehena (crarnuxa n nnamnuxa onrepehena xojn nacrajy ycne
crpyjana nasyxa n nerone nnrepaxnnje ca crannonapnnm n noxpernnm enonnma
nerporeneparopa),
rpannrannona onrepehena,
nnepnnjanna onrepehena (nenrpn]yranne nnepnnjanne cnne nsasnane ocnnnonanem
nnn porannjom xoncrpyxnnje, censmnuxe cnne),
onrepehena nsasnana paom reneparopa (npoyspoxonana xonrponncannm cncremom
xouena nnn npexna paa reneparopa).
Ona onrepehena npema ]ynxnnjn npomene y roxy npemena mory a ce cnpcrajy y ne
rpyne:
crannna onrepehena (xoncranrna roxom npemena) n
necrannna onrepehena (npomennna roxom npemena),
Y rpyny crannnnx onrepehena cnaajy concrnena rexnna ropna, aeponnamnuxa
onrepehena xoja cy pesynrar ejcrna nerpa xoncranrne psnne n nenrpn]yrannnx cnna
xoje ce janajy xaa porop pan xoncranrnom psnnom. ejcrno nenrpn]yrannnx cnna ce
cmanyje opo nsanancnpannm macama xpaxa ennce nerporeneparopa. Hecrannna
onrepehena nerpa mory a ce noene na rpn ocnonna onnxa (cnnxa 2, |9|):
nnxnnuna onrepehena xoja nornuy o nporoxa nasyxa xojn je xoncranran, ann
npocropno neynn]opman oxo xpaxa ennce n xao raxan nsasnna nnxnnune npomene
onrepehena na poropy xojn ce ophe: a) neynn]opmna pacnoena onrepehena ca
nopacrom nncnne crya; ) onrepehene enyje no yrnom y onocy na panan poropa; n)
aeponnamnuxa necrannnocr nsasnana ocnnnonanem crya (yrnnaj nnamnuxnx
xapaxrepncrnxa n concrnene ]pexnennnje crya),
nnxnnuna onrepehena xoja pacry nnn nmajy anrepnarnnny npenocr cnaxn nyr xaa ce
porop oxpene: ) neypannorexena maca nonarnna poropa xojn ce xpehe xoncranrnom
psnonom; e) nnyxnnja ropsnonnx yrnnaja y cry,
nennxnnuna onrepehena: ]) croxacrnuno, nenepnonuno onrepehene nsasnano
rypynenrnnm ejcrnom nerpa.
Hporox nasyxa sanncn o npoceune psnne nerpa n rypynennnja y sonn paa poropa,
porannone psnne poropa, rycrnne nasyxa xao n aeponnamnuxnx onnxa xoncrpyxrnnnnx
enemenara nerporeneparopa.
a) o) ) o) e) q)
C.ura 2 Pas.u:umu oo.uu oefcmea eempa
Figure 2 Different types of wind actions
3or penarnnno mane npenocrn rycrnne nasyxa, sa anraxonane enerpnje nerpa
neonxono je oesenrn oronapajyhy nncnny xao n nonpmnny, xaxo n ce ono
277
aexnaran yrnnaj nerpa. 3or rora je o nocene naxnocrn a cy nmensnje poropa n
nncnna na xojy ce rypnna nocrana mro nehe. Taena 1 npnxasyje npenocrn maxcnmanor
xanannrera nerporeneparopa y ]ynxnnjn npeunnxa ennce.
Behnna nerporeneparopa maxcnmanny nponsnony enexrpnune eneprnje ocrnapyje npn
psnnn nerpa o 15 m/s, a npecraje ca paom npn psnnn nerpa o 20-25 m/s.
1aeua 1 Beuuuuua euuce u +arcu+auuu ranauumem eempoeeuepamopa
Table 1 Rotor size and maximum power output
Hpeunnx ennce [m]
Kanannrer
nerporeneparopa [kW]
10 25
17 100
27 225
33 300
40 500
44 600
48 750
54 1000
64 1500
72 2000
80 2500
Hpn npojexronany xoncrpyxnnje nerporeneparopa, npnn xopax je anannsa cnnx
penenanrnnx npopauyncxnx cnryannja. Hpopauyncxe cnryannje npecranajy xomnnannjy
onrepehena nsasnannx pexnmom paa reneparopa nnn pyrnx oneparnnnnx cnryannja ca
cnoamnnm mereoponomxnm yrnnajnma y ]asn monraxe, excnnoarannje n opxanana.
Cnn penenanrnn cnyuajenn onrepehena ysmajy ce ca oronapajyhnm xoe]nnnjenrnma
cnrypnocrn xojnma ce oyxnara crenen neponarnohe nnxone ncronpemene nojane. Taxo ce
npn xonrponn rpannunnx crana nocnnocrn ncronpemeno pasmarpajy ejcrna:
- nopmannor onrepehena o nerpa n nopmannor pexnma paa nerporeneparopa,
- nopmannor onrepehena o nerpa n onrepehena ycne xnapa nerporeneparopa n
- excrpemnor ejcrna nerpa n nopmannor pexnma paa nerporeneparopa.
Horpeno je nanomenyrn a je onrepehene nerpom na xoncrpyxnnjy pasnnunro, sa
pasnnunre xonrpone nocnnocrn. Ha cnnnn 3 cy npnxasann crnapnn onnx njarpama
nerpa(a), re na nanerpenoj crpann nnaa npnrncax, a na sanerpenoj n ounnm crpanama
cncane, xao n nojenocranenn pauyncxn moenn sa npopauyn rnoannnx yrnnaja () n
xonrpony nsouanana (n).
Y raenn 2 cy npnxasane cne npopauyncxe cnryannje n oronapajyhe xomnnannje
onrepehena, npema mehynaponom cranapy IEC 61400-1 [1], xoje ce npnmenyjy sa
xonrpone rpannunnx crana nocnnocrn.
278
1aeua 2 Hpopauyucru cuyuajeeu onmepehena
Table 2 Design load cases
Hpopauyncxa
cnryannja
HCO Ycnonn nerpa
Ocrann
ycnonn
Tnn
anannse
Hapnnjannn
xoe]nnnjenr
cnrypnocrn
1.1 NTM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
A1 U N
1.2 NTM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
F *
1.3 ETM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
U N
1.4
ECD V
hub
=V
r
+2m/s, V
r,
V
r
-
2m/s
U N
1) Hponsnona
eneprnje
1.5 NWS V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
U N
2.1 NTM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
A2 U N
2.2 NTM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
A3 U A
2.3 EOG V
hub
=V
r
2m/s i V
out
A4 U A
2) Hponsnona
eneprnje nnyc nojana
xnapa
2.4 NTM V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
A5 F *
3.1 NWP V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
F *
3.2
EOG V
hub
=V
in
, V
r
2m/s i
V
out
U N
3) Hoxperane
3.3
EDC V
hub
=V
in
, V
r
2m/s i
V
out
U N
4.1 NWP V
in
<V
hub
<V
out
F * 4) Hopmanno
saycranane
4.2 EOG V
hub
=V
r
2m/s i V
out
U N
5) Banpeno
saycranane
5.1 NTM V
hub
=V
r
2m/s i V
out
U N
6.1
EWM nonparnn nepno
50 ronna
U N
6.2
EWM nonparnn nepno
50 ronna
A6 U A
6.3
EWM nonparnn nepno 1
ronna
A7 U N
6) 3aycranen
(mnpno crajane nnn
npasan xo)
6.4 NTM V
hub
<0,7V
ref
F *
7) 3aycranen nnyc
nojana xnapa
7.1
EWM nonparnn nepno 1
ronna
U A
8.1
NTM V
maint
e]nnnme
nponsnohau
U T
8) Hpenos, monraxa,
opxanane n
nonpanxa
8.2
EWM nonparnn nepno 1
ronna
U A
HCO - npopauyncxn cnyuaj onrepehena, ECD excrpemnn xoxepenrnn yap ca npomenom npanna,
EDC excrpemna npomena npanna, EOG excrpemnn oneparnnnn yap,
EWM moen excrpemne psnne nerpa, EWS excrpemno ouno ejcrno nerpa,
NTM moen nopmanne rypynennnje, ETM moen excrpemne rypynennnje,
NWP moen nopmannor npo]nna nerpa,
F samop, U rpannuna nocnnocr, N nopmanan, A excrpeman (abnormal), T rpancnopr n monraxa,
* - napnnjanna cnrypnocr sa samop,
A1 sa excrpanonannjy excrpemnnx orahaja, A2 xonrponncann xnap cncrema nnn rynrax enexrpnune
eneprnje, A3 samrnra cncrema nnn nperxonn ynyrpamnn enexrpnunn xnap, A4 cnoamnn nnn
ynyrpamnn enexrpnunn xnap xojn yxyuyje rynrax enexrpnune enprnje, A5 xonrpona, samrnra nnn
ynyrpamnn enexrpnunn xnap xojn yxyuyje rynrax enexrpnune eneprnje, A6 rynrax enexrpnune eneprnje,
A7 excrpemno cxperane ca npanna
279
a) o) e)
C.ura 3 Onmepehene eempo+ ua u.uuopu:uy +ycry: a) cmeapuu npumucar;
o)anporcu+aufa sa npopa:yu e.ooa.uux ymuafa; e) ereuea.eumuo onmepehene
(paoufa.uu npumucar) sa roumpo.y usoo:aeana u.uuopu:ue +ycre
Figure 3 Wind load on cylindrical shell: a) real wind pressure distribution; b)approximation
for determination of global forces; v) equivalent axisymetric pressure distribution for local
buckling analysis
Y raenn 2 cy npnxasane cne npopauyncxe cnryannje n oronapajyhe xomnnannje
onrepehena, npema mehynaponom cranapy IEC 61400-1 [1], xoje ce npnmenyjy sa
xonrpone rpannunnx crana nocnnocrn.
Kaa je peu o anannsn censmnuxnx yrnnaja, ona ce no npannny cnponon npema
Enpoxoy 8 |4|, ysnmajyhn y osnp n opee cranapa IEC 61400-1, eo 11.6 n Anexc H
|1|. Onnm cranapnma e]nnncana cy ocnonna npannna:
y cnyuajennma xaa ce ejcrno semorpeca ne moxe sanemapnrn, npojexranrn cy yxnn
a na oronapajyhn naunn ysmy y osnp cne pe]epenrne ycnone npemerne noxannje,
ypsane rna opehyje ce sa nonparnn nepno o 475 ronna,
censmnuxa onrepehena xomnnyjy ce ca noroncxnm (oneparnnnnm) onrepehennma
ycne nanpenor saycranana,
napnnjannn xoe]nnnjenr cnrypnocrn jenax je 1,0 sa cne xomnonenre onrepehena,
xopncre ce ocnonnn rononn ocnnnonana sa 85% yxynne moanne mace xoncrpyxnnje,
npn nponenn nocnnocrn xoncrpyxnnje moxe ce npernocrannrn camo enacrnuan oronop,
y cnyuajennma xaa ce cmarpa a censmnuxe cnne nehe nsasnarn snauajnnje yrnnaje,
moxe ce xopncrnrn xonsepnarnnan n nojenocranen npncryn npopauyny (Anexc H).
Y raenn 3 are cy npenocrn napnnjannnx xeo]nnnjenara cnrypnocrn, npema
nomenyrom cranapy, IEC 61400-1 |1|, sa cnaxy o nomenyrnx npopauyncxnx cnryannja.
280
1aeua 3 Hapuujauuu roequuujeumu cueypuocmu sa onmepehena
Table 3 Partial safety factors for loads
Henonona onrepehena
Honona
onrepehena
Hpopauyncxa cnryannja
Hopmanna (N) Excrpemna (abnormal) (A)
Cne npopauyncxe
cnryannje
Aeponnamnuxa 1,35 1,1 0,9
Pana 1,35 1,1 0,9
Ipannrannona 1,1 1,1 0,9
Hnepnnjanna 1,25 1,1 0,9
3 HPOPAHYH HEAHHHE KOHCTPYKHH1E CTYBA
Hoceha uennuna xoncrpyxnnja nerporeneparopa je myner, xpyxnor nonpeunor
npecexa, ca manom ennom sna y onocy na npeunnx, na ce y crarnuxom norney
rpernpa n anannsnpa xao xpyxna nnnnnpnuna ycxa ca mempancxnm cranem nanona.
Ocnony npopauyna onor rnna xoncrpyxnnje unnn enponcxn cranap EN 1993-1-6 |2|.
Hpema onom cranapy, y nocrynxy npojexronana, norpeno je cnponecrn cneehe
xonrpone:
rpannuno crane nnacrnunocrn LS1,
rpannuno crane nsouanana LS3,
rpannuno crane samopa marepnjana LS4.
Hpn oxasy rpannunnx crana nocnnocrn uennune xoncrpyxnnje mory a ce xopncre
cneehn npncrynn:
xonrpona nanona: rnannnx (LS1), cexynapnnx (LS3) n noxannnx nanona (LS4),
npexrna npnmena npopauyncxnx nspasa xoja penpesenryjy oronapajyha rpannuna
crana, a xoja cy nsneena npnmenom nnneapno enacrnune reopnje (Anexc H),
mempancxe reopnje (Anexc A) nnn reopnje nnacrnunocrn (Anexc F);
npnmena rnoanne nymepnuxe anannse.
Anannsnpajy ce nanonn xojn enyjy y cpenoj pannn ycxe: axcnjannn o
x
,
ranrennnjannn o
0
, cmnuyhn :
x0
, xao n nanonn cmnnana xojn enyjy y pannn ynpannoj na
cpeny panan :
xn
n :
0n
(cnnxa 4). Hanonn :
xn
n :
0n
yonuajeno nmajy mane npenocrn, na ce
npno uecro sanemapyjy y npopauyny. Cnn ncxonrnnynrern y reomerpnjn ycxe, xojn
nocnenuno onoe o xonnenrpannje nanona, mopajy ce ysern y osnp npn anannsn. One
ce npe cnera mncnn na nojany ornopa sa npara y omorauy nnamra n npomeny enne sna.
Ipannuno crane nnacrnunocrn LS1 e]nnnme rpannuny nocnnocr xoncrpyxnnje y
cnyuajennma xaa rynrax crannnocrn nnje omnnanran. Kapaxrepnmy ra na ocnonna
onnxa noma: nom saresanem nnn nnacrn]nxannja marepnjana xoncrpyxnnje ycne
npnrncxa no unranoj ennn npecexa (xonanc xoncrpyxnnje ]opmnpanem mexannsma
nnacrnunnx srnoona). Y onmrem cnyuajy, sor e]exara ojauana marepnjana ycne
e]opmannje xao n crannnsyjyhnx n ecrannnsyjyhnx e]exara y xoncrpyxnnjn ycne
npomene reomerpnje, ono rpannuno crane ne npecrana peanny onacnocr. 3a oxas
nocnnocrn xoncrpyxnnje xopncrn ce mempancxa anannsa nanona. Horpeno je ncnynnrn
cneehn ycnon:
0
2 2 2
3
M yk Rd , eq
0 x
Ed , 0 Ed , x Ed , 0 Ed , x Ed , eq
y / f f : o o o o o = s + + = (1)
281
re cy:
o
eq,Ed
npopauyncxa npenocr ynopenor (exnnnanenrnor) nanona,
f
eq,Rd
npopauyncxa npenocr rpannne pasnnauena ocnonnor uennunor marepnjana.
C.ura 4 Ieo+empufa cee+euma +ycre, ro+noueuma.uu u pesy.myfyhu uanouu
Figure 4 Cylinder geometry, membrane stresses and stress resultants
Ipannuno crane nsouanana LS3 ce onocn na noxanny necrannnocr uennunor
nnamra ycne mempancxnx axcnjannnx nanona npnrncxa n cmnnana, xao n mane enne
sna y onocy na npeunnx nnnnnpa. Iynrax noxanne crannnocrn nnnnnpnunor
nnamra, no npannny onon o necrannnocrn n pymena xoncrpyxnnje xao nennne (cnnxa
5).

C.ura 5 Iyoumar cmaou.uocmu cmyoa eempoeeuepamopa
Figure 5 Wind tower loss of stability
Y sanncnocrn o yxnne cermenra xojn ce anannsnpa, rpannunnx ycnona na xpajennma
cermenra, panjyca cpene nonpmn ycxe, enne sna n xapaxrepncrnune npenocrn
amnnnrye nmnep]exnnje, npnmenom Anexca [2], mory a ce opee npenocrn
xpnrnunnx nanona nsouanana: nopmannnx, ranrennnjannnx n cmnuyhnx nanona.
Hpopauyncxe nocnnocrn na nsouanane ce npema EN 1993-1-6 opehyje na ocnony nspasa:
1 M yk x Rd , x
y / f , o = (2.1)
282
1 M yk 0 Rd , 0
y f , o = (2.2)
1
3
M yk : Rd , 0 x
y / / f , : = (2.3)
re cy: ,
,
, ,
0
, ,
:
oronapajyhn peyxnnonn xoe]nnnjenr nsouanana.
E]exrn ycne nonpeunor cannjana, mory a ce sanemape xaa nacrajy ycne rpannunnx
ycnona ocnanana. Hanonn cannjana xojn cy nocnenna ejcrna noxannor onrepehena nnn
remneparypnnx npomena, mopajy a ce ysmy y osnp. 3a cnaxn cermenr nnnnnpnunor
crya (nsmehy monraxnnx nacranaxa) neonxono je a yy saonoenn cneehn ycnonn:
Rd , x Ed , x
o o s (3.1)
Rd , 0 Ed , 0
o o s (3.2)
Rd , x Ed , x
o o s (3.3)
0 1,
:
:
o
o
o
o
k
o
o
o
o
: 0 x
k
Rd , 0 x
Ed , 0 x
Rd , 0
Ed , 0
Rd , x
Ed , x
i
k
Rd , 0
Ed , 0
k
Rd , x
Ed , x
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(3.4)
re cy: k
,
, k
0
, k
:
nnrepaxnnonn xoe]nnnjenr nsouanana.
Ocnm npexrne npnmene npopauyncxnx jenaunna arnx y Enpoxoy 3, nanoncxo
e]opmannjcxo crane y uennunoj nocehoj xoncrpyxnnjn moxe a ce anannsnpa n
nymepnuxnm meroama xoje ce sacnnnajy na meron xonaunnx enemenara (MKE). 3a
xonaune enemenre ce yrnannom xopncre:
homogeneous shell enemenrn xojn nmajy xpyrocr na cannjane n xojn ce e]nnnmy
ennom, marepnjanom n Hoacononnm xoe]nnnjenrom,
membranes nonpmnncxn enemenrn xojn nmajy xpyrocr y pannn ann ne noceyjy
xpyrocr na cannjane n xojn ce e]nnnmy ennom enemenra, marepnjanom n
Hoacononnm xoe]nnnjenrom.
Y sanncnocrn o rpannunnx ycnona, ]nsnuxo mexannuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa marepnjana,
re e]opmannjcxnx ycnona came xoncrpyxnnje, moryhe je npnmennrn nns pasnnunrnx
meroa anannse: nnneapno enacrnuna annnsa (LA), nnneapno enacrnuna np]yxannona
anannsa (LBA), reomerpnjcxo nennneapna enacrnuna anannsa (GNA), marepnjanna
nennneapna anannsa (MNA), reomerpnjcxa n marepnjanna nennneapna anannsa (GMNA),
reomerpnjcxa nennneapna enarnuna anannsa ca yxyuennm nmnep]exnnjama (GNIA),
reomerpnjcxa n marepnjanna nennnepana anannsa ca yxyuennm nmnep]exnnjama
(GMNIA).
Ha cnnnn 6 cy npnxasann npnmepn npopauyna nnnnnpnunor crya npnmenom MKE sa
nanoncxo-e]opmannjcxy anannsy na mecry ncxonrnnynrera y sonn ornopa (cnnxa 7a),
xao n jena xapaxrepncrnuna ]opma nsouanana ycne momenara cannjana xoja ce onja
npn opehnnany xpnrnunor nanona nsouanana.
283

a) )
C.ura 6 Cmane uanoua u oeqop+aufa y cee+eumy u.uuopa oooufeuo FEM aua.uso+: a)
roueumpaufa uanoua ua +ecmy omeopa o) .ora.uo usoo:aeane u.uuopu:ue +ycre
Figure 6 Stress distribution and deformed shape of cilynder segment by FEM analysis: a)
stress concentration around opening b) linear local buckling of cylinder shell
oxas nocnnocrn marepnjana xoncrpyxnnje na samop cnponon ce npema cranapy EN
1993-1-9 |6|. Hajuemhe ce npnmenyje meroa nanoncxnx pasnnxa xoja moxe a ce
]opmynnme na cneehn naunn:
MF c w fF
y / o o y A A s (4)
re cy:
Ao
w
npopauyncxa npenocr nanoncxe pasnnxe ycne ejcrna nerpa,
Ao
c
npopauyncxa nocnnocr na samop sa oronapajyhy xareropnjy eraa n npojexronann
poj nnxnyca onrepehena,

Ff
napnnjannn xoe]nnnjenr cnrypnocrn sa ejcrna,

Mf
napnnjannn xoe]nnnjenr cnrypnocrn sa marepnjan.
Ienepanno, na ncrn naunn je norpeno a ce nsnpmn n xonrpona cmnuyhnx nanona, ann
cy onn no npannny sanemapnnor nnrensnrera, raxo a ornaa norpea sa nnxonom
xonrponom, xao n sa xonrponom ynopenor nanona.
Hpopauyncxe npenocrn nanoncxnx pasnnxa ycne ejcrna nerpa opehyjy ce na ocnony
npoceune jenoronmne psnne nerpa sa pasmarpany noxannjy. Yonuajeno je a ce sa
samop xopncrn xareropnja eraa cy 147B sa noyxne cyueone manone n xpyxne
(nonpeune) cyueone manone (npema Ynyrcrny sa npojexronane cryona nerporeneparopa n
0
990803), onocno xareropnja 80 sa npnxyuxe ca yraonnm manonnma (npema EN1993-1-9).
Tpea narnacnrn a je sanapnnane npnxyuaxa n ymene pyna y nnamry crya onymreno
camo y sonama xoje cy xareropnje 80, onocno y ny n na npxy crya.
Kao anrepnarnna moxe a ce npnmenn npnnnnn xymynarnnnor omrehena, ycne
omrehena sa pasnnunre nanoncxe pasnnxe, npnmenom Hanmrpnn-Mnneponor (Palmgren-
Miner) npannna, xaxo je aro y Anexcy I (IEC 61400-1).
284
4 MOHTAHH HACTABHH HEAHHHHX CTYBOBA
Kaxo npenocr nocehe xoncrpyxnnje uennunor ropna nerporeneparopa nsnocn 15-20%
yxynne npenocrn nnnecrnnnje, onrnmnsannja y nponecy npojexronana je neonxona.
Jean o najnnrepecanrnnjnx npojexranrcxnx n nsnohauxnx eraa y xoncrpyncany crya
je monraxnn nacranax xojn je, osnpom na raapnrne nmensnje xoncrpyxnnje, nensexan.
Knacnunn monraxnn nacrannn ca ueonnm nnouama n ae nmajy najnehy npnmeny, maa
nx sor nncoxe nene cne nnme norncxyjy monraxnn nacrannn ca rapnnm cnojennma.
4.1 Mon1aann nac1annn ca ueonou nnouou
Monraxnn nacranax ca ueonom nnouom cacrojn ce ns na uennuna npcrena xoja cy
sanapena sa uennunn nnamr crya (jean sa onn, a jean sa ropnn eo xoncrpyxnnje) n
xojn cy mehycono nonesann npenanpernyrnm nncoxonpennm sanprnennma (cnnxa 7).
C.ura 7 Mouma+uu uacmaear ca :eouu+ n.o:a+a
Figure 7 Flange ring connection
3a norpee npopauyna, yneena je npenocranxa a je nocnnocr rponmensnonannor
monraxnor nacranxa, onrepehenor yrnannom na cannjane, nponopnnonanna nocnnocrn
cermenra xojn capxn jean sanpran. Bnpnna cermenra c jenaxa je yxnnn nyxa nsmehy
oca ne cycene pyne sa cnojna cpecrna (cnnxa 8).
Hocnnocr onaxnor monraxnor nacranxa y crany rpannune nocnnocrn e]nnnme ce nnn
nocnnomhy sanprnena nnn nocnnomhy ueonnx nnoua. ueona nnoua ce pasmarpa xao
nnnnjcxn xonsonnn enemenr, a onnx noma e]nnnme ce nojanom nnacrnunnx srnoona
xojn ce mory jannrn na pasnnunrnm mecrnma (cnnxa 9). Ha ocnony npnnx npennmnnapnnx
ncrpaxnnana, xoje je cnponeo Herepcen (Petersen), e]nnncna cy rpn ocnonna onnxa
noma, nom sanprnena saresanem (A), nojana nnacrnunor srnoa y nnamry uennune
xoncrpyxnnje (F) n nojana nnacrnunor srnoa n y nnamry n y ueonoj nnoun (H).
285
C.ura 8 Cee+eum +ouma+uoe uacmaera ca feouu+ saepmne+
Figure 8 Segment of flange ring connection with a single bolt
C.ura 9 Mooe.u .o+a +ouma+uoe uacmaera ca :eouo+ n.o:o+ npe+a Hemepceuy
Figure 9 Failure modes of flange ring connections according to Petersen
C.ura 10 Mooe.u .o+a +ouma+uoe uacmaera ca :eouo+ n.o:o+ npe+a Ceuoe.
Figure 10 Failure modes of flange ring connections according to Seidel
Cnen (Seidel) je cpauynao pacnoeny cnna y sanprnennma n ycranonno jom na onnxa
noma (cnnxa 10). Onnx noma () npecrana nojany nnacrnunor srnoa y ueonoj nnoun n
286
ro na mecry oce sanprna. Y onom cnyuajy nocnnocr ueone nnoue na cannjane ymanena je
sor peyxnnje npecexa pynom sa cnojno cpecrno. Tnn noma (E) xapaxrepnme nojana
nnacrnunor srnoa nan oce sanprna, na mecry nenocpeno ncno cpenne nanexyhe
nonpmnne nonomxe. Y onom cnyuajy, nocnnocr cnoja ce opehyje ca pyro
xapaxrepncrnxama ueone nnoue.
4.2 Mon1aann nac1anax ca 1apnnu cnojeu
Monraxnn nacranax ca rapnnm cnojem npecrana nnonarnnno pemene (anrepnarnna
monraxnnm nacrannnma ca ueonom nnouom) sa nonesnnane monraxnnx xomaa crya
nerporeneparopa y jeny nennny (cnnxa 11).
Onaj xonnenr xapaxrepnme:
npnmena sanprnena ca xonrponncanom cnnom npenanpesana TCB (Tension Controle
Bolts) xojn ce npnrexy ynpranem nanprxe ca ynyrpamne crpane crya,
sanprnenn cy nperxono yrpahenn y nopmanne pyne na ropnem cermenry crya,
sor jenocrannor nonesnnana enemenara crya xopncre ce yre, ornopene onanne pyne
na onem cermenry crya.
C.ura 11 Mouma+uu uacmaear cmyoa eempoeeuepamopa ca mapuu+ cnofe+ rouenm
Figure 11 Friction connections - concept
3anprnenn ca xonrponncanom cnnom npenanpesana (TCB), (cnnxa 12) xopncre ce sa
monraxne nacranxe nerporeneparopa sor nnsa npenocrn xoje nmajy y onocy na onune
nncoxonpene sanprnene. Bnxona npnmena na namnm npocropnma je jom ynex jaxo mana,
yrnannom na ojexrnma xojn ce ynose xao roronn nponsnon (pesepnoapn n cnnuno) ann je
287
necymnnno a he npno pso nahn mnpy npnmeny (sa ro je neonxono ycnajane nparehnx
cranapa).
C.ura 12 TCB npe yuouena cu.e npeouanpesana
Figure 12 TCB prior to pretendioning
Onn sanprnenn cy narenrnpann y Janany. Bnxone ocnonne npenocrn cy:
penarnnno jenocranna yrpana nomohy enexrpnunnx ypehaja sa unje pyxonane nnje
norpena xnann]nxonana pana cnara,
yrpana ca jene crpane nese (pyra crpana ne mopa a ye npncrynauna),
nncoxa xnaca unpcrohe S10T, mro oronapa xnacn unpcrohe 10.9,
jenocrannnje ynomene cnne npenanpesana.
Hpema EN 1993-1-8 |3|, onaxne nese cnaajy y xareropnjy cnojena C - nese xoje cy
ornopne na npoxnnsanane npn rpannunom crany nocnnocrn. To snaun a mopa nrn
ncnynen ycnon a je npopauyncxa cnna cmnnana y sanprny mana o nerone npopauyncxe
nocnnocrn na npoxnnsanane sa rpannuno crana nocnnocrn.
3a npnmeny onaxnnx nesa xo monraxnnx nacranaxa nerporeneparopa npopauyn je
mon]nxonan, na ce nocnnocr opehyje xao najmana o cneehnx npenocrn:
rpannune nocnnocrn na npoxnnsanane jenor pea sanprnena (yrnannom rpn xomaa),
enacrnune nocnnocrn nero npecexa nnamra,
nocnnocrn na samop.
3or ynorpee onannnx pyna nocnnocr na npnrncax no omorauy nnje norpena.
Koe]nnnjenr rpena y xonraxrnoj nonpmnnn je neoma naxan sa npannnno ]ynxnnonncane
onaxnnx nesa. Ko nerporeneparopa ce rapne nonpmnne najuemhe npnnpemajy necxapenem
n mrnre nnnx-cnnnxarnnm npemasnma mro oesehyje xoe]nnnjenr rpena n=0,40-0,50.
5 3AKYHAK
Horennnjan nerpa y namnm xpajennma npyxa nennxe myryhnocrn sa nponsnony
enexrpnune eneprnje. Hmajyhn y nny canpemene renennnje sa xopnmhene exonomxnx n
ononnnnx nsnopa eneprnje nnrane je ana xaa he nouern maconna nspaa nerponapxona
n y namnm xpajennma. Y Cpnjn je neh y roxy npojexronane npnnx nerponapxona y
oxonnnn Bpmna, re cy npnmenenn uennunn nnnnnpnunn cryonn. Hpojexronane
uennunnx xoncrpyxnnja nerporeneparopa je penarnnno nona xoncrpyxrepcxa ncnnnnnna y
namnm oxnnpnma n cnaxaxo saxrenan nnxenepcxn nocao. Y pay cy npesenronane nexe
ocoenocrn xoje ce onoce na anannsy onrepehena n npopauyncxe cnryannje xoje ce
npnmenyjy sa npojexronane cryona nerporeneparopa o nno xojer marepnjana, onocno
uennxa n erona. 3a uennune nnnnnpnune cryone cy opahenn najsnauajnnjn acnexrn
npopauyna rpannunnx crana, xao nyroxas sa yyhe npojexranre.
288
6 AHTEPATYPA
[1] Inetrnational Standard IEC 61400-1, Wind turbines-Part 1: Design requirements /
International Electrotehnical Commission, Brussels, Belgium
[2] EN 1993-1-6 (2007). Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and
stability of shell structures / CEN, 2007., Brussels, Belgium
|3| EN 1993-1-8 (2005) Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures Part 1-8: Design of
joints / CEN, 2005., Brussels, Belgium
|4| EN 1998-1 (2004) Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part
1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings/ CEN, 2004., Brussels,
Belgium
[5] EN 1090-2 (2003) Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Part 2:
Tehnical requirements for steel structures / CEN, July 2008., Brussels, Belgium
[6] EN 1993-1-9 (2005). Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue / CEN,
2005., Brussels, Belgium
[7] Wind Towers Design of flange ring connection / N. Fric, M. Pavlovic, Z. Markovic, D.
Budevac // 14
th
International Symposium MASE, 2011., Struga, Macedonia, p.259-264
[8] Wind Towers Design of friction connections for asembling sections of tubular steel
towers / N. Fric, B. Gligic, J. Dobric, Z. Markovic // 4. Internacionalni naucno-strucni
skup Gradevinarstvo-nauka i praksa, 2012., abljak, Crna Gora, p.000-000
[9] Training course Wind towers: Design by FEM and tehnological futures / 2011.,
Coimbra, Portugal
[10] Wind in power: 2011 European statistics / EWEA The European Wind Energy
Association, Februar 2012
289
Cpha A.ercuh
1
, Mu.ueofe Poea:
2
TEOPH1CKO EKCHEPHMEHTAAHA AHAAH3A CHAE
AOMA
Pesu+e:
Y pay ce anannsnpa rpannuna nocnnocr noxanno onrepehennx ranxosnnnx I-
nocaua. Pasmarpa ce onrepehene xoje jenyje noxanno, na orpannuenoj yxnnn
onrepehene noxnne, a y nnreparypn ce npenosnaje no nasnnom patch load.
Anannsnpa ce cnyuaj xaa onrepehene jenyje es excnenrpnnnrera y onocy na
panan pepa I-nocaua. Y pay ce npnxasyjy pesynrarn excnepnmenrannor
ncrpaxnnana Centro 2009, xoje je cnponeeno na Ipahennncxom ]axynrery y
Horopnnn. ajy ce nponjene cnne noma npema pasnnunrnm npopauyncxnm
moennma n npmn ce nopehene nponnjenennx cnna noma ca pesynrarnma
excnepnmenror ncrpaxnnana Centro 2009.
K+yuue pujeuu: :e.u:ue roucmpyrufe, cmaou.uocm, namx .oao, ercn.
ucmpa+ueane
PATCH LOAD AND THIN WALLED I-GIRDERS ANALYSIS
OF THE ULTIMATE LOAD
Summary:
The paper deals with carrying capacity of locally pressed thin-walled I-girders. The
considered load act in web plane, locally over the short length of the loaded flange, in
the literature so-called patch load. The results of the experimental research CENTRO
2009 which was conducted on the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica are
presented in this paper. The ultimate loads were predicted according to the diferent
analitical solutions and compared with the results of the above mentioned
experimental research.
Key words: steel structures, stability, patch load, experimental research
1
on., p, nnn. nnx. rpah., Ynnnepsnrer Hpne Iope Ipahennncxn ]axynrer
2
Capannx y nacrann, mp, nnn. nnx. rpah., Ynnnepsnrer Hpne Iope Ipahennncxn ]axynrer
290
1 YBO
Y pay ce anannsnpa rpannuna nocnnocr ranxosnnnx Inocaua onrepehennx
ycxononjeennm onrepehenem y pannn pepa [1-5]. Ho ycxononjeennm onrepehenem
nopasymnjena ce nonjeeno onrepehene xoje jenyje noxanno no onrepehenoj noxnnn,
onocno na manom njeny nene yxnne. Pasmarpa ce cnyuaj xaa onrepehene jenyje es
excnenrpnnnrera y onocy na panan pepa nocaua.
Cnyuaj ejcrna xonnenrpncanor nnn ycxononjeenor onrepehena je npno uecr y
npaxcn. Hponem ce pjemana neprnxannnm yxpyhnnanem pepa nocaua ncno cnne.
Hocranane neprnxannnx yxpyhena nocxynyje nponec nspae xoncrpyxnnje, a y nexnm
cnyuajennma nonoxaj ejcrna cnne nnje nosnar nnn je nax necrannonapan. 3or naneennx
pasnora noxeno je pacnonararn ca noysannm pauyncxnm anaparom xojn n ca
npnxnarnnom cnrypnomhy e]nnncao nnno rpannunor onrepehena.
Y onom pay nne xparxo npesenronann pesynrarn excnepnmenrannor ncrpaxnnana
Centro 2009, xoje je cnponeeno na Ipahennncxom ]axynrery Ynnnepsnrera Hpne Iope y
Horopnnn [1,2]. Hn cnponeenor excnepnmenrannor ncrpaxnnana je a npomnpn o
caa creuena casnana o yrnnajy nopmannnx nanona nacrannx yce rnoannnx momenara
cannjana, na nnno rpannunor onrepehena (C.ura 1.1). Axnenar ncrpaxnnana je ycmjepen
na onjane nn]opmannja o nonamany nocaua y cnyuajennma xaa cy y sonn ejcrna
onrepehena y pepy nocaua npncyrnn snarnn nopmannn nanonn npnrncxa/saresana,
nacrann yce rnoannnx momenara cannjana.
P P + AP
AP
o o
o o
C.ura 1.1- Vmuaf c+fepa u uumeusumema uop+a.uux uanoua ua cu.y .o+a ucnumueauux
uoca:a
Y nacranxy paa npenaxe ce nonn npopauyncxn nocrynax sa opehnnane cnne noma
[1]. Hpenoxenn nocrynax npopauyna cnne noma sacnnna ce na npnmjenn reopnje
enacrnune crannnocrn na orpannuenn no pepa no onrepehenem. Hpnnas pjemanany
nponema je non, jacan n reopnjcxn nopxana anropnram noma.
291
2 EKCHEPHMEHTAAHO HCTPAHBAHE CENTRO 2009
2.1 KOHHEHT H TOK EKCHEPHMEHTAAHOI HCTPAHBAHA
Excnepnmenranno ncrpaxnnane CENTRO 2009 je nsneeno na naecer nocaua [2].
Cnponeena cy naeceruernpn recrnpana y uernpn cepnje o no ner nocaua, onocno o
no mecr recrnpana. Cepnje ncnnrnnannx nocaua cy xnacnpane npema nomnnannoj ennn
pepa m
w
, npn uemy ce cnaxa cepnja cacrojana o no mecr recrnpana xnacnpannx npema
xapaxrepy nn]opmannja xoje ce xene onrn.
Kaxo n ce unraony npnnnxnnn neja n rox excnepnmenrannor ncrpaxnnana, naae
he y xparxnm nprama nrn onncan rox ncnnrnnana na jenoj cepnjn.
Hocau CI1 (c.ura 2.1) je yxnne 2500mm, noxanno neyxpyhen. Cnna ce annnnnpa
nocpecrnom xpyror nnnnnpnunor noxa sa nanomene onrepehena, c=0. Ouexyje ce
rynrax nocnnocrn yce nsouanana njena pepa no onrepehenem. Hocau je nanpernyr
snarnnm momenrnma cannjana. Iynrax crannnocrn pepa nsouananem ce emana y
npnrncnyroj sonn nocaua. 3anexena cnna noma je PCI1.
Hocau CI2 (c.ura 2.2) je yxnne 2500mm ca noxanno yxpyhennm pepom y sonn ynoca
onrepehena. Hocau CI2 je y cnemy ocranom xao n nocau CI1. Hocau CI2 ce onrepehyje no
nenrnunnm ycnonnma xao n nocau CI1 o nnnoa onrepehena PCI1. Hpn nnnoy onrepehena
PCI1 ce ne ouexyje rynrax nocnnocrn nocaua n na xparxo ce npexna ca anm
onrepehnnanem. Opxana ce nnno nannjeror onrepehena PCI1 cne ox ce ne oxonua
monraxa cpener ocnonna (c.ura 2.2). Monraxa cpener ocnonna ce npmn nomohy
nncnncxn noecnnor ypehaja xojn na cen nma nox sa nanomene onrepehena, xojn je y
cnemy xao n nox sa nanomene onrepehena no ropnoj noxnnn. Ho oxonuanoj monraxn
cpener ocnonna (cca 5min) nacrana ce ca anm onrepehnnanem nocaua o rynrxa
nocnnocrn. 3anexena cnna noma je PCI2 = PCI1 + AP.
Hocaun CI3 n CI4 cy yxnne 3000mm n ncnnryjy ce na ncrn naunn xao n nocaun CI1 n
CI2.
Hocaun CI5/1 n CI5/2 cy xparxn nocaun n ncnnryjy ce y cnemy xao n nocaun ca
nperxonnx excnepnmenrannnx ncrpaxnnana cnponeennx na Ipahennncxom ]axynrery y
Horopnnn [1-4].
Cnn nocaun cy sa npnjeme ncnnrnnana nnymxacro ouno npnpxanann na
nonoxajnma ynyrpamnnx neprnxannnx yxpyhena.
2
0
8

x

2
5

=

2
0
0
2
x
5
0
6
0
4
0
0
PCI1
500 2 x 750 = 1500 500
2500
nosac CI1
tf = 8mm
bf = 150mm
tw = 3.2mm
dw = 400mm
200
2
0
m1
v1
h1
h2
m1
v2
C.ura 2.1- Ieo+empufa uoca:a HH1 ca ue+o+ no.o+afa +fepuux ma:ara
292
500 2 x 750 = 1500 500
2500
nosac CI2
tf = 8mm
bf = 150mm
tw = 3.1mm
dw = 400mm
AP
PCI2 = PCI1 + AP
1
8
0
8

x

2
5

=

2
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
1
5
0
m1
v2
m1
h1
h2
C.ura 2.2- Ieo+empufa uoca:a CI2 ca ue+o+ no.o+afa +fepuux ma:ara
Pasnnunrnm yxnnama nocaua y nexoj cepnjn ce napnpa nnrensnrer nopmannnx nanona
nacrannx yce rnoannnx momenara cannjana npn ocrnsany cnne noma, ox ce cnn
ocrann reomerpnjcxn napamerpn nocmarpane cepnje opxanajy na nnnoy xoncranre (C.ura
2.1).
Hoxannnm yxpyhnnanem/neyxpyhnnanem pepa nocaua ce oesjehyje moryhnocr
nopehena cnne noma sa cnyuaj nopmannor nanona ncror nnrensnrera, a cynpornor cmjepa,
ox ce cnn ocrann reomerpnjcxn napamerpn nocmarpane cepnje opxanajy na nnnoy
xoncranre (C.ura 2.2).
Kparxnm nocaunma (recrnpana 5/1 n 5/2) ce oesjehyje moryhnocr nopehena pesynrara
cnponeenor excnepnmenra, ca pesynrarnma cnnunnx excnepnmenrannnx ncrpaxnnana.
2.2 KPATAK HPEIAE PE3YATATA EKCHEPHMEHTAAHOI HCTPAHBAHA
Kapaxrepncrnune reomerpnjcxo-mexannuxe nennunne ncnnrnnannx nocaua n pesynrarn
cnponeenor excnepnmenrannor ncrpaxnnana cy npnxasann y maoe.i 1.
3nauena reomerpnjcxo-mexannuxnx nennunna ns maoe.e 1 su sljedeca: L - pacnon
nocaua, b - pasmax nsmehy ynyrpamnnx neprnxannnx yxpyhena, d
w
- nncnna pepa, t
w
-
enna pepa, b
f
- mnpnna noxnne, t
f
- enna noxnne, c - yxnna nanomena
onrepehena, o
w
- nanon na rpannnn pasnnauena pepa, o
M
- maxcnmannn nopmannn nanon y
pepy yce momenra cannjana y cpennn pacnona nocaua, M - momenr cannjana y
cpennn pacnona nocaua yce onrepehena cnnom noma, P
ex
- excnepnmenranno onjena
cnna noma.
293
1aeua 1 - Pesyumamu ercnepu+eumauuoe ucmpaxueana CENTRO 2009
The results of the experimental research CENTRO 2009
L b d
w
t
w
b
f
t
f
c o
w
M o
M
:o
w
yrpyheu P
ex
CEPHJA HOCAH
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] MPa kNm * kN
I CI1 2500 1500 400 3 150 8 0 258 52 35 83
I CI2 2500 1500 400 3 150 8 0 260 52 35 * 145
I CI3 3000 1500 400 3 150 8 0 267 64 41 85
I CI4 3000 1500 400 3 150 8 0 273 64 41 * 151
I CI5/1 500 500 400 3 150 8 0 258 11 8 90
I CI5/2 500 500 400 3 150 8 0 258 11 8 92
II CII1 2500 1500 400 4 150 8 0 278 78 46 125
II CII2 2500 1500 400 4 150 8 0 286 78 46 * 225
II CII3 3000 1500 400 4 150 8 0 301 103 56 137
II CII4 3000 1500 400 4 150 8 0 280 103 56 * 201
II CII5/1 500 500 400 4 150 8 0 278 18 11 147
II CII5/2 500 500 400 4 150 8 0 278 18 11 137
III CIII1 2500 1500 400 5 150 8 0 206 89 69 143
III CIII2 2500 1500 400 5 150 8 0 232 89 69 * 279
III CIII3 3000 1500 400 5 150 8 0 218 104 76 139
III CIII4 3000 1500 400 5 150 8 0 226 104 76 * 250
III CIII5/1 500 500 400 5 150 8 0 206 20 15 161
III CIII5/2 500 500 400 5 150 8 0 206 20 15 157
IV CIV1 2500 1500 400 6 150 8 0 315 127 61 203
IV CIV2 2500 1500 400 6 150 8 0 315 127 61 * 325
IV CIV3 3000 1500 400 6 150 8 0 322 142 67 189
IV CIV4 3000 1500 400 6 150 8 0 276 142 67 * 316
IV CIV5/1 500 500 400 6 150 8 0 315 31 15 257
IV CIV5/2 500 500 400 6 150 8 0 315 31 15 240
2.3 3AKYHHH CA EKCHEPHMEHTAAHOI HCTPAHBAHA
Hom nocaua emana ce nsnenaa, rynrxom crannnocrn njena pepa no onrepehenem
n nponarannjom e]opmannje onrepehene noxnne y npanny n cmjepy nanomena
onrepehena.
e]opmannja onrepehene noxnne je npexrna nocenna rynrxa crannnocrn pepa
nocaua n npnnaa pesnyannnm e]opmannjama, onocno e]opmannjama xoje ce emanajy
naxon noma.
O nouerxa onrepehnnana, jacno nspaxena e]opmannja pepa onnxa cnnycnor
nonyranaca xojn ce nporexe no nnjenoj nncnnn pepa, y rpenyrxy noma mnjena
xon]nrypannjy n nsonyje ce noxanno y sonn pepa no onrepehenem. Ha xon]nrypannjn
pesnyanno e]opmncanor nocaua mory ce jacno younrn nnnnje nn]nexcnje xoje onncyjy
ynny nsouanana pepa.
294
3axyuyje ce a je cnna noma nesanncna o nnrensnrera n cmjepa nopmannnx nanona
nsasnannx cannjanem nocaua yce onrepehnnana, no ycnonom a nnje napymena onmra
crannnocr nocaua.
Hpn nnnoy cnne o oxo 70 cnne noma, nenocpeno n noxanno no onrepehenem y
pepy nocaua ce janajy snarne mempancxe e]opmannje saresana y npanny pacnona
nocaua, xoje nemajy xonneprenran rpen.
Hoxannnm yxpyhnnanem ce ne nocrnxe esycnonno ouynane crannnocrn pepa
nocaua, ann ce snarno nonehana nerona nocnnocr.
3 HPOPAHYH CHAE AOMA
Teopnjcxn npncryn pjemanany nponema ca jene crpane nonasn o pasmarpana
xpnrnune cnne nsouanana ys nomoh reopnje enacrnune crannnocrn, ox ce ca pyre
crpane npnmjenyje meroa e]opmannonor paa na nperxono ycnojenom mexannsmy noma.
Hpncryn pjemanany nponema pasmarpanem xpnrnune cnne nsouanana ys nomoh reopnje
enacrnune crannnocrn, ne aje nn npnnnxno npany npnjenocr rpannunor onrepehena.
Ha onaj naunn ]opmynncana pjemena nnmecrpyxo nornjenyjy rpannuny nocnnocr nocaua.
Mnoro peannnjn pauyncxn moenn ce onjajy npnmjenom meroa e]opmannonor paa, a
xnannrer nnxonor pjemena ncxyunno sanncn o naanocrn nperxono ycnojenor
mexannsma noma. 3or nennxor poja napamerapa xojn onncyjy nponem e]nnncana
rpannunor onrepehena, xao n necanpmenocrn npernocranennx mexannsama noma,
onjena pjemena ce nonpranajy nsnjecnnm xopexnnjama n nojenocranennma re na raj
naunn nonpnmajy nonyemnnpnjcxn xapaxrep.
3.1 HPOPAHYH CHAE AOMA HPEMA EN 1993-1-5
Baxehn npopauyncxn nocrynax sa opehnnane cnne noma npema EN 1993-1-5 sacnnna
ce na moeny xojn je npenoxno Harepqnncr, a xojn npernocrana npnmjeny
e]opmannonor paa na nperxono ycnojenom mexannsmy noma [5]. Kparax npnxas
nocrynxa npopauyna cnne noma npema EC3 je e]nnncan ]opmynama 1-10, rje cy: P
u
-
cnna noma, o
w
- nanon na rpannnn pasnnauena pepa, o
f
- nanon na rpannnn pasnnauena
noxnne, t
w
- enna pepa, d
w
- nncnna pepa, t
f
- enna noxnne, b
f
- mnpnna noxnne, c
- yxnna nanomena onrepehena, b - pasmax mehy neprnxannnm yxpyhennma, E - moyo
enacrnunocrn.
( )
1 u u
P P = _ (1)
y w w u
l t P = o
1
(2)
( )
2 1
1 2 m m t c l
f y
+ + + = - uz ogranicenje
w
d c s (3)
w w
f f
t
b
m

=
o
o
1
(4)
2
2
02 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
f
w
t
d
. m - za 50 0. > (5)
295
0
2
= m - za 50 0. < (6)
( ) 0 1
5 0
.
.
s =

_ (7)
cr
u
P
P
1
= (8)
w
w
F cr
d
t
E k . P
3
9 0 = (9)
2
2 6 |
.
|

\
|
+ =
b
d
k
w
F
(10)
3.2 HPEAOEHH HOCTYHAK HPOPAHYHA CHAE AOMA
Hpenoxenn nocrynax npopauyna cnne noma sacnnna ce na npnmjenn reopnje enacrnune
crannnocrn na orpannuenn no pepa no onrepehenem. Hpnnas pjemanany nponema je
non, jacan n reopnjcxn nopxana anropnram noma ca nexor excnepnmenrannor
ncrpaxnnana [1].
3.2.1 masa on1epehnnana nocaua - sanaaana ca excnepnuen1a
Cmjep oune e]opmannje pepa nocaua je ycnonen cmjepom nouernnx reomerpnjcxnx
necanpmenocrn, nacrannx yce nspae nocaua. Hponarannja ounnx e]opmannja pepa
ce o nouerxa onrepehnnana onnja y cmjepy e]opmannja npoyspoxonannx nouernnm
reomerpnjcxnm necanpmenocrnma. Y nonpeunnm npecjennma nenocpeno no
onrepehenem, o nouerxa nanomena onrepehena jacno je younn cnnycnn nonyranac no
nnjenoj nncnnn pepa nocaua. Onaxan onnx e]opmannje pepa nocaua je oxom nnnn
neh npn nnrensnrery onrepehena xoje oronapa nnnoy o npnnnxno 70 cnne noma.
3.2.2 masa youn noua nocaua - sanaaana ca excnepnuen1a
Hpn nnnoy onrepehena o oxo 90 cnne noma, nenocpeno no onrepehenom noxnnom
ce nsonyje no pepa nncnne h xojn naxon rynrxa nocnnocrn nocaua ocraje npan n
ynpanan na onrepeheny noxnny nocaua (C.ura 3.1).
Axo ynaxnmo unnennny a noxanno no onrepehenem pepo nocaua rpnn nennxe
axcnjanne e]opmannje canjana n ycnonom (13) my osnonnmo a ce axcnjanno
e]opmnme y nnacrnunoj onacrn es moryhnocrn rynrxa crannnocrn, raa ropny
rpannuny npnjenocr nncnne h moxemo e]nnncarn nspasom (16), ys ynaxanane nspasa
(11-15).
2
2

t o
E
cr
= - Euler-ov xpnrnunn nanon nsnnjana (11)
w
v w cr
E
o
t o o = = = - nnrxocr na rpannnn pasnnauena pepa (12)
296
2 0.
v
s =

- penarnnna nnrxocr npn xojoj je omoryhena nyna nnacrn]nxannja pepa

(13)
v w v
w
v
v
i . h .
i
h
. .

s s s s 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 (14)
12
w
w
w
w
t
F
I
i = = (15)
w
w
E
t . h
o
t

s
12
2 0 (16)
3.2.3 masa noua nocaua - sanaaana ca excnepnuen1a
Hom nocaua emana ce nsnenaa, rynrxom crannnocrn njena pepa no onrepehenem
n nponarannjom e]opmannje onrepehene noxnne y npanny n cmjepy nanomena
onrepehena. O nouerxa onrepehnnana jacno nspaxena e]opmannja pepa onnxa
cnnycnor nonyranaca xojn ce nporexe no nnjenoj nncnnn pepa, y rpenyrxy noma mnjena
xon]nrypannjy n nsonyje ce noxanno y sonn pepa no onrepehenem. Ha xon]nrypannjn
pesnyanno e]opmncanor nocaua mory a ce youe nnnnje nn]nexcnje xoje onncyjy nony,
onocno peanny ynny nsouanana pepa l
i
(C.ura 3.1).
Ynaxanajyhn Euler-ony nnneapny reopnjy enacrnune crannnocrn ys npernocranxy a
ncra naxn o nanona na rpannnn reuena pepa o
w
, noxanna ynna nsouanana pepa l
i
ce
moxe e]nnncarn nspasom (17).
h
li
c
c'
Pu
C.ura 3.1- Le+amcru npuras uoca:a uarou c.o+a oo.ur pesuoya.uux oeqop+aufa
w
w
w
w i
w w
i
v
E
t
E
i l
E
i
l
o
t
o
t
o
t

= = = =
12
(17)
297
3.2.4 eqnnncane cnne noua
Axo rpannuny nocnnocr nocaua P
u
noncronjernmo ca xpnrnunom cnnom nsnnjana
nesanncnor njena pepa P
cr
, npanoyraonor nonpeunor npecjexa l - t
w
n yxnne nsnnjana l
i
,
raa cnny noma moxemo sanncarn npema nspasy (18).
2
3 2
3
2
2
12
12
i
w
u
w
w
i
w
cr u
l
l t E
P
t l
I
l
I E
P P

=

= =
t
t
(18)
Ynohenem cmjene (19) n ys ynaxanane nspasa (17 n 18) onja ce nspas (20), xojnm ce
e]nnnme rpannuna nocnnocr ranxosnnnx H-nocaua no ejcrnom noxannor onrepehena
y pannn pepa P
u
.
i
l k l = (19)
w w
w
w u
t l
E
t k P o
o
t =

=
12
2
(20)
Ha onaxan naunn e]nnncana cnna noma npecrana pjemene nponema y sarnopenom
onnxy n jenaxa je xpnrnunoj cnnn nsnnjana axcnjanno npnrncnyror mrana npanoyraonor
nonpeunor npecjexa nmensnja l - t
w
n yxnne nsnnjana l
i
.
Henosnarnm xoe]nnnjenrom k xojn ]nrypnme y nspasnma (19 n 20) ce oyxnara yrnnaj
ocrannx reomerpnjcxnx napamerapa nocaua xojn nope enne pepa yrnuy na nnrensnrer
cnne noma. Koe]nnnjenr k ce npernocrana xao nnneapna xomnnannja yrnnajnnx
reomerpnjcxnx onoca (21).
3a cnyuajene nocaua ca pepnma enm o 3mm n xo xojnx ce moxe pasnnrn
nperxono onncann mexannsam noma (d
w
> h + l
i
), xoe]nnnjenr k je e]nnncan nspasnma
(21-24).
Hocrojane neprnxannnx yxpyhena pesynrnpa npnpacrom nnrensnrera cnne noma camo
axo ncra omerajy ]opmnpane n pasnoj nsounne na njeny pepa no onrepehenem. Ynon
ce nojam ]nxrnnnor pacrojana nsmehy yxpyhena b xao ropna rpannuna npnjenocr o xoje
nocrojane neprnxannnx yxpyhena yrnue na nnrensnrer cnne noma (23).
Yce nemoryhnocrn rynrxa crannnocrn njena pepa no onrepehenem nncnne h,
nenocpeno no onrepehenem ce ]opmnpa nnacrn]nxonan xnnn ca asom yxnne c
(C.ura 3.1). Ynon ce nojam ]nxrnnne yxnne onrepehena c, xoja je e]nnncana
]opmynom (22).
3 2
1 x x
i
x
w
f
' b
' c
' b
l
t
t
k |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= (21)
( ) h t c ' c
f
+ + = 4 (22)

=
w
d
b
min ' b
3
(23)
298

= = = >

= = = =
>
2
1
3 2
1
6
1
0
3
3 2
3
2
3
1
0
2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
x
.
x x c
.
x x x c
l . d
i w
(24)
4 3AKYHAK
a n ce crexao ynn y naanocr n nonamane nperxono nsnoxenor pjemena, y
saxyuxy paa je cnponeena crarncrnuxa anannsa na ysopxy o rpnecer recrnpana.
Crarncrnuxn ysopax unnn nanaecr recrnpana ns nperxono nsnoxenor excnepnmenrannor
ncrpaxnnana n ocamnaecr recrnpana ns excnepnmenrannor ncrpaxnnana [3], mro yxynno
aje rpnecer recrnpana.
Y pasmarpann crarncrnuxn ysopax nnjecy ynpmrena recrnpana na yxpyhennm
nocaunma, xao nn recrnpana xo xojnx je y ]asn excnepnmenra nna napymena onmra
crannnocr nocaua [1-3]. O crarncrnuxnx nennunna npahenn cy cpena npnjenocr X
s
onoca P
ex
/P
u
n xoe]nnnjenr napnjannje V, npn uemy ce nopasymnjena nopmanna (Gauss-
ony) pacnojeny.
Pesynrarn cnponeene anannse cy npnxasann y Taoe.u 2. P
ex
je cnna noma sanexena
na excnepnmenrannnm ncrpaxnnannma, P
u
je cpauynara cnna noma, a X
s
je cpena
npnjenocr onoca P
ex
/P
u
na yxynnom crarncrnuxom ysopxy.
Ha rpernpanom crarncrnuxom ysopxy (30 recrona) npenoxeno pjemene nma cpeny
npnjenocr X
s
= 0.954 n xoe]nnnjenr napnjannje V = 4.4, ox naxehn npopauyncxn
nocrynax ns EC3 nma cpeny npnjenocr X
s
= 1.254 n xoe]nnnjenr napnjannje V = 12.3
1aeua 2 - Pesyumamu ercnepu+eumauuoe ucmpaxueana CENTRO 2009
The results of the experimental research CENTRO 2009
b d
w
t
w
b
f
t
f
c o
w
o
f
P
ex
EN 1993-1-5
kN
NOVI MODEL
kN
REF
mm mm mm mm mm mm MPa MPa kN P
u
P
u
X
s
P
u
P
u
X
s
[1, 2] 1500 400 3.2 150 8 0 258 258 83 58 72 81 77
[1, 2] 1500 400 3.2 150 8 0 267 267 85 59 73 83 79
[1, 2] 500 400 3.2 150 8 0 258 258 90 64 80 88 84
[1, 2] 500 400 3.2 150 8 0 258 258 92 64 80 88 84
[1, 2] 1500 400 4.3 150 8 0 278 278 125 106 132 133 127
[1, 2] 1500 400 4.3 150 8 0 301 301 137 110 137 139 133
[1, 2] 500 400 4.3 150 8 0 278 278 147 116 144 145 138
[1, 2] 500 400 4.3 150 8 0 278 278 137 116 144 145 138
[1, 2] 1500 400 5.2 150 8 0 206 206 143 131 163 153 146
[1, 2] 1500 400 5.2 150 8 0 218 218 139 135 168 157 150
[1, 2] 500 400 5.2 150 8 0 206 206 161 143 178 167 159
[1, 2] 500 400 5.2 150 8 0 206 206 157 143 178 167 159
[1, 2] 500 400 6.2 150 8 0 315 315 257 248 309 277 264
299
[1, 2] 500 400 6.2 150 8 0 315 315 240 248 309 277 264
[1, 3] 700 700 4.07 150 8 150 254 269 159 121 151 172 164
[1, 3] 700 700 4.07 150 8 150 254 269 163 121 151 172 164
[1, 3] 700 700 4.04 150 10 150 254 275 168 122 152 180 172
[1, 3] 700 700 4.04 150 10 150 254 275 172 122 152 180 172
[1, 3] 700 700 4.06 150 12 150 254 267 177 125 156 188 179
[1, 3] 700 700 4.06 150 12 150 254 267 187 125 156 188 179
[1, 3] 700 700 5.08 150 8 150 287 269 245 198 247 263 251
[1, 3] 700 700 5.08 150 8 150 287 269 262 198 247 263 251
[1, 3] 700 700 5.08 150 10 150 287 275 252 202 251 278 265
[1, 3] 700 700 5.08 150 10 150 287 275 266 202 251 278 265
[1, 3] 700 700 5.02 150 12 150 287 267 266 201 250 286 273
[1, 3] 700 700 5.02 150 12 150 287 267 266 201 250 286 273
[1, 3] 700 700 8.05 150 12 150 269 267 551 492 613 578 551
[1, 3] 700 700 8.05 150 12 150 269 267 547 492 613 578 551
[1, 3] 700 700 10.20 150 12 150 275 267 815 793 987 863 823
[1, 3] 700 700 10.20 150 12 150 275 267 812 793 987 863 823
3axyuyje ce a npenoxeno pjemene aje onnune pesynrare na rpernpanom
crarncrnuxom ysopxy. Crannno je n aje peanne nponjene excnepnmenranno onjennx
cnna noma (X = 0.954) ca npnxnarnnnm pacnnanem oxo cpene npnjenocrn (V = 4.4).
Hmajyhn na ymy jenocrannocr, jacnohy n xopexrnocr onjennx pesynrara
npenoxenor pjemena, saxyuyje ce a onaxan npncryn pjemanany nponema ne rpea
nanycrnrn y anm ncrpaxnnannma.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] AHEKCHT C.: Stability of thin-walled I-girders under patch loading in web plane,
Doctoral thesis (in Montenegrian), University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Podgorica, 2010, 139p
[2] ALEKSIC S., LUCIC D., CEPANOVIC B.: Experimental research CENTRO 2009,
Materijali i konstrukcije, 52, 3-4, 2009, pp.47-61. YU ISSN 0543-0798.
[3] HYuHT .: Experimental research: Thin-Walled I Girders Subjected to Centric and
Eccentric Patch Loading, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Podgorica, 2001, 348p
[4] HYuHT ., AHEKCHT C.: Ultimate Capacity of Localy Pressed I-Girders,
Monograph Dedicated to the Memory of Late Academician Proffesor Dr. Milan Duric,
Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 2008, p.207-217
[5] EN 1993-1-5:2004. Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures. Part 1.5 Plated Structural
Elements.
301
Mu.euro Cmauroeuh
1
, apufa Iafuh
2
, apro Tooopoeuh
3
,
EHEPIETCKH HPEIAE 3IPAA HPHM1EHA
HHmPAHPBEHE TEPMOIPAmH1E
Pesu+e:
Hpn cnponoheny eneprercxor npernea srpae, npnnnxom anannse ronnornnx
xapaxrepncrnxa cnonor omoraua, xao n ocrannx cncrema y srpan xojn yrnuy na
norpomny eneprnje, naxon reopercxnx npopauyna, neonxono je nponecrn
xnannrarnnna mjepena xoja n nornpnna name npernocranxe. Hn]panpnena (IR)
repmorpa]nja je jena o xopnmrennx nennnasnnnnx meroa sa npahene n anannsy
crana srpae, xao n nponjeny rynraxa ronnore. Ynorpea one meroe snarno
ypsana pa na orxpnnany neocraraxa na nancxom omorauy srpae, xao mro cy
repmnuxn mocronn, mjecra njerponenponycnocrn nnn nennxe nnaxnocrn.

K+yuue pujeuu: IR mep+oepaqufa, euepeemcru npee.eo sepaoa

ENERGY AUDIT OF BUILDINGS APPLICATION OF
INFRARED TERMOGRAPHY
Summary:

In carrying out energy audit of the building, when we analyze the thermal
characteristics of the external building envelope, as well as other systems in the
building that affect energy consumption, following theoretical calculations, it is
necessary to conduct a qualitative measurement methods to confirm our assumptions.
Infrared (IR) thermography is one of the used noninvasive method for monitoring and
analysis the condition of buildings, and to estimate the heat losses. The use of this
method significantly speeds up the detection of defects on the building envelope, as
thermal bridges, places of air leaks or moist spots.
.
Key words: IR thermography, energy audit of buildings
1
Hpo]. p, nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77, Fana Hyxa;
2
nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77, Fana Hyxa;
3
nnn. nnx. apx., Apxnrexroncxo-rpahennncxn ]axynrer , Crene Crenanonnha 77, Fana Hyxa;
302
YBO
Konnxo je naxna nmnnemenrannja npexrnne 2002/91/EC y npaxcn, ronopn n unnennna
a je na nyra nsnpmena narpana onor oxymenra, n ro npexrnnom 2006/32/EC n
npexrnnom 2010/31/EU, rje ce nanon n xpajna xopncr o eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn,
eneprercxn nperne srpae xao exnnnanenr ceprn]nxonany, xao n nncra noxennx
eneprercxn e]nxacnnx mjepa, re onmrn oxnnp sa mjepene n nponjepanane eneprercxnx
ymrea y anexcnma onnx oxymenara. [3]
Y cxnay ca onnm, nope reopercxnx yunnaxa npennhennx mjepa n cncrema sa ronnorny
samrnry n cmanene rynraxa eneprnje y srpaama, neonxono je yrnpnrn n a nn cy onn
enemenrn yrpahenn na ncnpanan naunn, xao n a nn mory nocrnhn ouexnnann yunnax.
Ha ocnony pesynrara pasnnunrnx ncrpaxnnana, nn]panpnena (IR) repmorpa]nja je
npenoxena xao jena o neecrpyxrnnnnx meroa xoja omoryhana nponjeny rpenyrnnx
xapaxrepncrnxa enemenara nancxor omoraua n rexnnuxnx cncrema, mjepena na nnny mjecra
naxon nsnpmennx paona, n y ]asn excnnoarannje srpaa.
Ona meroa ce moxe npnmjennnarn y cnnm cnyuajennma rje npomena repmnuxe cnnxe
moxe a yxasyje na nexy anomannjy. Omoryhana pano orxpnnane nponema, a camnm rnm,
crnapajy ce ycnonn sa e]nxacnnje jenonane n cnpeuanane osnnnjnx omrehena.
2 EHEPIETCKH HPEIAE 3IPAA
Y cxnay ca saxrjennma o ceprn]nxonany srpaa, xao oxasy o norpomnn eneprnje xoja
ce rpomn sa norpee rpnjana n xnahena srpaa, neonxono je nponecrn eneprercxn
nperne ca nnem oxasnnana crnapne norpomne eneprnje y nexoj srpan.
Y nocrynxy cnponohena eneprercxnx npernea norpeno je anannsnparn repmnuxe
xapaxrepncrnxe cnnx enemenara nancxor omoraua srpae, xao n xapaxrepncrnxe cncrema sa
rpnjane n xnahene, ca nnem yrnphnnana nnxone e]nxacnocrn. Hperneom ce yrnphyje
naunn xopnmrena eneprnje, xao n mjecra enenryannnx rynraxa. Tex naxon nsnpmenor
npernea moryhe je arn npenopyxe sa ynanpehene onnx enemenara, xao n nonehane
nnxone e]nxacnocrn.
3a xnannrerno nsneene eneprercxe npernee neonxono je yrnpnrn raune noarxe
nesane sa eneprercxe norpee srpae, xao n crnapnoj norpomnn eneprnje (mro je moryhe
oxasarn npnxynanem noaraxa o crpane nanexnnx xomynannnx cnyxn xoje
ncnopyuyjy xopnmreny npcry eneprnje). Mehyrnm, o opehennx noaraxa o crnapnoj
norpomnn eneprnje, moryhe je ohn jenno nyrem penenanrnnx mjepena na nnny mjecra.
Mjepena, xao n cam eneprercxn nperne, neonxono je nponecrn npema yrnphenoj n
npnsnaroj meroonornjn, o crpane crpyunnx n onnamrennx nnna nnn oprannsannja. Y
cxnay ca onnm, neonxono je ocnnnane Arennnje o crpane nanexnor Mnnncrapcrna,
xoje n ce annno nocnonnma yrnphnnana naunna n meroa, xao n nsanana onnamrena sa
nponohene eneprercxnx npernea srpaa.
Hpnje nouerxa nponohena eneprercxor npernea, neonxono je npnxynnrn ocnonne
noarxe o srpan. Onmrn noann sa cnponohene npernea rnuy ce npnxynana noaraxa o
raunom pojy xopncnnxa, pojy n npcrn sacennx jennnna ynyrap srpae, crnapnoj
norpomnn eneprnje, nonpmnnn n sanpemnnn rpnjanor npocropa srpae. Hope onnx
noaraxa, norpeno je npnxynnrn n noarxe o camoj srpan (noxannja, opjenrannja, ronna
303
nsrpane) na ocnony xojnx je moryhe npernocrannrn xapaxrepncrnune enemenre nancxor
omoraua, xao n eneprercxnm cncremnma n ypehajnma xoje je norpeno npernearn n
anannsnparn.
Osnpom a je y npaxcn uecr cnyuaj nenocrojana rexnnuxe oxymenrannje, nnn a ona
oxymenrannja ne oronapa crnapnom nsneenom crany (moryha nojana naxnannx nsmjena
na srpaama npnnnxom rpahena nnn naxon sanpmerxa paona), nnn xaa nocrojn onpanana
cymna y raunocr onnx noaraxa, neonxono je nponohene mjepena xojnma ce nponjepana
nnno nsnpmennx nsmjena y onocy na ocrynny oxymenrannjy. Bpmene onnx xonrpona je
nrno ns pasnora ynomena raunnx ynasnnx napamerapa neonxonnx sa npopauyn
repmnuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa enemenara nancxor omoraua n rexnnuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa
eneprercxnx cncrema.
Yxonnxo ce ns nocrojehe rexnnuxe oxymenrannje ne moxe ca cnrypnomhy yrnpnrn
cacran enemenara nancxor omoraua srpae, moryhe je npernocrannrn one enemenre, na
ocnony ncxycrnennx casnana n nepnoa nsrpane, xao n npnnaajyhe xoe]nnnjenre
nponasa ronnore sa nojenne njenone. Haxo nnje oanesno, npenopyuyje ce nponecrn
oarna mjepena, nn]panpnenom repmorpa]njom, xaxo n ce one npernocranxe nponjepnne,
n ncnnrane enenryanne nenpannnnocrn nsneennx enemenara xoje mory nrno yrnnarn na
onomene saxyuaxa y enerercxom nsnjemrajy.
Meroonornja nponohena eneprercxor npernea onymra nponohene mjepena ronnornnx
rynraxa xopnmrenem nn]panpnene repmorpa]nje, mjepene njerponenponycnocrn,
mjepene ornopa nponasy ronnore, xao n mjepene rynraxa y cncremnma rpnjana, xnahena,
xnnmarnsannje n nenrnnannje. [1]
Hpnmjenom onnx mjepena moryhe je, xnannrarnnnom meroom y cxnay ca naxehnm
mehynaponnm cranapom (ISO 6781: Tonnorna nsonannja - Knannrarnnno orxpnnane
ronnornnx nenpannnnocrn y npocropnma srpae) yrnpnrn nenpannnnocrn yce
omrehena y nancxom omorauy, nocrojane repmnuxnx mocrona, nocrojane mjecra nonehane
nnaxnocrn n mjecra njerponponycnocrn nancxor omoraua. Cama meroa ne moxe ce
npnmjennnarn sa opehnnane nnnoa repmnuxe nsonannje n njerponenponycnocrn. [2]
2 TEOPETCKA OCHOBA
Hn]panpnena repmorpa]nja y ocnonn npecrana erexnnjy ronnornor (nn]panpnenor)
spauena xoje emnryje nexn ojexar n npenohene ror spauena y ycxom oxy nnnny
cnnxy, repmorpam. Ha camom repmorpamy je raa moryhe younrn nonpmnne xoje emnryjy
pasnnunry xonnunny ronnore (remneparypne anomannje).
Osnpom na npncryn mjepeny n opan noaraxa nn]panpnena repmorpa]nja ce njenn
na xnannrarnnny n xnanrnrarnnny. Ko xnannrarnnne repmorpa]nje ce nocmarpa
remneparypna cnnxa, repmorpam, camo y cmncny ynopehnnana remneparypnnx nnnoa, ox
xnanrnrarnnna repmorpa]nja aje xao pesynrar crnapny remneparypy na nonpmnnn
nocmarpanor ojexra. [5]
Cam npenoc ronnore npecrana sajennuxn nojam sa npenoc ronnore nponohenem,
xonnexnnjom n spauenem, xojn ce janajy nesanncno jean o pyror.
Hponohenem ce ronnora ynyrap rnjena npenocn ca uecrnne na uecrnny
nnrepmonexynapnnm ejcrnom n npecrana jennn naunn npenoca ronnore ynyrap
unpcrnx rnjena. Onaxan naunn npenomena ronnore sanncn o cnojcrna marepnjana,
xoe]nnnjenra nponohena ronnore () n enne (d), onocno yxnne nyra xojn nponasn
304
ronnora. Ha mjecrnma npomjene xoe]nnnjenra npononnocrn n/nnn enne mnjena ce
repmnuxa cnnxa, sor pasnnunror nponohena ronnore. Hcnnrnnana ]acaa srpaa n
xoncrpyxnnja pannnx xponona npme ce xopncrehn ony oconny npenomena ronnore.
Konnexnnjom ce ronnora npenocn ca reunocrn nnn raca na unpcro rnjeno, nnn opnyro.
Ona oconna npenoca ronnore moxe ce cmarparn nenononnm ]axropom, jep moxe a
yrnue na cmanene remneparype nonpmnne ncnnrnor ysopxa (nojauanem crpyjana nasyxa
nnresnnnpa ce xnahene nonpmnne sna, mro rpea ysern y osnp npnnnxom nsnohena
repmorpa]cxor cnnmana).
3pauenem ce npenoc ronnore npmn enexrpomarnercxnm ranacnma, rj npenoc ronnore ce
ocrnapyje es marepnjannnx npmnnana npenoca. Ha repmorpamy ce n erexryje camo
ronnora npennjera spauenem ca ojexra na ojexrnn xamepe. Konnunna npenecene
ronnorne eneprnje (E) y onom cnyuajy sanncn o remneparype ojexra (T) n emncnnnocrn
nonpmnne ojexra (). Konnunna npenecene ronnorne eneprnje e]nnncana je Bre]an-
Fonnmanonnm (Stefan-Boltzmann) saxonom [4]
E=
4


(1)
rje je:
- Bre]an-Fonnmanona xoncranra: 5,67X10
-8
W/m
2
K
xoe]nnnjenr emncnnnocrn: cnoconocr rnjena a spaun, sanncn o npcre marepnjana n
crana sanpanocrn.
Onaj saxon noxasyje eneprnjy xojy rnjeno spaun n xoja moxe a ce orxpnje xamepom. Axo
ce ncnpanno nsnpmn cnnmane n ynece rauna npnjenocr , xamepa npepauynana
remneparypy cnnmane nonpmnne. Tpea nanomenyrn, a je opehnnane raune nennunne y
npaxcn nponemarnuno, napounro sa marepnjane mane emncnnnocrn (axap, anymnnnjym),
na ce sa one marepnjane ne npenopyuyje xnanrnrarnnna npcra ncnnrnnana.
2.1 M1EPEHE HAPAMETAPA HA AHHY M1ECTA 3A HPOPAHYH U-
KOEmHHH1EHTA OMOTAHA
Hpnnnxom mjepena repmnuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa enemenara nancxor omoraua srpae,
npennsnocr camnx mjepena je remxo nsnecrn sor npomjennnnx ]axropa xao mro cy
npomjena nenne remneparype, sarpnjanane yce cynuenor spauena, njerpa nr.
Hpnjenor je a ce onaxna mjepena npme penarnnno jenocrannom meroom sa anannsy
nep]opmancn repmnuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa ynorpeom nn]panpnene repmorpa]nje,
mjepenem ynyrpamne remneparype na nonpmnnn enemenra n xoe]nnnjenra nponasa
ronnore nonpmnne enemenra.
Meroa sa mjepene na nnny mjecra nomohy onpeme xoja xopncrn xoe]nnnjenr nponasa
ronnore nnje ynnjex moryha yce nennxor poja orpannuena. Anrepnarnnna meroa je
mjepene nn]panpnenom repmorpa]njom.
Hponas ronnore npecrana onoc nsmehy yxynne xonnunne ronnore xoja npohe xpos
enemenr no jennnnn npemena n pasnnxe nsmehy ynyrpamne n nancxe remneparype:
P = Q / t [W/m
2
] (2)
305
rje je:
P yxynna eneprnja xoja npohe xpos enemenr
Q yxynna xonnunna ronnore xoja npohe xpos enemenr
t jennnna npemena
ns uera cnnjen a je:
U = P/ (TintTout) [W/m
2
K] (3)
rje je:
Tint ynyrpamna remneparypa (K)
Tout nancxa remneparypa (K)
Yxynna eneprnja ce, yce nponasa ronnore xpos enemenr npexo nancxe nonpmnne
enemenra ryn nponohenem, xonnexnnjom n spauenem. Iynrax nponohenem ce moxe
sanemapnrn, na y rom cnyuajy ce y osnp moxe ysern cneeha ]opmyna:
P = 5.7674 ctot ((Ti/100)4 - (Tout/100)4) + 3.8054v (TiTout) [W/m
2
] (4)
ns uera cnnjen a je:
U = (5.7674 ctot ((Ti/100)4 - (Tout/100)4) + 3.8054v (TiTout)) /( TintTout) [W/m
2
K] (5)
rje je:
ctot yxynna emncnnnocr
Ti ynyrpamna remneparypa na nonpmnnn enemenra (K)
Tout nancxa remneparypa nasyxa (K)
Tint ynyrpamna remneparypa nasyxa y npocropnjn (K)
v psnna njerpa (m/s)
Cne naneene napamerpe, nsysen psnne njerpa, moryhe je mjepnrn ynorpeom
nn]panpnene xamepe, na je n rpemxe npnnnxom mjepena moryhe cnecrn na najmany moryhy
mjepy. [6]
4 HPHM1EHA METOE HHmPAHPBEHE TEPMOIPAmH1E
Hpn anannsn crana enemenara nancxor omoraua srpae ca acnexra eneprercxe
e]nxacnocrn moryhe je xopncrnrn meroy repmorpa]cxor cnnmana nnrensnrera
repmnuxor spauena y nn]panpnenom nopyujy. Haxon nsnpmenor mjepena, anannsom
306
sannca repmorpama, moryhe je onrn nn]opmannje o pacnojenn remneparype na
nonpmnnn nocmarpanor ojexra. [7]
Kopnmrenem one meroe moryhe je orxpnrn neocrarxe y enemenrnma nancxor omoraua
srpae, xao mro cy: nexomorenocr sna, nencnpannocr nnn nenocrojane repmnuxe
nsonannje (cnnxa 1 n 2), nojana nnaxnnx mjecra, nponemn pannnx xponona, repmnuxn
mocronn (cnnxa 3), mjecra njerponponycnocrn, nponymrane nncranannja rpnjana n
cannrapne noe y cnojennma noa nnn sna. [8]

C.ura 1 - Hpu+fep mep+oepaqcroe cuu+ra eancroe suoa, roucmpyrufa
suoa: ao suo- mep+ouso.aufa ao suo; ueoocmamar uso.aufe y c.ofeeu+a
suoa +oeyhe fe yo:umu mer uarou usepueuoe cuu+ana uuqpapeeuo+ ra+epo+

C.ura 2 - Hpu+fep mep+oepaqcroe cuu+ra eancroe suoa, npu+fep
oreupue opeeue roucmpyrufe, ueoocmamar uso.aufe fe npeocmae+eu
ceufem.ufo+ oofo+
C.ura 3 - Hpu+fep mep+oepaqcroe cuu+ra eancroe suoa,
npuras oemerufe mep+u:roe +ocma
307
Hojana mjecra njerponponycnocrn y srpan (cnnxa 4) onon o nonehana norpomne
eneprnje, yspoxyje nponeme ca cncremnma sa njemrauxy nenrnnannjy, xao n nonehane
nnaxnocrn y xoncrpyxnnjama. 3a youanane mjecra njerponponycnocrn neonxono je
oesnjenrn norpeny pasnnxy ynyrpamne n nancxe remneparype, xao n pasnnxy y
ynyrpamnem n armoc]epcxom npnrncxy, sa mra je neonxono ony meroy npnmjennnarn
ca pyrnm meroama, na npnmjep recr nponycnocrn nasyxa srpaa (Blower Door recr).
Kopnmrenem nn]panpnene xamepe moryhe je openrn xapaxrepncrnune opacne nojane
crpyjana xnanor nasyxa y xoncrpyxnnjn. Tepmorpa]cxo cnnmane ce y onom cnyuajy
oanesno nsnon y nopyujy nerarnnnor npnrncxa.

C.ura 4 - Ha c.uu fe npurasau npu+fep nponyumana easoyxa us+ehy cmpona
u rpoeuoe nposopa, yc+eo ueooeo+ue sanmueeuocmu cnofa.
Hojana nnare yce njerponponycnocrn enemenara y srpan, nnn nypena noe y
nncranannjama cannrapne noe n rpnjana (cnnxa 5), onon o nonehana xonensannje y
enemenrnma xoncrpyxnnje srpae, re na raj naunn onon o ypsane nojane omrehena n
nponaana onnx enemenara. Kopnmrenem one meroe moryhe je cnpononrn npenxrnnno
opxanane ojexara, xaxo n ce morna npanonpemeno younrn nojana anomannja n
cnpnjeunrn osnnnja omrehena y rpahennncxnm enemenrnma ojexara.

C.ura 5 - Ha c.uu fe npurasau npu+fep oumehena e.e+euama cucme+a
noouoe epufana rao u nofaea e.aee y c.ofeeu+aa nooa rao noc+eoua
308
Haxon nsnpmennx cnnmana neonxono je ypanrn sanpmnn nsnjemraj o nponeennm
mjepennma (cnnxa 6),, xojn ce nsnon naxon anannse repmorpa]cxnx cnnmaxa n onjennx
pesynrara sa cna anannsnpana mjecra. Y nsnjemrajy je neonxono nanecrn onnce
nponeennx mjepena, xao n cnpxy n nnene nponeennx anannsa, re yrnpnrn youene
nenpannnnocrn, xao n nnxon onm.
C.ura 6 Hpu+fep usepueuoe mep+oepaqcroe usefeumafa
5 HPEHOCTH H OIPAHHHEHA
Mjepene U-npnjenocrn nyrem nn]panpnene repmorpa]nje nma ne ocnonne snauajne
npenocrn. Hpnje cnera, naxno je narnacnrn a ona meroa ne npecrana cacnnm rauan n
npennsan naunn mjepena, ann ysnma y osnp unrany nonpmnny cnnmanor enemenra. Ha
onaj naunn cne nonpmnne ca yraunjnm repmnuxnm xoe]nnnjenrom nponasa ronnore ce
mory sanemapnrn (repmnuxn mocronn, nopyuja nonehane nnaxnocrn, nr.). Taxohe, nrna
xapaxrepncrnxa one meroe je psnna nsnohena mjepena, xao n naxo n pso ounranane
noaraxa, xao n nsnohene mjepena y peannom npemeny, xao n nsnohene mjepena
ecxonraxrnom meroom n na anny.
309
Ocnonna orpannuena nesana sa nsnohene mjepena cy mro je mjepene najoe nsnonrn
y roxy neuepn, xaxo n ce nsjerno npexrno cynueno spauene n na raj naunn oarno
sarpnjanane cnnmane nonpmnne. Cnnmane je najnononnje nsnonrn y nepnoy nsmehy
3:00 4:00 cara yjyrpo, xaa je maxcnmanna paasnnxa nsmehy ynyrpamne n nancxe
remneparype. Taxohe, npnnnxom cnnmana rpea nonrn pauyna a psnna njerpa mopa
nrn ncno 1 m/s, xaxo n ce nsjerao e]exar naxonrponncane xonnexnnje yce
nojauanor crpyjana nasyxa. Enemenrn nancxor omoraua mopajy nmarn onony xonnunny
axymynnpane ronnore roxom nperxonnx ana, rj. najmane 48 h npnje cnnmana norpeno
je opxanarn mnnnmanny ynyrpamny remneparypy npocropa o 20C, ca cynuannm
npemenom es xnme n njerpa.
Ha xpajy, nocene orpannuene ce jana y norney nocrojana pasnnxe nsmehy
ynyrpamne n nancxe remneparype o 10-15C, xaxo n ce omoryhnno mjepene nsmjene
ronnore xpos enemenr, re ce ns onor pasnora npenopyuyje nsnohene mjepena camo y
snmcxom nepnoy. [7]
5 3AKYHAK
Hponohene eneprercxor npernea srpaa cnnmanem meroom nn]panpnene
repmorpa]nje moryhe je na ps n e]nxacan naunn openrn rpahennncxe n repmnuxe
xapaxrepncrnxe enemenara nancxor omoraua n eneprercxnx cncrema ynyrap srpae, ann
ncronpemeno nocrojn nponem moryhnocrn necrpyunor nponohena mjepena, mro moxe
onecrn o norpemnnx pesynrara camor mjepena n norpemnnx anannsa repmorpama.
Moryhnocr ecxonraxrnor n anncxor cnnmana remneparypnor noa nonpmnne
nocmarpanor ojexra nyn npenocrn y onocy na xnacnune meroe (meroa mjepena
nponasa ronnore Heat flowmeter method HFM [1]) anannse enemenara nancxor
omoraua. E]nxacna npnmjena meroe je moryha na nocrojehnm srpaama npnnnxom
nponohena eneprercxor npernea, ann ncro raxo je moryhe neno xopnmrene na nonnm
srpaama, xao n srpaama no samrnrom, ysnmajyhn y osnp neecrpyxrnnan naunn
nponohena mjepena.
Hpnmjenom one meroe moryhe je, xnannrarnnnom meroom y cxnay ca naxehnm
mehynaponnm cranapom (ISO 6781: Tonnorna nsonannja - Knannrarnnno orxpnnane
ronnornnx nenpannnnocrn y npocropnma srpae) yrnpnrn nenpannnnocrn yce
omrehena y nancxom omorauy, nocrojane repmnuxnx mocrona, nocrojane mjecra nonehane
nnaxnocrn n mjecra njerponponycnocrn nancxor omoraua. Cama meroa ne moxe ce
npnmjennnarn sa opehnnane nnnoa repmnuxe nsonannje n njerponenponycnocrn, n
xopnmrene camo one meroe, es ae anannse, nnn xomnnannje ca pyrnm meroama, ne
moxe yrnpnrn yspoxe nnn crenen youennx neocraraxa. [2]
Taxohe, npn cnponoheny eneprercxor npernea, neonxono je npononrn onaj nponec y
cxnay ca npnsnarnm cranapnma n nopmama, xaxo n ce oesnjennn noysann
pesynrarn, re na raj naunn omoryhnno oprannsonano n crpyuno cnponohene mjepa
noomana eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn srpaa.
310
AHTEPATYPA
[1] ISO 9869:1994, Thermal insulation - Building elements - In-situ measurement of thermal
resistance and thermal transmittance
[2] ISO 6781:1983, Thermal insulation - Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in
building envelopes - Infrared method
[3] . Iajnh, .Tooponnh, Onona omoraua nocrojehnx srpaa opasonana ca acnexra
npnjenocrn U xoe]nnnjenra, 3opnnx paona c nayuno- crpyunor cxyna Apxnrexrypa n
Ypannsam, Ipahennnapcrno, Ieoesnja Jyue,anac, Cyrpa, Fana Hyxa, 2011.
[4] Kai ild, Volfgang M. Vilems, Ipahennncxa ]nsnxa - npnpyunnx - eo 1, (Ipahennncxa
xnnra, 2008)
[5] I.Mannh, Ocnonnn npnnnnnn nn]panpnene repmorpa]nje, crpyunn pa,
UDK/UDC:620.179.13
[6] R. Albatici,, A. M. Tonelli, On site evaluation of U-value of opaque building elements:
a new methodology, PLEA 2008 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture,
Dublin, 22nd to 24th October 2008
[7] www.irinfo.org/standards_application_standards.html
[8] Therma CAM b60 Operators manual
311
Ceemosap.Mu.euroeuh
1
, Bu+aua Aoo.+acoe
2
, Bpauro Je.ucaea
1
, B.aoema Byfauuh
1
KAH3HmTE YMKA HPBH GNSS MOHHTOPHHI
HPO1EKAT Y CPBH1H
Pesu+e:
Y mapry 2010. ro. nocranen je nornyno ayromarnsonan IHCC monnropnnr cncrem
na xnnsnmry Ymxa nope Feorpaa. Ycnocranane ayromarcxor IHCC monnropnnr
cncrema npnn nyr y Cpnjn nmano je sa nn npahene nomepana axrnnnor xnnsnmra y
nepnoy xaa nnje nocrojano ]nnancnjxnx moryhnocrn sa ycnocranane nnrerpn-
canor cncrema monnropnnra ca oarnnm nnxnnnomerapcxnm, nnjesomerapcxnm n
pyrnm ypehajnma n onpemom sa xonnennnonannn monnropnnr xnnsnmra. Anannsa
npnnx pesynrara onjennx ayromarcxnm ocmarpanem nomepana xnnsnmra sa
nepno o mapra 2010. o jyna 2011. ronne noxasana je a cy nomepana yrnannom
xonrnnyanna n a xymynarnnno nsnoce 54 cm.
K+yuue peuu: GNSS, +ouumopuue y pea.uo+ epe+euy, r.usuuma
LANDSLIDE UMKA - FIRST GNSS MONITORING
PROJECT IN SERBIA
Summary:
In March 2010, a completely automated monitoring system was installed at the Umka
landslide near Belgrade. Establishing the automatic GPS monitoring system for the
first time in Serbia on the landslide Umka had a goal to monitor the movements of the
landslide during the period when there were no financial possibilities of establishing
an integrated monitoring system. Automatic upload/download of files of recorded data
has been pre-set at every 12
h
, while GSM modem for communication was used for the
remote control and download of data Calculations of 2D and 3D coordinates of the
monitoring station every 12
h
and 24
h
was programmed from both reference stations of
Belgrade and Lazarevac, as well as the control.
Key words: GNSS, real time monitoring, landslide

1
Hucmumym sa nymeee, 3aeoo sa eeomexuury, Beoepao, Cpoufa
2
Vuueepsumem y Beoepaoy, Pyoapcro-eeo.ouru qary.mem, Beoepao, Cpoufa

312
1 YBO
Ocnonnn nn nennxor ena ncrpaxnnana xnnsnmra je npojexronane oronapajyhnx
canannonnx mepa xojnma n ce rpajno nocrnrna crannnocr repena. Hs ror pasnora najnehn
poj ncrpaxnnana ycmepen je na yrnphnnane ycnona nacranxa, yspoxa axrnnnpana, reomer-
pnje xnnsnmra n ]nsnuxo-mexannuxnx xapaxrepncrnxa crencxnx maca saxnahennx nponecom,
onocno napamerapa ornopnocrn na cmnnane y sonn came xnnsne nonpmn. Monnropnnr
xnnsnmra jecre cacrannn eo n neoma nran enemenr ncrpaxnnauxor nponeca. Mehyrnm, y
npaxcn, najuemhe pesynrnpa nexonrnnyannnm nnn npexparxnm npemencxnm nnrepnannma
ocmarpana, neooronapajyhoj nnn nexomnnernoj onpemn, mro cne y xpajnem onon o
neononor poja noysannx noaraxa o napamerpnma xojn ce roxom monnropnnra npare.
Pasnnunrn censopn n onpema (nnesomerpn, nnxnnnomerpn, excrensnomerpn, xnmomepne
crannne n p.), xojn ce xopncre y monnropnnry xnnsnma nopasymenajy n rpannnonanne
reoercxe meroa monnropnnra xnnsnmra (rj. ocmarpana nomohy penepa). Ko cnnx
axrnnnnx xnnsnmra onn npecranajy mnnnmym neonxone onpeme xoja omoryhana onjane
pasnnunrnx npcra noaraxa neonxonnx sa ynosnanane nnamnxe n mexannsma xperana
xnnsnmra, mro je raxohe jean o npeycnona sa npojexronane ycnemnnx canannonnx mepa.
Y npnmenn reoercxor monnropnnra xnnsnmra xopncre ce najuemhe repecrpnuxe meroe
mepena npocropnnx yxnna, xopnsonrannnx n neprnxannnx yrnona xao n meroe carennrcxor
opehnnana xoopnnara n xoopnnarnnx pasnnxa. Pasnoj xomepnnjannnx nncrpymenara n
onpeme sa GNSS (Global Navigation Satelite System) monnropnnr xnnsnmra y peannom
npemeny noueo je npe ecerax ronna. Ocnonne npnnnnne paa n moryhnocr npnmene na
xnnsnmry Vallcebre y Bnannjn onncao je Gili n p. (2000). Tecrnpane npennsnocrn paa
nncrpymenara n monnropnnra ca GNSS censopnma opano je Manetti n p. (2002, a, ).
Homepana na xnnsnmry Super-Sauze y upannycxoj npahena cy npexo GNSS censopa n
xonnennnonannnm reoercxnm meroama re cy pesynrarn ynopene anannse npnxasann y
pay Malet et al (2002). Coe n p. (2003) ann cy pesynrare npahena cesoncxnx nomepana
xnnsnmra Slumgullion y USA sa nepno 1998-2002 npexo GPS censopa n pyrnx reorex-
nnuxnx nncrpymenara. Hope excnepnmenrannnx pesynrara mepena nomepana xnnsnmra
Yan-Xiakou y Knnn (Zhou i dr., 2005) onncane cy npenocrn xopnmhena GPS cncrema y
onocy na xonnennnonanne reoercxe meroe, a yjeno je recrnpana npennsnocr n raunocr
onjennx mepena. Y paonnma Mora n p. (2003) n Baldi n p. (2008) onncane cy npenocrn
monnropnnra xnnsnmra xomnnonanem ]ororpamerpnjcxnx meroa n GPS censopa. Y pay
Bruckl n p. (2006) ara je npenocr xopnmhena GNSS censopa sa npahene nomepana
yoxnx xnnsnmra unja je psnna xperana na ropnoj rpannnn neoma cnopnx nomepana na
npnmepy xnnsnmra Gradenbach y Aycrpnjn. Hpnn nnrerpncann cncrem npahena nomepana
ycnocranen je na xnnsnmry Valoria y Hrannjn (Bartocini n p., 2009). Hope npahena GPS
censopnma nomepana nocranenn cy n pojnn nnxnnnomerpn, nnesomerpn n excrensno-
merpn unjn cy noann raxohe nornyno nnn nnrerpncann y anncxn cncrem opae
noaraxa y peannom npemeny. Y pay Barla n p. (2010) cy onncane moryhnocrn n npeno-
crn xopnmhena xomnnonannx cncrema monnropnnra na xnnsnmry Beauregard y Hrannjn.
Mansour n p. (2011) noceno je ncraxao npenocr xopnmhena GNSS rexnonornje sa
npahene nomepana n e]opmannja na nonpmnnn repena xo nennxnx n cnopnx xnnsnmra.
Hecymnnno je a cy y nocnennx ecerax ronna GNSS cncremn monnropnnra
recrnpann na nnme noxannja y cnery n a cy y mnornm paonnma nosnrnnno onenene
npenocrn anncxor cncrema monnropnnra y penanom npemeny xnnsnmra pasnnunrnx
mexannsama n nnamnxe y onocy na xonnennnonanne reoercxe meroe. Y onom pay he
nrn npnxasane xapaxrepncrnxe, npnn pesynrarn n youene npenocrn GNSS monnropnnra
xnnsnmra Ymxa y peannom npemeny.
313
2 MATEPH1AA H METOE
2.1 Ieoe1cxn uonn1opnnr y peannou npeueny
Meroe carennrcxor opehnnana xoopnnara n xoopnnarnnx pasnnxa xopncre ce xo
rnnnunnx nncrpymenara rpyne reoercxnx nncrpymenara npecranennx rorannnm
crannnama n carennrcxnm GNSS npnjemnnnnma. Ocnonnn npnnnnn paa je rexnonornja
sacnonana na carennrcxom nosnnnonnpany, re npnjemnnnn npare n opahyjy cnrnane ca
carennrcxnx cncrema n npnmenom xomnnexcnnx anropnrama opehyjy xoopnnarne
pasnnxe nsmehy rauaxa ca mnnnmerapcxom npennsnomhy (Cnnxa 1).
C.ura 1- Le+amcru npuras paoa GNSS npufe+uura
Figure 1 - Schematic view of GNSS receiver
Ieoercxn monnropnnr GNSS npnjemnnnnma y peannom npemeny (real-time monitoring)
nopasymena a ce nrnrannn noann ca npnjemnnxa opahyjy nporpamcxn n a ce ca nesna-
rnnm npemencxnm saxamnenem onjajy noann o e]opmannjama na ojexry, rj. repeny
(Cnnxa 2). Ayromarnsonan cncrem nopasymena anncxo npahene nan ojexra xojn ce
nparn (y nenrpy sa npahene nnp.), xao n moryhnocr nynnxonana n xopnmhena noaraxa
npexo nnrepnera (Cnnxa 3). Y rom cnyuajy reoercxn monnropnnr nma ynory axrnnne
xomnonenre y monnropnnry xnnsnmra, onocno nponeca xnnxena.
C.ura 2 - Le+amcru npuras qyuruouucana aymo+amusoeauoe cucme+a sa +ouumopuue
r.usuuma y pea.uo+ epe+euy
Figure 2 - Schematic view of automated real time monitoring system
314
C.ura 3 - Le+amcru npuras +oeyhuocmu ropuuhena, mf. nyo.uroeana nooamara ca
mepeua ua uumepuemy.
Figure 2 - Schematic view of data presentation on the internet.
2.2 Knnsnm1e Yuxa
Knnsnmre Ymxa nanasn ce jyrosanano o Feorpaa y ncronmenom nacey, na rpacn
nyra M 19 (Cnnxa 4) n na rpacn npojexronanor ayronyra Feorpa-Jyxnn Japan E 763, na
eonnnn II cexropa 1 o Feorpaa o nra y yxnnn 7+800 10+700 km. Y nepnoy o
1977 o 2005 ronne xnnsnmre je y nnme nanpara erano ncrpaxeno, xaxo sa pasnnunre
nnnoe nnannpana, raxo n sa pasnnunre nnnoe npojexronana, re je nnreparypa neoma
onmna. Hocnena ncrpaxnnana n monnropnnr xnnsnmra npmenn cy roxom ncrpaxnnana
sa Hejnn Hpojexar ayro nyra E 763 roxom 2005 ronne. Tom npnnnxom ypahen je nennxn
poj ncrpaxnnx ymornna, yrpahena cy 33 nnxnnnomerapa, 20 nensomerapa n ypahena 2
ncrpaxna oxna (Hejnn npojexar ayronyra E 763, eonnna 2: Ymxa Openonan, Hncrnryr
sa nyrene a., Feorpa, 2005).
C.ura 4 - Ieoepaqcru no.o+af r.usuuma V+ra
Figure 4 - Geographic location of Umka landslide
Knnsnmre Ymxa je jeno o najnehnx axrnnnnx xnnsnmra y Cpnjn. Onnxa je rpoyrnacre
nenese, yxnne ys nanny oxo 900 m, mnpnne y noxnnn oxo 1450 m, yxynne nonpmnne
100 ha, npoceune ynne 14 m n sanpemnne 14 000 000 m
3
. Hanna je npoceunor narna 9.
Heno xpnno xnnsnmra oxonrypyje ueonn oxnax nncnne o 25 m. ecno xpnno xnnsnmra
nema nspasnrn cxox. Heno reno xnnsnmra ncnpecenano je pojnnm cexynapnnm oxnnnma
nncnne o 1.0 m o 10. 0 m. omnnanrny ynory y reonomxoj rpahn repena nmajy nanoncxn
cenmenr, rj.npamnnacro-rnnnonnrn macnnnn cnnn nanopn (M
3
2
L), enne npexo 200 m
315
n nanoponnre rnnne (M
3
2
GL), enne 10-25 m. Mnahn, xnaprapnn cenmenrn unne
penarnnno ranax noxpnnau neorennm cenmenrnma n enne cy o 2-15 m (noxanno n o
20 m). Ienesa xnnsnmra je ocnm reonomxe npencnonnpanocrn xonraxrom nsmehy
]nsnuxo-xemnjcxn pacnanyrnx n erpanpannx rnnnonnrnx nanopa n cnexnx nanopa,
ycxo nonesana ca eposnjom ecne oane n enonynnjom meanpa Cane. Y canpemennm
ycnonnma nerarnnan je n nspasnr anrpnorenn yrnnaj (Jenncanan n p., 2006). Ha ocnony
pesynrara ncrpaxnnana H monnropnnr xnnsnmra roxom 2005 ronne unran npocrop
xnnsnmra Ymxa n yoxo je noeen na 6 noxona pasnnunrnx mexannsama n nnamnxe
xnnxena. Knnsnmre Ymxa noeeno je na 3 noxa, A, B n C (Cnnxa 5).
C.ura 5 - Cumyaufa r.usuuma V+ra u yooro ca nooe.o+ ua o.oroee saeucuo oo
+exauus+a u ouua+ure r.usana u no.o+afe+ GNSS npufe+uura
Figure 5 Layout map of Umka landslide with marked blocks due to mechanism and dynamics
of sliding and position of the GNSS receiver
Fnrno je nanomenyrn a cy roxom 2005. ronne nnxnnnomerapcxnm mepennma najye
xnnsne nonpmn ycranonene y noxy A (o 26 m), ox cy y noxy B nne npomennne, o 4 o
21 m. H y jenom n y pyrom noxy y nepno o mapra o maja 2005 ronne nsmepena cy
nomepana o oxo 6 cm (Cnnxa 6). Ha ocnony ocaamnnx ncrpaxnnana xnnsnmre Ymxa cnaa
y yoxa, cnopa o npno cnopa axrnnna xnnsnmra.
C.ura 6 - Hur.uuo+emapcra +epena y o.ory A (Bi-11) u y o.ory B (Bi-20) y nepuoo +apm-+af 05 e.
Figure 6 Inclinometer displacements Block A A (Bi-11) and block B (Bi-20) Marc-May 2005.
316
Haxon 2005 ronne ncrpaxnnana n monnropnnr nncy npmenn, nnrn cy cnponeene
canannone mepe. Fpojnn nnxnnnomerpn n nnesomerpn cy sor nennxnx nomepana roxom
2005 ronne ocrann nornyno nan ynorpee. Knnsnmre Ymxa je n ae axrnnno xnnsnmre ca
nnnnnm e]opmannjama na nyry M-19 n noxannnm cramennm ojexrnma (Cnnxa 7).
C.ura 7 - eqop+aufe ua nymy M-19 u ua cma+oeuu+ oofermu+a
(qomo B. Aoo.+acoe, 2009, 2011)
Figure 7 Road M-19 and house deformations
(foto B.Abolmasov, 2009, 2011)
2.3 Me1oa GNSS uonn1opnnra xnnsnm1a Yuxa
Hn ycnocranana GNSS monnropnnr cncrema je no a ce ca penarnnno nncxom
nenom npare nomepana y noxy B xnnsnmra Ymxa sa xora je n nnsyenna nponena na nyry
M-19 n oxonnnm cramennm ojexrnma noxasnnana cranne e]opmannje. Hncy nocrojane
moryhnocrn a ce ycnocrann nnme GNSS censopa, nnrn a ce oarna onpema
(nnxnnnomerpn, excrencnomerpn, nnjesomerpn nnn xnmomepna crannna) nonexe y neo
cncrem monnropnnra.
Y mapry 2010 ronne nocranen je nornyno ayromarnsonan monnropnnr cncrem na
xnnsnmry Ymxa y reny xnnsnmra y noxy B (Cnnxa 5). Monnropnnr crannna je nocranena
na xpony ojexra (Cnnxa 8a) sa xora ce nponennno a ne omoryhnrn necmeran pa onpeme.
3a crannne rauxe npeysere cy ne pe]epenrne rauxe Feorpa n Hasapenan (Cnnxa 9).
Hocranen je no]pexnenrnn GPS Hpnjemnnx Leica SR530 & AT502 ca npahenem n
perncrpannjom carennrcxnx onaxana na 30 cexynn (Cn. 8b). Ayromarcxo npeysnmane
]ajnona perncrponannx noaraxa noemeno je na cnaxnx 12 carn (Cn. 10), ox je sa
anncxy xonrpony n npeysnmane noaraxa xopncnen GSM moem sa xomynnxannjy, c
osnpom a je nnrepner nesa nna nomer xnannrera. Hpojexronano je pauynane 2D n 3D
xoopnnara monnropnnr crannne na 12
h
n 24
h
ca oe pe]epenrne crannne Feorpa n
Hasapenan, xao xonrponnn monnropnnr oe crannne. 3a real time and post processing
analysis xopnmhen je Leica GNSS Spider software.
317
C.ura 8 - a) Aumeua GNSS npeoafuura ua rpoey ooferma u
b) GNSS npeoafuur, +ooe+ sa ro+yuuraufy, uanafane
Figure 8 - a) GNSS Antena on the roof b) GNSS transmiter, modem and power supply
C.ura 9 - Apxumermypa cucme+a sa +ouumopuue r.usuuma V+ra - .eeo onpe+a
peqepeumuux cmauua Beoepao u Hasapeea, oecuo onpe+a +ouumopuue cmauue V+ra
Figure 9 Monitoring system architecture left: referent stations Belgrade and Layarevac,
right: Monitoring station Umka
3. PE3YATATH H HCKYCH1A
Anannsa pesynrara onjennx ayromarcxnm ocmarpanem nomepana xnnsnmra sa
nepno o 28. mapra 2010. o 14. anrycra 2011. ronne noxasana je a cy nomepana
xonrnnyanna n a xymynarnnno nsnoce 58 cm (2D n 3D njarpam nomepana) (Cnnxa 10,
12). Hocroje na snauajna npexna y mepeny o 25.07.2010. o 20.09.2010. ronne n o
30.01.2011. o 20.05.2011. Oa nyra je pecrapronan cncrem n nsnpmena je xannpannja
mepne onpeme. Hpnn sacroj y mepeny je no sor xnapa na onpemn re je GSM modem
samenen. pyrn npexn je nacrao ycne ncxyuena onpeme sor paona na ynyrpamnem
ypeheny ojexra. Haxon 20. maja 2011. nonono je ycnocranen nornyno ayromarnsonan
GNSS monnropnnr cncrem y peannom npemeny.
318
C.ura 10 - ufaepa+ 2D no+epana sa nepuoo +apm 2010. - aeeycm 2011.
Figure 10 - 2D displacements in period March 2010 - August 2011.
C.ura 11 - ufaepa+ 2D no+epana sa nepuoo +apm 2010 - aeeycm 2010 ca saoe.e+euu+
rpemane+ oo 2 cm y mory oaua 21.07.2010.
Figure 11 - 2D displacements in period March 2010 - August 2010. with 2cm marked
displacement on 21.07.2010.
319
Toxom ocmarpana saenexen je camo jean cxox xaa je omno o nomepana o oxo 2
cm sa jean an (21.07.2010) (Cnnxa 11). Taa je saenexeno n nynane orpae y nopnmry
ojexra. Pauynane 2D n 3D nomepana yxasyjy a je y nepnoy 30.01.2011.-20.05.2011.,
xaa nnje nno real-time mepena, nomepane nsnocnno nnme o 20 cm. Kperane ce noxnana
ca nponehnnm nepnoom xaa je sor naannna n nopacra nnnoa pexe Cane nsnoc nomepana
onnno nehn nero y pyrnm nepnonma ronne. Anannsa yrnnaja naannna n anannsa
nnnoa Cane sa ncrn nepno y xome je npmen GPS monnropnnr nnje ypahena c osnpom na
snauajny yaenocr najnnxnx mepnnx crannna.
C.ura 12 - ufaepa+ 3D no+epana +apm 2010. - aeeycm 2011.
Figure 12 - 3D displacements in period March 2010 - August 2011.
4 3AKYHAK
Ycnocranane ayromarcxor GNSS monnropnnr cncrema npnn nyr y Cpnjn na
xnnsnmry Ymxa nope Feorpaa nmano je sa nn npahene nomepana xnnsnmra y nepnoy
xaa nnje nocrojano ]nnancnjxnx moryhnocrn sa ycnocranane nnrerpncanor cncrema
monnropnnr. Jean GNSS ypehaj je neonoan sa npahene nomepana onor nennxor
noxoncxor xnnsnmra. Taxohe nencxycrno y pay ca GNSS monnropnnr cncremnma y
peannom npemeny n ocernnocr onpeme cy nnn pasnor sa nojenne npexne y mepeny,
mro he y napenom nepno nrn nsernyro. Hnannpano je a ce naxon one npne ronne
xaa je yjeno npmeno n recrnpane onpeme yrpan oarna onpema na xnnsnmry - jom
jean no]pexnenrnn n na jeno]pexnenrna GNSS npnjemnnxa, ayromarcxa xnmomepna
crannna, xao n no jena nnxnnnomerapcxa, rj. TDR onpema.
Ycnocranane nnrerpncanor cncrema monnropnnra ca cnnm censopnma xojn n no
oronapajyhn sa xnnsnmre Ymxa je jom ynex npno cxyno. Mehyrnm ncxycrna xoja cy creuena y
npnoj ronnn mepena jacno yxasyjy na noronocrn onaxnor cncrema monnropnnra, xao n na
norpey a ce xo nennxnx n yoxnx xnnsnmra ca cnoxennm mexannsmom xperana a xoja
cnaajy y cnopa xnnsnmra no psnnn nomepana, nope GNSS censopa yrpae n cranapnn
reorexnnuxn ypehajn. Camo na raj naunn je moryhe npmnrn xomnneran monnropnnr n onrn
pesynrare xojn ne nam nomohn y oem pasymenany mexannsma n nnamnxe xnnsnmra.
320
AHTEPATYPA
1. Baldi, P., Cenni, N., Fabris, M. & Zanutta, A. (2008). Kinematics of a landslide derived
from archival photogrammetry and GPS data. Geomorphology 102 (3-4): 435444.
2. Barla, G., Antolini, F., Barla, M., Mensi, E. & Piovano, G. (2010). Monitoring of the
Beauregard landslide (Aosta Valley, Italy) using advanced and conventional techniques.
Engineering Geology 116 (3-4): 218-235.
3. Bertacchini, E., Capitani, A., Capra, A., Castagnetti, C., Corsini, A., Dubbini, M.&
Ronchetti, F. (2009). Integrated Surveying System for Landslide Monitoring, Valoria
Landslide (Appennines of Modena, Italy). FIG Working Week 2009.Surveyors Key Role in
Accelerated Development, Eilat, Israel, 3-8 May 2009. TS 3F Tectonic Processes,
Landslides and Deformation Analysis.
URL:www.fig.net/pub/fig2009/ppt/ts03f/ts03f_bertachini_capra_etal_3343.pdf
4. Brckl, E., Brunner, F.K. & Kraus, K. (2006). Kinematics of a deepseated landslide
derived from photogrammetric, GPS and geophysical data. Engineering Geology 88 (3-4):
149159.
5. Coe, J.A., Ellis, W.L., Godt, J.W., Savage, W.Z., Savage, J.E., Michael, J.A., Kibler, J.D.,
Powers, P.S., Lidke, D.J. & Debray S. (2003). Seasonal movement of the Slumgullion
landslide determined from Global Positioning System surveys and field instrumentation,
July 1998March 2002. Engineering Geology 68 (1-2): pp 67-101.
6. Gili, J. A., Corominas, J. & Rius, J. (2000). Using Global Positioning System techniques in
landslide monitoring. Engineering Geology 55 (3): 167192.
7. Jelisavac, B., Milenkovic, S., Vujanic, V. & Mitrovic, P. (2006). Geotechnical
investigations and repair of the landslide Umka - Duboko on the route of motorway e-763
Belgrade SouthAadriatic. International Workshop-Prague Geotechnical Days, Prague,
2006. 8. Malet, J.P., Maquaire, O. & Calais, E. (2002). The use of Global Positioning System
techniques for the continuous monitoring of landslides: application to the Super-Sauze
earthflow (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France). Geomorphology 43 (1-2): 33 54.
9. Manetti, L., Terribilini, A. & Knecht, A. (2002) (a). Autonomous Remote Monitoring
System for Landslides. SPIE 9th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and
Materials. Smart Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems (ss03), 17-21.3.2002. San
Diego (CA), USA.Vol 4694, pp 230-235.
10. Manetti, L., Frapolli, M. & Knecht, A. (2002) (b). Permanent, autonomous monitoring of
landslide movements with GPS. 1st European Conference on Landslides, 24-26.6.2002
Prague, Czech Republic. pp 245- 249.
11. Mansour, M.F., Morgenstern, N. R. & Martin, C.D. (2011). Expected damage from
displacement of slow-moving slides. Landslides 8 (1): 117131.
12. Mora, P., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Fabris, M., Ghirottia, M., Mazzini, M., & Pesci, A. (2003).
Global Positioning Systems and digital photogrammetry for the monitoring of mass
movements: application to the Ca di Malta landslide (northern Apennines, Italy).
Engineering Geology 68 (1-2): 103121.
13. Zhou, P., Zhou, B., Guo, J., Li, D., Ding, Z. & Feng, Y. (2005). A Demonstrative GPS-
aided Automatic Landslide Monitoring System in Sichuan Province. Journal of Global
Positioning Systems 4 (1-2): 184-191.
321
Bu+aua Aoo.+acoe
1
, Mapro Hefuh
2
, Cue+aua 3e:eeuh
1
, B.aou+up Lyuuh
1
HPHMEHA 3D TEPECTPHHKOI AACEPKOI CKEHHPAHA
KOCHHE AETHA HO3OPHHHA Y BEOIPAY
Pesu+e:
Y pay je ar npnmep cxennpana repecrpnuxnm nacepcxnm cxenepom xocnne Herna
Hosopnnna y Feorpay, na nopyujy samrnhenor npnpono-reonomxor nacneha.
Hponec cnnmana je nsnpmen y rpn cepnje cxennpana, y pasnnunrnm pesonynnjama.
Hpno cxennpane je nsnpmeno ca pesonynnjom 5 cm / 30 m, pyro 1 cm / 30 m n
rpehe ca pesonynnjom 0.5 cm / 15 m. Hpnxynenn noann ce naxon ]nnrpnpana n
opae mory excnopronarn y nporpame, xao mro cy AutoCad nnn GIS, xojnma ce
omoryhana oarna opaa n nspaa pasnnunrnx moena. Y pay cy npnxasane
xapaxrepncrnxe n npenocrn ynohena LIDAR rexnonornje y nny onjana xna-
nnrernnx ronorpa]cxnx noaraxa sa norpee ncrpaxnnana crannnocrn xocnna.
K+yuue peuu: Cmaou.uocm rocuua, monoepaqcru nooau, mepecmpu:ro .acepcro
creuupane
APPLYING 3D TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING ON ROCK
SLOPE LETNJA POZORNICA IN BELGRADE
Summary:
The case study refers to the rock slope on the location of Letnja Pozornica,
Belgrade, in the area of protected natural-geological heritage. The process of scanning
was performed with different resolution on the three series of scans. The first scan
was carried out with resolution 5 cm / 30 m, the second on 1 cm / 30 m and the third
one with resolution 0.5 cm / 15 m. The data of scanning can be exported to computer-
aided design applications for additional modelling such as AutoCad, or as a Digital
Terrain Model in GIS. This paper presents features and benefits of introducing new
technology in order to provide quality topographic data for detailed rock slope
stability investigations.
Key words: Slope stability, topographic data, terrestrial laser scanning

1
Vuueepsumem y Beoepaoy, Pyoapcro-eeo.ouru qary.mem, biljana@rgf.bg.ac.rs
2
Vuueepsumem y Beoepaoy, Ipaheeuucru qary.mem
322
1 YBO
erano rponmensnonanno npecranane ronorpa]nje repena je y mnornm reorexnnuxnm
ncrpaxnnannma crannnocrn nanna n xocnna o xyunor snauaja. Anannsa n npahene
nnamnxe canpemennx reonnamnuxnx nponeca npexrno sanncn o raunocrn npnxynennx
ronorpa]cxnx noaraxa o repeny, nno a ce pan o xnnsnmrnma, oponnma nnn nexoj pyroj
nojann, rj. nponecy. Tepecrpnuxn nacepcxn cxenep (TLS), xopncrehn rexnonornjy nacepxor
cxennpana (LIDAR), y crany je a npnxynn orpomny xonnunny ronorpa]cxnx noaraxa y
neoma xparxom npemencxom nepnoy. Kaa cy y nnrany pse npomene reomerpnje nanne
nnn xocnne, xao mro je cnyuaj xo xnnsnmra n opona, repen je moryhe cxennparn y nnme
npemencxnx cepnja (enoxa cnnmana), naxon nexonnxo mecenn, ana nnn uax carn. Bncoxa
pesonynnja npnxynana LIDAR noaraxa, y xomnnannjn ca moryhnomhy npnxynana
nnme cerona noaraxa y xparxom npemencxom nnrepnany, omoryhana oe pasymenane
nnamnxe nponeca, xao n xpenpane moena na ocnony xojnx ce y xpajnem npennsno mory
npojexronarn n nsnecrn canannone mepe.
LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging System) je onrnuxn cncrem xojn anncxnm nyrem
npmn ounranana cnojcrana pacyre cnernocrn xaxo n ce nspauynana yaenocr n/nnn
pyre nn]opmannje mepenor ojexra. Hpeonnaana mero xopnmhena nmnynca nacepa sa
opehnnane yxnne o rauaxa na nonpmnnn nnanor ojexra. Yaenocr ojexra ce
opehyje na ocnony npemencxor xamnena npnmenor cnrnana y onocy na emnronann
cnrnan. Hpocropnn noann ce ayromarcxn cxnanmre xao npnmenn noann, a mory ce n
rpanc]opmncarn n uynarn xao x, y n z xoopnnare. Hpocropnn noann ce mory nsnosnrn sa
ay opay y annnxarnnnnm co]rnepnma, xao mro cy AutoCad, GIS n p.
Ienepanno rneano, y npaxcn ce npnmenyjy ne rexnonornje cnnmana LIDAR-om
nesano sa pemanane nponema crannnocrn nanna n xocnna cnnmana xoja ce nsnoe ns
nasyxa (annon nnn xennxonrep) nnn cnnmana xoja ce nsnoe ca seme (monnnnm
cxenepom nnn ca ase na camom repeny). Hpnmena LIDAR rexnonornje sa cnnmana ns
nasyxa xopncre ce y pernonannnm ncrpaxnnannma mnpnx npocropnnx nennna. Hpnmepn
ce mory nahn y paonnma Chen n cp. (2006), Glenn n cp. (2006) n Lan n cp. (2010).
Tepecrpnuxa LIDAR cnnmana xopnmhena cy sa anannsy n nponeny n crannnocrn nanna
n xocnna, mro je ojaneno y paonnma Ablellan n cp. (2010), Abolmasov n cp. (2010),
Armesto n cp. (2009), Baldo n cp. (2009), Dunning n cp. (2009), Lato n cp. (2009. a, b),
Sturzenegger & Stead (2009) n Sturzenegger n cp. (2011).
Y onom pay cy npnxasana npna ncxycrna n pesynrarn cxennpana 3D Tepecrpnuxnm
Hacepcxnm Cxenepom na xocnnn unpcrnm crencxnm macama nsneena npnn nyr y Cpnjn.
Hpnmep cxennpana xocnne Herna Hosopnnna nnycrpyje onjane ronorpa]cxe nonpmnne
xocnne pasnnunre eranocrn. Hcronpemeno ce yxasyje na mnoropojne moryhnocrn n
orpannuena xopnmhena noaraxa onjennx repecrpnuxnm nacepcxnm cxennpanem y
erannm reorexnnuxnm ncrpaxnnannma crannnocrn xocnna.
2 MATEPH1AA H METOE
Hocrynax cxennpana nsneen je ca repecrpnuxnm nacepcxnm cxenepoma Leica Scan Station2
(Cnnxa 1a n 1b). Texnnuxe xapaxrepncrnxe cxenepa cy ocrynne na www.leica-geosystems.com.
Cnenn]nunocr repecrpnuxe rexnonornje nacepcxor cxennpana jecre a cxenep ayromarcxn
perncrpyje onax rauaxa na ocnony saare pesonynnje cxennpana, ymecro rpannnonanne
meroe rauaxa xoja saxrena nnsnpane n nonanana. Kopnmhenn moen cxenepa noceyje n
xamepy xoja onynyje npenocr perncrponanor enexrpomarnernor spauena y nnnnom
eny cnexrpa sa cnaxy cnnmeny rauxy, onocno rsn. RGB (npnena, senena n nnana) npenocr
323
nnxcena. Haxon nsnpmenor cxennpana, cnnmenn onax rauaxa je nno norpeno ]nnrpnparn
oronapajyhnm anropnrmnma xaxo n ce yxnonnnn mymonn onjenn roxom cnnmana a
xojn nacrajy xao nocnenna npncycrna nererannje n pyrnx ]axropa. Hocnena ]asa jecre
]opmnpane 3D nrnrannor moena repena na ocnony cnnmennx rauaxa oronapajyhnm
co]rnepcxnm anarnma.
C.ura 1 - Ieoepaqcru no.o+af ucmpa+uoe noopy:fa
Figure 1 - Geographical position of study area
Cnnmena xocnna nanasn ce na noxannrery Herna nosopnnna y Feorpay n yjeno je
samrnhena xao npnpono-reonomxo opo. Hpocrop Herne nosopnnne je xopnmhen xao
npnpona nosopnmna cnena roxom mesecernx ronna, ann anac je nornyno nanymren.
Oponanane cnrnnjer n xpynnnjer crencxor marepnjana je ounrneno, mehyrnm, xao je
noxannja nanymrena opxanane ojexra je mnnnmanno. 3amrnrne mpexe na xocnnama
nncy ]nxcnpane, nonenane cy n y cnyuajy opona sanpemnne nehe o 1m
3
, nemajy nnxaxny
samrnrny ]ynxnnjy. Tepen je nsrpahen o ]nnma ropne xpee ca mnoro ]ocnnnnx ocraraxa,
raxo a je n sor one unnennne noxannja samrnhena xao npnpono-reonomxo nacnehe. Oe
xocnne am]nrearpa es nererannje cy nncoxe oxo 20-rax m, ca opnjenrannjom 10/75 n 90/75
n neocrynne sa npexrno mepene napamerapa nojennaunnx n ]amnnnja nyxornna (Cnnxe
2a n 2b). Tpeha xocnna je nna no nererannjom.
C.ura 2a) Kocuua Hemna nosopuua u 2b) Skener Leica Scan Station2
Figure 2a) Rock slope Letnja pozornica and 2b) TLS Leica Scan Station2
324
C.ura 3 - Oo.ar ma:ara oema+a rocuue peso.yufe 5 cm / 30 m
Figure 3 - Point cloud of rock cut with resolution 5cm/30m
Hponec cxennpana je nsnpmen y rpn cepnje ca pasnnunrnm pesonynnjama cxennpana.
Hpno cxennpane je nsnpmeno y pesonynnjn 5 cm /30 m (Cnnxa 3), pyro 1 cm /30 m (Cnnxa 4) n
rpehe y pesonynnjn 0.5 cm /15 m (Cnnxe 5 n 6). Onax rauaxa onjen cxennpanem y pesony-
nnjn o 5 cm symnpanor ena xocnne, npecranen je na Cnnnn 3, xao ncrn era xocnne
symnpan y pesonynnjn 1 cm, re je y oa cnyuaja RGB npenocr oeena cnaxoj rauxn.
C.ura 4 - Oo.ar ma:ara oema+a rocuue peso.yufe 1cm/30m
Figure 4 - Point cloud of rock cut with resolution 1cm/30m
325
C.ura 5 - Oo.ar ma:ara oema+a rocuue peso.yufe 0.5cm /15m
Figure 5 - Point cloud of rock cut with resolution 0.5cm /15m
3 PE3YATATH H HCKYCH1A
Ocnonnn neja xopnmhena 3D repecrpnuxor nacepcxor cxenepa y cnnmany ronorpa]cxnx
noaraxa xocnne Herna nosopnnna je nna recrnpane canpemennx rexnonornja reoercxnx
mepena na npnponnm xocnnama, onocno nerona npnmena y yyhnm reorexnnuxnm ncrpa-
xnnannma crannnocrn nanna. Ysnmajyhn y osnp nncnny, onnx n narn xocnne, ounro
je a cranapna reoercxa mepena ne n morna arn pesynrare ncror nnnoa npennsnocrn.
C.ura 6 - ema+ oo.ara ma:ara rocuue 90/75
Figure 6 - Point cloud detail rock cut 90/75
326
Taxohe, najnehn poj nyxornna n ce sor nncnna xocnne mopao xaprnparn nnsnpanem.
Hpno cxennpane nsneeno y pesonynnjn o 5cm/30m oesenno je saonoanajyhy npe-
nnsnocr noaraxa sa norpee eranor xaprnpana nanne, jep cy pacrojana nsmehy nyxornna
nna neha o 5 cm. Mehyrnm, oa nnsyennsannja n moryhnocr erannjer xaprnpana
nyxornna jee nocrnrnyra y napennm mepennma y nehnm pesonynnjama 1cm n 0.5 cm
(Cnnxe 4 n 6). Oa npnmepa npecranajy era xocnne nenpncrynaune sa npexrno
mepene nyxornncxor cxnona (Cnnxe 2 n 5).
Hope npnxynennx noaraxa o nyxornncxom cxnony n nnxone nnsyennsannje, eran
omrehene samrnrne mpexe cy raxohe cnnmenn (y nenom n ecnom yrny na Cnnnn 5).
Taxohe, npnxasann onann rauaxa onjenn cnnmanem xocnne y pasnnunroj pesonynnjna
(Cnnxe 3, 4 n 6) mory ce nsnecrn y AutoCad-u, mro omoryhana nspay neprnxannnx npecexa
repena, re je cnaxa rauxa npecranena y pxannom xoopnnarnom cncremy.
ennmo a nanomenemo a je nponec cxennpana xocnne nncoxe 20 m n yrauxe 40 m,
rpajao yxynno 10 mnnyra sa pesonynnjy cm/30m, ca nperxonnm reope]epennnpanem xoje
je rpajano 20 mnnyra. Hponec cxennpana xocnne ca pesonynnjom 0.5cm/15m rpajaoje oxo
25 mnn. Taxoheje nrno nanomenyrn a yxonnxo ce yy panne oarne enoxe cxennpana
nononno reope]epennnpane nnje neonxono.
unnrpnpane onaxa rauaxa oronapajyhnm anropnrmnma je nno neonxono, xaxo n ce
yxnonnnn mymonn (nererannja n omrehena samrnrna mpexa) ca cxennpannx xocnna (Cnnxa
5). Hocnena ]asa je xpenpane nrnrannor moena repena nomohy oronapajyhnx
co]rnepcxnx anara (Cnnxa 7). Haxon cxennpana xocnne, onjenn ronorpa]cxn noann 3D
nacepcxnm cxenepom n ae moennpane y oxnnpy DMT-a noxasyjy pojne moryhnocrn n
npenocrn y nny xopnmhena onjennx ronorpa]cxnx noaraxa xao npennsne ocnone sa
npojexronane canannonnx mepa.
C.ura 7 - ueuma.uu +ooe. mepeua rocuua 90/75
Figure 7 - Digital terrain model rock cut 90/75
327
4 3AKYHAK
Pesynrarn nsnpmenor cxennpana repena yxasyjy na pojne moryhnocrn xopnmhena npn-
menene rexnonornje, xoje moxemo yxparxo caxern y cneehem. Fpsnna mepena n ayromarnso-
nana opaa noaraxa oesehyjy ronorpa]cxe noaraxe y neoma xparxom npemencxom
nepnoy ca npennsnomhy xoja ce moxe npnnaronrn cnaxom xonxpernom cnyuajy, ann y
cnaxom cnyuajy je pxa nero nno xoja xonnennnonanna reoercxa meroa mepena. Mory-
hnocr nsnosa pesynrara y pojne xopncnnuxe nporpame xojn ce xopncre sa npesenrannjy
npojexrne oxymenrannje, omoryhanajy npnmeny na onaj naunn onjennx ronorpa]cxnx
noaraxa y reorexnnuxoj npaxcn. Hpenocr anncxe erexnnje ornea ce y onjany
npennsnnx noaraxa y cnyuajy nenpncrynaunor repena (neoma nncoxe nanne nnn xocnne),
re ce noann o nyxornncxom cxnony (yxnna, mnpnna, pacrojane, xpananocr) mory onrn
camo nnsnpanem nnn nponenom. Hspaa nrnrannor moena repena omoryhana oarno
moennpane (cpauynanane nennunne n onnx noxa), mro moxe nomohn npojexranrnma y
npojexronany aexnarnnx canannonnx mepa. Cyxnecnnne enoxe nacepcxor cxennpana mory
oesenrn rauny xonnunny n noxannjy oponenor marepnjana. E]nxacno xopnmhene
repecrpnuxnx LIDAR cncrema omoryhana na raj naunn npahene (monnropnnr) na meceunom
nnn uax nennom nnnoy sanncno o norpea. Exonomcxa npenocr one meroe je necnopna
n ornea ce y nspasnrom xnannrery onjennx noaraxa y xparxom npemencxom nnrepnany
n moryhnocr paa y cnnm ycnonnma (ocnm no nycxom).
3D repecrpnuxo nacepcxo cxennpane repena na noxannjn Herna Hosopnnna je nna
nsneena npnn nyr y Cpnjn, ca nnem yrnphnnana moryhnocrn nerone npnmene y erannm
reorexnnuxnm ncrpaxnnannma crannnocrn nanna.
3AXBAAHHHA
Hcrpaxnnane je nopxano o crpane Mnnncrapcrna sa nayxy n rexnonornjy Penynnxe Cpnje
Hpojexar TP36009. Ayropn xene a ce saxnane Mapxy Hanrnhy n parany Mnnomennhy sa
nnxony nomoh n nopmxy y TLS npnxynany noaraxa n opan. Crynja ne n nna
moryha es Vekom Geo d.o.o. Feorpa.
AHTEPATYPA
1. Ablellan, A., Calvet, J., Vilaplana, J.M. and Blanchard, J. 2009. Detection of millimetric
deformation using terrestrial laser scanner: experiment and application to rockfall event,
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, 365-372.
2. Abolmasov, B., Milenkovic, S., Ristic, A., Hadi-Nikovic, G., Djuric, U. 2010. 3D Terrestrial
Laser Scanning and GPS Technology for Slope Stability Investigations-Case Studies.
Proceedings of III International Symposium of Macedonian Association for Geotechnics,
Macedonian Association for Geotechnics, 24-26.06.2010., Struga, (Eds. By. V. Vitanov), 9-
16. ISBN: 978-608-4510-06-2.
3. Armestoa, J., Ordonez, C., Alejano, L. and Arias, P. 2009. Terrestrial laser scanner used to
determine geometry of granite boulder for stability analysis purposes, Geomorphology,
106, 271-277.
328
4. Baldo, M., Bicocchi, C., Chiocchini, M., Giordan, D. and Lollino, G. 2009. LIDAR moni-
toring of mass wasting processes: The Radicotani landslides, Province of Sienna, Central
Italy, Geomorphology, 105, 193-201.
5. Chen, R. F., Chang, K.J., Angelier, J., Chan, Y.C., Deffontaines, B., Lee, C.T. and Lin, M.L.
2006. Topographic changes revealed by high resolution airborne LIDAR data: The 1999
Tsaoling landslide induced by Chi-Chi earthquake, Engineering Geology, 88, 160-172.
6. Glenn, N. F., Stenther, D.R., Chadwick, D.J., Thackay, G.D. and Dorsch, S.J. 2006.
Analysis of LIDAR derived topographic information for characterizing and differentiating
landslide morphology and activity, Geomorphology, 73, 131-148.
7. Dunning, S. A., Massey, C. I. & Rasser, N.J. 2009. Structural and geomorphological features of
landslide in the Buthan Himalaya derived from Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Geomorphology,
103, 17-29.
8. Lan, H., Martin, D.C., Zhou, C. and Lim, C.H. 2010. Rockfall hazard analysis using LIDAR
and spatial modelling, Geomorphology, 118, 213-223.
9. Lato, M., Diederich, M.S., Hutchinson, D.J. and Harrap, R. 2009a. Optimization of LIDAR
scanning and processing for automated structural evaluation of discontinuities in rock
masses, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 46, 194-199.
10. Lato, M., Diederich, M.S., Ball, D. and Harrap, R. 2009b. Engineering monitoring of
rockfall hazards along transportation corridors: using mobile terrestrial LIDAR, Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, 935-946
11. Sturzenegger, M., & STEAD, D. 2009. Close range digital photogrammetry and terrestrial
laser scanning for discontinuity characterization on rock cuts, Engineering Geology, 103,
17-29.
12. Sturzenegger, M., Stead, D. and Elmo, D. 2011. Terrestrial remote sensing estimation of
mean trace length, trace intensity and block size/shape. Engineering Geology, 119, 96-111.
13. Ground based LIDAR-Rock Slope Mapping and Assessment, Publication No. FHWA-
CLF/TD-08-006, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
2008, pp 103.
329
Be+ro 1yruh
1
OTHAHHABAHE EHOHH1A KOMYHAAHOI OTHAA
Pesu+e:
Cnnjercxa sajennna cnaxnm anom ycnocrana cne nonnje crparernje ynpanana
ornannma y cmncny cneoyxnarne pennxnaxe cexynapnnx cnponnna n esjenor
onarana onnx marepnjana xoje mn o aer nncmo y moryhnocrn a
ncxopncrnmo. Temxohe oesehena cpecrana sa onpemane canpemennx
cannrapnnx enonnja xomynannor cmeha nnn sa nocrpojena nncoxe rexnonornje y
cxnay ca Hnrepnannonannnm cranapnma xnannrera xnnorne cpenne ne cmnjy
nrn pasnor a nacrannmo a ce npema ornay onocnmo xao npnponoj
xareropnjn. a n ce ennmnnncane mrernocrn no-raca ns enonnja xomynannor
ornaa, namehe ce norpea nsrpane n yrpane cncrema ypehaja sa ornnnnanane
enonnja.
K+yuue pujeuu: oenouufa, omn.unaeane, ro+yua.uu omnao
DEGASIFICATION OF SECUNDARY MATERIAL DEPOTS
Summary:
The world community every day establishes newer waste management strategy in
terms of a comprehensive recycling of secondary raw materials and safe disposal of
those materials that we do not further able to use. The difficulties of providing funds
for the equipment of modern sanitary landfills for municipal waste facilities or high
technology in accordance with International environmental quality standards should
not be a reason to continue to relate to waste as a natural category. In order to
eliminate the dangers of bio-gas from municipal waste landfills, there is need for the
construction and installation of equipment for landfill degasification.
Key words: landfill, degasification, municipal waste.
1
p.Bexo Tyxnh, nanpenn npo]ecop, Hanenponcxn ynnnepsnrer AHEHPOH Fana Hyxa
330
1. YBO
Pacnonoxnna rexnonornja aje nornyno sa npano rnpnn a mn nncmo cnpemnn a
nojam ornaa n enonnja samjennmo nojmonnma cexynapna cnponnna, eneprenr n neoma
penrannnnm nocrpojennma sa pennxnaxy ncxopnmhennx cnponnna n oapa. Ko maner
poja cnenn]nunnx ornannx marepnja sa xoje, sa caa, ne nocroje pannonanna nnn moryha
pjemena nononnor xopnmhena, a oesjenmo nsrpany nocennx enoa sa nnxono
onarane o enenryannor ncxopnmhena.
Peannocr anamnnne nac ynyhyje na npnmjeny uerpn ocnonna nporpamcxa nopyuja
jenonana y onacrn rpermana onora mro mn anac ycnonno nasnnamo xpyrnm xomynannnm
ornaom[1]:
1. Cmanene yxynne xonnunne ornaa (npenenrnna), mro ce peanno naxo moxe neh
anac nocrnhn npnmjenom uncrnx rexnonornja, nponsnonom uncrnx nponsnoa n
uncrnm ycnyrama.
2. Hononno xopnmhene cexynapnnx cnponnna, mro ce mopa nocrnhn
onrnmnsannjom ynanpehena oprannsannje npnnpennx cyjexara y onacrn
orxyna, caxynana, npepae n npomera ornaaxa neoprancxor nopnjexna, xao n
a]npmannjom npepae ornaaxa oprancxor nopnjexna, a cne no ycnonnma
esjennm n xopncnnm no xnnorny cpenny.
3. Ynanpehene xonaunor rpermana ornaaxa, mro ce y namnm ycnonnma nocrnxe
npnmjenom neh nocrojehe saxoncxe perynarnne y onacrn ypannsma n samrnre
xnnorne cpenne.
4. uopmnpane n ocnocoanane crpyunnx xomynannnx cnyxn sa rperman cnnx
npcra ornaaxa n ncrpaxnnane nponeca ncxopnmhanana ornaa. Hcxoncxo
npannno npnonrnnx ycxnx sajennna je nno a cnn onnnn ornaa nmajy
cnojy ynorpeny npnjenocr, a a ro ncro npannno anac xopncre seme ca
pasnnjenom rexnnuxom, rexnonomxom n exonomcxom xynrypom.
Ham nsnasax, oncranax n nocnonnn ycnjex na cnnjercxom rpxnmry nnmnrnpan je nope
ocranor n pesynrarnma cnaxor npnnpenor cyjexra nojennauno, ann n sajennne y
njennnn no nnrany ycnjemnocrn y ynpanany n spnnanany cnnx npcra ornaaxa.
Hamy oneanny peannocr najuemhe cy unnnna cmernmra xoja cmo noxymann
nasnarn rpacxn enonnjama, jep cy, a n anac, na nnma sanpmanana cnoj nyr cnn n cne
cexynapne cnponnne, es osnpa a nn nornuy ns nacea, ]apnxe, xnannne, onnnne nnn
ns napxona.
2. CTPYKTYPA OTHAA
Yrnphnnane crpyxrype ornaa je najsnauajnnjn nonasnn enemenr npn yrnphnnany
naunna ynpanana ornaom[2].
Crpyxrypa enononanor cmeha npema noannma xomynannnx npeyseha FnX moxe nam
arn camo oxnnpny xnanrn]nxannjy ann jom ynnjex cacnnm onony sa name onpejeene
o npeysnmany nyxnnx npenenrnnnnx mjepa canannje nocrojehnx enonnja ornaaxa
(raena 1.).
331
1aeua1-Cmpyrmypa omnaa
Table 1-Structure of waste
Bpcre ornaa
3eme
pasnnjennx
exonomnja(%)
Orna USA
(%)
Hamn rpaonn
Fana Hyxa(%)
merann 6.0 7.0 2.1
craxno 8 6 4.5
nnacrnxa 8 8 5.1
nannp 36 41 21.4
Oprancxn orna 24 25 53.4
Ocrann orna 18 13 11.5
Komynannn orna. 100 100 100
Cexynapne cnponnne neoprancxor nopnjexna, y ornay semaa ca pasnnjenom
exonomnjom yuecrnyjy 40% yxynne rexnne, y semama SAD ca 34%, ox y crpyxrypn
ornaa rpaa Fana Hyxa one yuecrnyjy ca 23.2%. Fana Hyxa nma penarnnno opo
pasnnjeno nperxono pasnajane n caxynane cexynapnnx cnponnna.
Cexynapne cnponnne oprancxor nopnjexna cyjenyjy y enononanom ornay y
penannjama 60:66:76.8
Hocrana ce saxrjen sa onm ynnom y nponsnony ornaa n sa mexannsmnma
xojnma n ce cmannno, a sarnm nonparnno n pennxnnpano mro je moryhe nnme ornaa na
exonomcxn ncnnarnn naunn. Hpeocrann orna mopa nrn rpernpan a sarnm onoxen na
naunn xojn mnnnmnsnpa nocenne no xnnorny cpenny. Bnaajyhe crpyxrype mopajy
npeysern jacnnjy oronopnocr xpos oesehene nonnrnxe, saxonoancrna, cranapa,
cmjepnnna, opehnnane naxnaa sa ycnyre norpomaunma, raxcn nnn nocrnnajnnx mjepa
nnycrpnjn sa ynanpehene ynpanana ornaom.
unnennna a najnehn no ornaaxa na namnm enonnjama unne ornann oprancxor
nopnjexna yxasyje na norpey xnrne onrnmnsannje xonaunor rpermana xomynannor ornaa,
xao n npoyxara xojn nacrajy pasrpanom nomaca onoxennx y rnjeny enonnje.
3. HACTA1AHE EHOHH1CKOI HAHHA
Ornane marepnje oprancxor nopnjexna y rnjeny enonnje nonnjexy cnoxenom
nponecy pasrpane n nponecy merancxor npena.
Hacrajane noraca nounne no onoxeny n xomnaxronany ornaa jom ynnjex y
aeponnm ycnonnma y npncycrny nasyxa xojn ce y noxpnnennm n snjennm cnojennma
penarnnno pso ncxopncrn. ae nacrajane enonnjcxor nnnna nponecnma npena y
anaeponnm ycnonnma moxe ce nojennrn y rpn ]ase (cnnxa 1.):
- xnceno npene ca emncnjom CO
2
n H
2
, ann es merana,
- necrannno merancxo npene y xome ce yuemhe emncnja yrennoxcna, asora n
noonnxa crannnsyje nnn ryn, ox ce emncnja merana xonconnyje y
xonnunnama o 50-60 sanpemnncxnx nponenara noraca,
- crannnsannja merancxor npena y anaeponnm ycnonnma.

332
C.ura 1- Hacmauar oenouufcrux n.uuoea (H4I) auaepoouo+ pasepaono+ ryhuoe omnaoa
ua oo.aea.uumy
Image1 -The emergence of landfill gas anaerobic digestion of domestic waste at the landfill
Hope merana n yrennoxcna enonnjcxn rac capxn unran nns marepnja y
rparonnma (oca nx je ncrpaxeno crornnax), o xojnx je ocra orponnnx n xanneporennx
(noxcnnn, ]ypann, nnnnnxnopn, nxnopmeran, ronyon, ]enon n p.). Ys enonnjcxnx rac
nacraje n npamnna, xoja moxe capxanarn orponne remxe merane n narorene xnnne
(raena 2.).
1aeua2- Cacmae enouujcrux eacoea (npocjeuua rouueumpauuja)
1aue 2- Composition of landfill gas (average concentration)
CACTAB
Meran (CH
4
)
Yren noxcn (CO
2
)
Knceonnx (O
2
)
Asor (N
2
)
Boonnx (H
2
)
He-merancxn yrnxononnn
Hcnapnnn oprancxn cacrojnn
Y TPAIOBHMA
Cymnoponoonnx (H
2
S)
Mnpncn
Oprancxa jennena xnopa
Amonnjax
Bnnnn xnopn
n mnorn pyrn
KOHHEHTPAHH1A (%)
38-58
30-48
1-2
2-10
0-1
<1
=1
(mg/m
3
)
0-150
10-1000
0-800
0-100
0-15
O ppm o ppb nnnoa
333
3or cnnx rnx mrernnx yrnnaja na spane n oxonnny sanoueno ce npnje nexonnxo
ecernna ronna y pasnnjenom cnnjery ca xonrponncannm ornnnnananem n cnannanem
caxynenor enonnjcxor raca na axama. Cneehn nornuxn xopax no je a ce
ncxopnmrana eneprnja enonnjcxor raca, npno y SAD ceamecernx ronna, a sarnm n y
pasnnjennm semama Enpone n ocrarxa cnnjera[6].
Ko ypene yrpane n snjana ornaa, rac ce moxe ne camo oe nero n snarno pannje
xopncrnrn. Y Bemauxoj ce noxasano, a ce na mnornm enonnjama nomronanem
cnenn]nnnpannx nponnca sa yrpany, morno excnnoarnparn neh nocnnje nona ronne
ncxopncrnne xonnunne nnnna.
Yxynno rpajane crnapana raca y enonnjama nsnocn npema reopercxnm npopauynnma
nna 100 ronna. Mehyrnm, exonomcxo xopnmhene moryhe je camo nna 30 ronna.
Cnnjeehn napamerpn cy o naxnocrn sa xnannrer n xnanrnrer enonnjcxor raca[1]:
- capxaj nnare mopa nrn nehn o 30%, jep je sa axrepnjcxy pasrpany norpena noa,
xao n xo cnnx nonomxnx nponeca. Hcno 30% capxaja nnare orna ce ne pasrpahyje
nero ce mymn]nnnpa. 3anncno o npcre ornaa n nonoxaja enonnja moxe nrn xopncno
xpyxno nohene nponjennx noa. Capxaj nnare nehn o 65% nnje nonoan, jep ce xo re
capxnne nsnyuyje noa (npexopauene xanannrera noa).
- crenen snjenocrn ornaa je naxan, xaxo n ce e]exrnnno cnpnjeuno ynasax xncnxa y
ornano rnjeno. Ko nncoxe snjenocrn noomana ce ocrynnocr oprancxnx ornaa
mnxpooprannsmnma, raxo a je rox pasrpane e]nxacnnjn.
- oprancxn no je onyuyjyhn sa xnannrer n xnanrnrer enonnjcxor raca. Hs xr
pacnonoxnnor oprancxor yrnxa reopercxn nacraje 1,8 m
3
nonnnna. Ho ronn xyhnor
ornaa c yjenom oprancxnx marepnja o nna 40-50% nacraje nna 150 m
3
enonnjcxor
nnnna.
4. OTHAHHABAHE EHOHH1A KOMYHAAHOI OTHAA
a n ce ennmnnncane mrernocrn noraca ns enonnja xomynannor ornaa n
omoryhnna onrnmanna mennopnsannja n pexynrnnannja enonnja, onocno oesjenna
samrnra o moryhnx excnnosnja n samrnra xnnorne cpenne (spane yn, semnmre,
nasyx, noa), namehe ce norpea nsrpane n yrpane cncrema n ypehaja sa ornnnnanane
enonnja xomynannor ornaa, n ro no npnopnrery:
- canannja nocrojehnx cmernmra n enonnja n
- nsrpana cannrapnnx enonnja ca cncremom sa ornnnnanane enonnjcxor raca[3].
ocaamna ncxycrna n pesynrarn neh nsrpahennx cncrema sa ornnnnanane enonnja
nornphyjy a ce onje pan o npo]nrannnnm nnnecrnnnjama xojnma ce ncronpemeno
ocaamna enonnja xao nsnop mrernocrn npernapa y pecypc sa nponsnony eneprnje.
Ennmnnnmy ce onacnocrn no esjenocr n spane yn, a na noonpnnpennm n
ypannm nonpmnnama omoryhyje nponsnona n opanax y ycnonnma nopmanne xnnorne
cpenne, cne no nauennma opxnnor pasnoja n exonomxe ypannorexenocrn.
Hpn canannjn nocrojehnx enonnja, sanncno o xnanrnrarnnnnx n xnannrarnnnnx
unnennna, npncryna ce npenasnom pjemeny yxonananem mpexe njenonoa sa
ornnnnanane na ynnn nononnne o rpehnne ynne rnjena enonnje xojn ce nesyje na
334
nenrpanny nymnny crannny sa ncncanane enonnjcxnx nnnnona. Oane ce enonnjcxn
nnnn onon o ropnonnxa nnn o repmoeneprercxnx nocrpojena.
Hpernocranxa a je noxannja rpacxe enonnje yrnphena xao onrnmanno npocropno n
ypanncrnuxo pjemene ypane njennne, namehe oanesy a ce yrnpn jenncrneno
rexnnuxo-rexnonomxo n npocropno pjemene xoje he omoryhnrn npexrny ]ynxnnonanny
nonesanocr cncrema y njeny canannje n njeny ae nsrpane n ypehena canpemene
enonnje xomonannor ornaa.
Cne ox ce y ycnonnma onmrer exonomcxor orpannuena onarane ornaa ye
pjemanano na enonnjama cmeha xao najje]rnnnjoj onnnjn, nhemo npnnyhenn a nama
npocropna n rexnnuxo-rexnonomxa pjemena nnannpamo n peannsyjemo raxo a ce y
nornynocrn mopa ennmnnncarn nno xojn nojannn onnx mrernocrn na penannjn enonnja-
xnnorna cpenna.
Ocnonnn npnnnnnn canpemeno xonnnnnpane enonnje xomynannor ornaa, sanncno o
xonxpernnx ycnona cpenne, ocrnapyjy ce nornynom xnponsonannjom rnjena enonnje y
nny cnpeuanana nenor nnaxena nosemnnm, nponjennm n nonpmnncxnm noama nnn
armoc]epcxnm naannnama, onrnmannnm ornnnnananem enonnjcxnx nnnnona n
cnpeuananem emncnja mrernnx nonyranara y nasyx n ocrane pecypce xnnorne cpenne.
Hocnnje axrnnnor nnjexa o oxo 30 ronna enonnje ce onuno sarnapajy, ann ce
nacrana renepncane enonnjcxnx nnnnona n nponjennx noa. Opxanane nocnnje
sarnapana je oanesno sa cne noxannje rje ce xomynannn orna onarao es nperxone
opae. Fpojnn cy npnmjepn rje ce enonnje mopajy nparnrn y npnonrno crane npnje nnn
nocnnje sarnapana, sor nerarnnnnx yrnnaja xoje nmajy na xnnorny cpenny.
Beprnxannn ce ynapn onuno monrnpajy sa caxynane enonnjcxnx nnnnona (LFG)
na sarnopennm nnn nonynennm njenonnma enonnja[4]. Onn ce mory nocrannrn n na
axrnnnnm enonnjama, ann ce y rom cnyuajy onnara ynapa mopa orpahnnarn y cxnay ca
oarnnm nacnnanem. Fynapn cy onuno pacnopehenn y rpoxyracroj pemerxn rnncxor
mehy-pasmaxa o oxo 60 m. Hpannno npaxce je, mnnnmanno jean ynap na 4.000 m
2
enonnje. ynna ynapa napnpa sanncno o ycnona repena, ann je nsmehy 10 n 18 m
yonuajeno. Y SAD EPA je yrnpno npojexrnn xpnrepnj sa ymene ynapa, npenopyuyjyhn
ymene 75% ynne enonnje nnn ymene o ynne nnnoa noe, npajyhn nnnhy
napnjanry o one nnje. Hpomjep ymena je nsmehy 1 m n 0,6 m yxyuyjyhn n onnary
ynapa o 0.1 o 0.15 m. Onnara ce cacrojn o nnjenn HE-X xoja ce cmjemra y cpenny
ymornne. O jene rpehnne o nnje rpehnne o na onnara nma yrope nnn nep]opannjy,
a ynap ce nynn xpynnnm mynxom n prnn na npxy (nnp. rnnnom nnn myem) npornn
nponpana nasyxa. Ha npxy onnare ynapa npnunpmhen je nsnas raca xojn je onpemen
xyrnacrnm nenrnnom pan xonrpone nporoxa n ornopom sa mjepene npnrncxa ysnmanor
ysopxa raca. Hsnas je samrnhen xparxnm eroncxnm npcrenom n npexo xyrnacror nenrnna
cnojen na rnannn no. Ha cnnnn 2. je cxemarcxn npnxasan neprxannn ynap sa
ornnnnanane crapnx enonnja.
335
C.ura 2-Bepmra.uu oyuap sa omn.unaeane cmapux oenouufa
Image 2- Vertical well for the degassing of o.o landfills
3a exonomnuno xopnmhene enonnjcxor nnnna rpeajy nrn ncnynenn cnnjeehn
ycnonn:
- mnnnmym 1 mnnnon merpnuxnx rona xomynannor ornaa,
- mnnnmanna ynna ornaa 10 m,
- noxannja neanno sarnopena nnn ce jom xopncrn sa onos ornaa,
- nocrojn nonpmnncxn noxpon (nno my nnn sema)
- nnme o 100 mm xnme ronmne.
5. KOPHmTEHE EHEPIH1E EHOHH1CKOI HAHHA
3arpenna npnjenocr enonnjcxor nnnna npnnnxno je ynona mana nero xo
npnponor raca (raena 3.).
1aeua 3-Ocuoeua ceojcmea enouujcroe nuuua
Table 3-Main characteristics of landfill gac
CBOJCTBA EHOHHJCKH
HHHH
HPHPOHH
HHHH
Capxaj merana (%non.) 40-60 82-85.4
3arpenna npnjenocr (kWh/m
3
) 4-6 9-11
Penarnnna rycroha 1.0 0.65
Crexnjomerpnjcxa norpea
nasyxa sa nsrapane (m
3
/m
3
)
4.5-5.0 8.6-9.9
Merancxn poj 140 87-70
Woe-poj (kWh/m
3
) 5.57 12.4-15
336
Y norney nexnx cnojcrana nsrapana, enonnjcxn nnnn je nononnjn o
npnponor nnnna, jep nma mane onrepehene ropnonnxa (Woe-poj mann) n nehy yapny
ornopnocr (merancxn poj nehn) o npnponor nnnna. enonnjcxn nnnn ce, xao n orna,
cmarpa ononnnnm eneprenrom.
Tnnnuna cxema eneprercxor ncxopnmhena enonnjcxor nnnna npnxasana je na cnnnn 3.
enonnjcxn nnnn nacraje xaxo na axrnnnnm raxo n na nanymrennm onarannmrnma
ornaa jom yrn nns ronna nocnnje nnxonor sarnapana. Mehy nsneennm n nnannpannm
nocrpojennma eneprercxor xopnmhena enonnjcxor nnnna omnnnpajy eneprane na
onarannmrnma ca nponsnonom enexrpnune n ronnorne eneprnje y nnnncxnm moropnma
(oxo nsneennx ojexara).
C.ura 3-Euepeemcro ucropuuhene oenouufcroe n.uua
H+aee 3- The energy utilization of landfill gas
Onuno ce opaa nnnna cacrojn o onajana xonensara n ncnopyuyje ce nnnn
xnannrera o 30-50% CH
4
. Hoxanna ynorpea nnnna moxe nrn na uecrnnn nnn nsnan
uecrnne (y nnsnnn) y nnycrpnjcxom, cramenom nnn xomepnnjannom ojexry xojem je
norpena eneprnja (nnp. nponsnona nape sa rpnjaue nnn nenrpanno rpnjane). pyra je
moryhnocr renepncana enexrpnune eneprnje, xoja ce moxe xopncrnrn noxanno nnn
ncnopyunrn y enexrponpnnpeny mpexy. 3a npojexre xopnmhena enonnjcxnx nnnna sa
onnane eneprnje, yonuajenn cy moropn c ynyrpamnnm caropjenanem (nennunne 30 o
2000 kW) n/nnn nnnncxe rypnne (500 kW o 10 MW).
Axo nema noxannor xopncnnxa enonnjcxor nnnna opa je onnnja nnjexrnpane y
njenono. Pjemene saxrjena xomnpnmnpane nnnnona na npnrncax y njenonoy n opay no
cranapnma sa njenonoe. To je xomnnexcnnjn n cxynn nocrynax. ocrynne rexnonornje
cy: npnrncna acopnnnja c yrennm monexynapnnm cnrom, amnnnjauno unmhene n
rexnnxa mempane. Y onom cnyuajy uerpn pesepnna ropnonnxa cy monrnpana na
ncrpnyrnnnoj crannnn, n y nnma enonnjcxn nnnn nsrapa ynnjex xaa ohe o sacroja y
cncremy xopnmhena. Hyrem rnanne canpne nnjenn (=0.28 m) nnnn ce non y
xomnpecopcxy crannny, xnan n xomnpnmnpa na 2.5 apa. Konauno, nyrem rpancnoprnor
njenonoa nnnn ce ocrana ronnornoj crannnn. Oxo 950 m
3
/h enonnjcxor nnnna
ncnopyuyje ce c mnnnmanno 30% CH
4
. 3anncno o CH
4
xonnenrpannje (30-40%) eneprercxa
npnjenocr enonnjcxor nnnna napnpa o 15-20 MJ/m
3
. Cnrypnocnn cncrem non pauyna o
cnnm npexnnma y mpexn[5].
337
5.1 HPOPAHYH EHEPIETCKOI HOTEHHH1AAA EHOHH1CKOI HAHHA
Hn one anannse je openrn nsnoc norennnjanne xonnunne enexrpnune eneprnje
ocrynne ns xomynannor unpcror ornaa.
Hpema USEPA (United States Environment Protection Agency) e]nxacnocr cncrema sa
caxynane enonnjcxor nnnna nsnocn 50-90%, a najuemhe, ys npnmjeny ope
rexnonornje 75-85%. 3a ony anannsy ycnojena je e]nxacnocr caxynana o 80%. Tonnorna
moh enonnjcxor nnnna napnpa y sanncnocrn o nsnopa y rpannnama 4,1-6,2 kWh/m
3
.
Ycnaja ce 4,7 kWh/m
3
. Ca e]nxacnomhy caxynana 80%, ronnornom npenocrn o 4,7
kWh/m
3
ns 1 xr xomynannor unpcror ornaa, rpeano n ce renepncarn 0,18 m
3
enonnjcxor nnnna (0,23 m
3
0,80 = 0,18 m
3
) ili 0,85 kWh (0,14 m
3
4,7kWh/m
3
) roxom
nonomxor pacnaa xomynannor unpcror ornaa (20-25 ronna). Bpnjenocr reopercxor
maxcnmyma nsnocnna n 0,3 m
3
enonnjcxor nnnna/xr ornaa (0,38 m
3
x 0,80 = 0,3m
3
), nnn
1,4 kWh (0,3 m
3
x 4,7 kWh/m
3
= 1,4 kWh), roxom nonomxor pacnaa xomynannor unpcror
ornaa.
5.1.1 Konnepsnja eneprnje
Kopnmhene enonnjcxor nnnna xao ropnna sa morope c ynyrpamnnm caropenanem je
najpamnpennjn nocrynax nerone eneprercxe nanopnsannje. Kopncrehn nperxone noarxe,
ono ce moxe npnxasarn na cnnjeehn naunn:
Axo ycnojnmo a je xonnunna renepncana enonnjcxor nnnna roxom neronor
nonomxor pacnaa y nepnoy o 20 ronna, 0,23 m
3
/kg ornaa, n pauynajyhn ca 80 %
e]nxacnomhy cncrema sa caxynane, onjamo a 1 kg ornaa renepnme:
0,23 m
3
/kg 0,80 = 0,184 m
3
/kg roxom 20 ronna
Hs onora cnen a jena rona ornaa roxom 20 ronna renepnme:
0,184 m
3
/kg 1000 kg = 184 m
3
enonnjcxor nnnna
Axo pauynamo ca xonnunnom o 81.000 rona xoja npecrana caamnn rpen
onarana ornaa na enonnjn y Pamnhnma, a o rora 10% npecrana xonnunny ornaa
xoja nehe renepncarn enonnjcxn nnnn, onjamo a n roxom 20 ronna onarana ornaa
nmann norennnjan renepncana enonnjcxor nnnna o:
184 m
3
81.000 r 0,90 20 ro. = 268.272.000 m
3
y nepnoy o 20 ronna
Axo n ce xonrponom xnannrera nnnna, moropnma ca ynyrpamnnm caropenanem
crannno na pacnonarane 80% one xonnunne onjamo xonnunny o
268.272.000 m
3
0,80 = 214.617.600 m
3
y nepnoy o 20 ronna, unjn eneprercxn norennnjan, axo pauynamo ca ronnornom
npnjenocrn enonnjcxor nnnna 4,66 kWh/m
3
, nsnocn
338
214.617.600 m
3
4,66 kWh/ m
3
= 1.000.118.016 kWh
mro npecrana yxynnn eneprercxn norennnjan enononanor ornaa y nepnoy o 20
ronna.
Konnunna norennnjannor renepncana enonnjcxor nnnna no 1h nsnocn:
214.617.600 m
3
/20 ro/365 ana/24h = 1.224 m
3
/h enonnjcxor nnnna
xojn ce moxe xopncrnrn xao ropnno y moropnma ca ynyrpamnnm caropjenanem.
Pauynajyhn ca crenenom ncxopnmhena moropa o 0,40, n ronnornom npijenocrn
enonnjcxor nnnna o 4,66 kWh/m
3
onjemo a norennnjanna cnara n rpeana nsnocnrn
1.224 m
3
/h 0,40 4,66 kWh/m
3
= 2.281,5 kW = 2,2 MW
Ysenmn y osnp a nponenena xonnunna ornaa xoja je onoxena na enonnjn y
Pamnhnma nsnocn oxo 1.800.000 rona, moxemo saxyunrn a cy n rpenyrnn ycnonn sa
caxynane n ncxopnmhene enonnjcxor nnnna peannn, xao n a y yyhnocrn moxemo
ouexnnarn n nonehane xonnunna renepncana enonnjcxor nnnna yce nonehana
xonnunna ornaa xoje he ce onararn na enonnjn y Pamnhnma.
6. 3AKYHAK
Ynpanane xnannrerom xnnorne cpenne n ycnocranane exonomxe pannorexe
namnx norpea n moryhnocrn oxpyxena, onoe nac o nemnnonnocrn a ce ornane
marepnje mopajy xopncrnrn nnn xao cexynapne cnponnne nocrynxom pennxnaxe nnn xao
eneprercxn pecypc nocrynxom nornynor nnrensnnnor ornnnnanana rnjena enonnje.
Axo y semama unannnama Enponcxe ynnje mory ca nornynom penrannnomhy a
ornnnnanajy cnoje enonnje, raa mn nmamo jom nnme pasnora a ncxopncrnmo name
enonnje n a ennenrny mrernocr no xnnorny cpenny ncxopncrnmo sa npnnpenn n
pymrnenn pasnoj.
Ha npnmjepy pernonanne enonnje xomynannor ornaa Pamnhn-Fana Hyxa, je noxasan
eneprercxn norennnjan enononanor ornaa y nepnoy o 20 ronna xao n xonnunna
norennnjannor renepncana enonnjcxor nnnna no 1h.
AHTEPATYPA
1 Ocuoee saumume +ueomue cpeouue / B. Tyxnh/ Hanenponcxn ynnnepsnrer
AHEHPOH Fana Hyxa,2008., Fana Hyxa.
[2] Moeyhuocm nouoeuoe ropuuhena cmapoe oo.aea.uuma/ B.Tyxnh/ 7. Mephynaponn
nayuno crpyunn cxyn-canpemena reopnja n npaxca y rpanrecrny, Fana Hyxa,2011.
[3] Buon.uucru nomeuufa. ro+yua.uoe omnaoa Hyo+aue/ M.Xycnh,B.Ipnnn/10.
Mehynaponn cnmnosnj rocnoapene ornaom, 3arpe,2008.
[4] Landfill Gas,Aglobal Resource/ R.A.Watts/ Report presented at the 13th International
Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia,USA,1997.
[5] Altdeponien: sanierung, Nachsorge und Nutzung/Publication series od OWAV, journal
Nr.118, national Solid Waste Conference in Bregenz, Austrija, 1999.
[6] Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program/ U.S.Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development,/ Washington, 1995.
339
Hepo Hempoeuh
1
, Mu.oeau Komyp
2
, Huoup Myfauuh
3
OPETHBAHE OHTHMAAHE EBHHE H3OAAHH1E
HOOBA HA TAY
Pesu+e:
Cranapom ns onacrn rpahena (JYC Y.J5.600) nponncana je mnnnmanna
ronnorna nsonannona cnoconocr enemenara rpahennncxe xoncrpyxnnje y
sanncnocrn o xnnmarcxe sone y xojoj ce ojexar rpan. Eneprercxe
xapaxrepncrnxe noona na rny raxohe cy e]nnncane onnm cranapom. Y pay ce
nacrojn e]nnncarn npncryn opehnnany onrnmanne enne nsonannje rnx
nperpaa, ca nnem nocrnsana mnnnmannnx rpomxona sa ojexre y xojnma ce
nsnoe cncremn rpnjana n xnnmarnsannje.
K+yuue pujeuu: cmauoapo, noooeu ua m.y, onmu+a.ua oeo+uua uso.aufe
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM INSULATION THICKNESS
FOR SLAB-ON-GROUND FLOORS
Summary:
The standard in the area of building (JUS U.J5.600) provides the minimal thermal
insulation capability of building structure elements depending on the climate zone in
which the object is built. Energy characteristics of slab-on-ground floors are also
defined in this standard. This paper attempts to define how to determine the insulation
thickness of these elements in heated and cooled buildings, with the aim of achieving
the minimum of costs.
Key words: standard, slab on ground floor, optimal insulation thickness
1
p Hepo Herponnh, n. npo], Mamnncxn ]axynrer Fana Hyxa
2
Mp Mnnonan Koryp, nnmn acncrenr, Mamnncxn ]axynrer Fana Hyxa
3
Hnnp Myjannh, nnn. nnr. mam.
340
1 YBO
Y nopyujy xonrnnenranne xnnme na xome xnnnmo, remneparypa cnoner nasyxa
(oxonnne) ce roxom ronne yrnannom xpehe y nnrepnany o -20 o +40C. Hame ojexre y
xojnma xnnnmo neonxono je rpnjarn y roxy cxopo nononnne nnxonor excnnoarannonor
nnjexa sor rora mro ce uonjex ocjeha yrono y snarno yxem nopyujy jenor o
napamerapa ronnorne yronocrn - remneparype 20-26C. Hs rnx pasnora cmo npnnyhenn na
opxanane remneparype npocropa pasnnunrom o remneparype oxonnne. To ce ne moxe
nocrnhn es norpomne eneprnje. Y nny cmanena xonnunne eneprnje xoja ce rpomn sa
rpnjane y snmcxom, onocno xnahene y ernom nepnoy, nsnon ce ronnorna nsonannja
ojexara.
2 OPETHBAHE HOTPEBHE EBHHE H3OAAHH1E
3ema nma nennxn ronnornn xanannrer n axymynnme snarny xonnunny ronnorne
eneprnje. Temneparypa mace seme na nehnm ynnama ne nonnjexe sor rora nehnm
npomjenama. Y cnojennma nnxnm nnnoy seme, remneparypa napnpa nparehn npomjeny
cnone remneparype ys nennxo npnrymene cnoner yrnnaja. 3aro ce npopauynn rynraxa
ronnore xpos onaj rnn nperpaa pasnnxyjy xaa ce pan o noonnma na rny (C.ura 1) y
onocy na noone yxonane y semy o ynne 2-3 merpa nnn nnme. Cnnuno je n ca
njenonnma snona xojn cy ncno nnnoa semnmra o re ynne nnn ye y semn.
C.ura 1 - Hoo ua m.y
Figure 1 - Slab-on-grond floor
Iynnn ronnore xpos one nperpae ne sannce camo o marepnjana snona nnn noa n
nnxone nsonannje, neh n o cacrana semnmra n nerone nnaxnocrn. Onn ce remxo mory
rauno openrn. 3a pasnnxy o cnonnx nperpaa xoje cy y xonraxry ca oxonnnm
nasyxom (xo xojnx ce cmjep ronnornor roxa mnjena roxom ronne), xo noona on je
cranno ns npocropa xa rny. Hpn rom je rycrnna ronnornor roxa y snmcxom nepnoy snarno
mana y cpennn nero na nepn]epnjn noa. Meroa npopauyna onnx rynraxa ce mnjnana
nexonnxo nyra.
Cranapom JYC.Y.J5.600 nponncana je mnnnmanna ronnorna nsonannona cnoconocr
rpahennncxnx xoncrpyxnnja. 3a noone na rny (xao n sa ocrane xoncrpyxnnje), sa nojenne
xnnmarcxe sone, ar je najmann norpenn ronnornn ornop. Y cranapy ns 1980. ronne
341
naneeno je, a ce xo opehnnana ronnornor ornopa noona na rny, ne ysnmajy y osnp
cnojenn ncno xnponsonannje. Y cranapy ns 1987. ronne, xojn je nacrao pennsnjom
cranapa JYC.Y.J5.600 ns 1980. ronne, ona nanomena je nsocranena. Hoarax sa pyry
remneparypy (ocnm remneparype npocropnje), xoja je neonxona npn npopauyny rynraxa
ronnore xpos no, nnje naneen. Y npojexranrcxoj npaxcn xopncrn ce remneparypa rna
ncno noa. Y [1] ona sa cne xnnmarcxe sone nma nnje npnjenocrn n ro 6 n 3C.
Hajmane norpenn ronnornn ornopn noona na rny no JYC cranapy sa nojenne
xnnmarcxe sone nsnoce 0,94 sarnm 1,17 n 1,37 [m
2
K / W] [2].
Iynnn ronnore xpos no opehnnann cy no nspasy:
( ) | |
, W =
u t
Q F k t t (1)
rje je:
k - xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore noa, [W/m
2
K],
F - nonpmnna noa, [m
2
],
t
u
- remneparypa y npocropnjn, [C],
t
t
- remneparypa rna, [C].
Iycrnna ronnornor roxa xpos no no onom npncryny nnje sanncna o nmensnja noa.
Y cranapy DIN 4701 ns 1983. ronne ronnornn rox xpos no na rny pasnojen je na
na njena, jenaunna (2). Jean no je npema cnonem nasyxy (q
al
), a pyrn npema
nosemnoj non (q
gw
) (C.ura 2).


A
A
= + = + = +
+ + + + +
u gw gw
u al al
al gw
al gw i b a a i b E
t t t
t t t
q q q
R R R R R R R R R
(2)
Osnaxe y jeanunnn 2 nnjern na cn.2.
C.ura 2 - Tor mon.ome npe+a DIN 4701
Figure 2 - Heat loss according to DIN 4701
Exnnnanenrnn ornop nponasa ronnore o npocropnje xa cnonom nasyxy no onom
cranapy (R
al
) jenax je snpy ornopa npenasa ronnore (R
i
+R
a
=0,17+0,04=0,21), ornopa
342
xojn sanncn o cacrana noa (R
b
) n ornopa xojn sanncn o nonpmnne noa, onoca
nmensnja crpana noa n ynne nosemne noe (R
a
).
Exnnnanenrnn ornop nponasa ronnore o npocropnje xa nosemnoj non (R
gw
) jenax je
snpy ornopa R
i
, ornopa xojn sanncn o cacrana noa (R
b
) n ornopa xojn sanncn o ynne
nosemne noe (R
E.
).
Hpopauyn rynraxa ronnore xpos noone na rny (npema ISO 13370:2007) sacnnna ce na
npernocrannn a ce cna ronnora, ns rpnjanor npocropa, xoja ce ryn xpos no, npeaje
cnonem nasyxy. 3or rora xoe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore xpos no k rpea a oyxnarn
ornope nponasy ronnore:
- cnnx cnojena rpahennncxe xoncrpyxnnje (noa)
- semnmra.
Hpn rome, rynrax ronnore xpos no raxohe sanncn n o xapaxrepncrnune nmensnje B',
xoja npecrana onoc nonpmnne noa A n nononnne onma noa P :
| |
' , m
0.5
=

A
B
P
(3)
Hpopauyncxa nnn exnnnanenrna enna noa xoja ce ysnma npnnnxom npopauyna,
pauyna ce na ceehn naunn:
( ) | |
, m = + + +
t i f a
d w R R R (4)
rje je:
d
t
- exnnnanenrna enna noa, [m],
w - enna snona, xoja yxyuyje cne cnojene, [m],
- xoe]nnnjenr nponohena roplote semnmra, [W/mK],
R
i
- ornop npenasy ronnore ca ynyrpamne crpane, [m
2
K/W],
R
f
- ornop nponoheny ronnore cnojena noa, [m
2
K/W],
R
a
- ornop npenasy ronnore ca cnone crpane, [m
2
K/W].
Koe]nnnjenr nponasa ronnore xpos noone na rny (k) pauyna ce npema (5) nnn (6), y
sanncnocrn o npnjenocrn nennunna d
t
n B'.
Axo je d
t
< B' (nensononann nnn cnao nsononann noonn) k ce pauyna npema:
2
2 ' W
ln 1 ,
' m K
t
t
| |

(
= +
|
(
+

\ . t t
B
k
B d d
(5)
onocno, sa d
t
_ B' (opo nsononann noonn):
2
W
,
0.457 ' m K

(
=
(
+

t
k
B d
. (6)
3a anannsy cy oapana na ojexara nmensnja noa 120 x 20 m n 10 x 10 m, na cy sa nnx
rynnn ronnore xpos nensononan no nspauynarn no naneennm cranapnma n npnxasann
y raenn 1.
343
1aeua 1 - Cneuuquuuu monuomuu eyuuu, oujeuu no
+emoouoeuja+a npopauyua npe+a cmauapu+a 1VC
V.15.600, DIN 4701 u ISO 13370:2007, pecnermueuo
Meroa npopauyna 1YC DIN ISO
Anannsnpann cnyuaj a o a o a o
nmensnje noa 120x20m 10x10m 120x20m 10x10m 120x20m 10x10m
Iynnn 1onno1e [W/m
2
] 67.27 67.27 7.38 12.03 3.45 8.03
Hpn opehnnany onrnmanne enne nsonannje rpahennncxe xoncrpyxnnje norpeno
je openrn ronmny xonnunny ronnore xoja ce xpos anannsnpany xoncrpyxnnjy nsmjenn
ca oxonnnom. 3a xoncrpyxnnje xoje rpannue ca cnonnm nasyxom, sa opehnnane
ronmnnx rynraxa ronnore xopncrn ce cpena remneparypa y nepnoy rpnjana, a cpene
exnnnanenrne remneparypne pasnnxe sa orox ronnore ern. H ox cy ce npannna
npopauyna rynraxa ronnore xpos no mjenana nnme nyra, npopauyn rynraxa onocno
nerarnnnx onraxa y ernem nepnoy ce y npojexranrcxoj npaxcn ne nsnon na ocnony
npenopyxe y [3]. a n ce camo ]opmanno noxasao yrnnaj ror ]enomena onn cy pauynarn
no ncroj meroonornjn xao xomnonenra rynraxa ronnore npema nosemnoj non, DIN
4701 ns 1983., na je ro onje n npnmjeneno. Hpn rom je anannsa nponeena sa npopauyn
rynraxa ronnore no ISO.
3a noone ojexara xojn cy nnn npemer anannse, onrnmnsannja je nsneena ca
nnjenom ronnorne eneprnje o 0.1 n enexrpnune 0.2 KM/kWh, sa nepno paa nocrpojena
ern 80 ana no 10 h/dan, sarnm a je remneparypa nosemnnx noa 10C snmn, a ern
20C, npn uemy cy one na ynnn o 2 m. Hponem ce cnono na rpaxene mnnnmyma xpnne
yxynnnx rpomxona (sa m
2
noa) xojn npecrana snp nnnecrnnnonnx n
excnnoarannonnx rpomxona. Onn cy pauynarn onojeno - noceno sa cnaxn nepno
(rpnjana n xnahena) (C.ura 3).
344
C.ura 3.a - ufaepa+ mpouroeu - oeo+uua uso.aufe, ou+eusufe nooa: 120 x 20 m
Figure 3 - Chart: costs - insulation thickness, floor dimensions: 120 x 20 m
C.ura 3.o - ufaepa+ mpouroeu - oeo+uua uso.aufe, ou+eusufe nooa: 10 x 10 m
Figure 3 - Chart: costs - insulation thickness, floor dimensions: 10 x 10 m
inv
T
+
inv eks
T T
, eks gr
T
, eks hl
T
inv
T
+
inv eks
T T
, eks gr
T
, eks hl
T
(
(

2
KM
m
T
| |
o cm
(
(

2
KM
m
T
| |
o cm
345
Y nepnoy n rpnjana n xnahena ronnora xpos no na rny ojexra nponasn xa semn, c
osnpom a je y nnjenom nepnoy ronne remneparypa rna ncno noa ojexra nnxa o
remneparype xnnmarnsonanor npocropa. Taj rynrax ronnore y nepnoy rpnjana je
nenoxean, ox je y nepnoy xnahena opo omao, jep cmanyje pacxnano onrepehene.
Honehanem enne nsonannje noa mn cmanyjemo rynrxe ronnore npocropa snmn, a
nonehanamo onrxe ronnore ern. Crora excnnoarannonn rpomxonn sa ernn nepno
nmajy nerarnnne npnjenocrn.
3 3AKYHAK
Axo ce ronnornn ornopn noona na rny nspauynajy no cranapy DIN 4701 n ynopee
ca npnjenocrnma najmannx norpennx ornopa no cranapy JYC Y.J5.600, youana ce a cy
sa noone nonpmnne nsna 100 m
2
n ynne nosemnnx noa nsna 2 m (xoje DIN nnaue
pasmarpa), npnjenocrn nojennaunnx ornopa pauynare no DIN-y n es nsonannje, nehe o
najmannx norpennx ornopa no JYC-y, ns uera nponsnnasn a je JYC saonoen n xa ce
no ne nsonyje. Hsneena anannsa noxasyje a ce nornxa xoja ce npnmjenyje na cnonn sn
nn y xom cnyuajy nemoxe jenocrannom ananornjom npnmjennrn na no. Crora cnaxn
xonxpernn ojexar saxrnjna anannsy unjn je nocrynax nsnoxen y onom pay.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Tooponnh, F.: Hpofermoeane nocmpofena sa eumpa.uo epufana, Mamnncxn
]axynrer, Feorpa, 1979.
[2] Herponnh, H.: Hso.aufa noooea ua m.y, XXIV Konrpec o KIX, Feorpa, 1993.
[3] Tophennh, A.: Hpofermoeane r.u+a uucma.aufa, Texnnuxa xnnra, Feorpa, 1967.

347
paeaua Bacu.cru
1
, Ceem.aua Cmeeoeuh
2
KOPEAAHH1A MOEPHHX H BEPHAKYAAPHE
APXHTEKTYPE KPO3 AHAAH3Y EKOAOmKHX
HPHHHHHA
Pesu+e:
Ojexrn ynex nmajy cnenn]nuan onoc npema xnnornoj cpennn, es osnpa o
xom ce apxnrexroncxom crnny pan. Moepna ce onuno npecrana xao
cynpornocr pernonannsmy y apxnrexrypn n nepnaxynapnom oxnnanany. Ann,
pojnn npnmepn nanoe na ]opmnpane cacnnm pyraunjer crana. Hn onor paa
jecre a ce xpos anannsy exnaranrnnx npnmepa npnxaxe onoc Moepne npema
npnpon, jep je ona ynpano cnoje najnehe npenocrn ncxasana xpos nepnaxynapny
apxnrexrypy, xoja npecrana ocnony xynrypne opxnnocrn.
K+yuue peuu: eepuary.apua apxumermypa, +ueomua cpeouua, ero.ouru
npuuunu.
CORRELATION OF MODERNISM AND VERNAKULAR
ARCHITECTURE BY ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES
ANALYSIS
Summary:
Objects always have a specific relationship to the environment, no matter what the
architectural style is presented. Modernism is usually presented in opposition to
regionalism in architecture and vernacular revival. However, numerous examples
suggest the formation of a completely different attitude. The aim of this paper is to
show the relationship of Modernism to nature, by analyze the striking examples,
because its greatest value was reported by the vernacular architecture, representing
basis of cultural sustainability.
Key words: vernacular architecture, environment, ecological principles.

1
parana Bacnncxn, PhD Arch, Ass. Professor, University Union Nikola Tesla, Belgrade
2
Cnernana Crenonnh, PhD, Professor, University Union Nikola Tesla, Belgrade

348
1 INTRODUCTION
Objects always have a specific relationship to the environment, no matter what the
architectural style is presented. Defined by many natural factors and characteristics,
environment itself opens possibilities for future development (Stevovic, Vasilski, 2009 c,d),
and human role is to recognize and adopt these factors (Stevovic, Vasilski, 2009a).
Contemporary world is talking about eco architecture (Vasilski, Stevovic, 2009). Modernism
is usually presented in opposition to regionalism in architecture and the vernacular revival.
The truth is the correlation with the environment had crucial importance: from Loos who
believed that architecture should serve as simply extension of nature, to Wright who by his
"organic architecture" has shown that buildings should be grown out of the landscape.
Aalto, Le Corbusier and many other Modernist architects never lost their enthusiasm for
vernacular architecture and, in a sence, measured everything they did against this standard.
They understood the vernacular as being the secure link between man and nature (Vasilski,
2009a), uncontaminated by abstract reasoning.
2 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: BUILDING AS NATURAL
EVOLUTION
Many modern architects have never lost their enthusiasm for vernacular architecture,
believing that it is a primordial connection of man and nature, unpolluted abstract
conceptions. In the thirties of last century, many architects were trying to convey intimacy
and naturalness of this type of architecture, applied the modern approach and across the
material and the furniture expressed gratitude to nature. Aalto shared the attitude of many
Finnish writers, artists and musicians towards Finnish vernacular architecture, especially that
of the Karelia region on the Finnish and Russian Border (Lane, 2000: 90-103). According to
his biographer Goran Schildt, Aalto considered the Niemela farmhouse, transported from the
village of Konginkangas close to Aaltos birthplace to the Seurasaari Open Air Museum in
Helsinki in 1909, to be the highest goal architecture could aim for (Schidt, 2003: 36). Part
of this was due to assumptions about the nobility of hard-working peasants uncorrupted by
civilization, but in large part it was due to beliefs about the value of close contact with
nature. Founded in 1909 following the lead of the Skansen Open Air Museum on the island of
Seurasaari included buildings from all over Finland. For those involved in the Scandinavian
National Romanticism movement, these buildings retained some of the authority, lost
innocence and authenticity of antiquity and were at the same time part of the cultural roots of
the region, along with its myths and sagas (Fig. 1 - 2). Aaltos teacher, Arnas Lindren, had
been a proponent both of National Romanticism and of the vernacular revival, constructing
with Hermann Gesellius and Eliel Saarinen one of the most brilliant examples of European
neo-vernacular in their colony of houses Hvittask (c.1900). There was nothing illogical for
Aalto in comparing the vernacular to the antique buildings of Greece and Rome, because both

349
seemed to him to be authentic and original expressions of their own time and conditions. At
the same time these buildings evoked direct contact with remote and primitive nature. The
Niemela tenant farm was a cluster of barns, a smokehouse, sauna and smokefilled living
quarters, perfectly evolved for combating the harsh conditions.
Figure 1 , 2 - Skansen Open Air Museum: one of objects and scale
model
3 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
AND MODERNISM
Le Corbusier, had always considered the vernacular and the classical to be on a par. When he
made his long voyage to the East in 1911, he wrote as much on the vernacular buildings of the
Balkans, Greece and Italy as he did on the famous temples of Greece and Rome. As a young
man in the Swiss watch-making town of La Chaux-de- Fonds, he had turned away from the
industrialized city, with its apartment blocks and grid of streets, to seek out the high slopes of
the Jura, spending several months each winter snowed into a vernacular farmhouse with its tue
(a snug built around the fireplace) (H. Allen Books, 1997: 185-90). His teacher at art school,
Charles LEplattenier, fired his students with his enthusiasm for capturing the essence of the
local flora and fauna, and creating a local variant of the pan-European National Romanticism
movement. These ideas were rooted in the English Arts and Crafts movement and German
Romanticism. Charles Edouard Jeanneret built his early villas in this style, incorporating
decorative forms based on the snow-covered pine trees of the region (Ibid.). Throughout his
Modernist period, Le Corbusier retained his fascination with vernacular architecture, sketching
details and taking measurements on his travels. (Passanti: 1997, 438-45). For Le Corbusier, no
architect could match the judgement and skill of the humble peasant who builds his own house
around his daily actions. His idea of a perfect vacation was an unbuttoned existence in the open
air, living in and around a modest wooden house or cabin (Fig. 3). In La Villa Radieuse (1935)
Le Corbusier illustrated the interior of one of the traditional stone houses that his friend Jean
Badovici had converted, and wrote:

350
Figure 3 - Le Corbusier, Sketch of holiday shack, Pencil on paper, 1932.
Foundation Le Corbusier
In Vezelay, sixteenth century and modern times and modern people Why this astonishing
freedom? Why this sweeping generosity? and this intimacy? Because a proper human
scale (that which has the true dimension of our gestures) has conditioned each thing. There is
no longer old or modern. There is what is permanent: the proper measure ( Modernism, 2006:
317). It is clear from the text that this measure did not refer to quantities of dimensions, but
to values.
He also attacked the Existenzminimum mentality that he had helped to promote: The
minimum home, as it has spread so tremendously these past few years in Germany, in
Czechoslovakia, in Poland, in Russia, is no longer a place to live in: it is a cage. It is harmful,
it is inhuman, it imprisons life within minimum limits, life that needs room (Modernism,
2006: 317). From 1929 Le Corbusier had begun to try to incorporate some of these values in
his own architecture, just as he had already abandoned the geometric discipline of Purism for a
more voluptuous and earthy style of painting (Green, 1987: 110-57).
The fascination with the vernacular (Vasilski, 2009b) and the conviction that contact with
fresh air and greenery was essential for family life, led to the development of the vernacular
revival and the Garden City movement. This formed an unbroken strand in the theory and
practice of housing and urban design from the founding of the Garden CityAssociation in
England following the publication of Ebeneyer Howards Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform in 1898. through its widespread imitation in Europe and its faint echo in the
speculative development of suburbs surrounding many European cities. Most modernists
rejected the suburb out of hand, although many Modernist architects were fascinated by the
challenge of combining Modernist architecture with open space and greenery. Le Corbusier,
for example, would not have allowed a suburban ring around his Ville Radieuse and he
referred to the Garden City ideal, which he had enthusiastically supported in his youth, as a
pre-machinist utopia. In La Ville Radieuse he located his zigzag housing slabs in vast parks

351
of greenery where the essential joys of sun, space and greenery could provide the city
dweller with natural surroundings. In the 1930s the remains of the Garden City ideal belonged
mostly to the reactionary supporters of regionalism and Blut und Boden (Blad and Soil)
nationalism, for whom the setting of workers in outlying low-density housing estates was seen
as a stimulus to vigorous population growth. A variant of the interest in the vernacular that
escaped such associations was the fascination with Japanese houses, which made a huge
impression on Frank Lloyd Wright, Bruno Taut and many others. Japanese houses seemed to
combine intensely human and intimate values with the clean, uncluttered surfaces and brightly
lit spaces that matched Modernists expectations.
The example of the vernacular remained fascinating for modern architects, however,
throughout the 1930s. In fascist Italy a number of articles, books and exhibitions sought to find
the roots of modern architecture in the simple cubic forms of Mediterranean vernacular
architecture. At the VI Triennale in Milan in 1936, Gusseppe Pagano mounted an important
exhibition of vernacular Italien architecture, entitled Funzionalita della casa rurale
(Functionalism of the Rural House), drawing on his own collection of photographs and
designed to draw out the parallels with Modernist architecture (Modernism, 1991: 471).
The context in fascist Italy was the need to defend Modernism from the charge of being
international or Bolshevik and to assert the Italien roots of modern architecture. But it is
also true that architects such as Giovanni Michelucci, Gio Ponti and Pagano derived much of
their inspiration from Mediterranean vernacular architecture. The villa designed by Adaberto
Libera for the brilliant but erratic poet and intellectual Curcio Malaparte was an animistic
hymn to nature (Fig. 4) (Vasilski, 2010).
Clamped to its rocky outcrop on the Punta Massullo in Capri, the villa is born open and closed.
The Malaparte House, or house like me, remains a unique and unrepeatable work
unhampered by any demonstrative wish (Bertoni, 2002: 49). The building guides the visitor
to a solarium open to the four horizons along a building-wide staircase. The building is shut
into a sort of upturned shell and is difficult to recognize: a timeless architecture, like the
surrounding landscape and the examples from which it drew inspirationThe Malaparte
house overcomes history and contingencies, offering itself as a pure means of participating in
vaster entitles, both physical and metaphysical (Bertoni, 2002:50).
But the interior also encloses an intimate living space, with a rough stone-flagged floor, heated
by an enormous fireplace and offering selective views to the coastline.

352
Figure 4 - Adaberto Libera, Casa Malaparte, Capri, 1938-40
In the 1930s many architects tried to capture the essential intimacy and naturalness of
vernacular building, while introducing a modern approach to materials and the controlad
appreciation of nature. For example, in 1934-5, Charlotte Perriand carried out a study of
vernacular buildings in the Jura and Savoie, and wrote an article to accompany the publication
of one of her design entries for a weekend house competition (LArchitecture dAujourdhui,
1935.).
This article combined her deep knowledge of vernacular architecture with her trenchant
Marxist views and was cleary intended to provide support for her design. Her project for a
maison au bord de leau (house by the shore) was based on a simple steel and wooden
structure providing dwellings units on either side of an open deck. Large panels could be
swung up and over to provide shade, or inclined upwards to allow free ventilation at night
while maintaining privacy. At the end of the holiday season, these same panels could be closed
up to render the houses secure.
Pierre Jeanneret and Perriand also worked on another competition for LArchitecture
dAujourdhui (The Architecture of Today) in 1936, for a holiday centre in the Bandol region
on the Cote dAzur (Barsac, 2005: 152-61). These examples demonstrate the association, in
the minds of architects trained in the functionalist tradition, between vernacular architecture,
close proximity to nature and a simple life in sympathy with the agrarian working class.
Le Corbusier too built a weekend house for Henry Felix, for whom Le Corbusier had just
designed a Surrealist penthouse apartment overlooking the Champs-Elysees, entirely lit by
candles and with a roof garden laid out like a living room open to the sky and with grass for a
carpet. Among the preparatory drawings for Felixs villa are some sketches for an
unpretentious stone and wood shack, and another showing two schemes with Catalan tile
vaults Copied from Antonio Gaudis school for the Sagrada Familia church in Barcelona,
which Le Corbusier had seen in 1928.

353
The house as completed would become much more formal, but these sketches show how
modernist architects such as Le Corbusier yearned for the simple and natural (Fig. 5).
Figure 5 - Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, Maison de week-end, La Celle-Saint-
Cloud, 1935 (cat.208)
Alongside the rediscovery of vernacular architecture and the simple life, architects such as Le
Corbusier and Perriand became very interested in the aesthetic stimulus of natural found
objects. Surrealism clearly stimulated this interest in the late 1920s, but many architects had
collected shells, stones and driftwood as domestic exhibits for some time. In January 1923 Le
Corbusier wrote to the editor of the Dutch magazine Wendingen, admiring a special issue he
had put together on sea shells. Le Corbusier claimed to have studied a collection of sea shells
in a museum 20 years previously. By 1928 Le Corbusier began to collect objects trouves more
systematically, for exhibition in his and his clients houses and for inclusion in his paintings.
When designing the Swiss Pavilion at the Cite Universitaire in Paris at this time, Le Corbusier
describet the curved profile of the massive piers made to support the structure as being a dog-
bone. When he came to decorate the dining room of the Swiss Pavilion, he composed a mural
of photographic blow-ups of natural details (Fig. 6).
This mural, which was fiercely criticized by Swiss traditionalists as an example of Bolshevik
materialism, stands in a line of abstract of Surrealist photographs from nature used as art or
decoration during the 1930s. Pierre Jeanneret and Perriand also took photographs of this kind.
In an exhibit at the Exposition Internationale (International Exhibition) in Brussels, in 1935,
Perriand worked up a display that relied on natural references on a number of levels. In 1930
Perriand had written a vigorous defence of metal for furniture design, associating it with
modern life, healthy living and a dynamic existence. During the 1930s she would increasingly
turn to wood and natural forms for her furniture. Many Modernist architects and designers
followed a similar path.

354
Figure 6 - Le Corbusier, Photomural in the dining room of the Student Hostel, Cite
Universitaire, Paris, 1929-33. Archives Charlotte Perriand
4 CONCLUSION
Architecture is a live and creative spirit, which is going its way from one generation to
another, from one epoch to another, which exists and is returned in perfect harmony to human
nature and the changing circumstances of human existence (Wright, 1955).
As a basis for cultural sustainability carefully defined vernacular should be used, ie. what is
grown on its own territory. On one hand there is, having architecture as an example, a built
heritage as well as physical environment, and on the other, there's a built heritage as a culture,
a system of values. Sometimes written and codified, and sometimes just spontaneously
transmitted from generation to generation even the other aspect of the built culture requires
study and protection. It would be necessary to define a system of indigenous values and their
many spatial and temporal contextualization, so that one can continue working on its
maintenance. That task, however, is too complex for this kind of work, but it certainly could
be the subject of some research next.
Under this type of architectural structure it is needed to create a radically new relationship.
Only the fundamentals of their own vernakular values of one culture can build a sustainable
future. "... In order to make our path to the future we should learn how to take advantage of the
heritage from previous centuries, so working in architecture, had left to us ..." (Uniack, 1968).
Or, as great visionary and architect of the 20th century Le Corbusier used to say: The
tradition is the arrow which top is pointing towards the future.

355
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The results presented in this paper are from the scope of scientific research project of EE18031
and TR35030, financed by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Serbia.
REFERENCES:
Barsac, Jacques: Charlotte Perriand: Un art de dhabiter, Paris, 2005, pp. 152-61
Bertoni, Franco (2002): Minimalist Architecture, Birkhouser
Green, Christopher: The architect as artist, in Le Corbusier Architects of the Century
(exh,cat. Hayward Gallery, London, 1987: pp110-57
H. Allen Books: Le Corbusiers Formative Years: Charles-Eduard Jeanneret at La Chaux-de-
Fonds, Chicago, 1997: 185-90
Lane, Milller: National Romanticism and Modern Architecture in Germany and Scandinavian
Countries, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 90-103
LArchitecture dAujourdhui, yr 6, no.1 January 1935
Modernism in Italian Architecture, 1890-1940, Cambridge, MA, 1991, p.471
Modernism 1914-1939, designing a new world, ed. Wilk, Christopher, V&A Consoran,
London, 2007.
Passanti, Francesco: The vernacular, Modernism and le Corbusier, Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians, vol.56,no.4 (December 1997), pp.438-45
Schidt, Goran: Alvar Aalto The Early Years, New York, 1984, in Menin And Samuel, 2003,
p.36
Stevovic, S.; Vasilski, D. (2009a): Renewable Energy in Vernacular Architecture and Today,
mexynapona xon]epennn "Hpocrpancrnoro n Enponencxara apxnrexrypa - rpannn
n nonaropcrno", 3 - 5 mnn 2009 r., Fanunx, Fnrapn , ISBN 978-954-9430-43-1, str. 213-
220, www.vfu.bg
Stevovic, S.; Vasilski, D. (2009c): Plants in the Architecture and its Integrative Role in
Energy Eficiency, 14th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional
Development in the Information Society, GeoMultimedia 2009, Sitges, Spain, 2009. www.
realcorp.at ISBN 978-39502139-6-6 (CD rom), ISBN 978-39502139-7-3 (print), str.423-430

356
Stevovic, S.; Vasilski, D. (2009d): Higher Energy Efficiency of the Buildings by
Environmentally Friendly Solution for the Roofs and Facades, Conference in Lozenec,
Bulgaria, 2009., ISSN 1313-7735, str.179-183
Vasilski D. (2009b): Vernakularna, anonimna ili tradicionalna arhitektura (2), Arhitektura,
br.141, str.13, ISSN 1452-9750
Vasilski D. (2009a): Vernakularna, anonimna ili tradicionalna arhitektura (1), Arhitektura,
br.140, str.13, ISSN 1452-9750
Vasilski D. (2010): Znacaj mediteranske vernakularne arhitekture i njen uticaj na
minimalizam u arhitekturi: LEPOTA JEDNOSTAVNOSTI, Arhitektura, br. 145- 146, str.21,
ISSN 1452-9750
Vasilski, D.; Stevovic, S. (2009): Eko-arhitektura u kontekstu procesa globalizacije i odrivog
razvoja, Medunarodni naucni skup Globalizacija i ivotna sredina, Beograd, Ecologica,
br.55. god. XVI, 2009. YU ISSN 0354 3285, str. 496 499, www.ecologica.org.yu
UDC:316.323.723:711.4-122
Uniack, G. (1968): De Vitruve a Le Corbusier, Textes dArchitectes, Dunod, Paris
Wright, Frank Lioyd (1955): An American Architecture, Edited by Edgar Kaufmann, Horizon
Press, New York
357
A.ercauoap Hporuh
1
, Mapmuua Bofuuh
2
, paeau Hyruh
3
AKCH1AAHO-TOP3HOHE BHBPAHH1E TAHKO3HHHX
KOMHO3HTHHX mTAHOBA OTBOPEHOI HPECEKA
Pesu+e:
Y pay se anannsnpa nnamnuxo nonamane ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx mranona
ornopenor nonpeunor npecexa. Teopnja ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx mranona ce
asnpa na npernocranxama xoje naxe y xnacnunoj reopnjn namnnara. Honasehn o
reopnje Bnacona, n]epennnjanne jenaunne xperana cy nsneene npnmenom
npnnnnna nnpryannnx nomepana. 3a cnyuaj cnoono ocnonene rpee I
nonpeunor npecexa nsneeno je pemene y sarnopenom onnxy sa xpyxne
]pexnennnje cnoonnx xapmonnjcxnx nnpannja. Hymepnuxn npnmep ce onocn
na oocrpano cnmerpnuny rpey ca nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnnara.
K+yuue peuu: Taurosuouu umanoeu, feoua:uue rpemana, ro+nosumu
AXIAL-TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF THIN-WALLED
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH OPEN CROSS SECTION
Summary:
In the paper was presented the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of thin-walled
composite beams with open cross-section. Theory of thin-walled composite beams is
based on assumptions consistent of classical lamination theory. Starting from the
Vlasov`s theory, differential equations of motion are derived using the principle of
virtual displacements. In the case of a simply supported thin-walled beam with I
shaped cross section, a closed-form solution for the natural frequencies of free
harmonic vibrations was derived. Numerical results are obtained for a double
symmetric cross section and arbitrary stacking sequence.
Key words: Thin-walled beams, equations of motion, composite materials

1
Peonnn npo]ecop, Ipahenncxn ]axynrer Cyornna, 24000 Cyornna
2
Acncrenr, Ipahenncxn ]axynrer Cyornna, 24000 Cyornna
3
Peonnn npo]ecop, Ipahenncxn ]axynrer Cyornna, 24000 Cyornna
358
1. YBO
Tanxosnnn xomnosnrnn enemenrn nanase cne nehy npnmeny y pasnnunrnm rpanama
nnycrpnje: mamnncrny, rpahennnapcrny, poorpann, anno-nnycrpnjn nr. 3or cnoje
nennxe unpcrohe n xpyrocrn n neoma mane concrnene rexnne nmajy nns npenocrn y
onocy na rpannnonanne rpahennncxe marepnjane. pyra nnxona nennxa npenocr je
cnooa y nsajny. Horonnm nsopom namnnara n nnxonor nonoxaja y nonpeunom
npecexy mory ce nocrnhn xeenn e]exrn.
Teopnjy ranxosnnnx mranona o nsorponnnx marepnjana je npnn nsneo Bnacon [1].
Hns paona je sacnonan na npernocranxama xoje cy ycnojene y onoj reopnjn n ona ce n
anac mnpoxo npnmenyje n no norpen mon]nxyje. Y nocnene npeme nennxa naxna ce
nocnehyje ncrpaxnnany crannnocrn n nnamnuxnx cnojcrna ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx
nocaua.
Wu n Sun [2] cy pasnnnn ynpomheny reopnjy xoja ce sacnnna na Bnacon-oj reopnjn. Ona
nopasymena ceam n]epennnjannnx jenaunna xperana, y xojnma cy yxyuenn yrnnajn
e]opmannje o ropsnje n cmnnana. Y cnom pay Maddur n Chaturvedi [3] npenaxy
reopnjcxo pemene sa n]epennnjanne jenaunne xperana uernpror pea xoje cy mehycono
sanncne.
Mnore nymepnuxe meroe ce xopncre sa opehnnane nnamnuxnx xapaxrepcrnxa
ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx marepnjana. Y nehnna paona xaxo n ce nserao e]exar
coupling-a n xaxo n ce nojenocranno cncrem n]epennnjannnx jenaunna [4,5]
pasmarpajy ce camo cnmerpnunn n anancnpann namnnarn.
Chandra n Chopra cy npnn ennmnnncann norpey sa cnmerpnjom namnnara y onocy na
cpeny nnnnjy npecexa, mro je ojamneno y pay [6]. Lee [7] je anannsnpao cnoone
nnpannje ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx mranona I nonpeunor npecexa ca nponsnonnm
pacnopeom namnnara. Hpnmenena je meroa xonaunnx enemenara n cnn rononn cy nnn
yxyuenn y anannsy. Kim, Shin n Park [8] cy opennn rauny marpnny xpyrocrn xoja ce
moxe npnmennrn y anannsn cnoonnx nnpannja ranxosnnnx xomnosnrnnx I nocaua ca
cnmerpnunnm n nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnnara y onocy na cpeny nnnnjy. Taj pa
npecrana npnn noxymaj a ce opee raune npenocrn cnoonnx ]pexnennnja
ranxosnnnx nocaua ca nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnnara. Y pay Lee-ja [9], npnmenom
meroe xonaunnx enemenara, cy ncnnrane nnamnuxe xapaxrepncrnxe ranxosnnnx
xomnosnrnnx nocaua I nonpeunor npecexa, ca nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnnara,
onrepehennx axcnjannom cnnom n momenrom cannjana.
Y onom pay ce anannsnpajy cnpernyre axcnjanno-ropsnone nnpannje ranxosnnnx
xomnosnrnnx mranona. Teopnja xomnosnrnnx mranona ce asnpa na npernocranxama xoje
naxe y xnacnunoj reopnjn namnnara. Jenaunne xperana cy nsneene npnmenom npnnnnna
nnpryannnx nomepana. Hsneeno je pemene, y sarnopenom onnxy, sa xpyxne ]pexnennnje
cnoonnx xapmonnjcxnx nnpannja n ypahen je nymepnuxn npnmep sa nocau oocrpano
cnmerpnunor nonpeunor npecexa ca nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnna. Pesynrarn xojn cy
onjenn npenoxennm nocrynxom ynopehenn cy ca pesynrarnma xoje aje xomepnnjannn
nporpam Ansys.
359
2. 1EHAHHHE KPETAHA
Hocmarpajmo ranxosnnn xomnosnrnn mran nponsnonor ornopenor nonpeunor
npecexa, Cnnxa 1. Homepana nponsnone rauxe y pannn nonpeunor npecexa, ycnajajyhn
npernocranxe Bnacona, ce mory onncarn ca uernpn napamerpa, rpn rpancnannje
,
,
p p
u v w n
porannje oxo nponsnono nsapanor nona P.
*
( )
p p
u u y y =
*
( )
p p
v v x x = +

(1)
* p p
w w u x v y e ' ' ' =
reenpecrana yonmreny cexropcxy xoopnnary y onocy na non P.
C.ura 1 - Taurosuouu uman npouseo+uoe omeopeuoe nonpe:uoe npecera
Hmajyhn y nny nspase (1), e]opmannjcxe nennunne xoje cy pasnnunre o nyne cy
nnarannja n xnnsane:
2
z
z P P
sz s
w
w u x v y
z
e
c e

c
' '' '' '' = =
c
' = =

(2)
re e npecrana pacrojane nsmehy nocmarpane rauxe n cpene nnnnje npecexa mepeno
yx nopmane n.
Peyxyjyhn nopmanne nanone na rexnmre a cmnuyhe nanone na non P, onjamo nspase
sa npeceune cnne y cneehem onnxy:
360
sin
cos
2
z
F
x z
F
y z
F
x zs
F
y zs
F
P zs p
F
S zs
F
z
F
N dF
M ydF
M xdF
V dF
V dF
T h dF
T edF
M dF
e
o
o
o
t o
t o
t
t
o e
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
))
))
))
))
))
))
))
))
(3)
Y jenaunnama (3), N npecrana nopmanny cnny,
x
M n
y
M momenre cannjana y
onocy na x n y ocy,
x
V n
y
V rpancnepsanne cnne y x n y npanny,
P
T ropsnonn momenr,
S
T
Cannr Benanr-on momenr ropsnje n M
e
nmomenr.
Jenaunne xperana cy nsneene npnmenom npnnnnna nnpryannnx nomepana.
Hocmarpamo n]epennnjanno mann enemenr mrana, Cnnxa 2, xojn je nsnoxen ejcrny
cnoamner onrepehena saaror no jennnnn cpene nonpmn mrana.
C.ura 2 uqepeuufa.uu e.e+eum umana
Bexrop nanona je e]nnncan xao:
sin cos
zs z z zs x zs y z z
t i i i i o t o t o t o o = + = + + (4)
Bexrop nnpryannnx nomepana ycnajamo y ncroj ]opmn xao n nexrop crnapnnx nomepana:
* * *
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
p p x p p y p p z
u u i v i w i
u y y i v x x i w u x v y i
o o o o
o o o o o o o o e
= + + =
( ( ' ' ' = + + +

(5)
361
Hapamerpn nnpryannnx nomepana cy nponsnone ]ynxnnje xoopnnara n ne sannce o
cnoamner onrepehena.
Hpnnnnn nnpryannnx nomepana rnacn:
0 W U o o + =

(6)
re je ca W o osnauen pa cnoamnnx n rpannrannonnx cnna npn saarnm nnpryannnm
nomepannma u o a U o npecrana oronapajyhn pa ynyrpamnnx cnna.
Pa cnoamnnx n rpannrannonnx cnna peyxonan na jennnny yxnne oce mrana
nsnocn:
, ,
( )
z z
F S F
W u u dF p uds u udF o o o oo o o = + +
)) ) ))

(7)
re npecrnaa rycrnny, a u nexrop ypsana ar xao:
* * *
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
p p x p p y p p z
u u i v i w i
u y y i v x x i w u x v y i e
= + + =
( ( ' ' ' = + + +



(8)
Ynpmranajyhn jenaunne (4), (5) n (8) y (7) onjamo cneehn nspas sa W o :
{
}
{
sin ( ) cos ( )
( ) sin ( )
cos ( ) (
( ) (
zs p p zs p p
F
z p p zs p p
zs p p z p p
x p p y p p
S
W u y y v x x
w v y u x u y y
v x x w v y u x dF
p u y y p v x x
o t o o o t o o o
o o o o o e t o o o
t o o o o o o o o e
o o o o
( ( ' ' = + + +

( ' ' ' ' ' ' + +

( ' ' ' '' '' '' + + + +

( + + +

))
)
}
* * * * * *
)
( ) ( )
z p p
F
p w v y u x dS u u v v w w dF o o o o e o o o
( +

' ' ' + + +
))


(9)
Pa ynyrpamnnx cnna jenax je nerarnnnom pay xomnonenrannnx nanona npn saarnm
nnpryannnm e]opmannjama. Peyxonan na jennnny yxnne mrana on nsnocn:
( )
z z s s
F
U dF o o oc t o = +
))

(10)
Kopncrehn nspase (3) sa pa ynyrpamnnx cnna onjamo:

( ) 2
z p p s
F
U w u x v y e dF o o o o o o e t o ( ' '' '' '' ' = +

))

(11)
Horonnm rpynncanem nenosnarnx y jenaunnama (9) n (11) npema nnpryannnm
nomepannma, npnnnnn nnpryannnx nomepana ce moxe nspasnrn y cneehem onnxy:
362
* *
*
* *
sin
cos
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
z z p zs x
F F s F F s
p zs y
F F s
zs p p p y p x p
F s
w dF w dF p ds u dF u dF p ds
v dF v dF p ds
h dF y y u x x v dF p x x p y y ds
o o o t o
o t o
o t


' ' + + + +
` `

) )


' + + +
`

)
( ( ' + + +

)) )) ) )) )) )
)) )) )
)) )

*
*
*
( sin )
( cos )
( 2 ) 0
F
p z zs z
F F s
p z zs z
F F s
z zs p s z
F F s
u x dF xw dF p xds
v y dF yw dF p yds
h e dF w dF p ds
o o t o
o o t o
o o e t t e e

`

)


' ' + +
`

)


' ' + +
`

)


' ' + + + =
`

)
))
)) )) )
)) )) )
)) )) )

(12)
Homro napamerpn nomepana mory nmarn nponsnone npenocrn, jenaunna (12) he nrn
saonoena camo axo cy nspasn y nennxnm sarpaama jenaxn nynn.
Kopncrehn nspase sa npeceune cnne (3) onjamo:
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
0
0
0
( ) ( ) 0
0
0
0
z
F
x x
F
y y
F
p p p p
F
y x y
F
x y x
F
p s
F
N w dF p
V u dF p
V v dF p
T y y u x x v dF m
M V xw dF m
M V yw dF m
M T T w dF m
e e

e
' + =
' + =
' + =
'
( + + =

'
+ + + =
'
+ =
' + + =
))
))
))
))
))
))
))

(13)
Hpeceune cnne , ,
x y p
V V T ce mory ennmnnncarn ns jenaunna (13) xaxo n onnn uernpn
jenaunne:
363
*
* *
* *
* * *
0
0
0
[( ) ( ) ] 0
z
F
y x y
F F
x y x
F F
s p p p
F F
N w dF p
M xw dF u dF p m
M yw dF v dF p m
M T w dF y y u x x v dF m m
e e

e
' + =
''
' ' + + + =
''
' ' + + =
'
'' ' ' + + + + =
))
)) ))
)) ))
)) ))

(14)
Hpeceune cnne ce mory nspasnrn y ]ynxnnjn nenosnarnx nomepana. Hcnncana y
marpnunoj ]opmn rnacn:

, , , ,
, , , ,
,
, , , ,
,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
com x com y com com e com
x com xx com xy com x com xe com
y
y com xy com yy com y com ye com
x
com x com y com com e com
s
e com xe com ye com e com ee
F S S S S
N
S I I I I
M
S I I I I
M
M
S I I I I
T
S I I I I
e
e
e
e
e e e ee e
e

(
(

(
(
=

(
(


,
P
P
com
w
u
v

(
'
(
(
(
( ''
(
(
( ''
(
(
(
''
(
(
(
'
(


(15)
Horonnm nsopom nonoxaja n opnjenrannje xoopnnarnnx oca moxemo sanncarn:

,
,
,
0
0
0
x com
y com
xy com
S
S
I
=
=
=
(16)
Cneehn ycnonn ce mory saononrn noronnm nsopom nona P n nynre rauxe
1
O :
,
0
com
S
e
=
,
0
x com
I
e
=

(17)
,
0
y com
I
e
=
Tpea nanomenyrn a nonoxaj rauaxa
1
, i C P O ne sanncn camo o reomerpnje nonpeunor
npecexa neh n o marepnjannnx xapaxrepncrnxa namnnara.
Ysnmajyhn y osnp ycnone (16) n (17) onjamo nojenocranene nspase sa npeceune
cnne

,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
com e com
xx com xe com y
P
yy com ye com
P x
com e com
e com xe com ye com e com ee com s
F S N
w
I I M
u
I I
v M
I I M
S I I I I T
ee e e
e

( ' (
(
( (
(

''
( (
(
( (
( '' =

( (
(
''
( (
(
( (
(
'



(18)

Ynpmranajyhn jenaunny (18) y (14) onjamo jenaunne xoje npecranajy jenaunne
xperana ranxosnnor xomnosnrnor mrana nponsnonor ornopenor nonpeunor npecexa.
364
,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
e com com
xe com xx com
P P
ye com yy com
P P
e com xe com ye com com
e
S F
w w
I I
u u
I I
v v
S I I I
I
ee

( ( ''' ''
( (
( (
( (

'''' '''
( (
( (
+
( (
( ( '''' '''
( (
( (
'''' '''
( (

,
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0
x y
x xx xy x
P P
P y xy yy y P
e com
x y
P y
P x
P y P x P
F S S S
w w
S I I I
u u
v S I I I v
S I I I
w
F y F S
F x F S
y F S x F S I
e
e
e
e e e ee

(
' ' ( ( (
(
( ( (

'' ''
(
( ( (
+
(
( ( ( '' ''
(
( ( (
'' '' (
(

(
(

(
+
(
+
(
+
(

z
x y
P
y x P
P
p
p m
u
p m v
m m
e

' (
(
(
(
'
(
(
=
(
' ( +
(
(
' ( +

(19)
Anannsnpajyhn onaj cncrem jenaunna moxemo saxyunrn a ce n]epennnjanne
jenaunne xperana ne mory pasnojnrn, mro snaun a ce jenaunne xoje onncyjy axcnjanne,
rpancnepsanne n ropsnone nnpannje mopajy pemanarn sajeno.
Axo nocmarpamo rpey xoja je cnmerpnuna oxo ne oce (y reomerpnjn n marepnjany), ca
anrncnmerpnunnm pacnopeom namnnara, enemenrn marpnne xojn cy jenaxn ca nynom cy
cneehn:
, , ,
0
ye com xe com e com
I I I
e
= = = (20)
Kaxo ce rnanne nenrpanne oce xomnosnrnor nonpeunor npecexa noxnanajy ca ocama
xomorenor nonpeunor npecexa moxemo sanncarn:
0
x y xy x y
S S S I I I
e e e
= = = = = =

(21)
3a cnyuaj oocrpane cnmerpnje nonpeunor npecexa nenrap cmnnana ce noxnana ca
rexnmrem, mro snaun a cy xoopnnare xoje opehyjy nonoxaj nenrpa cmnnana jenaxe ca
nynom:

0
P P
x y = =

(22)
Ysnmajyhn y osnp ycnone (20), (21) n (22), jenaunna (19) nocraje:
365
,
,
,
,
,
,
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
com
e com
xx com
P P
yy com
P P
e com
com
P
ee com
F
S w w
I
u u
I
v v
S
I
w
u
I
ee

( ''' '' ( ( (
(
( ( (
'''' '''
(
( ( (
+
(
( ( ( '''' '''
(
( ( (
'''' '''
( (

' (
(
''
(

(
'
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
xx
P
yy
P P
z
x y
P
y x P
P
P
F
w
I
u
I
v v
I
p
w
p m
F u
p m F v
I
m m
ee
e

' (
( (
(
( (
''
(
( (
+
(
( ( ' ''
(
( (
'' ''
(

' (
( (
(
( (
'
(
( (
+ =
(
( ' ( +
(
( (
' ( +

(23)
pyra n rpeha jenaunna (23-2,3), xoje onncyjy rpancnepsanne nnpannje, cy nesanncne o
ocrarxa cncrema n mory ce anannsnparn saceno.
Cnoone xapmonnjcxe axcnjanne n ropsnone nnpannje cy e]nnncane cnpernyrnm
cncremom jenannna (23-1,4). Pemene ce moxe nspasnrn y cneehem onnxy:
( , ) ( )
sin
( , ) ( )
w z t W z
pt
z t z
( (
=
( (
u


(24)
re p npecrana ]pexnennnjy a W n u amnnnrye ocnnnonana.
Ynpmranajyhn jenaunne (24) y jenaunne (23) onjamo:

,
, , ,
2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
com e com
com e com ee com
P
F S W W W
I S I
F W W
p p
I I
ee
ee

''' '' ' ( ( ( ( ( (
+ +
( ( ( ( ( (
'''' ''' '' u u u

'
( ( ( ( (
+ =
( ( ( ( (
'' u u

(25)
3a cnyuaj cnoonoocnonene rpee rpannunn ycnonn na xpajennma cy cneehn:
0 0
,
0 0
W W''
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (
'' u u


(26)
Onn saxrenn he nrn saonoenn axo:
( )
sin
( )
W
n
C W z
z
z C

u
( (
=
( (
u

(27)
re cy
W
C n
W
C xoncranre a
n
n
L
t
=
Ynpmranajyhn jenaunny (27) y (25) onjamo:
366
,
4 2
, , ,
2 2 2
0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
com e com W W
n n
com e com ee com
W W
n
P
F S C C
I S I
C C
C C F
p p
I I C C
ee
ee


u u
u u

( ( ( (
+ +
( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (
=
( ( ( ( (


(28)
Hsjenauanajyhn erepmnnanry cncrema ca nynom onjamo:
2 2 2
,
2 4 2 2 2 2
, , ,
0
n com n e com
n e com n com n ee com n P
F p F S
S I I p I p I
ee ee


+
=
+
(29)
nnn y pasnnjenom onnxy:
4 2
0 a p b p c + + = (30)
npn uemy cy xoe]nnnjenrn arn nspasnma:
2 2 2
4 4 2 2
, ,
6 4 4 2
, , ,
n P
n com n com n P com n ee com
n com com n com ee com n e com
a FI I F
b F I FI I F FI
c F I F I S
ee
ee ee
ee



=
= + + +
= +

(31)
3. HYMEPHHKH HPHMEP
Y onom nymepnuxom npnmepy cy cpauynare ]pexnennnje cnoono ocnonene rpee, I
nonpeunor npecexa ca nponsnonnm pacnopeom namnnara. Hocmarpamo I nocau
oconnncxe nncnne n mnpnne 60nm. Yxynna enna noxnne n pepa je 3nm. Hamnnarn y
noxnnama n pepy cy nocranenn anrncnmerpnuno y onocy na reomerpnjcxe oce, a
nponsnono y onocy na cpeny nnnnjy. Hpernocrana ce a nma uernpn nejepa,
opnjenrannja y ropnoj noxnnn je 0/30/60/90, y onoj noxnnn -90/-60/-30/0 n y pepy
0/30/-30/0. Ypahenn cy npnmepn sa nocau yxnne 12m, 15m n 20m . onjenn pesynrarn
npema nanpe nsneennm ]opmynama cy ynopehenn ca pesynrarnma onjennm nomohy
nporpamcxor naxera Ansys 12.0
Kapaxrepcnrnxe marepnjana cy:
1 2 12
144 , 9.65 , 4.14 , 0.3 E GPa E GPa G GPa u = = = =
C.ura 3 Honpe:uu npecer umana
367
Pesynrarn cy npnxasann y Taenn 1.
1aeua 1 - 0pereeuuuje (Hz) epee y noc+ampauo+ npu+epy
yx.
12 m 15 m 20 m
Ton
Tauno
pemene
Ansys
Ipemxa
(%)
Tauno
pemene
Ansys
Ipemxa
(%)
Tauno
pemene
Ansys
Ipemxa
(%)
1
9.465 9.370 1.004 6.059 6.011 0.786 3.409 3.3871 0.636
2
10.315 10.518 1.930 6.969 7.204 3.253 4.333 4.5671 5.119
3
18.275 18.235 0.219 11.706 11.812 0.899 6.589 6.7068 1.758
4
37.781 36.301 3.917 24.204 23.686 2.139 13.625 13.451 1.277
5
37.912 36.837 2.836 24.693 24.494 0.804 14.381 14.514 0.918
Ha cnnxama cy npnxasann onnnn ocnnnonana sa npnnx ner ronona.
C.ura 4 Oo.uu ocu.oeana npeux nem mouoea
368
4. 3AKYHAK
Hpnmenom npnnnnna nnpryannnx nomepana cy nsneene jenaunne xperana ranxosnnor
xomnosnrnor mrana ornopenor nonpeunor npecexa. Ypahenn npnmep sa cnoonoocnoneny
rpey noxasyje a ce pemene onjeno reopercxnm nyrem y nennxoj mepn noxnana ca
pemenem onjennm nporpamcxnm naxerom Ancyc 12.0, n rnme je nornphena raunocr
reopercxor pemena.
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Vlasov V. Thin-walled elastic beams. Israel Program for Scientific Translation,
Jerusalem; 1961.
[2] Wu, X, Sun, CT. Simplifed theory for composite thin-walled beams. AIAA
Journal, 1992;30(12).
[3] Suresh S. Maddur, Shive K. Chaturvedi. Laminated composite open profile
sections: first order shear deformation theory, Composite Structures 50 (2000)
159-169.
[4] Cortinez, Piovan, Vibration and buckling of composite thin-walled beams with
shear deformability. Journal of Sound and Vibration (2002) 258(4), 701723
[5] V. Yildirim, E. Sancaktar, E. Kiral, Free vibration analysis of symmetric cross-
ply laminated composite beams with the help of the transfer matrix approach,
Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1999) 651660.
[6] Ramesh Chandra, Inderjit Chopra , Experimental and theoretical analysis of
composite I-beams with elastic coupling. In: Proceeding of the AIAA 32nd
structures, structural dynamics and materials conference, AIAA, Washington,
DC, 1991.
[7] Lee, Kim Free vibration of thin walled composite beams with I cross section,
Composite Structures 55(2002) 205-215.
[8] Nam-Il Kim, Dong Ku Shin, Young-Suk Park, Dynamic stiffness matrix of thin
walled composite I-beam with symmetric and arbitrary laminations, Journal of
Sound and Vibration 318 (2008) 364388.
[9] Vo. Lee. Vibration analysis of thin-walled composite beams with I-shaped cross
sections, Composite Structures 93 (2011) 812820.
Hanomena: "Onaj pa ]nnancnpano je Mnnncrapcrno sa nayxy n rexnonomxn pasnoj
Penynnxe Cpnje, Hemannna 22-26 (Hpojexar TP 36043)"
369
Mafa H.u:auuh
1
HPOBEBA 3AmTHTE HHYCTPH1CKOI HACAH1ETA Y
BHX HA HPHM1EPY AEAPE Y MOCTAPY
Pesu+e:
Kpnrnuxo pasmarpane xpononornje samrnrapcxor jenonana na noy
nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha y FnX ynyhyje na norpey, npenacxono sa
nnnenrapnsannjom ocraraxa nnycrpnjcxe xynrype, a sarnm n nenom nornynnjom
xnacn]nxannjom, xaxo n ce y xonaunnnn npncrynnno nspan jenncrnennx
cmjepnnna sa nanopnsannjy, oxymenrannjy, re samrnry n npesenrannjy onor
npnjenor nacnnjeha. Hpnmjepom nnycrpnjcxor ojexra HEAPA y Mocrapy
npnxasano je xaxo neonono pasnnjena cnnjecr n neocrarax meroonomxnx
cmjepnnna y nponen samrnre onoe o erpaannje n nenonparnor rynrxa
npnjenocrn nacnnjeha xoje npecrana snauajan cranj ycxe npomnocrn,.
K+yuue pujeuu: uuoycmpufcro uac.ufehe, uueeumapusaufa, Heoapa, Mocmap,
TICCIH
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL
HERITAGE IN B&H, AT THE EXAMPLE - "LEDARA" IN
MOSTAR
Summary:
Critical review of chronology of protective activities in the field of industrial heritage
in B&H points to the need, primarily for inventory of remains of industrial culture,
and afterwards for its more complete classification, in order to ultimately make
uniform guidelines for valorization, documentation, preservation and presentation of
this valuable heritage. Example of an industrial facility "LEDARA" in Mostar has
shown that lack of consciousness and lack of methodological guidance in enforcement
of protection lead to degradation and irreversible loss of heritage value that represents
a significant stage of human history.
Key words: industrial heritage, inventory, "LEDARA", Mostar, TICCIH
1
nnn.nnr. apx. Cryenr oxropcxnx crynja na Apxnrexroncxom ]axynrery y Capajeny. 3anocnena xao acncrenr
na Hearomxom ]axynrery y Cpapajeny, Cxenepnja 72. majasiric@gmail.com
370
1 YBO
Ha camom nouerxy paa norpeno je nanomenyrn a he ce y napenom nsnarany
noxymarn sanemapnrn cnoxenocr ynyrpamner ypehena FnX, xoje nyxno onon o
nocrojana nennxor poja saxona xojnma ce perynnme samrnra nacnnjeha na pasnnunrnm
nnnonma
2
. Osnpom a je nn paa npecrannrn samrnrapcxy npaxcy xoja ce npnencrneno
onocn na noe nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha, cnn npecranenn npnmjepn xao n penenanrnn
oxymenrn onocnhe ce na pa Komncnje sa ouynane nannonannnx cnomennxa, xao jenne
nncrnrynnje
3
o pxannor snauaja, nanexne sa samrnry xynrypno ncropnjcxor
nacnnjeha.
Hnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe y Focnn n Xepneronnnn, anac ce cnoono moxe pehn, nnje
ocrnrno cnoje opehene npnjenocrn, onocno, jannocr, cnyxene nonnrnxe n
xonsepnaropcxe oprannsannje nx jom ynnjex ne nne xao no rpannnje.
Hpnxasom npojexra samrnre nnmer cronapnmra Heapa- Capajencxe nnnape y
Mocrapy nornpheno je xaxo neocrarax meroonomxnx cmjepnnna y nponen samrnre
onon o erpaannje n nenonparnor rynrxa npnjenocrn nacnnjeha xoje npecrana
snauajan cranj ycxe npomnocr. Kaxo n ce younna norpea sa pasnoj nayunor npncryna
npenonany nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha npecranenn cy mehynaponn oxymenrn,
caunnenn o crpane TICCIH-a
4
, xojn pasmarpajy neron snauaj n ycmjepanajy samrnry n
ouynane y rom noy. Hamehe ce norpea sa cncremarcxnm ncrpaxnnanem one xnace
nacnnjeha y cnpxy crnapana nenor nnnenrapa, c jene crpane, n nsopa sa samrnry ca
pyre crpane. Y cxnay c rnm, onnm paom, he ce npecrannrn n oxnnp meroonomxnx
cmjepnnna, xoje je nehnna enponcxnx semaa onjennna xao najnnoonocnnje, sa
cncremarcxy nnnenrapnsannjy n nanopnsannjy nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha.
2 3AmTHTA HHYCTPH1CKOI HACAH1ETA
2.1 KPATKH HPHKA3 3AmTHTAPCKOI 1EAOBAHA Y BnX
Kaxo n ce npnxasao xonrnnynrer samrnrapcxor jenonana na namnm npocropnma
norpeno je ocnpnyrn ce na crane nacnnjeha npnje 90-rnx ronna npomnor nnjexa
5
, xaa je
npema nonncy rpanrecxor nacnnjeha xojn je nspano Penynnuxn sano sa crarncrnxy
FnX na an 31.12.1986. ennenrnpano je 727 oapa, o xojnx cy 507 nnn nojennaunn
cnomennnn, a 220 xomnnexcn nnn njennne [1]. Ona ennennnja je nna pesynrar pyre
nnnenrapnsannje
6
ca ynanpnjehenom meroonornjom nonnca n capxana xnacn]nxannjy
2
Kanronannnm, enrnrercxnm n pxannom. 3axonn nncy mehycono ycxnahenn, nnrn cy ycxnahenn ca
npenopyxama mehynaponnx xonnennnja. [1]
3
Onmrn oxnnpnn cnopasym sa mnp y FnX npenosnao je snauaj xojn nacnnjehe nma y nocnnjeparnoj ononn n
nponecy nonparxa n nomnpena n nocennm anexcom, Anexc 8.- Cnopasym o xomncnjn sa ouynane nannonannnx
cnomennxa, perynncao je samrnry nannonannnx cnomennxa n nanexnocrn y nponen samrnre. [1]
4
Txe Hnrepnannonan Hommnrree ]op rxe Hnycrpnan Xepnrare xojn ce pnne sa npomonnpane
nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha re pasmjeny neja n ncxycrana na nopyujy samrnre. Ocnonan je 1978. ronne o crpane
30 semaa ns Enpone, Amepnxe n Asnje n nocean je canjernnx HHOMOC-a o nnycrpnjcxom nacnnjehy;
5
3axon o samrnrn n ouynany xynrypnor, ncropnjcxor n npnponor nacnnjeha ns 1985. (onynen 1987.), 1993.,
1994., jom ynnjex ce npnmjenyje y ueepannjn FnX n y xanronnma xojn nemajy cnoje saxone.
6
Hpna nnnenrapnsannja perncrponannx cnomennxa xynrype y CuPJ je ojanena ca cranem 31.12.1976., a
nponsamna je ns nporpama 3ajennuxe axnnje samrnre n ypehena npnpone n rpanrecxe amrnne (1975.)
ayropona sanaxana o nonncy oapa cy cnnjeeha: ...npeonnaana npaxca cyjexrnnno nsapannx ]parmenara
371
oapa es xoje n nonnc ocrao nacnnna oxymenrannja cnomennxa xynrype [2]. Cama
xnacn]nxannja
7
ce cacrojn o uernpn xnacn]nxannjcxa nnnoa: nnje npcre, sarnm rpyna,
norpyna n rnnona, a caunnena je na ocnony npenopyxa Enponcxor canjera IECH [3].
Mehyrnm, onaxan naunn pasnpcranana onemoryhno je cnarane oapa no yonuajennm
npcrama xaxo n ce ncra morna ynopehnnarn n ncrpaxnnarn
8
, na npnmjep uuoycmpufcru
ro+n.ercu ce nanase y npnoj npcrn n rpehoj rpynn, ox ce uuoycmpufcru oofermu u ypehafu
nanase y pyroj npcrn n cemoj rpynn. Osnpom a je nosnaro xaxo opehene rpyne
rpanrecxor nacnnjeha nmajy cnoje xapaxrepncrnune cnenn]nunocrn, na ocnony xojnx ce
oanpy xpnrepnjn sa nnxony enanyannjy, Fpanncnan Kpcrnh y cnojoj remarcxoj
ennnxnonenjn nyn npnxnarnn npnjenor xnacn]nxannje
9
na ecer npcra oapa unjn je
ocnonnn xpnrepnj namjena rpahennna. Hpema npenoxenoj xnacn]nxannjn, remeenoj na
anannsn cnjercxnx ncxycrana, rpyna Huoycmpufcre sepaoe u fe.uue n ce nanasnna y npcrn
7 Hpuepeoue epaheeuue n nna n nojeena na rnnone
10
no rpanama nnycrpnje, o
uemy he nrn nnme pnjeun y napenom nornany.
Ho, norpeno je nparnrn ce na crane nacnnjeha FnX y axryennom rpenyrxy, xaxo n ce
y nornynocrn carneana nponemarnxa npenonana nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha. Hpocropnnm
nnanom Focne n Xepneronnne o 2002. ycranoneno je 8800 nenoxpernnx xynrypnnx
oapa, o xojnx cy 2267 nonncana opa, xnacn]nnnpana npema xpononomxnm n
crnncxnm xapaxrepncrnxama. Hamehe ce nnrane xonnxo je o rora cnomennxa
nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha y FnX, re xaxo je nsnpmena nnxona xnacn]nxannja? Oronop na
ono nnrane he ce noxymarn nahn anannsom paa Komncnje sa ouynane nannonannnx
cnomennxa xoja je, o 2002. ronne o anac, npornacnna yxynno 654 opa nannonannnm
cnomennnnma FnX
11
. Osnpom na npexnnyrn xonrnnynrer samrnrapcxor jenonana, y
nepnoy 1992-1995 n enopmny enacrannjy rpanrecxor nacnnjeha
12
, axryenna pnra
Komncnje cnon ce na onomene onyxa o npornamennma mjecra n ocraraxa nannonannnm
cnomennnnma xojn nmajy sa nn ouynane xynrypnor namhena napoa n xynrypnor
nenrnrera mjecra [1]. Hocrynax sa npornamene opa nannonannnm cnomennxom
noxpehe ce nernnnjom xojy moxe nonnjern cnaxa npanna oprannsannja nnn ]nsnuxo nnne
y FnX. Kpnrepnjn xoje Komncnja xopncrn sa npornamene oapa nannonannnm
cnomennxom sacnonann cy na ocnony npemera npanne samrnre, oyxnary n npnjenocrn
cnaxor opa. Henoxperno xynrypno nacnnjehe nojeeno je y rpn npcre n ro: nojennaune
ncropnjcxe rpahennne n cnomennxe, rpanrecxe njennne n nopyuja. Hpema rome
nperexno ns njepcxe, cramene n janne apxnrexrype, a sanemapene cy npnnpene rpahennne (es xojnx ne n nno
nn ocrannx), nnxnnepcxe, cena n yonmre napona apxnrexrypa... crp.22 [2]
7
Koja ce rpenyrno npnmjenyje y 3anoy sa samrnry cnomennxa ueepannje FnX (ayrop nnje ynosnar ca
xnacn]nxannjom xynrypnnx nenoxpernnx oapa xoja ce npnmjenyje y 3anoy sa samrnry cnomennxa xynrype n
npnpoe Penynnxe Cpncxe); na npnom nnnoy xnacn]nxonana xynrypna opa ce jene na nnje npcre:
Cnomennuxa nopyuja (njennne) n na nojennaune cnomennxe xynrype.
8
Osnpom na nojeny y nnje npcre, opa nojne, njepcxe, npnnpene (nnycrpnjcxe) n rpone apxnrexrype
nanase ce y oje npcre, a opa janne, cramene n memopnjanne apxnrexrype cy ce namna y ncroj rpynn. [2]
9
nomryjyhn onmra nauena na xojnma ce sacnnna cnaxa xnacn]nxannja; erannje y Cnomennuxa amrnna
cnjeouancrno n yyhnocr npomnocrn, crp. 23-29 [2]
10
Osnpom a je raa nno perncrponano camo ceam cnomennxa nnycrpnjcxe apxnrexrype y CuPJ, n ro nnrn
jean y FnX (2 y Cnonennjn n 5 y Cpnjn) morno n ce rymaunrn a je nnycrpnjcxa penonynnja saonmna one
npocrope. Crp.352 [2]
11
http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1 (18.03.2011)
12
Hpema noannma 3anoa sa samrnry xynrypnor, ncropnjcxor n npnponor nacnnjeha FnX ns nonempa 1995.,
2771 opo rpanrecxor nacnnjeha jennmnuno je omreheno nnn ynnmreno, 713 oapa je nornyno ynnmreno, a
554 je sanaeno n neynorpenno. [1]
372
nnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe ce moxe nahn y cne rpn npcre, rj. xao nojennauna nnycrpnjcxa
srpaa, nnycrpnjcxn xomnnexc nnn njennna n najsa xao nnycrpnjcxo nopyuje. ox ce
xpnrepnjn npnjenocrn oapa njene npema: npemencxom opeheny, xncropnjcxnm,
ymjernnuxnm n ecrercxnm, cnmonnuxnm, amnjenrannnm npnjenocrnma, unrnnocrn,
nsnopnocrn, jenncrnenocrn n penpesenrarnnnocrn [4]. Y nacranxy paa npnxasar he ce
crnapnn nnanc nannonannnx cnomennxa nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha y FnX.
2.1.1 Hnyc1pnjcxo nacnnjee y BnX
Hpema onyxama Komncnje, Focna n Xepneronnna nocjeyje camo rpn cnomennxa
nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha n ro: nnyc1pnjcxo nacnnjee Hponsnona conn y Tysnn,
xoje unne rpn njennne
13
, npornameno nannonannnm cnomennxom y nonempy 2007.r.;
nnyc1pnjcxa rpan1encxa njennna enex1pnuna nen1pana na Xpny y Capajeny
14
npornamena nannonannnm cnomennxom y enempy 2009.r.; re nnyc1pnjcxa
rpan1encxa njennna - Xnpoenex1pane
15
na 1apxy npornamena nannonannnm
cnomennxom y mapry 2011.r.
Anannsa cmjemraja nannonannnx cnomennxa nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha noxasyje necpasmjep
y onocy na ncropnjcxa nnycrpnjcxa cpenmra, onocno mjecra n rpaone y Focnn n
Xepneronnnn, rje je nponec nnycrpnjannsannje no cnrypan nono nnxone
ypannsannje. Hamehe ce nnrane na xojn naunn je omno o oanpa samrnre am onnx
nnycrpnjcxnx njennna?
Hosnrnnna xapaxrepncrnxa je mro cy cna rpn cnomennxa rpernpana xao rpanrecxe
njennne y cxnay ca npenopyxama mehynaponnx rnjena xojn ycmjepanajy samrnry y onom
xynrypnom noy.
Mehyrnm, crynje ocrajy cnopanune n neyjenauene re jom ynnjex nema cncremarcxe
opae nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha y Focnn n Xepneronnnn, mro yxasyje na norpea sa
ornapanem pacnpane o pee]nnnpany n yjenauanany npnjenocnnx cranona, a npnn xopax
xa rome je pasronop o nponecy nnnenrapnsannje nnycrpnjcxnx srpaa.
2.2 CHEHHmHHHOCT HHYCTPH1CKOI HACAH1ETA
Heja o rome mra je nnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe pacrnuno ce npomjennna sa camo
naecerax ronna, o 50 rnx
16
ronna npomnor nnjexa o rpenyrxa xaa je nnycrpnjcxa
apxnrexrypa nocrana yrpoxena npnjernom ]nsnuxor ynnmrena npoyspoxonanor
exonomcxnm npomjenama y 80-rnm ronnama. Ha nouerxy je ro no najcrapnjn crpoj nnn
nocrpojene a n ypso omno o cxnarana a je ro nanymrena nnycrpnjcxa srpaa,
pannuxo nacee nnn nnjenn xpajonnx noceno onnxonan nnmeronmnom nnycrpnjcxom
jenarnomhy [6]. Hnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe npecrana snauajan cranj ycxe npomnocrn,
13
Crapa conana Kpexa ca nmnaxom, panonnnama n 3rpaom ca cxnanmrem pnjerxnx marepnjana, Mysej conn
ca noxpernnm nacnnjehem; Komnnexc connnx ynapa ca nymnnom crannnom n Connn ynap ns ocmancxor nepnoa.
Onyxa ojanena y Cnyxenom rnacnnxy FnX, poj 1/10[5]
14
Hannonannn cnomennx caunnanajy: ojexar enexrpnune nenrpane sajeno ca yrpahenom onpemom (reneparopn,
rypnne, ynpanauxa n xonrponna onpema) n oprnnannn anarn sa neno opxanane. [5]
15
Mana XE Fnxah nnn XE Japax nnn XE Kanan Yne. Onyxa jom nnje ojanena y Cnyxenom rnacnnxy
FnX[5]
16
xaa je y apxeonomxy npaxcy yneena ncnnnnnna nnycrpnjcxa apxeonornja, raa cy nnycrpnjcxn apxeonosn
npnencrneno nnn saoxynenn rexnonornjom nnycrpnjcxnx nponeca, nnxonnm crpojennma, re npnnm
rexnonomxnm ocrnrnyhnma na noy nnxnnepcxe apxnrexrype, rj. mocronnma crp.39 [6]
373
rj. cnjeoun o rnoannom nponecy nnycrpnjannsannje xojn je onexno nperxona na
nnjexa n nocranno remee moepnor oa. Hs ycnojene e]nnnnnje
17
nnycrpnjcxor
nacnnjeha youana ce nena xomnnexcnocr xoja ynyhyje na norpey npenacxono sa
nnnenrapnsannjom ocraraxa nnycrpnjcxe xynrype, xaxo n ce nenrn]nnnpao, ouynao n
nomronao snauaj npnjenocrn ror nacnnjeha. A re npnjenocrn mory nrn pym1nene, xao
sanncnnx o xnnornma onunnx mymxapana n xena, re xao raxne npyxajy naxan ocjehaj
nenrnrera, sarnm 1exnonomxe nnn nayune npnjenocrn y ncropnjn nponsnone, ann
ncro raxo mory nmarn n snauajne ec1e1cxe npnjenocrn nspaxene xpos cnenn]nunocr
nnxonor nnannpana, apxnrexrype n nsajna [7]. Cnenn]nunocr xapaxrepncrnxa
18
nnycrpnjcxe apxnrexrype ycnonene oxonnocrnma y xojnma ce pasnnjana, a xoje cy nne
neynnrno pasnnunre o onnx xoje opehyjy crnapane crapnjnx xareropnja rpahennncxor
nacnnjeha, onoe o rora a nx nocrojehn cncrem samrnre nnje jenaxo nnjenno.
19
Hperxono nornane nornphyje a jom ynnjex ne nocrojn onono pasnnjena cnnjecr,
oxymenrannja, npnsnane nnn samrnra one xynrypne xareropnje, a o rome ronopn n
nocenn oxymenr TICCIH-a [10] ycnojen na renepannoj cxynmrnnn ICOMOSA y
Hapnsy, opxanoj 28. nonempa 2011. Hs npecranenor oxymenra youana ce norpea
pasnoja nayunor npncryna npenonany nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha: erano nosnanane
nnycrpnjcxe n pymrneno exonomcxe npomnocrn jenor nopyuja nnn seme, nnn
nnxone nese ca pyrnm jenom cnnjera je neonxono xaxo n ce ojacnno snauaj noxannja n
crpyxrypa nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha. Tnnonomxa, pernonanna n ncrpaxnnana o xonrexcry
nojennaune nnycrpnje ca xomnaparnnnom xomnonenrom, xoja sa nn nmajy rnanne
nnycrpnjcxe cexrope nnn rexnonornje cy neoma xopncna y npenosnanany npnjenocrn
nacnnjeha cnojcrnenor sacennm crpyxrypama, noxannjama, nopyujnma n xpajonnnnma.
20
Y cxnay c rnm norpeno je nsnpmnrn cncremarcxo ncrpaxnnane one xnace nacnnjeha.
Ocnonna cnpxa cncremarcxor ncrpaxnnana nno xoje xnace rpanrecxor nacnnjeha je
nonncnnane nocrojehnx npnmjepa xnace pan nspae, c jene crpane, nnnenrapa re xnace n
nsopa sa samrnry ca pyre crpane
21
, re he y cxnay c rnm nrn npenoxen meroonomxn
oxnnp cmjepnnna sa cncremarcxy nnnenrapnsannjy n nanopnsannjy nnycrpnjcxor
nacnnjeha.
17
Hnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe ce cacrojn o noxannja, crpyxrypa, xomnnexca, nopyuja n oxpyxena xao n
mamnnepnje, ojexara n oxymenara xojn cy nonesann c rnm a cnyxe xao oxas o npomnnm nnn rpenyrnnm
nnycrpnjcxnm nponecnma nnn nponsnonn, ncxonanany cnponor marepnjana, nnxonoj rpanc]opmannjn y poy, n
eneprercxoj n npnjenosnoj nn]pacrpyxrypn. Hnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe opaxana yoxy nonesanocr nsmehy
xynrypanne n npnpone oxonnne, nomro nnycrpnjcxn nponecn, anrnuxn nnn moepnn, sannce o npnponnx
nsnopa cnponnna, eneprercxe n npnjenosne mpexe xaxo n nponsnenn n ncrpnynpann nponsnoe na mnpe
rpxnmre. Hnycrpnjcxo nacnnjehe yxyuyje marepnjanny nmonnny, noxperny n nenoxperny, n neonnnnne
nmensnje nonyr rexnnuxor snana, pacnojene paa n pannxa, n cnoxene pymrnene n xynrypne saocranmrnne
xoja je onnxonana sajennne n onena o nennxnx oprannsannjcxnx npomjena y nnjennm pymrnnma n y onhennro
y cnnjery. [10]
18
Hnonarnnnocr ]ynxnnonannnx nnanona, nnxona ]nexcnnnnocr n npnnaronnocr, xpapa pjemena nesana ys
xoncrpyxnnjy, re ynohene nonnx marepnjana xyune sa xnannrere rpahennncxor pasnoja 19. n 20. nnjexa. [8]
19
Y cxnay c rnm, Oop mnnncrapa Bnjeha Enpone y cenrempy 1990. ronne onocn npenopyxe sa samrnry n
xonsepnannjy rexnnuxor, nnycrpnjcxor n nnxnnepcxor naceha, nocjehajyhn a ono unnn cacrannn no
ncropnjcxor naceha Enpone xao naxnor cermenra pasnoja ycxe nnnnnnsannje. [9]
20
I/5 [10]
21
Fnno n nemoryhe a ce nacroje samrnrnrn cne rexnnuxe nnn nnycrpnjcxe rpahennne xoje nocroje y Enponn,
uax n axo cy nmane nsnjecne ncropnjcxe nnn nayune npnjenocrn... nonexa, rex nenrn]nxannja nojennnx
nnycrpnjcxnx rpahennna, anara nnn npemera npecrana cama no cen onnx samrnre. Oanp samrnhenor
nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha rpea a ocnrypa ypannorexeny sacrynenocr pasnnunrnx rpana nponsnone. [9]
374
2.2.1 Oxnnp ue1oonomxnx cujepnnna sa cnc1eua1cxy nnnen1apnsannjy n
nanopnsannjy nnyc1pnjcxor nacnnjea
Hpnxas cmjepnnna meroonomxor oxnnpa sa cncremarcxy opay nnycrpnjcxor
nacnnjeha, y njeny rexcra xojn cnnjen, remen ce na ocnonnnm nauennma enrnecxe
meroonornje yyhn a nx je nehnna enponcxnx semaa onjennna xao najnnoonocnnje.
22
Jena o npnnx npenpexa na xojy je nanmna Enrnecxa npnnnxom nanopnsnpana
Hnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha je no neocrarax ase snana remeen na nayunnm
ncrpaxnnannma. Y cnpxy cncremarnune opae njenoxynne nnycrpnjcxe apxnrexrype
rpeano je najnpnje nsaparn opehen npncryn, pasmarpane cy nnje moryhnocrn: nojena
npema ncropnjcxom pasoy nacranxa nnn npema rexnonomxom nponecy. Y npnnor onoj
noronoj nmno je n mnmene nehnne nnycrpnjcxnx apxeonora a je apxnrexroncxn onnx
nnycrpnjcxnx srpaa nocenna norpea rexnonomxor nponeca xojn ce y nnma onnjao,
re a cy cne npomjene xoje ce na srpaama emanajy nocenna npomjena rexnonornje
nponeca. Y cxnay c rnm, rexnonomxn nponec je yspox cnnx rpahennncxnx nojannocrn y
nnycrpnjcxom xomnnexcy, re cy cne nerone srpae jenaxo nrne sa pasymnjenane ncror.
Y xonaunnnn onyueno je sa remarcxn npncryn nanopnsannjn remeen na nojenn
nnycrpnjcxe apxnrexrype y ]ynxnnonanne rpyne n opan nojennaunnx rpyna, unja je
ocnonna npenocr moryhnocr ynopene anannse, cnnuno ca cnnunnm. Taxo ananornja
nocraje ocnonna anannrnuxa meroa xojom ce opahyjy nnycrpnjcxn xomnnexcn [6].
Y nacranxy paa yxparxo he nrn npnxasane ocnonne oprannsannjcxe n capxajne
xapaxrepncrnxe one meroonornje, xoja ce cacrojn o nnje npnnpemne n mecr rnannnx
]asa cxynana n opae marepnjana. Hpnn npnnpemnn xopax je nspaa nncre nocrojehnx
nnycrpnja, a norom cnnjen opehnnane peocnnjea opae nojennnx nnycrpnja,
nauenom xojn e]nnnpa repmnn yepo+eua uuoycmpufa ycnonen cmjepnnnama
exonomcxor pasnoja seme, rj. onaj cexrop xojn je roranno sarnopen nnn npnnnuno
peynnpan y cnom xanannrery.
Haxon mro ce nncra cacrann moxe ce xpenyrn y opay nojennnx nnycrpnja cnnjeehn
meroy o mecr xopaxa. Hpnn xopax n no nenrn]nxannja /nocrojehe rpahe o
pasmarpanoj nnycrpnjn, sarnm ocoa nnn nncrnrynnja xoje ce na nno xojn naunn ane
rom nnycrpnjom/; pyrn xopax erano caxynane noaraxa; rpehn xopax
nsnjemranane. Cmarpa ce a ce npna na xopaxa orahajy ncronpemeno, re ce na ocnony
caxynennx noaraxa nenrn]nnnpa poj n cmjemraj xomnnexca nocmarpane nnycrpnje,
naxon rora nounne rpehn xopax y xojem ce npnxynenn marepnjan anannsnpa y cnpxy
crnapana opehene xonnunne snana o nenoj rexnonomxoj, conno-exonomcxoj n
apxnrexroncxoj npnpon . Ha remey crnopenor snana y onom rpehem xopaxy opehyjy ce
xpnrepnjn sa nsop xomnnexca sa samrnry xojn ce norom nocjehyjy n nnnenrapnsnpajy.
uernprn xopax je penanopnsnpane npnjenora na ocnony ycnocranennx xpnrepnja, xao
mro cy nannonanna naxnocr, penpesenrarnnnocr, srpae n mamnnepnja, re xpnrepnjn xojn
ce onoce na menanmenr xomnnexca, ox cy nern n mecrn xopax amnnncrparnnne npnpoe
[11].
22
Ha cxyny nocnehenom nnnenrapnsannjn nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha, opxanom 1989. y Honony Recording the
Industrial Heritage, crpyunn xonsepnaropcxn xpyronn cnoxnnn cy ce a je na enponcxoj pasnnn enrnecxa meroa
nnrepnennsannje nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha najpasnnjennja re a ce xao raxna npenopyuyje xao moen sa
nnnenrapnsnpane. Crp.37 [11]
375
3 AEAPA Y MOCTAPY HPHKA3 HPO1EKTA 3AmTHTE
3.1 CTAHE HPH1E HHTEPBEHHH1E 2009./2010.
Kao mro je neh y ynoy naneeno, npemer onor paa je n anannsa nponee samrnre
jenor o npnnx nnycrpnjcxnx ojexara rpaa Mocrapa Tnopnnne nea ca
cronapnmrem
23
, nsrpahene sa norpee nonnuxe nnnape y Capajeny
24
. Hpernocrana ce a
je ojexar nsrpahen nouerxom npomnor nnjexa, 1902. 1903., na ocnony narnnca xojn ce
nanasn na ynasnnm nopranom. Y npnjeme nocnnje II cnnjercxor para onasn o npenamjene
onor npnnpeno nocnonnor ojexra y ojexar ca crameno - nocnonnom ]ynxnnjom
25
,
mro ce opasnno na nerony nsnopny ncnosnnnjy xao n na nancxn nsrne ]acae
26
.
Hasopnn oop Capajencxe Hnnape .. Capajeno 2002. ronne onocn onyxy o
npoajn nocnonno cramenor ojexra y Mocrapy ]npmn FIN.T.M .o.o., xoja ncrn aje
no saxyn Intesa Sanpaolo annn. Ha saxrjen nnacnnxa ojexra, Ipa Mocrap je 2004. ro.
nsao ypanncrnuxy carnacnocr, a 2009. n oopene sa pexoncrpyxnnjy n pecraypannjy
npema rnannom npojexry xojnm je npennhena aanrannja ojexra nonoj namjenn, a ypahen
je o crpane ARS Pool .o.o. Mocrap.
27
3.1.1 Ypannc1nuxo apxn1ex1oncxe n rpaennncxe xapax1epnc1nxe ojex1a
Hoxannrer na xojoj je cmjemren ojexar Heape, na yrny anamnnx ynnna Anre
Crapuennha n Kapnnana Crennnna, y npnjeme nerone nsrpane ce nanasno na pynom
nopyujy yxe rpacxe sone Mocrapa xojn je raa nponasno xpos nnrensnnny ypannsannjy.
Pasnoj caopahajne mpexe, napounro xeesnnne, no je reme sa ynohene nnycrpnjcxe
nponsnone, re ce moxe npenocrannrn a cy nenocpena nnsnna crape xeesnnuxe
reperne crannne n ycxorpauna xeesnnuxa npyra, xoja je ranrnpana npemerny noxannjy
ca nene sanane crpane, ycnonnne oanp noxannje onor nnycrpnjcxor ojexra na cxopo
nensrpahenom npocropy ecne oane Heperne. anac, nnjena noxannja nonynapno nocn
nasnn Heapa
28
, re xaxo ce rpa mnpn npemernn ojexar ocraje y neronom cpenmry
unme oxymenryje jeno snauajno pasoe neronor pasnoja (cn.1).
Haxo neh xpajem 19. nnjexa Aycrpoyrapcxa monapxnja npnmjenyje raa canpemene
renennnje y rpann rexnnuxe n nnycrpnjcxe apxnrexrype
29
, onaj cxpomnn nnycrpnjcxn
ojexar ycnonen rexnonornjom cnoje nponsnone y xonaunnnn je onnxonan y mannpy
xncropnnnsma. Beron nsnopnn nonoxaj, cnoono crojeher ojexra na yrny xojn cy
23
Y semnmnnm xnnrama o 16. jyna 1904. yxnnxena xao rnopnnna nea ca cronapnmrem [ns onyxe xojom ce
yrnphyje a Ojexar Heape, nnme cronapnmre Capajencxe nnnape y Mocrapy ne ncnynana xpnrepnje sa
npornamene nannonannnm cnomennxom FnX]; http://kons.gov.ba
24
Koja je y pasnnm mjecrnma nmana cnoja sacrynnnmrna xao n ncnocrane nnna y nny nopyma onocno neapa sa
onexanane ncror, mro je yrnnano na ouynane neronor nncoxor xnannrera.
25
Ca ner cramennx jennnna n nocnonnnm npocropom xojn je no cmjemren y nopymy n npnsemy ojexra.
26
Jenna nnrepnennnja xoja je yrnnana na npomjeny nsnopnor crana ojexra je orpahenn pnenn anxon na
sananoj ]acan.
27
Hs Onyxe Komncnje sa ouynane nannonannnx cnomennxa.
28
noxanno cranonnnmrno raxo nasnna n nononpojexronann cramenn ojexar, xojn je ocnonno onxonno mann
ojexar Capajencxe nnnape, nsrpahen 80-rnx ronna npomnor nnjexa
29
unje cy onnxe: crnapane none xonnennnje npocropa xoja je nepasnojnna o ]ynxnnje, re npnmjena nonnx
marepnjana xeesa, uennxa n craxna.
376
]opmnpane nnje caopahajnnne, osnonno je penpesenrarnnno onnxonane cna uernpn
]acana nnarna npnmjenom exoparnnnnx enemenara neoxnacnnnsma.
C.ura 1 Hcmopufcra rapme Mocmapa us 1929. u Opmo 4omo cuu+ar .oraufe;
Ojexar, npanoyraone ocnone caunnanajy uernpn eraxe: nopym, npnseme, cnpar n
norxponna eraxa. Hajxapaxrepncrnunnje je nocrojane nonpmnncxn nennxor nopymcxor
npocropa xojn ce nporexe nnjenom yxnnom napnene, raxo mro ce npexo nera ocrnapyje
nesa ca nomohnnm ojexrom, cmjemrennm na cjeneposananom yrny napnene, xojn je
nsneen xao jenocranna npnsemna rpahennna ca ocycrnom apxnrexroncxo exoparnnnnx
enemenara. Hpnseme ojexra je raapnrno nehe nonpmnne o cnpara, jep cy njenonn
jyxne n sanane ]acae pahenn xao npnsemnn. Kpon ojexra je nsneen pnenom
xoncrpyxnnjom xao cnoxenn nnmenonn, noxpnnen npnjenom.
O remea o xore noa npnor cnpara ojexar je nsneen o eroncxnx snona, jaxo
macnnnnx y nnnoy nopyma, a o xore noa cnpara o xpaja cy nsneenn o xamena.
Hajsnauajnnja xapaxrepncrnxa onor ojexra je nna eroncxa mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja
nsneena nsmehy npnsema n npnor cnpara, unja je narnamena nncnna nsnocnna oxo 1 m,
nsneena xao eroncxa nnoua xojy cy nocnnn rycro nocranenn uennunn I npo]nnn. Ona
xoncrpyxnnja je nna nyxno nsneena sor rexnonornje onexanana n cxnanmrena nnna,
xao n nponsnone nea xoja ce onnjana y camom ojexry (cn.2).
C.ura 2 4omoepaqufe +acueue +ehycnpamue roucmpyrufe us+ehy npuse++a u cnpama,
oeo+uua roucmpyrufe oo 1+, oemoucra n.o:a uaeycmo nocmae+euu+ :e.u:uu+ H
uoca:u+a, cuu+ar sa epufe+e uumepeeuufe us 2009. eoo.
Ha ]acan ojexra youana ce nojena no xopnsonrann, narnamena nnjennnma, rj. coxnennm
nnjennem, nnnrxnm ocaxem npnsema, jenocranno npo]nnnpannm cnparnnm nnjennem n
xponnnm nnjennem y unjem je onem njeny nsneen rexyhn opnamenr ca poserama n
377
]nopannnm mornnnma. Taxohep, ce youana n neprnxanna nojena ]acanor nnarna
narnamena nnnrxnm nnnacrpnma n nocranxom
nposopcxnx ornopa, cnparno n]epennnpannx, xojn cy exoparnnno rpernpann xao sacene
njennne. Ynas y ojexar cmjemren na jyxnoj ]acan, yjeno najpenpesenrarnnnnje
onnxonan, narnamen je nsnnauenem ns pannn sna sa oxo 5,0 cm xpos nnjeny nncnny
ojexra ca sanpmerxom y nny rpoyrnacror saara. Honyxpyxna, noxpnnna, pnena npara
yxpamena cy opnamenrom nsneennm o uennune xnne. Hsna npara je nsneen xnaparnn
nposop, yoxnnpen nnnrxo ncraxnyrnm naxnnm crynhnma exopncannm y ropnem njeny.
Y cxnony nposopcxor noa nocranena je npanoyraona nnoua ca yxnecanom ronnom
nsrpane ojexra. Hpo]nnncann nnjenan ca nesnjcxnm xnmarnonom njenn noe npnor
cnpara o nposopa y saarnom nojacy xojn je sanpmen nonyxpyxno n narnamen
npo]nnncannm oxnnpom (cn.3).
C.ura 3- Hpuras oeropamueuux e.e+euama y oo.uroeany qacaouoe n.amua ooferma
3.1.2 Anannsa npnjenoc1n ojex1a y nny saxnyunnx pasua1pana
Hs nanpnje naneenor, moxe ce saxyunrn a ojexar Heape y Mocrapy cnjeoun o
opehenom rnny nnycrpnjcxnx ojexara, snauajnor ncropnjcxor nepnoa, xojn cy ce
rpannn sa norpee onexanana n cxnanmrena nnna, re nponsnony nea, a xonnxo je
nosnaro jennn je cauynann npnmjep y FnX. Berona cxpomna amnjenranna npnjenocr
nnax, nma opeheno snauene y crpyxrypn n cnnnn rpaa jep cnjeoun o snauajnom
ypanncrncrnuxom pasoy neronor pasnoja. Cam ojexar jom ynnjex nocjeyje
npnjenocr nsnopnocrn, es osnpa na nnnne nnrepnennnje na crpyxrypn ojexra
30
, xoje
ce mory cmarparn penepsnnnnnm. Hajnaxnnja xapaxrepncrnxa ojexra n nna nerona
xoncrpyxnnja n nocrojane nonpmnncxn nennxor nopyma xojn cnjeoue o rexnonornjn
nerone nponsnone n unje n npnjenocrn rpeane ocrarn nenapymene.
3.2 1EAHMHHHA PEKOHCTPYKHH1A H PECTAYPAHH1A HO HPO1EKTY
ARS POOL .o.o
Anannsa samrnre n aanrannje ojexra nonoj ]ynxnnjn nsnpmena je na ocnony ynna y
npojexrny oxymenrannjy, re anannsom ]orooxymenrannje xoja je sanexnna nnjenn rox
30
y nny sarnapana nocrojehnx ornopa xao n ornapana nonnx, re nnrepnonnpane neprnxannnx xomynnxannja xao
n orpany pnenor anxona na sananoj ]acan ojexra xoja yjeno npecrana n najnehy nnrepnennnjy na
excrepnjepy ojexra.
378
nene nponee
31
. Utvrdeno je da se u skladu sa zahtjevima nove namjene objekta mijenja
njegova ncnosnnnja, a najsnauajnnje nsmjene cy ynpano y njeny nopymcxor npocropa
xojn cnjeoun o nsnopnoj nnycrpnjcxoj namjenn. Hanme, nopymcxn npocrop je npomnpen,
re ce caa nanasn ncno nnjene nonpmnne napnene, a cama xora noa y nopymy je snarno
cnymrena y onocy na nsnopny. Ceehe cnjeouancrno rexnonomxor nponeca, macnnna
mehycnparna xoncrpyxnnja nsmehy npnsema n cnpara je yxnonena xaxo n ce onna
oronapajyha cnparna nncnna sa oanane npennhene namjene, njeponarno ycnonena
nponncnma o npornnnoxapnoj samrnrn.
Anannsom nponee samrnre na ojexry Heapa onasn ce o saxyuxa a je ncra
nsrynna cnoje npnjenocrn n njenonnrocr. Konsepnaropcxa npaxca npnxnonnna ce
nonynapnom ]acansmy, jep ce aanrannja opa cnena na nsmjeny rnonprne
ncnosnnnje, samjeny mehycnparnnx xoncrpyxnnja n xoncrpyxnnje xponnmra, re o
nsnopnocrn npeocraje camo snnn nnamr xojn uax nnje nn xonopncrnuxn njepoocrojno
rpernpan.
4 3AKYHAK
Ocnpr na rpenyrno crane samrnre nnycrpnjcxor nacnnjeha anapmnpa na naxnocr mro
pxer pasnoja crparernje neronor npenonana. Anannsom nponee samrnre na
nnycrpnjcxom ojexry Heape y Mocrapy je npnxasano, xaxo ncrn ryn cnojy
njenonnrocr pan necnoconocrn npenosnanana neronnx npnjenocrn n neaexnarnocrn
ojeene my namjene.
Hs e]nnnnnje one xynrypne xareropnje youana ce nena xomnnexcnocr xoja ynyhyje na
norpey, npenacxono sa nnnenrapnsannjom ocraraxa nnycrpnjcxe xynrype, a sarnm n
nenom nornynnjom xnacn]nxannjom, xaxo n ce y xonaunnnn npncrynnno nspan
jenncrnennx cmjepnnna sa nanopnsannjy, oxymenrannjy, re samrnry n npesenrannjy onor
npnjenor nacnnjeha.
erannja anannsa npecranennx meroonomxnx cmjepnnna sa cncremarcxy
nnnenrapnsannjy n nanopnsannjy one npcre nacnnjeha, unjn n xpajnn nn cnaxaxo no
ycranonnrn xonnxo cy nauena cnaxe ]ase npnmjennna y ocancxoxepneronauxom cncremy
samrnre n nenom npnnpeno exonomcxom n xynrypnom oxpyxeny n npexopaunna
npemencxe n npocropne oxnnpe npennhene sa onaj unanax, ann cnaxaxo asnpa cnnjeehe,
ayropono, ncrpaxnnane.
31
ayropy ycrynena o crpane, npojexranra nonrea, Tnxomnpa Posnha .n.a.
379
AHTEPATYPA
[1] Hsefeumaf o cmany apxumermoucroe u apxeo.ouroe uac.ufeha pann oxymenr
/ M. Xanan IRPPSAAH npojexr xoopnnarop sa FnX // 2010. http://kons.gov.ba
(22.02.2012)
[2] Cno+euu:ra Baumuua cefeoo:aucmeo u oyoyhuocm npou.ocmu me+amcra
euur.oneoufa / F. Kpcrnh // Cynoncnc, 2010., Capajeno, 544 crp.
[3] KHACH4HKAHHJA HEHOKPETHHX KVHTVPHHX OBAPA no epcma+a,
epyna+a, nooepyna+a u munoeu+a / 3ano sa samrnry cnomennxa ueepannje FnX.
[4] KPHTEPHJH sa npoe.auene oooapa uauoua.uu+ cno+euuro+ / Komncnja sa
ouynane nannonannnx cnomennxa // 2002. http://kons.gov.ba (08.07.2011)
[5] http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=1
[6] Cycmae rpumepufa saumume u neu sua:af / T. Pornh // Ipa sa 21. Croehe,
3opnnx paona npnor xpnarcxor cnmnosnja o nnycrpnjcxom nacnnjehy,
Fn.Hce]nsma, 2001. Kapnonan.
[7] The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage / TICCIH.
[8] Industrial architectural heritage the complexity of structures and formation of
evoluation parameters for it / S. Ifko // 3opnnx II Mehynapone xon]epennnje o
nnycrpnjcxoj amrnnn, PRO TORPEDO, 2005., Pnjexa.
[9] Recommendation No. R (90) 20 ON THE PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION
OF THE INDUSTRIAL, TEHNICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING HERITAGE
IN EUROPE / COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS
[10] Draft Joint ICOMOS TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial
Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes / Adopted by the 17th ICOMOS
General Assembly on 28 November 2011.
[11] Hpufeo.oe +emooo.ourux oopeouua sa npucmyn cycmaeuof uumepeeuusaufu u
ea.opusaufu uuoycmpufcre oaumuue y Xpeamcrof / T. Pornh // 3opnnx II
Mehynapone xon]epennnje o nnycrpnjcxoj amrnnn, PRO TORPEDO, 2005.,
Pnjexa.
[12] I.aeuu npoferam apxumermype noc.oeuoe ooferma / Ars Pool.o.o. Mocrap,
npojexranr nonre Tnxomnp Posnh,
381
oope Taceecru
1
, Pamro B.aeofeeuh
2
, Jac+uura Mu.auoecra
3
, Huoufa Taceecra
4
HAATAHHOHH CHCTEMH - BHTAH EAEMEHAT 3A
TPA1HOCT H mYHKHHOHAAHOCT MOCTOBA
Pesu+e:
Hosnaro je a nnarannonn cncremn ne mory nn npnnnxno nmarn nnjex rpajana
xonnxo n cama mocroncxa xoncrpyxnnja. Cmarpamo a y ocaamnoj npaxcn nnje
noheno onono pauyna o crpane npojexranara, nsnohaua n nasopnnx oprana o
npannnnom nsopy rnna nnarannonnx cncrema sa xonxperny mocroncxy
xoncrpyxnnjy, nnrn je nnxono opxanane nno na oronapajyhem nnnoy. Y onom
pay cmo cxpenynn naxny na crnapane onx ycnona, xaxo n nnarannonn
cncremn nmann mro yxn nnjex rpajana.
K+yuue pujeuu: u.amauouu cucme+u, +ocm, oumehene, oop+aeane.
DILATATION SYSTEMS-AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF
DURATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF BRIDGES
Summary:
It is known that dilatation systems do not have nearly as much as life itself of the
bridge structure. We believe that the current practice is not guided enough attention by
the designers, contractors and supervisiors on the proper selection of type for
dilatation system of the bridge structure nor their maintenance was adeguate. In this
study we draw attention to the creation of better conditions, to dilatation system have
a longer lifespan.
Key words : Dilatation systems, bridge, damage, maintenance.
1
Texnnuxn npexrop nnn.nnr.rpah.,Yn.Momnn norox . Cxonje, sintek@on.net.mk
2
Texnnuxn npexrop nnr.rpah.,Yn.Crapa Bapom nox-7- Horopnna,fidija@t-com.me
3
Pyxononnan rexnnuxe npnnpeme nnn.nnr.rpah.,Yn.Momnn norox . Cxonje, sintek@on.net.mk
4
Pyxononnan nponsnone.,Yn.Momnn norox . Cxonje, sintek@on.net.mk
382
1 YBO
Konrnnynpana nomjepana cy cranno npncyrna xo mocrona. Ona nomjepana cy
nponsno cxynana n mnpena, xao pesynrar remneparypnnx npomjena oxonnne,
caopahajnor onrepehena, njerpa, yrnnaja o nomjepana rna (semorpec) n p. a n
crpyxrypa mocra npexnnjena, mopa a ye cnocona a ce npnnaron na cna nomjepana.
nnarannone cnpane na mocronnma cy npojexronane xomnonenre sa npnnarohanane
crpyxrype mocra npema cnnm npcrama nomjepana. Bnxona ynora je nran ]axrop sa
rpajnocr crpyxrype mocra n npoyxenor excnnoarannonor npemencxor poxa.
ocaamnn neaexnarnn rperman ynore nnarannonnx cnpana xo mocrona o crpane
nnnecrnropa, npojexranara n nsnohaua nrno yrnue na crnapane ycnona sa omrehene
xoncrpyxnnje n noxoncrpyxnnje mocra.
C.ura 1- Oumeheua .e+uuma u +ocmoecra roucmpyrufa sooe ueucnpaeuocmu
ou.amauouoe cucme+a (Damaged bearings and the bridge structure because it was faulty
system of dilatation)
2 YCAOBH KO1E TPEBA A HCHYHH HAATAHHOHH CHCTEM
Hsop rnna nnarannonor cncrema ycxo je nonesan ca ycnonnma xoje nponncyjy omahn
nnn enponcxn cranapn. Y rnoany ocnonnn ycnonn rpea a yy npnnarohenn npema
xoncrpyxrnnnom cncremy mocra, xojn mopajy a saonoe cna nomjepana y noyxnom,
nonpeunom n neprnxannom npanny.
Pox rpajana nnarannone cnpane nrno sanncn o naxnne n crpyune monraxe,
peonnor n npannnnor opxanana nnarannja, npn uemy rpea oparnrn noceny naxny
na ceehe:
- a npannnno npnmn n npenece na nonory caopahajno onrephene,
- a onrepehene nnarannonor enemenra nsna nnarannonor npocropa ye y oxnnpy
xanannrera nnarannonor cncrema,
- rpansnnnonn (npenasnn) marepnjan mopa nrn xomnarnnnan ca marepnjannma
xononosnor n nnarannonor enemenra ( ac]anr, eron, merann nnn neonpencxa ryma),
- oesnjenrn necmerany onony armoc]epcxe, nponjene n penaxne noe ca nnn
es npncycrna xemncxnx xomnonenara, noceno y roxy snmcxor opxanana xononosne
xoncrpyxnnje,
- nsjeranane yapa n omrehena nnarannonnx enemenara sa npnjeme snmcxor
opxanana nyrena.

383
3
(), ,
,
:


2- (The open and closed dilatation)

50%
,
, .

.
( 3),
( 4, 5, 6, 7).

3- (The hidden dilatation)
: 1-; 2- (); 3-
30cm; 4-
( ) 40cm d=2 cm; 5- (); 6-


:

384
( 4)

.


4- (Dilatation of steel)
: 1- ; 2- ; 3- ; 4- ; 5-



, " U " .


.
.
.

, ,
.
,
, .
,
.

.

385

5- ( Steel dilatation type "tooth)
: 1- ; 2- ; 3-; 4- ; 5-


.
,
.
, .
,
.

. , .

.

6-
(Elastomeric dilatation with flat and flexible bridging gaps)
: 1- ; 2- ; 3- ; 4-; 5-
; 6- (); 7-

, -

.
70- .
25mm, , 4%
.

386

7- (The asphalt dilatation)
: 1- ; 2- =4mm;
3- ; 4- ..; 5-

,

.
.
.
4

""
,
22 ,, 10-
,
, -, ,
,
,
.

,
5 () .
.
,

, .
, , ,
, .
.

.
,
.
1.

387
1. 1 ( 7 /94)
(Table 1 Guide for the design of roads and bridges (part 7 BA/94))

(/): L/; /; H/; */
; **/ ; (N/)/

.
,
,
.
,
.

4.1

8- ,
(Damage
element of dilatation and transition mortar because of inadequate strength of concrete
substrate to receive the traffic load)

388

9- ,
(Severe damage to the
element of dilatation, because of inadequate width of dilatation gap in relation to the selected
dilatation system)

10.O ,
( 8) (Damage to the asphalt pavement
layer in the zone of dilataion syste, because because small thickness of layer of asphalt
(required thickness of 8 cm min))

11 -
, (Degradation of the asphalt pavement
on the connection with metal rails of dilatation element, due to insufficient compaction of
asphalt)






389

12- , ,

(Eliminated anchors from the dilatation element, due to inadequate anchoring,
and dependently systemof dilatations to static system of bridge construction)

13- ,
(Damage of the dilatation elements dilatacionog element
, during maintenance the pavement in winter)
5.

,
:
-
,
- (),
,
-
,
-
, ,
,
- 3mm,
,
- ()
: ,

390
,
.
-
, ,
- .

6
.

( , , ,
, , ), .

,

.
,
,
.

391
Mu.euro Hp+y+
1
HOTHOPHA KOHCTPYKHH1A- CTYBOBH MOCTOBA
Pesu+e:
Mocrone xao ]ynxnnonanne caopahajne ojexre unne rpn njennne: nornopna
xoncrpyxnnja cryonn mocrona, pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja, onpema mocrona.
Hpemer unanxa cy nornopne xoncrpyxnnje mocrona xoje unne xpajnn
(oannn) cryonn n cpenn (pnjeunn) cryonn.
Fes osnpa na marepnjan ns xora je nsrpahena pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja
ynopnann n cryonn mocrona ce rpae o apmnpanor n neapmnpanor erona, a
camo y nsysernnm npnnnxama o xamena nnn uennxa.
Y unanxy cy npnxasane canpemene xoncrpyxnnje cryona, xoje cxnano ca
namjenom ojexra cnnjee pjemena pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja n rexnonornjy
nsrpane. Hope xoncrpyxrnnnnx pjemena snauajan je n nnsyanan nsrne cryona
mocrona.
K+yuue pujeuu: +ocmoeu, cu+oo.u, ymu.umapuocm, epeouoeane, mpafuocm,
ecmemura
SUPPORT STRUCTURE BRIDGE PYLONS
Summary:
Bridges as functional traffic facilities consist of three wholes: the support structure
bridge pylons, the span structure, bridge equipment.
The subject of the article are bridge pylons, consisting of side (shore) pylons
and central (river) pylons.
Irrespective of the material of the span structure, bridge abutments and
pylons are built from reinforced concrete, with stone or steel used only in exceptional
circumstances.
The general observation is that designers do not pay sufficient attention to the
design and visual appearance of bridge pylons.
The article features modern pylon structures, which, in line with the purpose
of the facility, reflect the span structure solutions and construction technology, and
should attract the attention of designers.
Key words: Bridges, Symbols, Utilitarianism, Evaluation, Durability, Aesthetics
1
Hpo].p. Mnnenxo Hpxy, DDC svetovanje ineniring d.o.o., Kornnxona 40, yana
392
1. YBO
Mocr xao ojexar unne rpn ]ynxnnonanne njennne: pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja, nornopna
xoncrpyxnnja - cryonn mocrona n onpema mocrona. unanax opahyje cryone rpennx n
oxnnpnnx mocrona. Fes osnpa na marepnjan ns xora je nsrpahena pacnoncxa xoncrpyxnnja
(uennx, apmnpann nnn npenanpernyrn eron, cnpernyrn npecjenn) onopnn n cryonn
mocrona ce rpae o apmnpanor erona, a camo y nsysernnm npnnnxama o xamena nnn
uennxa.
Hpema nonoxajy n ]ynxnnjn y xoncrpyxnnjn rpennx n oxnnpnnx cncrema mocrona
pasnnxyjemo:
- onopne (xpajne nnn oanne cryone) n
- cryone mocrona (mejyocnonne nnn pnjeune cryone).
2. HAM1EHA, mYHKHH1A H EAEMEHTH KO1H OHPEEY1Y
H3BOP KOHCTPYKHH1E H HMEH3H1E OHOPAHA H
CTYBOBA
Ynopnann n cryonn mocrona npeysnmajy o pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja n na remeno rno
npenoce:
- rpannrannone cnne o concrnene mace pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje, cryona, onpeme
mocra,
- yrnnaje noxpernor onrepehena,
- yrnnaje o npnponnx cnna (npomjena remneparype, njerap, cnnjer, ne, rexyha n
mnpna noa, semorpec, norncax rna, cnnjerane ocnonana),
- yrnnaje xojn nacrajy sor nnrepnennnja na pacnoncxoj xoncrpyxnnjn pan nsmjene
nanoncxnx crana (npenanpesane, cnpesane, ennnenannje),
- yrnnaje xojn nacrajy xao nocenna peonomxnx oconna marepnjana,
- ornopn rpena y nexnmrnma,
- cnne n yrnnajn y roxy rpajena n monraxe pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja,
- excnecnn yrnnajn (yapn nosnna, yapn nnonnna nr),
- nanpena onrepehena.
Hope npeysnmana n npenoca naneennx yrnnaja n cnna ynopnann n cryonn rpea a
ncnyne n cnnjeehe ]ynxnnonanne saxrjene:
- a omoryhe noyxna nsyxena n cxpahena pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n cryona
ycnnje npomjene remneparype, npenanpesana, cxynana n reuena erona,
- a omoryhe e]opmannje pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n cryona y mro cnaajy yrnonn
saoxpera na ocnonnnma, saoxperane o ropsnje, cnnjerane n saoxperane ocnonana,
- ynopnann n cryonn rpea a cy cnrypnn, rpajnn, noysann, cxnano onnxonann
n noronn sa rpane n opxanane.
Onnx, xoncrpyxnnjy n nmensnje onopana n cryona opejyjy:
- Hocnnn cncrem mocra (rpenn, oxnnpnn, sacneenn nyunn, nncehn n sanjemenn
mocronn)
393
- Mop]onornja n xapaxrep npenpexe (noena npenpnjexa, cyxa npenpnjexa)
- Yxynna nncnna cryona n nncnna cryona nsna repena
- ynna n oconne nocnnor rna na xome ce remee cryonn mocra n naunn
remeena
- Haunn ocnanana n nese pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje onopana n cryona mocra n
rnnonn npnmjenennx nexnmra
- Fpoj n nennunna pacnona pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje mocra
- Koncrpyxnnja n yxynna mnpnna nonpnjeunor npecjexa pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje
mocra
- Oapann nonoxaj cryona y ncnosnnnonom pjemeny mocra
- Yrao yxpmrana oconnne mocra n oconnne npenpexe xoja ce npemomrana
- Onocn neprnxannnx n xopnsonrannnx onrepehena na cryone mocra
- Marepnjan sa cryone n rexnonornja nsrpane cryona
- Marepnjan pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n rexnonornja nsrpane
- Cxnanocr pjemena cryona y njennnn mocra ecrercxo onnxonnn ycnonn
- Cnoconocrn, snana n ncxycrna npojexranra xoncrpyxropa mocra;
Ocnonne pasnnxe y xoncrpyxnnjn onopana n cryona nponsnnase ns nnxone ]ynxnnje.
Onopnn, nope npeysnmana yrnnaja o pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje sarnapajy nacnn nsa mocra
n onnpy ce norncxy rna. Ca xoncrpyxnnjom onopana pjemanajy ce n xpnnnn snonn.
Cryonn mocra yrnannom npeysnmajy yrnnaje o pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje mro
npeopejyje nnxony cnmerpnuny ]opmy n xoncrpyxnnjy.
3. OCAAHAHE H BE3E PACHOHCKHX KOHCTPYKHH1A H
CTYBOBA
Besa n ocnanane pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja n cryona sanncn o:
- nocnnor cncrema mocra,
- yxynne yxnne mocra, poja n nennunne pacnona,
- nncnne cryona,
- ynne, xnannrera nocnnor rna n naunna remeena,
- marepnjana pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n cryona;
Pasnnxyjemo rpn ocnonna naunna ocnanana n nese pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje, cryona n
onopana:
- xpyra, xomorena nesa (yxemrene),
- srnona nesa nnn srnono ocnanane,
- nnnnjcxn nnn rauxacrn ocnonnn (nexnmra) ca nornynom nnn orpannuenom
noxpernnomhy;
3.1. KPYTA, XOMOIEHA BE3A (YKEmTEHE)
Xomorena nesa moxe ce npnmjennrn xo cnnx nornopa (xpajnnx n cpennx). Hsop
nornopa xoje he nrn xpyro nonesane ca pacnoncxom xoncrpyxnnjom, sanncn o ycnona
xojn cy na nouerxy nasnauenn.
Kpyra nesa npeysnma momenre cannjana n ropsnje, neprnxanne n xopnsonranne cnne y
sanncnocrn o onoca xpyrocrn n npenoce nx npexo cryona na reme n remeno rno.
394
Slika 1. Detalj krute veze rijecnog stuba
3.2. 3IAOBHA BE3A
Hpema ]ynxnnjn y xoncrpyxnnjn mocra pasnnxyjemo:
- srnono nnnnjcxo ocnanane
- srnono ocnanane y cnnm npannnma n
- rauxacro ocnanane.
3rnono nnnnjcxo ocnanane omoryhana pornpane pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje y jenoj pannn
n npnmjenyje ce sa nesy xpajnnx cryona xo mocrona n nonoxnaxa ca jennm pacnonom
mannm o 20 m n sa nesy xpyrnx cryona xaa nnje pannonanna npnmjena nexnmra (nnnxa
2).
C.ura 2. 3e.ooua eesa AB pacnoucre roucmpyrufe u rpafnee cmyoa
Ha cnnnn 3 ar je era srnone nese nncoxnx cryona xo nnjayxra nsrpahennx ca
pacnoncxom xoncrpyxnnjom o monraxnnx npenanpernyrnx nocaua naxnano
xonrnnynpannx nocpecrnom nonpnjeunnx nocaua, xononosne nnoue n oarne mexe
apmarype
395
[n1]
C.ura 3. Hpu+fep pfeuena se.ooue eese ua cpeonu+ cmyoooeu+a
3.3. AHHH1CKH HAH TAHKACTH OCAOHHH - AEHmTA
Hexnmra xao ocnonnn pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja rpea a oane rpn ocnonna saarxa:
- a npeysmy n npenecy neprnxanne n xopnsonranne peaxnnje ca pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje
na cryone
- a omoryhe e]opmannje pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje
3a ncnynene ona rpn saarxa xoncrpyxrop mocra moxe a npnmjenn:
396
C.ura 4. oc.oanane epeoue pacnoucre roucmpyruef ua cmyooee npero .e+uuma
3.4. H3BOP HAHHHA OCAAHAHA
Y roxy nocrynxa xonnnnnpana, npojexronana n xoncrpyncana, noceno rpennx n
oxnnpnnx cncrema, mocrona rpea noxymarn a ce xo cnnx nnn nehnne cryona npnmjenn
xomorena nesa. Hpnmjena xpyre nese moxe a ye nenncxona ox cy yrnnajn n
e]opmannje xojn nornuy o remneparype, cxynana reuena erona n npenanpesana y
nopyujy maxcnmannnx saresana n osnoene mepe nyxornna. Hpnmjena pauynapa
omoryhana psy crarnuxy anannsy n nnrepnennnje npn xeenoj nsmenn nese nojennnx
cryona.
Pacnope ocnonana (nexnmra, srnoona nnn xpyre nese) rpea a omoryhn crannnocr,
nenpomnjennnocr nonoxaja, e]opmannnocr y cnnm pannnma n nomepnnocr y
]ynxnnjn yxnne n mnpnne mocra, marepnjana n yrnnaja oxonnne
4. KPA1HH OBAAHH CTYBOBH MOCTOBA
4.1. YBO
Kpajnn-oannn cryonn nmajy nocrpyxy ]ynxnnjy, a npeysmy yrnnaje (cnne) ca
pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n a sarnope nacnne nsa ojexra n ycnocrane reomerpnjcxy,
]ynxnnonanny, xoncrpyxrnnny n onnxonno ecrercxy nesy n npenas ca nyra na mocr.
Kpajnn nnn oannn (axo ce npemomhyje pnjexa) cry npecrana ocnonan rpennx,
oxnnpnnx nnn nanyunnx xoncrpyxnnja nyunnx mocrona. Kpajnn cry sapxana
noyxnara rpyn (nacnn) nyra y npenasy na xoncrpyxnnjy mocra n npecrana xpajnn
ocnonan pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja. Y nennnn xoncrpyxnnje xpajnnx cryona najuemhe ce
pemana n noyxnarane ounnx crpana nacnna nyra y yxnnn o 10 m. Haneene rpn
]ynxnnje: ueono sapxanane nacnna, ouno noyxnarane nacnna n ocnanane PK
npeopehyjy xoncrpyxnnjy n nmensnje xpajnnx cryona. Y sanncnocrn o mop]onornje
repena y sonn xpajnnx cryona, rnna pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje, nmensnja rpyna nyra
(nacnn, ycex, sacex), ycnona remeena sanncn nncnna, ]ynxnnja n xoncrpyxnnja xpajnnx
cryona. Hpncycrno n mehysanncnocr nennxor poja unnnnana xojn ce menajy cxono
npnponnm n nemrauxnm ycnonnma, pasnor cy pasnnunrnx pjemena.
Hsop noxannje xpajner crya npeopehyje nrne enemenre nerone xoncrpyxnnje n
naunna remeena. Y sanncnocrn o yrna yxpmrana caopahajnnne n npenpexe, xpajnn
cryonn mory a yy nsneenn sa noopanan mocr nnn sa xocn mocr. Kocn xpajnn cryonn
nmajy cnoxeny reomerpnjy n rexn cy sa rpany. Yxynna nncnna xpajner crya (nncnna o
397
nnnenere o na remea) rpea a ye y rpannnama o 8 o 10 m (15 m), a yxynna yxnna
o oconnne crya o xpaja yxemrennx xpnna o 10 m (14 m).
Ko nsopa mnpnne xpajner crya moryha cy rpn cnyuaja:
- mnpnna xpajner crya mana je o yxynne mnpnne mocra,
- mnpnna xpajner crya ncra je xao n yxynna mnpnna mocra,
- mnpnna xpajner crya neha je o yxynne mnpnne mocra.
Kpajnn cryonn mory a yy npexrno remeenn axo je nocehe rno na ynnn o 4 (6) m
nnn nnnpexrno na ymennm mnnonnma nnn ynapnma sa ynne remeena nehe o 4 (6)
m.
Ko xoncrpyncana xpajnnx cryona nncy noxena xonsonna xpnna yxa o 6 m n xpaha
o 3 m.
Ha xpajnnm cryonnma na xojnma cy npennhene nehe nnarannjone cnojnnne (yxnna
nnarnpana mocra neha o 100 m), norpeno je nsnecrn xomopy sa monraxy, ononanane
n xonrpony nnarannja n nexnmra mnnnmannnx nmensnja 100/150.
Kpajnn cry rpea a ce xoncrpynme raxo a omoryhyje jenocranno yrpahnnane n samjeny
nexnmra, nnarannja n jenona ns cncrema xnmne xanannsannje, xoja je npnxyuena na
xpajnn cry nnn nponasn xpos xpajnn cry n pyrnx nncranannja.
Y sanncnocrn o namjene, npcre n noceher crarnuxor cncrema mocrona mory a yy:
- xpajnn cryonn mannx mocrona, nonoxnaxa n nanoxnaxa,
- xpajnn cryonn nnjayxara,
- oannn cryonn mocrona.
4.2. KPA1HH CTYBOBH MAHHX MOCTOBA, HOBOHAKA H
HABOHAKA
Mann mocronn, nonoxnann n nanoxnann yxnne o 80 m cy yrnannom nnrerpanne
oxnnpne AB xoncrpyxnnje ca xpyrom nesom (yxemrenem) xpajnnx cryona n pacnoncxnx
xoncrpyxnnja. Hpnmjep xoncrpyxnnje xpyre nese pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n xpajnnx
cryona na npenasy ca oxnnpne AB xoncrpyxnnje nnrerpannor mocra na rpyn nyra nne ce
na cnnnn 5.
398
C.ura 5. Kpafnu cmyo AB uumeepa.ue roucmpyrufe ua oyueuu+ uunoeu+
Ko ojexara nehe yxnne xoje nnje moryhe npojexronarn xao nnrerpanne xoncrpyxnnje ca
xpyrom nesom pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja, npojexryjy ce xao xnasn-nnrerpanne nnn
xonrnnyanne xoncrpyxnnje ca noxpernnm nexnmrem na xpajnnm cryonnma, xao mro
noxasyje cnnxa 6. Hponycr AB xoncrpyxnnje npexo oconnne nexnmra rpea a ye 60
70 cm, a sa AB npenanpernyre xoncrpyxnnje 80 100 cm a ce omoryhn npannnan ynoc
peaxnnje y xpajene RK, npannnno apmnpane n a ce samrnrn rnana xana o xoposnje.
C.ura 6. Koucmpyrufa rpafnee cmyoa ca .e+uume+, ou.amauo+ u npe.asuo+ n.o:o+
4.3. KPA1HH CTYBOBH BHAYKATA
Ko nnayxara, yrnx nanoxnaxa n yrnx nnynannonnx xoncrpyxnnja mocrona na
pnjexama, xoncrpyxnnja xpajnnx cryona (onopana) sanncn o onnxa repena, ycnona
remeena yxynne nncnne crya n yxnne nnayxara.
399
Axo ce xpajnn cry npojexryje na pannom repeny npenopyuyje ce xoncrpyxnnja ca
nponymrennm nacnnom (cnnxa 7) xoja omoryhyje exonomnuno pjemene es nyne ueone
crene nehe enne
C.ura 7. Hponyumeuu uacun ua rpafne+ cmyoy
Ha cnnnn 9.9.7 ara je xoncrpyxnnja xpajnnx cryona nncnne 8,0 12 m (15) m ca na
noynnpaua n nponymrennm nacnnom xojn ce npnmjenyje xo rpennx mocrona na pannom
repeny. Pjemenem ca noynnpaunma maxcnmanno ce peyxyje cnna norncxa rna xoja enyje
camo na nasnax, nexnmny rpey n nocrpyxy mnpnny noynnpaua. Ymree y erony cy
snauajne, a norpomna apmarype n onnare nonehana. 3a nyrne mocrone mnpnne 12 m
pannonanno je pjemene ca na noynnpaua.
C.ura 8. Koucmpyrufa rpafnee cmyoa eufaoyrma ua M/R nymeeu+a ua paeuo+ mepeuy ca
nooynupa:u+a u nponyumeuu+ uacuno+
400
C.ura 9. rpafnu cmyo eufaoyrma ca oea roumpaqopa y usepaonu
3a nncoxe xpajne cryone nnjayxara ca xomopama sa yrpann y cepnncnpane nnarannja n
nexnmra n ynas y pacnoncxy xoncrpyxnnjy, xoje mopajy yoxo a ce remee, rpea
npnmjennrn pjemene ca na pea mnnona n nponymrennm nacnnom npema cnnnn 10.
Bennxn poj nnjayxara nma xpajne cryone na crpmnm nannama. Hoxeno je a yxynna
nncnna rnx cryona ye mro mana. Bnnna nncnna xpajnnx cryona ne n rpeano a
ye neha o 5 7 m, raxo a xpajenn nnjayxra sanase y repen.
C.ura 10. Koucmpyrufa epxa rpafnee cmyoa ca oyooru+ me+e+ene+, nponyumeuu+
uacuno+ u ro+opo+ sa uucma.aufe
4.4. OBAAHH CTYBOBH MOCTOBA
Hpnxasann cy oannn cryonn nehnx n yxnx mocrona es nponymrennx nacnna. Axo
nocroje n nnynannonn ornopn raa nema nspasnrnx oannnx cryona. Kpajnn cryonn cy
na xpajennma nnynannonnx ornopa n xoncrpynmy ce xao xpajnn cryonn nnjayxara ca
nponymrennm nacnnom.
401
Oannn cryonn mocrona xoncrpynmy ce raxo a saonoe cne rpn ocnonne ]ynxnnje:
npeysnmane onrepehena n omoryhanane e]opmncana pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje,
npnxnarane uena nacnna nyra n npnxnarane ounnx crpana nacnna na pannonannoj
yxnnn. Onnx, nmensnje n xoncrpyxnnja oannnx cryona sanncn o nnme unnnnana,
xojn cy nasnauenn y rauxn 2. Bncnna oannnx cryona napnpa y mnpoxnm rpannnama o
6,0 15,0 m n najnenocpennje yrnue na nsop xoncrpyxnnje oannnx cryona. Oannn
cryonn ce najuemhe xoncrpynmy ca napanennnm xpnnnnm snonnma.
C.ura 11. Ooa.uu cmyo +ocma ca oy+uuo+ ou.amupana oo 100 m
C.ura 12. ooa.uu cmyo +ocma ca oy+uuo+ ou.amupana eeho+ oo 100 m u oyooru+
me+e+ene+
402
Fpoj n nmensnje noynnpaua sannce o yxynne mnpnne mocra. Bnpnna oannor crya
jenaxa je mnpnnn mocra, raxo a nnnunn noynnpaun unne nennny ca napanennnm
xpnnnnm snonnma. Harn xyne je 1:1 o 1:1,5 n npnnarohana ce cnoonoj nncnnn crya n
yxnnn xpnnnnx snona. Oanne cryone rpea nonnparn 6 10 m o nnnne pnjeunor
xopnra, raxo a ce omoryhyje n ne npexna xomynnxannja yx pexe ncno mocra
Ko rpacxnx mocrona uecra cy pjemena ca snarno mnpnm ynopnannma mro sanncn o
mnxponoxannje mocra, nnnnje xperana njemaxa, namjene oxonnnx ojexara nnn nexnx
nocennx pasnora. Ha cnnnn 13 nnn ce pjemene onopana na ecnoj oann mocra npexo
pnjexe Yne y Kocrajnnnn. Hpomnpenn onopan, nope njemaxa, nocnyxno je sa nocranane
Hanoneononnx nnpamna xoje arnpajy ca nsrpane pnenor mocra ns 1810. Ionne.
C.ura 13. Mocm npero pufere Vue y Kocmafuuu
Ynopnann cy n mjecra rje ce najuemhe ycnocrana nesa nsmejy capxaja n namjene
npocropa ncnpe mocra ca mocrom. Hnje njenncxono rpaxnrn nexa npannna sa
xoncrpyncane onaxnnx onopana jep ro sanncn o mnjecrnnx ycnona, xea n xpearnnnocrn
npojexranra. Ha cnnnn 14 nnn ce xapaxrepncrnuan npnmjep crynmra sa nesy nnnoa n
capxaja ncno mocra ca mocrom.
C.ura 14: Onopa ua oecuof ooa.u +ocma npero pufere puue y Buueepaoy
403
Bnne nonpmnne onopana mory nrn pasnnunro opajene. Ko crapnjnx mocrona
nsrpajennx o nononnne naeceror croneha najuemhe cy ynopnann nnn onarann ca
xamenom, a y cjenepnnm semama Enpone n Bennxoj Fpnrannjn n onexom. Hnrensnnna
nsrpana n cmanene yuemha xnnor paa norncnynn cy xameny onory. Ynopnomhy
npojexranara, xamena onora ce n ae sapxana ann camo na nehnm n snauajnnjnm,
noceno rpacxnm mocronnma. Hope ecrercxnx npenocrn xamena onora je n rpajnnja o
eroncxnx nonpmnna.
5. CPEHH PH1EHHH CTYBOBH MOCTOBA
5.1. YBO
Ocnonnn saxrjenn xoje cryonn mocrona rpea a ncnyne:
- a npeysmy o pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje cne yrnnaje (cnne n momenre y oe pannn) n a
nx npenecy y remeno rno,
- a omoryhe noyxny e]opmannjy n yrnone porannje pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje,
- cryone n nnxone remee rpea xoncrpyncarn raxo a nnxona rpana n opxanane
exonomnuno n a a yy cnrypnn, rpajnn n noysann.
O cnnx njenona nocehe xoncrpyxnnje mocra, cryonn npojexranry npyxajy najnnme
moryhnocrn sa xoncrpyncane, onnxonane cxnanor nsrnea mocra xao nnjennne. 3nane n
ncxycrno ocnoahajy xpearnnne norennnjane npojexranra a xo xoncrpyncana cryona
ncxopncrn xomnaparnnne npenocrn noxannje mocra. o opnx pjemena onasn ce xpos
nnme napnjanrn npema onnxy, xoncrpyxnnjn, naunny nesa n ocnanana ca RK, naunny
remeena n rpahena.
Enemenrn xojn yrnuy na nsop onnxa, xoncrpyxnnje n nmensnje cryona:
- nocehn cncrem mocra,
- mop]onornja n xapaxrep npenpexe,
- nncnna cryona,
- naunn remeena, ynna n xnannrer remenor rna,
- nsop nese n ocnanana pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje na cryone,
- yrao yxpmrana mocra n npenpexe, rexnonornja n oprannsannja rpahena.
Y canpemenoj mocrorpann, cryonn ce rpae o apmnpanor erona nannny mjecra ca
]ncxnnm nnn npenocnnm (nomnunnm) onnarama. Knannreran xamen xopncrn ce xao onora
xo pnjeunnx cryona.
Ko nsrpane cryona, noceno nncoxnx cryona, neonxona je reoercxa n reomerpnjcxa
xonrpona. Ipemxe y nmensnjama n neprnxannocrn mopajy a ocrany y osnoennm
rpannnama. Hajnehn oarnn yrnnajn nncoxnx cryona onase o rpahennncxnx rpemaxa.
Cpene cryone njennmo y nnje ocnonne rpyne:
- pnjeunn cryonn mocrona n
- cpenn cryonn nnjayxara n nanoxnaxa.
404
5.2. PH1EHHH CTYBOBH MOCTOBA
Mocronn na pnjexama cy najcrapnja n nsnopna xareropnja mocrona. Ynpxoc cnnm
npenocrnma, pnjexe cy ynex nne nennxa npenpnjexa y cnoonom xperany yn n
oapa. Hpemomhanane pnjexa ornapano je nyrene norpea n xea. Temeene n nsrpana
pnjeunnx cryona nnn cy n ocrann jena o najrexnx npenpnjexa y nsrpann mocrona.
Temxohe pacry ca nennunnom pexe, ynnom n psnnom noe n ca nonoxajem n xnannrerom
noceher rna sa remeene. Y nocnena na nexa najneha enonynnja n nanpeax je nocrnrnyr
y naunny, rexnnnn n rexnonornjn remeena, a mann y ]opmn n nmensnjama cryona.
Kamen n neapmnpann eron ycrynnnn cy mecro apmnpanom erony.
3a pasnnxy o pyrnx cryona, pnjeunn cryonn cy nsnoxenn n cnnama noenor roxa, ys
apasnnno, eposnnno n xemnjcxo ejcrno, xao n yapy nea n yapy poona. Cna ona
jenonana nrno yrnuy na nmensnje, macy n onnx pnjeunnx cryona.
Koncrpyncane, onnxonane n rpana pnjeunnx cryona ycxnahyje ce ca pexnmom nsmene
nnnoa noe. Temen pnjeunnx cryona cy ncno na pnjeunor xopnra. Bpx remea ne cme
a ye nsna na pnjeunor xopnra. Inane cryona, nexnmne rpee n xnapn cy mnnnmym
0,50 1,0 m nsna nnnoa H 1/100. Bemrauxo ocrpno n nomohne cxene sa nsrpany
pnjeunnx cryona cy na nnnoy pane noe y npennhenom nepnoy nsrpane n mopajy a ce
yxnone no sanpmenoj nsrpann.
Hpena crpana pnjeunnx cryona y cmepy roxa xoncrpynme ce na naunn xojn crnapa
najnononnje ycnone nporoxa (mnnnmanna xoncrpyxnnja), mro sanncn o psnne roxa,
nmensnja n marepnjana cryona (cnnxa 15).
C.ura 15: Oo.uroeane npecfera pufe:uux cmyooea y c+fepy mora pufere
Ha ocnony ncxycrana, casnana ns nnreparype, npernea omrehennx mocrona n oanennx
canannja, sa cryone y nehnm pnjexama npenaxy ce na pnjemene macnnnnx pnjeunnx
cryona xao apmnpanor eroncxor nnarna naro npomnjennne nnn xoncranrne enne n
mnpnne ca onorom o xamena. Bncnna onnx cryona je o 5 15 m. Bnpnna cryona je
neha o mnpnne RK es narna ounnx crpana nnn ca narnom 10:1 30:1.
enna cryona moxe a ye xoncranrna nnn npomnjennna ca narnom crpana 30:1 do
40:1. Mnnnmanna enna eroncxor npecjexa je 1,50 2,00. Ha nnonnnm pnjexama 2,0
3,0 m.
Kamena Onora enne 20 25 cm nsnon ce napanenno ca eronnpanem, ca pannnm n
npannnnnm cnojnnnama o remea o nexnmne rpee. Camo xo cryona nsnan pnjeunor
roxa onora cme a ce nsnon naxnano. Hsop npcre xamena, enne onore n naunna
opae sannce o xapaxrepa, mexannuxe n xemnjcxe arpecnnnocrn roxa. Koncrpyxrop mocra
rpea a npoyun oconne xamennx xoncrpyxnnja n a pacnonaxe cnnm penenanrnnm
noannma o penn n sarahenocrn noe y roxy n naxon nsrpane.
405
C.ura 16: Macueuu pufe:uu cmyo ca ra+euo+ oo.oeo+
C.ura 17: Pufe:uu cmyoueu +ocma npero pufere puue y Iopa+oy usepaheuu 1962. eoouue
3a pnjeune cryone rpacxnx mocrona npenopyuyjy ce nexonnennnonanne opo
onnxonane n xoncrpyncane ]opme xoje nmajy narnamene ecrercxe enemenre. Ha cnnnn 18
ar je npnmjep raxnor pjemena xo rpacxor mocra npexo pnjexe Focne y Marnajy ca
nspasnrnm cmanenem mnpnne na remenoj cnojnnnn n onaxmanem ropner mnpoxor
njena npecjexa
406
C.ura 18:Hpecfer pufe:uoe cmyoa epaocroe +ocma npero pufere Bocue y Mae.afy
C.ura 19:Hse.eo epaocroe +ocma npero pufere Bocue y Mae.afy
Pnjeunn (cpenn) cryonn xonnenrpncanor (oxpyrnor)npecjexa ca rnanom omoryhyjy, a ce
xocn npenas nyra npexo pnjexe npemocrn ca ynpannnm mocrom (cnnxa 20).
C.ura 20:Vnpaeuu +ocm ua roco+ yrpumany nyma u pufere
407
5.3. CPEHH CTYBOBH BH1AYKATA H HABOHAKA
Y sanncnocrn o xoncrpyxnnje, ann n nncnne cryona, nennunne pacnona n npecnjexa RK,
cpene cryone moxemo a noennmo y rpn xapaxrepncrnune rpyne:
- cryonn AB nnarna (snonn, crnjene) nncnne o 15 m,
- cryonn xonnenrpncanor nynor npecjexa nncnne o 15 m (20 m),
- nncoxn cryonn onaxmanor npecjexa.
5.3.1 C1yonn AB nna1na (snonn, c1ene) nncnne o 15 m
Cpenn cryonn nnjayxara xao nnarna cy uecro npnmjenn xo nnjayxara, mocrona,
nncoxnx ynnna, nanoxnaxa n pyrnx ojexara. Ocnonna xapaxrepncrnxa nnarna je mana
enna y onocy na mnpnny. Cryonn onora rnna pannonannn cy sa nncnne o 5 15 m,
y sanncnocrn o namene nnjayxra n naunna nese ca nocehom xoncrpyxnnjom n remenom
cronom. Bnpnna nnarna je pasnnunra n moxe nrn ncra, yxa nnn mnpa o mnpnne
pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje. Hs ecrercxnx, a jenomnuno n crarnuxo xoncrpyxrnnnnx
pasnora, mnpnna nnarna moxe nrn npomjennna no nncnnn. Mana mnpnna moxe a ye
nonesana ca remenom cronom nnn ca pacnoncxom xoncrpyxnnjom.
C.ura 21: Moeyhu oo.uu cpeonux cmyooea rao AB n.amua sa eucuue 5 15 m
enna nnarna (AB sna) sanncn o nncnne cryona, nennunne pacnona, namene mocra n
nesa ca RK, a xpehe ce o 0,60 1,30 (1,50) m. enna moxe a ye xoncranrna no nenoj
nncnnn crya nnn npomnjennna no nenoj nncnnn nnn eny nncnne. Axo je sa nocnnocr
crya norpena neha enna o 1,50 (2,00) m npenasn ce na pjemena ca onaxmannm
npecjennma cryona
408
C.ura 22 Hufeno oo.uroeauu cmyooeu ua +ocmy (eufaoyrmy) npero pufere Kopaue
a n ce nserna neha nenorpena mnpnna cpennx cryona xao AB nnarno xoncrpynme
ce rnana crya npema nmensnjama npecjexa pacnoncxe xocnrpyxnnje. Bncnna rnane je 1,50
2,00 m y sanncnocrn o pacnona xonsona (2,5 3,5 m). AB nnarno moxe a nma
xoncranrny nnn npomnjennny mnpnny n enny. Ha cnnnn 23 cy noxasana rpn
pasnnunra npecjexa cryona.
C.ura 23: Cpeonu cmyo rao AB n.amuo ca e.aeo+
C.ura 24 Mocm ca cpeonu+ cmyooeu+a, rao AB n.amua ca e.aeo+
409
5.3.2 C1yonn xonnen1pncanor nynor npecjexa nncnne o 15 m (20 m)
Bnrxn AB cryonn nncnne o 15 m (20 m) xpyxnor npecjexa njamerpa 1,0 2,5 m
xnaparnor nnn ocmoyraonor npecjexa najnnme ce npnmjenyjy xo ojexara na
caopahajnnm nerama mnpnne RK o 10 m. Kpyra nesa ca RK n remeom omoryhyje mane
nmensnje npecjexa. Hpocrop ncno ojexara je ornopen ns cnnx npanana.
3a nehe mnpnne nnjayxara ca rnannnm nocaunma na nehem pasmaxy pannonanna je
xoncrpyxnnja cpennx cryona o na crya ncno nocaua. Hpecjenn cryona mory a
yy xao na cnnnn 25.
C.ura 25: Mocm ca cpeonu+ cmyooeu+, rao AB n.amua ca e.aeo+
C.ura 26: Haoeo+nar ca orpye.u+ cmyooeu+a yr+eumeuu+ y pacnoucry roucmpyrufy
Bnrxn cryonn ca rnanom nacrann cy xao nocnnjenna xocor yxpmrana n monraxnnx
rexnonornja rpahena npenanpernyrnx n cnpernyrnx pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja. Inana
cryona nma nocrpyxy ]ynxnnjy: cnyxn xao rpajnn ocnonan rnannnx nocaua n xao
npnnpemenn ocnonan onpeme sa monraxy nocaua RK. Komnnannjom nnrxor crya ca
rnanom nocrnxe ce pannonanno pjemene cryona sa mocrone n nnjayxre n omoryuana
npojexronane ynpannor mocra.
410
C.ura 27: Cmyooeu orpye.oe npecufera ca e.aeo+ sa roco yrpumane nyma u pufere
Hpecjenn nnrxnx cryona cy xpyxnn njamerpn 2,0 2,5 m, xnaparnn ca crpanama 2,02,5
m, npanoyraonn ca crpannnama (1,52,0)/(3,04,0) n ca saoennm xpahnm crpanama.
nmensnje rnana cryona cnnune cy xao n xo crya nnarna. Apmarypa rnane cryona je
ocra jaxa n najnaxme ce monrnpa xao roron xom.
C.ura 28: Cpeonu cmyooeu roueumpucauoe npecfera ca e.aeo+
Ko mocra npexo pnjexe Kpxe y Cnonennjn npnmjenen je cnenn]nuan onnx cpennx
cryona npnnarohen rexnonornjn rpahena pacnoncxe xoncrpyxnnje n mnnnmannom ycnopy
npornnana pnjexe (cnnxa 29). Oxpyrnn npecjex crya ce ca 3 m xonycno npomnpyje na 5 m.
C.ura 29: Cpeonu cmyooeu +ocma ua pufeu Kpru y C.oeeuufu
411
5.3.3 Bncoxn c1yonn onaxmanor npecjexa
Kareropnjy nncoxnx cryona unne cryonn unja je nncnna neha o 2025 m n ocrnxe
nncnne n o 150 m. Bennxa nncnna cryona unnn nncox nponenar nene nnjayxara, na je
xoncrpyxrop mornnncan a ncrpaxyje pannonanna pjemena. Hapanenno ca xoncrpyncanem
nncoxnx cryona pemana ce n rexnonornja nnxone nsrpane. Hynn npanoyraonn nnn
xpyxnn npecjenn nncy exonomnunn sa nncnne nehe o 20 m na ce nncoxn cryonn
npojexryjy ca onaxmannm npecjennma. 3a nncnne o cca. 40 m onaxmann npecjenn cy
onuno xoncranrnor npecjexa. 3a nehe nncnne npecjenn cryona mory a ce menajy y jenoj
nnn oe pannn mro sanncn o onnxa npecjexa, namene nnjayxra n nncnne cryona. Kao n
cryonn nnarna n nncoxn cryonn mory a nmajy rnany nnn npomnpene na npxy sa
monraxy n ocnanane pacnoncxnx xoncrpyxnnja nnn cy xoncrpyncann es npomnpena y
npxy (cnnxa 30).
a) b) c)
C.ura 30: Bucoru cmyooeu I npecfera sa eucuue 20 50 m
Bncoxn cryonn ce remee npexrno na mohne npnsmarnune crone, na arepnjy ymennx
mnnona nocpecrnom narnannnne nnn na ynapnma. Bncoxn cryonn cy ynex yxemrenn y
remeny crony. Crenen yxemrena opehyje npcra rna n naunn remeena.
Onnx onaxmanor npecjexa moxe a ye pasnnunr n sanncn npnencrneno o nncnne
cryona n rexnonornje rpahena. Pasnnxyjemo ornopene n sarnopene onaxmane npecjexe.
Ornopenn npecjenn onnxa I (nocrpyxo T npecjex) ca narnamennm nojacennma nonpnjeuno
na oconnny mocra exonomnunn cy sa nncnne o 20 50 m. Kaa ce npnmjenyjy sa
monraxne npenanpernyre xoncrpyxnnje xomnnyjy ce rnanom (cnnxa 31). 3a nncnne o
40m saonoana mnpnna npecjexa o 4,0 m i visina 2,0 2,5 m. enna pepa je y
rpannnama o 0,3 0,5 m. enna nojacena je npomnjennna n nsnocn 50 70 cm ca
nyrama.
Jean o nrnnx enemenara exonomnunocrn nncoxnx cryona I npecjexa, nope onnxa
npecjexa, je nsrpana nomohy xnnsnnx nnn noxpernnx uennunnx onnara. Yrpana erona
moxe a ce oprannsyje ayronymnama nnn nomohy ropancxnx nsannna. Hpojexranrn
412
mocrona rpea a pacnonaxy cnnm rexnnuxnm n rexnonomxnm xapaxrepncrnxama xnnsne
nnn nomnune onnare raxo a ycxnahyjy cnoja pjemena ca rnm xapaxrepncrnxama (cnnxa
32).
C.ura 31: Cmyooeu I npecfera eucuue oo 40 ca e.aeo+ ua eufaoyurmy +ae. nyma Konu-
Jao.auua
C.ura 32: Ho+u:ua (npeuocua)On.ama sa oemouupafe cee+euma cmyooea I npecfera
Kaa ce cryonn I npecjexa npnmjenyjy sa cnpernyre nnn uennune nocehe xoncrpyxnnje
xo xojnx cy rnannn nocaun na manem mehyconom pacrojany, ymecro rnane cryona mory
a ce npojexryjy npomnpena npxa crya xao na cnnxama 33 n 34.
3a nncnne o 30 50 m mnpnna cryona mopa a ye neha, na je oe pjemene cryona
es rnane ca npomjennnom nnn xoncranrnom mnpnnom ys noxanna saeana pepa npn
npxy n ny (cnnxa 30n).
413
C.ura 33: Oo.uroeane epxa I cmyoa sa cnpeeuymy RK +ocma npero Jao.auu:roe fesepa
C.ura 34: Hpouupene epxa I cmyoa sa cnpeeuymu +ocm npero pufere Hepemee roo
Jao.auue
Ha cnnnn 35 ar je npnmjep apmnpana npecjexa I cryona xo nnjayxara. Hpenopyuyje ce
ncrn pacnope apmarype npn nncnnn crya, a npnnarohanane crarnuxnm yrnnajnma
nopasymena npomnjeny njamerpa rnanne noyxne neprnxanne apmarype n ro mopa
noceno a ce paspan y cxnay ca naxehnm nponncnma.
C.ura 35: Ap+amypa cmyoa I npecfera sa eucuue oo 40 m
414
Bncoxn cryonn ca sarnopennm onaxmannm npecjennma mory ce xoncrpynmy na nnme
naunna, mro npnencrneno sanncn o nncnne cryona, onpeme norennnjannnx nsnohaua,
cxnonocrn n nemrnne xoncrpyxropa mocrona.
Anrepnarnnno pjemene ornopennm npecjennma I cryona ca rnanom ca cnnxe 30 cy
sarnopenn npecjenn npnxasann na cnnnn 36 sa nncnne o 30 o 70 m. Hpanoyraonn nnn
mecroyraonn npecjenn xonrypnnx nmensnja 2,60/5,00 onocno 2,20/3,50 n snonnma
enne 25 30 cm nmajy xoncranrne nmensnje npecjexa no nenoj nncnnn.
C.ura 36: Bucoru cmyooeu sameopeuoe o.aruauoe npecfera sa eucuue 30 70 m
Cryonn unja je nncnna neha o 60 70 m n onnpe n o 100 m nnn nnme cnaajy y
noceny xareropnjy nsyserno nncoxnx cryona, xojn cy camn no cen cnenn]nune
xoncrpyxnnje, na nm ncxycnn xoncrpyxropn mocrona npncrynajy ca crpaxo nomronanem.
C.ura 37: Bucoru cmyooeu +ocma Ma.a pufera ua npysu Beoepao-Bap
Ha xeesnnuxom mocry Mana pnjexa cryonn npanoyraonor canyuacror npecjexa
npomjennnor y onje pannn ocrnxy nncnny n o 120 m. 3a nsrpany je npnmnjenena
xnnsna onnara ca nanpeonanem 4-5 m y roxy 24 cara.
415

Hpoq. Byrauuu A:aucru
1
; Becua 4u.unu:
2
, Mapro uee
3
HPO1EKTOBAHE H H3BOTEHE HO3EMHE IAPAE
HCHO KOHIPECHOI TPIA Y YBAHH
Pesnue: Ipacxa onmrnna yana, ojenene sa npocropno ypehene, oopnna je
nsrpany nosemne rapaxe na nopyujy Konrpecnor rpra ca cnnm nparehnm ojexrnma.
Hsrpana ojexra nosemne rapaxe nanasn ce y camom nenrpy yane. 3a npnjeme nspae
xonnenra n nerone peannsannje nojannnn cy ce nponemn npoyspoxonann o neyronor
reonomxor cacrana rna, nnsnne nocrojehnx srpaa n caopahajnnna, nosemna noa y na
nnnoa re apxeonomxnx ncxonanana. Hone oxonnocrn npoyspoxonane ca naneennm
nponemnma ycnonnnn cy npomjeny sanpranor n ycnajane nonor npncryna sa rpahene.
Hsapana je rexnonornja rpahena no npnnnnny ennx xaa ys oesnjehene rpahennncxe
jame ca nja]parmom xoja ce pasynnpe ca AB nnouama xoje cy cnojene n yxemrene y AB
snone n noynpre cpennm cryonnma. Hsrpana ojexra oanena je no rexnonornjn o
rope npema one ys ycnocranane n npahene monnropnnra nomjepana oxonnnx srpaa,
nja]parme n nnnoa nosemne noe.
Knyune pnjeun: ocnrypane rpahennncxe jame, nnoue sa pasynnpane, monnropnnr, ynapn,
njena xaa.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION UNDERGROUND
PARKING HOUSE CONGRESS SQUARE LJUBLJANA
Summary: Municipality of Ljubljana, Department of Land Management, invests in the
construction of underground parking house in the area of the market by supporting the Congress
buildings. Construction of the parking garage is implemented in the very heart of Ljubljana. At
the time of building design and its implementation problems have emerged adverse geology, the
proximity of existing buildings and roads, ground water in two levels and extensive archa-
eological excavations. Given the above backgrounds, it was the need to introduce new appro-
aches to construction. Choosen was the technology of the withe wat and secure the excavation
pit that introduces a diaphragm braced by means of slabs, which are structurally connected and
fixed to the reinforced concrete walls being supported by the central series of columns. The
facility is being built by technology building from top to bottom with reinstatement of more
detailed monitoring displacement of surrounding buildings, the diaphragm and the level of
ground water.
Key words: securing protection of the construction pit, span plates, monitoring, wells, white vat
1
prof. Vukain Acanski, univ. dipl.in.grad., GRADIS BP Maribor d.o.o. Lavriceva ulica 3, 2000 Maribor, e-mail:
vukasin.acanski@gradis-bp.si
2
Vesna Filipic, dipl.in.grad., GRADIS BP Maribor d.o.o. Lavriceva ulica 3, 2000 Maribor, e-mail:
vesna.filipic@gradis-bp.si
3
Marko ivec, univ.dipl.in.grad., GRADIS BP Maribor d.o.o. Lavriceva ulica 3, 2000 Maribor, e- mail:
marko.zivec@gradis-bp.si
416
1. UVOD
Konrpecnn rpr, pannjn nasnn Tpr cnooe, nanasn ce y camom nenrpy yane, a nsrpahen
je na noxannjn nexaamner camocrana. Tpr ce cacrojn ns ornopenor npocropa sa
napxnpane ayromonna n napxa ca senennm nonpmnnama n sacahennm nnaranamn. Inanne
nprexe ypehena npocropa npnnpemno je nosnarn cnonenauxn apxnrexra Joxe Hneunnx jom
npnje II. cnjercxor para, xomnnexc rpra ypehen je npema onnm nanprnma npnje n naxon
opxanana Konrpeca VIII.
2. OHTEHHTO O OB1EKTY
Ycnojenn xonnenr capxn nosemnn ojexar sa napxnpane ca uernpn, onocno ner eraxa,
uernpn nsnasa n nponas o nocrojeher Hneunnxonor noxoa. Inannn ojexar sa
napxnpane nma rnonprne nmensnje 150x30 m, ca xorom xponne nnoue na nnnoy repena -
0,40 m n xorama remene nnoue o -12,66 o 16,70 m. Y cacrany yxynnor xomnnexca
nanasn ce rnanna ynasno-nsnasna pamna yxnne 66,60 m re nosemnn ojexar xojn cnaja
rnanny pamny ca nosemnom rapaxom yxnne 78 m y xome cy cmjemrenn cnn nomohnn
npocropn n oarna napxnpna mjecra. Hosemna rapaxa nma 709 napxnpnnx mjecra nm.
2,60x4,95 m n 41 napxnpno mjecro sa nnnanne mnpnne 4,05m. Bnmnna nojennnx eraxa je
2,60 m, mnpnna pamnn 5,10 m.
Ko nsnohena paona npnmnjenena je rexnonornja rpahena o rope npema one. Hpno je
nsneena ropna nnoua na xorn -0,40 m ncno nonpmnne repena, sarnm ocrane nnoue cne o
remene nnoue na xorn -16,70 m onocno -12,66 m ca ncronpemennm ]nnannsnpanem
nnoua, snona n nn]pacrpyxrype.
C.ura 1: T.opm eapa+e
417
3. OHTEHHTO O HPO1EKTY
Hpojexar nosemne rapaxe nonjeen je y rpn ]ase:
1. ]asa: 3amrnra rpahennncxe jame
2. ]asa: Koncrpyxnnja rapaxe ca npnnaajyhnm ojexrnma
3. ]asa: Bancxo ypehene rpra.
3.1 3AmTHTA IPATEBHHCKE 1AME
3.1.1 Veo
3amrnra rpahennncxe jame nosemne rapaxe nsneena je ca AB nja]parmom enne 65
cm n naxnano nsneennm snom enne 30 cm, raxo a je xonauna enna oonnx
snona nsnocnna 95 cm. Koncrpyxnnja je pasynpra ca nnouama enne 35 n 40 cm. Hnoue
sa pasynnpane cy nonesane ca nja]parmom n yxemrene y AB snone. Hnoue cy noynpre
ca cncremom cpennx cryona na mehyconom pasmaxy 8,10 m. Y nonpeunom npanny nnoue
cy xopnsonranne ox cy y cpennn rapaxe samaxnyre sa nononnny nncnne eraxe.
3amaxnyrocr ce npema sananom n ncrounom njeny nocreneno cmanyje cne ox ce na xpajy
ne nspanna.
yxnna nja]parme na nopyujy rapaxe je o 22,70 o 30,0 m, na nopyujy onosa o
20,10 o 22,80 m. ynna nja]parme nparn narn repena raxo a ce xora na nanasn o
267,0 m o 269,70 m. Yxemrene nja]parme je pasnnunro nn nparn xereporenn cacran
rna. ynna ncxona rpahennncxe jame je npomjennna o 17,50 m (anconyrna xora 278,38
m) o 13,26 m (anconyrna xora 280,0 m). 3a nspay nja]parme ynorpnjeen je eron C
30/37, XC4, XD3, XF3, S4 i PV-II, D
max
16 mm n pepacra apmarypa BSt 500 S(B). Iopna
xora nja]parme nanasn ce 50 cm ncno one nonpmnne npne nnoue nsna xoje nsneena je
apmnpanoeroncxa rpea n xponna nnoua.
Hpnje nouerxa nsrpana nja]parme nspahen je xanan sa nohene n ycmjepanane. Hojennn
cermenrn nja]parme nsnohenn cy y yxnnn o 2,20 o 4,5 m y sanncnocrn o nojennaune
crannnocrn rna. Ko nsnohena nja]parme naxny ynory nma enronnrna emynsnja xoja y
roxy ncxona oesnjehyje crannnocr sa nanene. ono enronnrne emynsnje oesnjehen
je npexo xanana sa nohene n ycmjepanane ncxona. Homro reonomxn cacran oxonnor rna
nnje omoryhanao ynorpey reorexnnuxnx cnapa ncxon ce nsnono no ]asama ys npnmjeny
cncrema pasynnpana. Enemenrn xoncrpyxnnje xojn cy ynorpeanann sa pasynnpane
ncronpemeno cy nnn cacrannn no xonaunnx enemenara xoncrpyxnnje nosemne rapaxe.
Osnpom na many yaenocr nocrojehnx ojexara n reonomxor cacrana rna na
mnxponoxannjn, ncxon ce nsnono o nnnoa npne nnoue sa pasynnpane nsmehy oca 1 o 4 n
13 o 20. Ha ocranom njeny npno je nsneena xponna nnoua sa pasynnpane, a naxon rora
nsnono ce ncxon ncno ne. Ha onom nopyujy cramenn ojexrn yaenn cy cca 2,0 m
pan uera nnje no osnoen xonsonnn ncxon nja]parme.
3.1.2 Ieocmamuura auauusa c npoepa+o+ PLAXIS 8.6
Ieocrarnuxa anannsa c nporpamom PLAXIS 8.6 nsneena je no meron xonaunnx enemenara
418
y ycnonnma pannnncxor e]opmannjcxor crana. Ko moennpana rna ynorpnjeen je
nennneapnn saxon n nsorponno yrnphnnane (Hard-soil model). Hsneena je anannsa y
mecr xapaxrepncrnunnx npecjexa ca ]asnnm pasynnpanem. Koncrpyxnnja je moennpana
xao pannnncxo-nnnnjcxa oronapajyhe xpyrocrn.
Y reonomxo-reomexannuxom nsnjemrajy naneene cy npnjenocrn moyna enacrnunocrn n
e]opmannja sa nojenne cnojene. Kapaxrepncrnxe rna opehene cy naonaropnjcxnm
ncnnrnnannma ysopaxa, a cacran rna na ocnony nsneennx ymena. Cacran rna je nspasnro
xereporen. Honpmnncxn cnoj enne o 4,0 m je ns njemrauxor nacnna, ncno je cnoj
mnaor cancxor nanoca o ynne 9,0 m, no onom ynnom nanasn ce apjancxn
cenmenrn ca rnnnom re njecxonnrn marepnjan pasnnunrnx xonsncrennnja. Bynxonnrn
marepnjan nanasn ce na ynnn 20 m.
Xnporeonomxn ycnonn cy neyronn sor nojane nncehe nosemne noe xoja ce nanasn y
ropnnm njecxonnro semannm cnojennma na ynnn 7 o 8 m ncno nonpmnne repena. Onn
cnojenn ce npocrnpy na pasnnunrnm ynnama y xojnma nosemna noa moxe, ca nopnnm
npnrncxom, ocnjern o ynne 7,5 m. Hpana nosemna noa nanasn ce na anconyrnoj xorn
281,50 m.
Ko reocrarnuxe anannse n oesnjehena rpahennncxe jame yser je noarax a ce no
rpahennncxe jame nanasn 3,0 m ncno njensomerpnunor nnnoa nosemne noe sa nopmanne
ycnone, sa 20-ronmnn nepno moxe ocrnun o 5,5 m ncno nnnoa. ynna nja]parme
opehena je na ocnony ycnona a ce cnpnjeun orox noe y rpahennncxy jamy n ncnnpane
]nnnx ]paxnnja.
Pauyncxn xopann n cnyuajenn onrepehena cy moennpann y cxnay c rexnonornjom
nsrpane o rope npema one ys nomronane na nnnoa nosemne noe. Hsneena je
anannsa rpannunor crana ynorpennocrn n rpannunor crana crannnocrn ys xonrpony
rnoanne crannnocrn. Ipannuno crane crannnocrn opennn cmo ys peyxnnjy
cmnuyhnx (crpnxnnx) napamerapa (phi-c peyxnnja), npncryn 3. npexrna ynorpea
npncryna 2 nnje moryha, ymjecro npnmjene ]axropa yrnnaja, npnmjenyjemo yrnnaje
ynyrpamnnx crarnuxnx xonnunna. Ko nmensnonnpana enemenara xonrpyxnnje ysere cy
nehe npnjenocrn ns oe anannse.
Ha cnnnn 2 npnxasan je xapaxrepncrnunn pauyncxn moen sa reocrarnuxy anannsy, y
raenn 1 npnxasane cy xapaxrepncrnxe rna.
C.ura 2: Kaparmepucmu:uu
pa:yucru +ooe.
419

unsat
[kN/m]
c
ref
[kN/m]
[]
E
50
ref
[kN/m]
1 Q1p
21,00 1,00 36,0 65000,00
2 NA
21,00 1,00 35,0 45000,00
3

Q2p
21,00 1,00 35,0 40000,00
5 Q1g
20,50 1,00 28,0 4450,93
6 Q2g
20,50 1,00 27,0 5572,53
7 Q2pe 20,50 1,00 31,0 5572,53
Taoe.a 1: Mamepufa.ue raparmepucmure m.a
3.1.3 Pesyumamu eeocmamuure auauuse
Ieocrarnuxn npopauyn nsneen je npema Eypoxoy (EC0, EC1, EC2, EC4, EC7, SIST EN
1538/2002). Hponjepene cy nomjepana n xonnxo je nonehane ynyrpamnnx crarnuxnx
xonnunna y xoncrpyxnnjn sa xonauny npnjenocr F = 1,0 (servceability limit state). Ocnm
rora nsneena je peyxnnja unpcrohe na cmnnane (c- reduction) c ]axropom F = 1,25 (no
SIST EN 1997-1) sa cnaxy ]asy ncxona npnje nsnohena pasynopne nnoue. Ha xpajy je
nponjepena rnoanna crannnocr xoncrpyxnnje.
Pesynrar reocrarnuxor npopauyna noxasyje, a ce najneha onrepehena nnoua sa
pasynnpane n cryona nojanyjy nenocpeno y nnnojy nsna remene nnoue ojexra.
Cxopo y cnnm anannsnpannm npo]nnnma xpnrnuna ]asa sa ncxon nanasn ce ncno remene
nnoue. Ko npopauyna ysera je moryhnocr psor nsana oner nnnoa nosemne noe sa
2,50 m. Maxcnmanne ynyrpamne xonnunne y enemenrnma xoncrpyxnnje, sa ]axrop
cnrypnocri F = 1,0, npnxasane cy y raenn 2.
Taena 2 npnxasyje maxcnmanne ynyrpamne crarnuxe xonnunne n nomjepana y
enemenrnma xoncrpyxnnje npn ]axropy cnrypnocrn F = 1,0.
420
N
max
(kN/m)
Q
max
(kN/m)
M
max
(kNm/m) Xopnsonranno
nomjep. (mm)
na]parma na jyxnoj
crpann (ys xyhe)
-1140,00 572,47 877,00 -560,35 14,60
na]parma na cjenepnoj
crpann (ys napx)
-980,40 -694,70 850,25 -912,58 17,00
Cpennn cryonn ocno
na 8.10(65x280cm)
-534,32 609,42 816,13 -457,25 9,90
Razuporna ploca RP - 4 -843,37 99,75 146,32 -248,22 /
Razuporna ploca RP - 5 -694,90 115,70 145,60 -315,30 /
Taoe.a 2: Marcu+a.ue yuympaune cmamu:ue ro.u:uue u no+fepane roucmpyrufcrux
e.e+euama.
Baxan pesynrar reocrarnuxe anannse cy rpannune npnjenocrn nomjepana e]opmannje
xoncrpyxrnnnnx enemenara rapaxe n cycjennx ojexara. Hspauynara cy nomjepana y
xopnsonrannom n neprnxannom npanny na na]parmn n oxonnnm ojexrnma. Bpnjenocrn
ns npojexra ce ynopehyjy ca npnjenocrnma ns monnropnnra xojn ce nsnon no nporpamy
rexnnuxor npahena. Hsneena mjepena cy y rpannnama npojexronannx. .
Ieocrarnuxa anannsa je noxasana a je npojexronana ynna nja]parme cnpnjeunna nehn
orox noe y rpahennncxy jamy. Ynyrap nja]parme je nsneeno 10 ynapa npomjepa 500
mm ca xorom na ncno xore ncxona ca unme ce cnycrno nnno nosemne noe y
ynyrpamnocrn rpahennncxe jame.
Ocnm naneene anannse, nsneena je n anannsa jenonana cnne ysrona na rpahennny y
cnyuajy psor nsana one rejsnpcxe nosemne noe. Anannse cy noxasane a nehe oun
o neprnxannor nomjepana xoncrpyxnnje naxon nsneene remene nnoue.
3.2 KOHCTPYKHH1A IAPAE C HPHHAA1YTHMOB1EKTHMA
3.2.1 Veo
Iapaxa ncno Konrpecnor rpra nma cnnjeehe raapnre, xore n nncnne: yxnna 147,70 m,
mnpnna 28,15 m, yxnna na sananoj crpann 16,70 m (xora na 281,40 m, xora ropne
nnoue 298,10 m), ynna na ncrounoj crpann 12,66 m (kota dna 280,60 m). Maxcnmanna
ynna nanasn ce na cpenem njeny xoncrpyxnnje n nsnocn 16,90 m (xora na remene
nnoue 278,98 m).
Inannn ynas y rapaxy je npexo nonosa xojn ne xpos napx 3nesa ca pamnom o nnnoa
repena. Y nonosy ce nanasn enexrpo rpanc]opmarop sa nanajane n ocnjerene rapaxe,
necen arperar sa enenryannn npexn nanajana enexrpnune eneprnje. Y nonosy ce nanasn
npornn noxapna onpema ca asenom n Cnpnnxnep cncremom sa cnyuaj noxapa y rapaxn.
421
Iapaxnn ojexar ce nsnon y njenocrn es nnarannja xao jena nnarannjcxa jennnna
(nnrerpanna xoncrpyxnnja), ocnm onosne pamne xoja je onojena o onosa. enna
eraxnnx nnoua je 35 cm, yrpahena apmarypa je xnacnuna. enna ropne nnoue na xorn -
0,40 m (298,10 m) je 40 cm, nsna ne je npennhena oarna enna o 40 cm sa narnnn
eron, xnponsonannjy, ronnorny nsonannjy n nonarane Hneunnxonnx noxonnx nnoua
pasnnunror npanoyraonor onnxa xoje ce nsnoe na nnny mjecra na rpannnmry.
Oonn snonn cy eenn 30 cm ca nenocpenom nesom na nja]parmy enne 65 cm
npexo rxs. ]epmnyca (cnnxa 4) raxo a he oonn snonn y xonaunom crany nmarn
enny 95 cm. Apmarypa rxs. ]epmnyca je 14 mm na pacrojany 15 cm.
Ko nsapane rexnonornje nsrpane nnoue cy ojemene na snone, a snonn na
nja]parmy. Onaj naunn omoryhana ncronpemeno nsnohene ]nnannsannje nsneennx
nnoua.
3.2.2 Cmamuura auauusa c npoepa+o+ SOFISTIK
Crarnuxn pauyn nsneen je c nporpamom SOFISTIK (pauyn npocropcxnx ycxacrnx
xoncrpyxnnja no MKE). Hnoue n snonn cy renepnpann c ycxacrnm xonaunnm
enemenrnma. Pauyncxn moen e]nnncan je raxo a ce najoe npnnnxana crnapnom
crany ojexra (cnnxa 3).
C.ura 3: Pa:yucru +ooe. roucmpyrufe eapa+e
Onrepehene y crarnuxoj anannsn ysero je y cxnay ca SIST EN 1991 do SIST EN 1997. Y
osnp je ysera nnacrnra rexnna nojennnx xoncrpyxrnnnnx enemenara, cnojenn opae,
npnrncax seme n xopncno onrepehenje q
k
= 2,5-5,0 kN/m
2
. (Q
k
= 20.0-90.0 kN) sa rapaxe
xrr. u n nosne nonpmnne xareropnje G y cxnay c cranapom SIST EN 1991.
3.2.3 Hocmynar epahena
Ko eronnpana nocrynax je cnnjeehn: Hpno ce nsnee nnanym eraxne nnoue c
norpennm nannmenem n narnnma, na nnanym ce nocrane ounmuene nnoue onnare ca
xnannrerno opahennm cnojennma nomro he ra nonpmnna nrn nnna, na nocranene
nnoue ce yrpae PVC nnjenn npomjepa 120 m na pasan 120 cm xpos xoje ce nsnon
eronnpane snona nnxe eraxe (cnnxa 4).
422
Knannrer erona eraxnnx nnoua je C 35/45 (XC4, XD3, XF3, C1-0,20, Dmax -16, S4, PV-
III), cryona n snona C 25/30 (XC4, XD3, XF3, C1-0,20, D
max
16, S4, PV-III), ann cmo
naxnano npomnjennnn xnannrer erona cryona n snona na C 35/45 pan pxer
crnpjanana n cxpahena npemena nsnohena. Cnn enemenrn cy apmnpann c apmarypom BSt
500 S (B). Enemenrn cy nsneenn y cxnay c SIST EN 206-1. Haxon sanpmerxa eronnpana
eraxne nnoue npnnpema ce apmarypa sa snone.
Haxon nocrnsana unpcrohe erona o 80 % npennhene mory a nouny paonn na ncxony
(norxonanany) ncno nnoue nomro je oesnjehena onona nesa apmarype n erona a ce
nnoue mory ojecnrn na snone, naxon uera ce nocrynax nonana cne o remene nnoue
unja enna je 100 cm.
Cryonn y cpennn rapaxe y camom nouerxy nnn cy sacnonann no npnnnnny nja]parnnx
nanena, ann cy crarnuxe anannse noxasane nennxnx ounnx npnrncaxa na nja]parmy y
onnm eraxama xoncrpyxnnje xojn ce npenoce npexo pasynopnnx nnoua na cryone y
pasnnunrnm nnnojnma. a n ce npeysenn onn npnrncnn cryonn n ce mopann apmnparn
ca nennxom xonnunnom apmarype xoja n crnopnna nponem cnoja c pasynopnnm nnouama.
Haxon erane anannse n y capann ca nsnohauem nja]parme nsapano je pjemene c
yrpahnnanem na uennuna npo]nna HEM 400 y cry nmensnja 280x65 cm nspahen no
npnnnnny nja]parme (cnnxa 5). Hpo]nnn cy sannnenn camo y nern cryona, no nncnnn
sacyrn c jeno]paxnnjcxnm uncrnm mynxom o npxa repena. Ona ncnyna mynxa ce
nocreneno ocrpannnana ca ncxonom n nsnohenem eraxne nnoue. Hnnpemeny nocnnocr
nojennnx cryona n sanapenn nocau xojn nx nonesyje. o nsnee remene nnoue, yxynno
onrepehene xoje onaa na cryone npenocn ce npexo uennunnx HEM npo]nna na
nja]parnn reme cryona.
C.ura 4:Hpuras ap+amype qepu.yca C.ura 5: Hpuras HEM 400 npoqu.a y cmyooeu+a
Ocnm ornopa sa spauene, y eraxnnm nnouama npennhenn cy n rxs. rpancnoprno-
rexnonomxn ornopn nmensnja 8,0x4,5 m y cnnm nnouama ocnm remene nnoue. Kpos one
ornope npmn ce ncxon n rpancnopr marepnjana, yxynno je ener ornopa.

3.2.4 Xupoeeououru +ouumopuue
Cnn norpenn noann arn cy y Xnporeonomxom mopnropnnry xora je npnnpemno
Ieonomxn sano Cnonennje (Ocnjex s xnporeonornjy) no napyhn GI-ZRMK xojn je
nocnnan yxynnor monnropnnra sa nsrpany rpahennncxe jame.
423
Hocraneno je 9 ayromarcxnx mjepnnx mjecra xojn ennenrnpajy n nexe nnno one n
ropne nosemne noe. o jynnja 2010 nsmjepena je najneha pasnnxa nsmehy najnnmer n
najnnxer nnnoa o 2,06 m. Y ynyrpamnocrn nja]parme nnno nosemne noe ce mnjena y
cxnay ca npomjenama y njensomerpnma na nancxoj crpann nja]parme. 3a npnjeme nehnx
oopnna nnno nosemne noe moxe nopacrn sa 1 m n nnme.
Hnno nncehe nosemne noe pso ce mnjena y roxy naannna, nenno ce moxe nrnyrn o
najnnmer nnnoja. Bncoxn nnno, xojn ocrnxe nopymcxe npocrope cycjennx srpaa, naxon
npecranxa naannna ce cmann sa nexonnxo ana. Pasnnxa nsmehy maxcnmannor n
mnnnmannor nnnoa nncehe nosemne noe je 4,17 m n 1,74 m.
Hpnene noe oanao je nncrnryr ZRMK n Ieonomxn sano Cnonennje xao n npahene
nnxana nnnoa noe nan rpahennncxe jame. Behe ocnnnannje npoyspoxonane n ncnnpane
]nnnx uecrnna ns rna mro n nmano sa nocenny cnnjerane oxonnnx srpaa xojn cy y
nehnnn ]ynnpann na pnennm mnnonnma. Ha cne oxonne srpae yrpahenn cy penepn sa
npahene cnnjerana, sa pasnnunre ]ase rpahena. Hsneenn ynapn ce cyxnecnnno cxpahyjy
no sanpmerxy paona na nojennnm eraxnnm nnouama.
3.2.5 Apxeouoeuja
Ha nopyujy npennhene nosemne rapaxe na Konrpecnom rpry nojannnn cy ce
apxeonomxn nponemn. 3ano sa uynane xynrypnor nacnnjeha (ZVKD) je npnnpemno
npojexar y xome je oehen nocrynax ncnnrnnana n ocrpannnana ncxona ca npennhene
noxannje. 3axrnjenann cy a ce ncnnra unrano nopyuje o nnnoja -4,30 m onocno xore
294,20 (ynna npne eraxe). Onaj ycnon saxrnjenao je n npomjeny rexnonornje nsnohena
paona sa nnno npne eraxe. Hpnmnjenene cy nnjenn sa pasynnpane (cnnxa 6), nomro
apxeonosn nncy osnonnnn rynencxn naunn ncxona.
Ha ncrounoj, cjenepnoncrounoj n jyroncrounoj crpann rapaxe, nnjenn sa pasynnpane nncy
rpeane nomro je crarnuxn pauyn noxasao a ncxon o ynne 3,3 m nema yrnnaja na
e]opmannje ojexra unnxapmonnje n Ynnnepsnrera nomro cy onono yaenn o pya
rpahennncxe jame. Ha onom nopyujy apxeonomxa ncnnrnnana oanana cy es nponema.
Hponemn cy nacrann na nopyujy ojexra o Konrpecnor rpra 2 o Konrpecnor rpra 15,
nomro cy onn ojexrn yaenn o pya rpahennncxe jame camo na merpa. Ha onom
nopyujy cmo yrpannn npnnpemeno pasynnpane o nnjenn 1000 mm, enne 16 mm n
yxnne 28,15 m, onocno npexo nnjene mnpnne rapaxe.
C.ura 6:Hpuras ufeeu sa pasynupane u noe.eo ua apxeo.oura ucronaeana.
424
Yrpahnnane nnjenn sa pasynnpane onnjano ce no nocenom nocrynxy c xnpaynnuxnm
npecama ca hnme cy yneene opehene cnne y nja]parmy n npoyspoxonano nomjepane
nja]parme sa 5 mm npema nocrojehnm ojexrnma. Ynorpnjeeno je 9 nnjenn y nopyujy
o ojexra Konrpecnn rpr p. 2 o p. 15. Hnjenn cy ce ocnanane na uennune HEM 400
npo]nne xojn cy ncronpemeno cnyxnnn xao ocnonan sa cnpeuanane nsnnjana.
Hpenocr ynorpeenor nocrynxa npnnpemenor pasynnpana ca nnjennma:
omoryhana pxe nsnohene,
sa nsnohene xponne nnoue onaa nspaa npnnpemene nonore, yrpahnnane
apmnpanor noerona n nerono ocrpannnane, samrnra sa npexnnyrn pa
apxeonora,
onaajy apxeonomxa ncnnrnnana ncno AF nnoue,
xponna nnoua ce apmnpa sa xonauno onrepehene, pepa sa ojauane n sn ncnyne ne
rpea panrn ncno xponne nnoue,
oesnjehyje cnrypnocr cycjennx ojexara,
yrpahnnane n ocrpannnane pasynopa je pso.

3.2.6 1ecnene - sanmueane
Y roxy rpahena sa sanrnnane, onocno oesnjehene noonenponycnocrn ynorpnjeene
cy SIKA rpaxe. Hnno nosemne noe je na xorn 285,05, onocno 50 nm nsna xore noa
rpehe eraxe, pan uera cmo neh y roj eraxn ynorpnjennn napexajyhe rpaxe es n ca
moryhnomhy naxnanor nnexrnpana.
Y pane cnojene sn nnoua yrpahene cy napexajyhe rpaxe ca nancxe crpane sna n
nnexnnjcxe rpaxe ca ynyrpamne crpane (ys nja]parmy) xojn ce mory nnexrnparn y
cnyuajy a napexajyhe rpaxe nncy onone (cnnxa 7).
Ko remene nnoue na onoj crpann yrpahene cy napexajyhe nnexnnjcxe rpaxe, na
ropnoj crpann camo napexajyhe rpaxe.
Y neprnxannnm pannm cnojennma sn sn ynorpnjeene cy nnexnnjcxe n napexajyhe
rpaxe.
425
C.ura 7: Hpuras mecnena sanmueana paouux cnofeea
3.2.7 Hpojermaumu, useohauu, uasop u +ouumopuue
1. Hnnecrnrop: Ipacxa onmrnna yana
2. Apxnrexr: Oronopnn npojexranr nosemne rapaxe ca onosom n cnnm nncranannjama je
H3TP, nnxnnepnnr sa npojexronane .o.o., npojexranr nancxor ypehena (ypehene nnoue
Konrpecnor rpra, aree Fyxnapna, nsnas Hannon n Hapx 3nesa je HAHHPOCTOP .o.o.
Hncrnryr sa ypehene npocropa.
3. Koncrpyxrop: oxas crarnuxe crannnocrn oesnjehena rpahennncxe jame n
xoncrpyxnnje rapaxe c npnnaajyhnm ojexrnma je nsneno npeysehe IPAHC Fnpo sa
npojexronane Mapnop.
4. Hsnohau: IPAHC cxynnna I n THFOP, .o.o. no onnamreny npeyseha SWIETELSKY
Kft.,
5. Monitoring: Ipaenn nnmrnryr 3PMK .o.o, c nonsnohaunma Ieonomxn sano
Cnonennje n IEOH .o.o,
6. Pennsnja: Pennsnjy samrnre rpahennncxe jame nsneo je Hncrnryr uII, .o.o., pennsnjy
crarnxe na A. Consulting d.o.o.,
7. Hasop: Hnxnnepnnr n nasop H .o.o.
Y roxy nsnohena samrnre xoncrpyxnnje nohen je npojexranrcxn nasop xojn je nponjepanao
raunocr npenocranennx reomexancxnx xapaxrepncrnxa rna. Texax ncxon, nennxa
ynna n neyronn cacran rna n npncycrno nnje npcre nosemne noe (nnceha n
rejsnpcxa), cy saxrnjenann npahene n nonamane xoncrpyxnnje n nocrojehnx oxonnnx
ojexara. Pan rora je y cxnony npahena rpeano nspanrn:
xaracrap nyxornna n enenryannnx omrehena na nocrojehnm ojexrnma xojn ce
nanase y nnsnnn jame,
nonnc nocrojehnx ojexara, a nn nmajy nopym, n xaxnn cy my remen,
npahene ojexara y yrnnajnom nopyujy rpahena ca raunnm reoercxnm mjepe-
nnma enenryannnx nomjepana,
na rauno opehennm mjecrnma nja]parme n cnnm cpennm cryonnma rpeano je
426
yrpanrn nnxnnnomerapcxe nnjenn, nnjenn sa oesnjehene xonrnnynrera n
penepe,
na cnaxoj crpann rpahennncxe jame na nesnoj rpen ca nja]parmom rpeano je
yrpanrn reoercxy rauxy ca 3 mjepenem nomjepana.
4. 3AKYHAK
Ojexar nosemne rapaxe nspahen je no npnnnnny ennx xaa xao nnrerpanna
xoncrpyxnnja. Onaxan xonnenr omoryhana nehy rpajnocr ys mnnnmanne rpomxone
opxanana, re nnjex rpajana 100 ronna. Temxohe npn rpaheny ojexra npoyspoxonann cy
neyroan reonomxo-reomexannuxn cacran rna, nnsnna nocrojehnx ojexara, na nnnoa
nosemne noe, apxeonornja re cne mro je nesano sa ypany cpenny. Houerax paona je
anrycr 2009, xpaj paona mapr 2011 ronne.
5. AHTEPATYPA
[1] T. Triantafyllidis, Planung und Bauausfuhrung im Spezialtiefbau. Teil 1: Schlitzwand-
und Dichtwandtechnik, Ernst & Sohn, 2004,
[2] R. Frank, C. Bauduin, R. Driscoll, M. Kawadas, N. Krebs Ovesen, T. Orr in B.
Schuppner, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design general rules, Thomas Telford, 2004,
[3] IPAHC, Fnpo sa npojexrnpane .o.o. Hanpr oesnjehena rpahenncxe jame sa
nsrpany rapaxe n nanpr xoncrpyxnnje, H3H poj 4172,
[4] Texnnuxn nsnjemraj o reoercxom mepeny na nopyujy rpannnmra. Ipaenn
nnmrnryr 3PMK .o.o. nmnuena 12, 14.07.2010,
[5] Xnporeonomxo npahene rpane ojexra rapaxe, Geoloki zavod Slovenije,
oddelek za hidrogeologijo, nmnuena 14, 09.08.2010
427
Hemep Iaopufe.:u:
1
APXHTEKTYPA TPAEHE HCTHHE KPO3 HAYKY H
YMETHOCT
Pesu+e:
eneo nx a ynosopnm na naxny ynory ymernnuxe npaxce y ypannsmy n
apxnrexrypn. Cymrnncxn nomax y pemanany xpnsnnx cnryannja, nonyr one y xojoj
ce nanasnmo, uecro je moryh jenno na ancrpaxrnom nnnoy re nomohy ymernnuxe
npaxce. Jep je am ymernocr cnocona xpos mera]opnuxn jesnx npenosnarn
cnyrny yyhnocrn n yrpern nyr o nonnx saaraxa y naynn. 3aarax apxnrexrype
jecre, sa pasnnxy o pyrnx ymernnuxnx ncnnnnnna, a xpenpa n ncronpemeno
npenon ancrpaxrnn, mera]opnuxn jesnx, xao najany yyhnocrn, nornomornyra
nayxom n rexnnxom y marepnjannn, onnnnnn cner ynorpennnx onnxa n
npocropa. Ynpano ro je cymrnncxo nocnancrno apxnrexrype.
K+yuue peuu: apxumermypa, uayra, y+emuocm, +emaqopa
ARCHITECTURE - SEEKING TRUTH THROUGH SCIENCE
AND ARTS
Summary:
I would like to bring attention to the important role of art practice in urban design and
architecture. An essential shift in resolving crisis situations, like the one which we are
currently facing, is often only possible on an abstract level and with the help of art
practice. Because only art, througha metaphorical language, is able to recognize a
premonition of the future and pave the way to new goals in science. The task of
architecture is, as opposed to other artistic disciplines, to create and simultaneously
translates the abstract, metaphorical language, as the announcement of the future,
backed by science and technology in the physical, tangible world of usable shapes and
spaces. It is essential to the mission of architecture.
Key words: architecture, science, art, metaphor
1,npo]., mar. ynn. nnn. nnx. apx, exan Fakulteta za arhitekturo, Univerza v Ljubljani
428
KPH3A KAO HOCAEHHA 3ATOHA YTOHH1CKE MHCAH
anamna xpnsa nnje camo exonomcxa n exonomxa, nero y npnom pey xpnsa npenocrn
sanane nnnnnnsannje n nene opnjenrannje y norpomauxo n eneprercxn pacnnnnuxo
pymrno. Jas nsmehy orarnx H cnpomamnnx nocraje cne ounrnennjn. Ynpxoc xen
cnpomamnnx, xojn cy y nehnnn, sa nanperxom, on nnje nnme ocrnxan na naunn, xojn je
sanana nnnnnnsannja sanprana. 3a raxo nemro ne nocrojn onono eneprercxnx nnrn
ocrannx pecypca. Ys ro npncyrna je n cranna nperna xnnmarcxnx npomena. 3aro je
nocrnnaj sa npomene oanesa pasnnjenor cnera. Mehyrnm, xpnsa ce ne pemana enoxannnm
mann]ecrnma, nero cnaxonennnm onocom npema nponemnma re mannm nomannma. Y
crpynn ce ynpano onnjajy raxnn nomann. Ypanncrn n apxnrexrn rparamo sa oronopnma.
Hpn rom ne cnenmo nnme camo ynanpe sanncannm rnnonomxnm ]opmama ojexara ca
ncxycrnom nexor pyror npemena n pyraunjnx pymrnennx, exonomcxnx, connjannnx n
xnnmarcxnx ycnona. Ymecro rora xennmo a pemanamo crnapn xoje cy cnojcxe cnaxom
nponemy nonaoco. Hponeme pemanamo capxajno nn ne ncxyunno ]opmanno. To je
xyuno. Hpe apxnrexrnma, ypanncrnma n nnanepnma croje nennxn saann: xaxo ce
nonamarn y nonnm ycnonnma n re rpaxnrn none npnnnxe n none onnxe xoje he nomohn
uoneuancrny. Ynepenn cmo, a ce ornapa mnpoxo noe sa ncrpaxnnane y apxnrexrypn n
rpahennncxoj n eneprercxoj rexnonornjn. Ornapa ce npocrop sa ncrpaxnnane xojer mopamo
ocnoonrn oxona ncrpaxnnauxe amnnncrpannje. Ocnon ncrpaxnnana mopa nonono
nocrarn npenner xpearnnnor enrysnjasma mnanx yn re mypocrn n ncxycrna nnxonnx
crapnjnx xonera. 3a apxnrexre anamna xpnsa npecrana cyouanane ca rpenyrxom
ncrnne. Y nocnennx ecer ronna npocnepnrera, nayrocrn, nonoc n xapnjepnsma
apxnrexrn cmo nsrynnn npo]ecnonanny n ernuxy opnjenrannjy, yrnannom sor
nnnecrnropa xojn uecro nncy nmann cmncao sa nporpamcxa n nponemcxa ncxonmra npn
nnannpany cnojnx nnnecrnnnja. Y nprnory nnnecrnnnjcxe npoxpnnocrn xaa ce nnme
nnje nnrano sa xora n xaxna n rpeana a ye xyha, cramena srpaa nnn cran,
najnaxnnjn je no poj xomepnnjanno noxennx xnaparnnx merapa. 3aro xpnsa snaun
nonparax ocnonama n npencnnrnnane cymrnne crnapn. Moxa ce nonono npahamo y oa
xaa ce panno nonaxo, npomnmeno n crora opxnno. Hpn npojexronany npaha ce ]oxyc
na nnrana xaxo crnopnrn nemro cnrypno, npncpynauno, oacjano cynnem, npnnarno,
spano n npnjarno, a y ncro npeme pannonanno n noernuno re naronaxnono o npocropa.
Pasnoj ycxor pymrna onnja ce y nny ecxpajne cnnycone re ce cmenyjy nepnon
cneoyxnarnor, nnsnonapcxor nornea, xaa y xpearnnnom sanocy nocranamo none
nnene n npenocrn, re nepnon xaa, xopncrehn nayxy, re nnene ocrnapyjemo. Kaa ce
ncnpny cne nnsnje n ocrnape cnn nnenn nacryna xpnsa. He ronnxo ersncrennnona neh
nnme ersncrennnjanna. Hosnarn amepnuxn exonomncra roxom jene emncnje na Si-En-Enu
nocranno je xnnoresy a je rpenyrna xpnsa npe cnera nocnenna unnennne a o 1960.
ronne nncmo orxpnnn nnn pasnnnn nnmra sancra nono. Tpxnmra cy sacnhena
nonananem ncrnx nnn nesnarno noomannx nponsnoa. Ayromonnn n ae nmajy
uernpn rouxa, uonex je ocneo na Mecen, xnnornn nex ce npoyxyje, Hamo Her je n ae
y ynorpen, pauynapn cy mocnnjn n mann, nnrepner je ocrynan n nnnnnnom
cranonnnmrny. Ocrnapenn cy cxopo cnn nnenn n xee xoje je canana Flower Power
renepannja, a nonnx xea n c nnma nonnx norpea nema na nnnxy. Hayxa n rexnonornja
remxo canajy n pasmnmajy yronnjcxn. Fane ce yrnannom onnm mro je mepnno n
429
nponepnno, ann rex ona xaa onjy xonxperan saarax n nn. Hacynpor rome,
ymernnuxe npaxce ocnoohene cy oxona peannocrn, n xaa pasmnmajy yronnjcxo nnxe
cy ncrnnn nero nayxa ca cnojnm npennsnnm mepcxnm nncrpymenrom. Ymernocr moxe, sa
pasnnxy o nayxe, a npecxaue cnne pege nesnana n a nocrana nenoysane
npernocranxe re neocrnapnne nnene. Ynpano onoc nsmehy nayxe n ymernocrn
pasmarpahemo erannje y aoj ncxycnjn.
axne, mra ae? Y oxnnpy caamnnx sacrapennx pymrnennx n nnnnnnsannjcxnx
npenocrn nn na nopyujy rexnnxe ne moxemo samncnnrn nemro cacnnm nono. Texnnxa je
y rom cmncny uax n xopax ncnpe nnsnonapa yyhnocrn jep nyn mnoro nonnx rexnnuxnx
n rexnonomxnx pemena xoja cy jom ynex orpannuena nocrojecnm oxnnpnma neonomxnx
nnena. Crora ne mory a yxnone cpx caamne xpnse. Heja o nornyno nonom cnery je
saro nsason sa none renepannje xoje ce nmarn npnnnnernjy a nocrann remee sa pyraunjy
yycnocr.
Ynpano saro je nocnancrno n najnaxnnja oanesa ncnnnnnna, xojnma je nacran
nnsnonapcxn naunn pasmnmana n ymernnuxe npaxce, pasnoj anrepnarnnnnx neja o
yycnocrn. Y anamnem cnery npe cnera omnnnpa pannonannnjn, unnennunn npncryn
xa npenosnanany n pemanany nponema. 3or rora uecro nncmo y crany a ]opmynnmemo
cneoyxnaran n ]enomenonomxn norne na orahaje y npocropy. uecro pearyjemo
xparxonnno n ca saxamnenem. Cne nnme yn nepyje a je norpeno nponacn nsnas ns
npornnpeunocrn canpemenor cnera ca nenonnrnm, xonncrnuxnm npncrynom, y nonnm
saannma ymernocrn, nayxe n rexnonornje, xao n y nonom naunny nponsnone n
norpomne, ca nonnm naunnom xnnora n pasmnmana xojn cemo xnnern y ca exonomxom
mypomcy n npoyennm pasymenanem ycxnx npenocrn. Kopax nanpe y cnojoj
cnecrn nanpanncemo rex xaa cxnarnmo a npnopnrern xoje nam nyn anamnn
norpomauxn cncrem npenocrn nncy anconyrnn n ynnnepsannn, neh cy pesynrar opehennx
marepnjannnx nnrepeca, xojn ce ynex ne noyapajy ca namnm nnrepecnma. Camo na
ocnony re cnosnaje moryhe je xpenparn nony pymrneny cnecr, xoja ce npnmoparn xannran
a ynaxe nnmax npenocrn y nnnecrnnnje xoje cy y cxnay ca najmnpnm jannnm nnrepecom
n ycxnm npenocrnma. Hocraje ounrneno a apxnrexrn n ypanncrn mopamo nmarn
mnpn ]nnoso]cxn ynn y njanexrnuno cxnarane cnera. Jenno ca raxo pamnpennm
xopnsonrom mohn hemo a nahemo cneoyxnarne n nnonarnnne oronope na xomnnexcna
nnrana xoja nam nocrana moepno pymrno. unnoso]nja, xao mro je pasymemo y cnojoj
npaxcn, y crnapn jecre cpecrno sa pasymenane cnera, xoja nam nomaxe a nomohy
pasymenana npomnocrn n caamnocrn nnannpamo cnoje norese y yyhnocrn. Hnannpane
pasnoja npocropa cnaxaxo jecre raxna nnsnonapcxa axrnnnocr jep ouexyjemo a he namn
npoyxrn nmarn e]exar na ye n pymrno y cxnay ca namnm ouexnnannma. Y
apxnrexrypn, xoja onnxyje cnoje neonomxe nosnnnje na ocnony ]nnoso]cxnx cranona,
nmamo na xopexrnnna mexannsma sa ycmepanane namer nyra o nna. To cy ernxa n
ecrernxa. Ys nnxony nomoc npnmehyjemo ocrynane o ynanpe e]nnncannx nopmn.
Yxonnxo ce namn nnanonn ne ocrnape, ronopnmo o xpnsn xoja je nocnenna nee]nxacnnx
mexannsama nnn jom uemce neocrarxa pasymenana njanexrnuxnx npomena y cnery xojn
nac oxpyxyje. Mehyrnm nepnennnja xpnse jecre uecro npno ynosopene na jas nsmehy
peannor n nmarnnapnor n naronemrana norpene npomene. Kpnsa snaun cnecr o
nponemnma n yxasyje na nouerax nnxonnx pemanana.
430
Y HOTPA3H 3A HCTHHOMY YMETHOCTH
Kpajnn nn cnaxe ymernocrn xao n nayxe je norpara sa ncrnnom. To je raxohe nnxono
xyuno nocnancrno. Kao mro cmo nanomenynn, jenno nomohy ncrnncxor nosnanana cnera
moxemo nnannparn ycnemny yyhnocr ycxe nnnnnnsannje. Onnuna ymernnuxa ena
cy cama no cen camo crpancxn nponsno raxnor ncrpaxnnana. Hpecranajy
mera]opnuxn jesnx xojnm nnnpexrno caonmranamo nponanasax ncrnne re raxo
nocranamo remee nonor oa. Hapanno, opehnnane n mepene nsnpcnocrn y
apxnrexrypn jecre nsyserno nensnecran nocrynax. Mn oyme moxemo nocrannrn nns
xpnrepnjyma xojn cy nsyserno npomennnn y sanncnocrn o nepnoa nnn xynrypnor
oxpyxena y xome nx xopncrnmo. axne, sa pasymenane nsnpcnocrn y ymernocrn, mro
apxnrexrypa raxohe jecre, naxno je nmarn mnpn ]nnoso]cxn ynn y njanexrnuxo
cxnarane cnera. Camo nomohy raxnor npomnpenor carneanana y crany cmo a nponennmo
n crnapamo ymernnuxa ena. Y nponenn apxnrexrype jom ynex je npnnnuno ycneman moen
Bnrynnjennx npnnnnna (Komnp, 2010) xojnma mopa oronaparn cna xnannrerna
apxnrexroncxa ena. To cy:
- Firmitas - unpcroha,
- Utilitas - xopncnocr n
- Venustas - nenora.
ox ce sa mepene unpcrohe nnn xopncnocrn srpae nnn ypehena moxe nocrannrn
ojexrnnan npenocnn nncrpymenr ca npennsno nocranennm napamerpnma onennnana,
xonnenr nenore ce nsmnue noxymajnma ojexrnnne mepnnocrn. Kpenpane nenore cnaa
no cexrop ymernocrn, a nojam nenore no oxpne ecrernxe xao ena ]nnoso]nje.
Toxom ncropnje sanane xynrype ynex cmo ce cyouanann ca opom nsmehy ]nnoso]nje
(nayxe) n ymernocrn sa omnnannjy y rymaueny ncrnne. Anrnuxn ]nnoso]n nncy
npnsnanann ymernocr n cnoconocr rymauena ncrnne. Tnpnnn cy o a ymernocr xao
opas nnn cenxa peannor cnera nnje y crany a pasnnje cnosnajy o ncrnnn xao najnecoj
npenocrn. Mehyrnm, y ncro npeme raxohe cy nncoxo nennnn nenory. Hnaron (Hnaron,
Konjanunu 2004) npnsnaje nenory, oyme camo xao nomohnnny y poheny opore,
rnpehn a cne mro je neno jecre n opo (Onaj cran raxohe je capxan y moepnoj nspenn
Mane je nnme onocno nenme n crora opo). Apncroren (Aristotel, Gantar 1982) xao
nacnennx Hnarona, npenosnaje ayronomny ynory ymernocrn n rnme nocrana remee sa
neny nesanncnocr. Apncroren ronopn o ojexrnnnoj n penarnnnoj nenorn. Penarnnna
nenora nonesana je ca oporom, a ojexrnnna ce moxe nnern y npemernma, e]nnnme ce
xao saxonn1oc1, cnue1pnja n orpannuene. Onn nojmonn nocrajy nopma, xpnrepnjym, xojn
mopa nrn ncnynen xo cnnx crnapn xoje cy nene. Hpn orpannueny ronopnmo o rsn.
cpenoj mepn nsmehy npennme n npemano. Cnmerpnja je, npema Apncroreny, npnnnnn
xojn yjennyje mnoro y jeno (pasnnunre marepnjane y srpan). Cnmerpnja crora
npecrana jenncrno pasnnunrocrn. To ce raxohe opaxana xao saxonncrocr, xao
nonesanocr pasnnunrnx enona y nepasnojnny nennny. H anac naxn npannno, a je pa
xnannreran axo my ne moxemo nnmra oysern n nnmra oarn jep n rnme
xomnpomnronann nennny. Hocrana ce nnrane xaxo npnmennnarn ono npannno y
ycnonnma moepnor n nnamnunor pymrna y xojem ce npocropcxn saxrenn xoncranrno
menajy?
431
Ecrernxa nocraje ]nnoso]cxa ncnnnnnna rex y ocamnaecrom nexy. Ecrernnn, xao
yueny o nenorn, ao je nme Aleksander Baumgarten. Baumgarten (Loma 1985) noenno je
]nnoso]njy na ne remene ncnnnnnne: na nornxy xao eo nayxe o saxony mnmena re
na ecrernxy xao eo nayxe o saxony nepnennnje. Y oa npnmepa pan ce o norpasn sa
ncrnnom, uecro na ncrom ojexry. Cxnarane nenore je nnnpexran nyr o ncrnne jep je
nenora cnyrna ncrnne. Mehyrnm n y onom npnmepy ymernnuxa norpara sa ncrnnom je n
ae y nopehenom nonoxajy. Fridrih fon Hardenbe (Pfefferkorn, 1988), npecrannnx
nemauxor pomanrnsma, npnn nocrana resy o npnmary ymernocrn y onocy o nayxe y
norpasn sa ncrnnom. 3anncyje: "Hoesnja je npana anconyrna crnapnocr. Bnme mro je nemro
noercxo, peannnje je. "
Fam xao mro je Alberti y oa penecance npnn e]nnncao apxnrexrypy xao ymernocr
rpahena, xao cnoony ymernocr, xao snane xoje ocmnmanajy n cnecr n ym. 3a nera
apxnrexrypa nnje ncxyunno pyuna cnpernocr n sanarcxa enarnocr. Kao apxnrexre
onpeeyje camo one xojn snajy nomohy noysanor n sannyjyher meroa spanopasymcxo
sacnonarn n nmnnemenrnparn crnapn xoje nomohy npenomena onrepehena y unpcro nesane
n cxnano onnxonane mace, na najnnme oronapajyhn naunn saonoanajy najsaxrennnje
ycxe norpee.
Ys cne naneene npnmee o ymernocrn n apxnrexrypn xao ymernocrn, n ae cmo es
oronopa, mra je sancra npano nocnancrno ymernocrn. Bra ymernocr nspaxana n xaxo ro
pan?
Cnannn amepnuxn xomnosnrop, nnjanncra n npnrenr Leonard Berntajn je y cnom
npeanany o mysnuxoj cemanrnnn na Xapnapy pexao a nma mysnxa, xao ymernocr, nennxy
excnpecnnny moc, ann n a yn noceyjemo xanannrer a na raxny moh oronopnmo na o
crpane ymernnxa ouexnnan naunn. Mysnxa nspaxana cnojy nopyxy xpos mera]opnuxn
jesnx. Hspaxana ocecaj neuera mro ce xpnje nsa crnapnor n onnnnnor. Hpn rom je
mera]opa, xao n y noesnjn, nsnop nene ncnonene cnare. Mera]opa y mysnnn npecrana,
xao mro pesnmnpa Fepnmrajn no Kanry, "Ding an sich", nnn crnap camy no cen, xao
crnapnocr nsnan name cnecne crnapnocrn, nexe npcre nsnancnecno nocrojane. Apncroren
nocrana noesnjy na nona nyra nsmehy crnapnor n nemarepnjannor cnera, n rnme cyrepnme
a je moryce ynpano nomohy mera]ope najoe npnnnxnrn ce crnapnocrn. Kvint Tulije
Ciceron (102. nne. - 43. nne.) jom je onyunnjn. Tnpn a nma mera]opa najrexn saarax
jep mopa a nasone nemro mro ce nnaue ne n morno nspasnrn peunma - ocecana uonexonor
ynyrpamner cnera n uonexon ynyrpamnn nejsax. Axo ysnmamo y osnp one mncnn,
moxemo pehn a je saarax apxnrexrype xao ymernocrn nope xo-crnapana nnsnje n
npenohene mera]opnuxor, yxonnor cnera y peannn cner onnxa.
YMETHHHKE HPAKCE Y APXHTEKTYPH H YPBAHH3MY
Apxnrexrypa n ypannsam cnaajy y najnenme, a moxa n najrexe xpearnnne
enarnocrn. 3axrenajy rexnnuxn n oprannsannonn xpennnnrer, ymernnuxy cnary n
naronaxnono oxpyxene. Tex xaa ce cnn rn ycnonn ncnyne crnapa ce moryhnocr a
nacrane sancra xnannreran ypanncrnuxn nnn apxnrexroncxn pa. Apxnrexrn n ypanncrn
oanesann cy a enyjy y jannom nnrepecy. Onn cy nocpennnn xojn nomohy nnacrnror
snana n nponnnnnocrn ycxnahyjy nnrepece nojennana ca jannnm nnrepecom. 3aro uecro
xaxemo a apxnrexrypa nnje npo]ecnja, nec nocnancrno.
432
Apxnrexrypa n ypannsam cnaxaxo npecranajy najxonxpernnje orneano pymrna.
Hpecranajy ]nsnuxy mann]ecrannjy neronor marepnjannor n yxonnor pasnoja,
xynrype, onoca npema npocropy, neronnx ]onja n npnnnnernja, rayja n ]ernma. Hnmra
y pymrny ne moxemo caxpnrn jep ce npe nnn xacnnje nojanyje xao marepnjanna
pe]nexcnja y ypanom nnn npnponom, nejsaxnom oxpyxeny. axne apxnrexrn n
ypanncrn cy xao ymrype mxoxe, xao nocax ca orncxom cnnxa n rparona npemena. Onn
cy menj ann n menjarop xpos xoje ce npernapajy nennnnn pymrnenn onocn n nopme
y cnery nnnnnx n onnnnnnx crpyxrypa.
Apxnrexrypa n ypannsam sor cnoje cnojennrocrn cnaajy y najxomnnexcnnje
xpearnnne nosnne. unnennna a npemer nnxonor anena moxe nocrojarn y cnery
rexnnxe n rexnonornje n es ymernnuxor naoja, uecro nocrana nnrane nnxone
nernrnmnocrn n ayronomnocrn. 3aro nnje cnyuajno a nn apxnrexrypa xao nn ypannsam
nncy yxyuenn y mexannsme pymrnenor nopmarnnnsma xao mro je npaxca xo pyrnx
ymernnuxnx ncnnnnnna. 3aro mopajy apxnrexrn n ypanncrn cnaxn nyr nsnona a nsope
n nornpe cnoj craryc. Apxnrexrypa n ypannsam npnsnarn cy xao ymernocr jenno y
nponenn nnxonnx pesynrara, ann ne n y crnapany ycnona sa nnxono nocrnsane.
"Kynrypnocr" pymrnenor oxpyxena opehyjemo n no neronoj cnoconocrn a npenosna n
ncxopncrn xpearnnny moc apxnrexara n ypanncra re nx yxyun xao nencnpnny
noxperauxy cnary y cmep pymrnenor pasnoja.
Cnonennn cmo jom ynex sapoenn y nprnory nnrensnnnor nponeca rpansnnnje. Becnna
pasnojnnx npecrana je ycnpena yoxo y nporexnnm npenocnnm cncremnma. Moxa n
saro nncmo cnoconn nnern yyhnocr xao pesynrar cnnx npomena xoje ce ynpano
onnjajy ncnpe namnx ounjy. Cnojnm ycxo ]oxycnpannm norneom ne moxemo nnrn
xennmo a nx nnnmo. Taxo cyxen xopnsonr je nspasnro xonsepnarnnan jep nam omoryhana
a carneanamo crnapn camo na ocnony nosnarnx n sacrapennx unnennna. axne, mn
ocyhyjemo cne mro onasn nsnan namer npenocnor anapara xao mrerno n nerarnnno.
Kpnsa y crpynn unnn ce a je nocnenna neonomxn sacrapenor nornea na cner xojn ce
jom ynex sacnnna na crarnunnm npecranama xnjepapxnjcxo ypehennm onocnma y
pymrny n npocropy. Hacynpor rome nasnpe ce nona peannocr xao norpara sa
nnnnnyannomhy xojer oxnnanamo xao non ernuxn npnnnnn. Hnnnnyannocr nocraje
mepnno cncrema na xome rpanmo nnypanncrnuxo xynrypnn moen sacnonan na exonomxn
ernnn xao ocnonnoj xynrypnoj n ymernnuxoj nopmn re na nsjenaueny cnnx morycnocrn n
onnxa nspaxanana.
Cnn nonn onnnn cy eo none, cnoxene ypane peannocrn. Cnoxenocr nnje namenena
cama cen, neh je oronop na xnnorne norpee n cpecrno a ce nm saonon. To nnje camo
]ynxnnonanan, nero n emornnnn onnx. axne, nena nojana npenasnnasn rpannne
"pasymcxo-pannonannor" n onnpe o nnme nnnoa n ynna crnapnocrn. To je xonrexcr y
xome nacraje nona apxnrexrypa n ynyrap xoje ce xpenpa nona ecrernxa, jep rpaonn anac
nnme nncy excxnysnnna mecra ypanocrn. Hocrajy eo nonor, mnper n ncnepsnjcxor
ypanor cncrema xojn nserana cna ycnocranena npannna ecrercxor onennnana. Ynpano
saro mopamo a pasnnjemo nony nepcnexrnny xoja he omoryhnrn nnypannsam n cyxnnor
pasnnunrnx npenocnnx cncrema. Hope moepnncrnuxor xonnenra "mane je nnme",
neonxono je npnsnarn n exonomxn xonnenr "nnme je nnme" xojn je npnnarohennjn
rymaueny canpemene pymrnene n npocropcxe crnapnocrn xoja je cnoxena, nnamnuna n
npomennna. (Gabrijelcic, Fikfak 2002).
433
Mehyrnm, ro ne snaun nosnn na ypann xaoc xao mro je ro no cnyuaj y namem mnpem
pernony y nocnennx nexonnxo enennja. Xaoc xao pesynrar nponeca nnepannsannje
connjanncrnuxor pymrna nouerxom ocamecernx ronna npomnor nexa oneo je ne
nonnne. Hnepannsannjy y pay apxnrexara ca nennxnm yrnnajem na pasnoj npo]ecnje c
jene crpane n nexpnrnuxy nonycrnnocr ypanncrnuxe nonnrnxe, mro je oneno o naa
ypanncrnuxe crpyxe na pyroj crpann. Y rom rpenyrxy, unnnno ce je norpeno yxnnyrn n
ne ycanpemennrn nncrnrynnje xoje cy ce npornnnne onasehem ocnoohenom xannrany.
3or nsocranxa xnne ypanncrnuxe crpyxe, sacrao je nnancxn pasnoj rpaona n
nnxonnx cncrema. Y rpaone cy ynane mapxernnmxe n pypanne npaxce pasnoja npocropa. Y
yycnocrn, crnapn ce ce ounrneno onnjarn jom necom psnnom. Komnnexcnocr nonnx
saaraxa saxrena he mnoro necy oxpernocr rpacxnx ynpana n jom necy nnepannsannjy
nnxonnx npocropnnx nonnrnxa. To ne snaun many nero mnoro necy norpey sa crpyxom n
nenom npo]ecnonannom nopmxom. anac cmo cyouenn ca snauajnnm sajennuxnm
pasnojnnm saannma. Mopamo oronopnrn na nsasone rnoannsannje, mynrnxynrypannocrn
n oronopnrn na nperny xojy npecranajy xnnmarcxe npomene. Honnrnuapn n crpyxa
mopajy a ]ynxnnonnmy xao opo xoopnnnpann naprnepn jep cy nesann sajennuxnm
nnennma: rexna xa xnannrernnjem n xynrypnnje oprannsonanom oxpyxeny. To je
remena rexonnna canpemene nnnnnnsannje n nocrnnaj sa e]nxacan pasnoj unranor
pymrna. 3aro me pnne nononno nepasymenane nonnrnuxnx ennra o snauajy one
npo]ecnje xoja je jena o perxnx na pannxy jannor nnrepeca y npocropy n saro rpn y oxy
ocamocraenor xannrana. H ynpano raj xannran, xojn caa xenn nornyny cnooy npn
pacnonarany npocropom, cyrpa ce nocrannrn nnrane o oronopnocrn re ncre nonnrnxe n
crpyxe xoja je osnonnna a ce cnooa raxo pso npomenn y necnooy npoceunocrn.
KOMHAEKCHOCT KAO HOBA PYmTBEHA PEAAHOCT
Jom npe nexonnxo enennja xnnenn cmo y ynepeny a ce cne crnapn y cnery emanajy y
cxnay ca nornxom pasnoja xoja ce rpan na remenma xonrnnynrera. a ce crnapn
orpahyjy n noomanajy xao pesynrar ncropnjcxor ncxycrna n a je neonxono a ro
ncxycrno cranno yrpahyjemo y cne nope namer pymrnenor, exonomcxor n xynrypnor
xnnora. anac, ycpe renexomynnxannjcxe penonynnje, nanpornn, cmarpamo a cy jenno
npomene xoncranra y pasnojy ycxor pymrna n omorycanajy neron yropounn oncranax.
3ananyjyca psnna rexnonomxnx n pymrnennx npomena n maconna npoyxnnja
nponsnoa xojn pso sacrapenajy uecro je y cyxoy ca rpannnonannnm npenocrnma n
nopmama nonamana y pymrnenom n ]nsnuxom npocropy xoje ce nonnaue nnn saro mro cy
y xonrpacry ca nonom cnryannjom nnn jenocranno saro mro y nonnm oxonnocrnma nnme
nncy penenanrne. Hone anrepnarnne onoca y npocropy nenpecrano ce mnoxe n menajy.
Temno npomena ne nyn onono npemena a ce npomene xonconnyjy xao none
"anconyrne" nopme n npenocrn xoje n samennne crape. Crape oanesyjyce nopme necrajy
jep ce sor nonecane npocropne noxpernnocrn, nonehane ncnopyxe marepnjannnx n
xynrypnnx oapa n onaxmane neprnxanne n xopnsonranne connjanne monnnocrn
nonecana cnooa nsopa n ca nom, ap y nouernoj ]asn pasnoja, ocecaj cnooe xao raxne.
Mehyrnm, onaj xonnenr pasymenana n npenonana cnooe oronapa npe cnera
xannranncrnuxoj excnansnjn. Hornxa onnohnnana xannrana nesyje ye y none,
nnrensnnnnje nese, pacnopehyje nx nesanncno o nnxone crnapne xee sa connjannnm n
]nsnuxnm npocropom, a cne ro y nme nanperxa n crnapana nnmxa npenocrn no cnaxy
neny.
434
Y raxnnm oxonnocrnma nocraje npocrop xao nosanna pymrnenor n nnunor xnnora
nansrne cne mane naxan. Mehyrnm, y ycnonnma norpomauxn opnjenrncanor pymrna,
ynpxoc mnomrny moryhnocrn, npeocraje nam sancra camo jena anrepnarnna: nenpecrano
namamnnane nocrojeher. Y cncremy xojn saxrena nanpeax n norpomny no cnaxy neny n
xojn rpan nepy y neorpannuenn norennnjan rexnonomxor pasnoja n nerannjy xonrn-
nynrera ca npomnomcy, nansrne ocnoonnn cmo ce ncropnjcxor poncrna n npocropnor
erepmnnnsma, ann c pyre crpane "yxnacenn cmo y yycnocrn" y xnnory xojn je orprnyr
ns mnper ncropnjcxor n npocropnom xonrexcra n necnocoan sa njanor ca npnponom
xnnornom cpennom. Cne ro erpanpa nnunn nnrerpnrer n cnpomamn ye. uecro
nomohy exonomcxnx, nnme nyra naxnnx nnn npnpehennx nnexca, noxymanamo a
oesnpenmo nocrojece npocropne xnannrere a n nanpannnn mecro sa none - cnoje. Taxo
onnenen npocrop nema nnme morycnocrn a noxaxe onnnnne oxase o xonrnnynrery
nocrojana xynrype nnn napoa, ryn xonraxr ca nenrnrerom neronor opanxa mro
nocraje onacan onnx exymannsannje ycxor oxpyxena (Iapnjenunu 2001).
Cnoxenocr je uecro ]ynamenranna xapaxrepncrnxa nonnx moena naceenocrn xojn
]opmnpajy ncnepsnjcxn, ]parmenrnpann n nansrne nenonesan cncrem y xome naxe
npannna pasnnunrocrn, nsysernocrn, npnnpemenocrn n xojn rnope pasnonnxocr moena
xnnena. Hone, xnepapxnuxn neonrepecene crpyxrype enyjy y cnnm npannnma, ornopene
cy sa onyne, nsmene n noomanana, n xao raxne npecranajy nansrne canpmen
oronop na norpee moepnor nnamnunor pymrna. Horpea sa ]nexcnnnnomcy n
pennxnaxom ypannx n apxnrexroncxnx enemenara je cacrannn eo none pymrnene
crnapnocrn xoja ce sacnnna na nnnnnyannocrn n ]nexcnnnnocrn. Hpocrop yycnocrn
raxo nocraje nonnron cnyuajnocrn, cnmynrannx, ]paxrannnx crana n raxo rnopn
xornnrnnnn oxnnp sa nony amnjenranny ocernnocr n ocernnocr sa xnnorny cpenny.
Mehyrnm, nornyna cnooa nojennna npn pacnonarany ca npocropom y xparxom poxy ce
npernapa y cnojy cynpornocr - y necnooy onocno necnoconocr nspaxanana jannor
nnrepeca (Iapnjenunu, 2005).
Haneene npomene cy nensexan nparnnan canpemenor naunna xnnena. One cy
pesynrar rnoannnx xynrypnnx npomena xoje nnnmo na npenasy y non mnnennjym.
Mopamo ce cyounrn ca unnennnom a je xnacnuna cnnxa xynrypnnx nejsaxa, xoja je nna
nesana sa anrapxnuxy exonomxy ]nnoso]njy, ]opma xoja ynopno n neymonno necraje.
Hacnnno sapxanane onor nponeca nsasnano n nnme mrere nero xopncrn.
Hajounrnennjn je namerane ypannx onnxa xnnora y pypannnm cpennama, xao pesynrar
excnnosnnnor pasnoja nn]opmannonnx rexnonornja. Hnrepner omorycana nonparax paa
xycama. 3aro cy nocrane reorpa]cxa noxannja cranonana n noxannja pannx mecra cne
mane nran ]axrop, uax n y mehynaponoj noenn paa. Hocnonn xojn cy nexaa nnn
neoma nesann sa rpacxe nenrpe, anac ce cene yoxo na rpacxy nepn]epnjy, rpaonn
nocrajy pernonannn ypann cncremn. Hono oxpyxene saxrena ypannorexen cyxnnor
nansrne mehycono ncxyunnnx enrnrera y npocropy, mro onon o npennera
pasnnunrnx xynrypa xnnena. Knacnunn rpaonn nnme nncy excxnysnnnn xpajenn
ypanocrn, nec nocrajy eo nonor, mnper n ncnepsnjcxor ypanor cncrema. ox cy nennxn
rpacxn npeenn nsrynnn cnojy ]ynxnnjy n npecranajy nennxy pesepny sa
peypannsannjy, na nepn]epnjn rpaona n y rpacxom pypannom sanehy onnxyjy ce
cnonrann n nansrne xaornunn onnnn moena naceenocrn. Onn cy nporpamcxo
xomnnexcnn, xnpnnn n nseranajy cna ycraena npannna ecrercxnx nponena. Axo
xennmo a nx ojexrnnno nponennmo, mopahemo a onynnmo nocrojece enncremonomxe
435
nncrpymenre n omorycnmo xoersncrennnjy pasnnunrnx npenocnnx cncrema (Iapnjenunu,
2008).
PAHOHHHE KAO YMETHHHKA HPAKCA CTPYKE
Ha xpajy xennm a narnacnm snauaj ypanncrnuxnx apxnrexroncxnx panonnna, xao
cnennjannnx nncrpymenara sa nponanaxene oronopa na ersncrennnony n
ersncrennnjanny nnemy canpemenor cnera. Honono n xeneo a narnacnm a ce rnannn
nomann y pemanany xpnsnnx cnryannja nojanyjy npe cnera na ancrpaxrnom nnnoy,
xopncrehn ymernnuxe npaxce. Y apxnrexrypn n ypannsmy y re cnpxe ycraena cy na
onmre npnxnahena nncrpymenra: xonxypcn n panonnne. ox je nncrnrynnja xonxypca
nparmarnunnja n nesana na xonxperne peannsannje re npecrana npenas crpyunor snana
ns ancrpaxrnor y peannn cner, ]ynxnnja panonnna jecre mnoro ancrpaxrnnja n crora y
xonrexcry onor sannca moxa n naxnnja. Panonnne npecranajy onnx nexon]nnxrne,
ojexrnnne n jacne xomynnxannje nsmehy npo]ecnonanne n nanuxe nynnxe na pasnnunrnm
nnnonma. O nnrepnannonanne, re moxemo a rpaxnmo oronope na ynnnepsannnm
ycxnm remama, o nannonanne, pernonanne n noxanne - y njanory ca noxannnm
cranonnnnnma n onmrnncxom amnnncrpannjom. 3or ynnnepsannocrn crpyxrype paa n
meroonornje npnmenyjy ce o nnnoa onnxonana nonnx nnsnje pasnoja o npnnpeme, na
uax n nponepe ncnpannocrn npocropnnx saxona n nnanona. Y nanuxoj jannocrn panonnne
oxnnanajy ce xao naunn ypsane norpare sa nonnm, cnexnm pemennma oapane
nponemarnxe. One npemamyjy nocrojehe crepeornnne npecrane o pemanany nponema.
Ca noercxom nnsnjom n xnannrerno nspaxenom re na repeny onynenom asom noaraxa
npenasnmo y ]asy nspae cmepnnna n raxo cmanyjemo pasmax nsmehy xonnenra n
peannsannje. Moh paa na repeny xojn npanno-]opmanno nnje oanesan, neha je nero mro
mncnnmo camonnnnnarnnnocr yuecnnxa n xea sa crnnanem ncxycrna y npojexronany
na noxannjn, rnannn cy noxperaun panonnna. Pesynrarn onjenn y panonnnama nncy
saxrenann, opehenn nnn namernyrn. Hspahenn cy na ocnony pasymenana nponemarnxe n
cnecnocrn a jenno njanorom moxemo npenasnhn cynpornocrn. Ca cnaxom panonnnom
axymynnpajy ce nona ncxycrna n npenosn xojn mory nrn yrpahenn y nnancxa oxymenra.
Haxon ecer ronna ncxycrna xoncraryjem a nennxa naxna rpacxnx ynpana namenena
pnsn sa noomane nmnna rpaona y Cnonennjn, yxyuyjycn n panonnne, nma cmncna.
Hajnpe saro mro nonehana ypeheny, xnannrerny ypany cpenny, onmry npoyxrnnnocr n
xpearnnnocr yn, ann n saro jep ypehen rpa nocpeno cneoun o ycnemnom nocnonany
noxannnx nnacrn n crora nonecana nonepene omacnx n crpannx nnnecrnropa a ynaxy y
none nnnecrnnnje y npocrop. Ypehen npocrop n rpancnapenrna npocropna nonnrnxa
npeycnon cy sa rpajno ouynanane npenocrn nnnecrnnnja y ojexre n nanpane jep
oesehyje yropouny crannnocr n xnannrer ypannx amnenara n nnxony nn]pa-
cryxrypny ypehenocr (Iapnjenunu 2010). Hpocrop jecre najojexrnnnnje orneano
pymrna n pymrnennx nponeca. Y nemy cy xonnenrpncann npomnocrn n caamnocrn,
sanncn xojn ce y xonxpernom ]nsnuxom npocropy npennnhy y rnnnunom opacny xojer
nmenyjemo "nenrnrer npocropa". anac je npeme nnypannsma n cyxnnora pasnnunrnx
onnxa npocropnnx nenrnrernnx opasana. 3aro je opo a cy moepne mopanne nonasne
rauxe crpyxe ocnonane na norpen sa nomronanem pasnnunrnx xynrypa n cyxynrypa re na
nomronany nnxonnx pasnnunrnx npocropnnx ouexnnana. To je ycmepeno y nponanaxene
xomnnemenrapnnx onnxa oprannsannje npocropa onocno nonnx enncremonomxnx
nncrpymenara nomohy xojnx ynpanamo nnamnuxe nponece y canpemennm ypannm
436
crpyxrypama. Onnx paa y panonnnama jecre jean o naunna n nncrpymenara sa
nocrnsane onor nna. Apxnrexrypa crnapa npocrop nnn raunnje: apxnrexroncxn pa
ornapa npocrop, ann ncronpemeno ra n oysnma ynma n cam cen. Ynpano saro mopamo
a nonmo pnry o apxnrexrypn n npocropy, xojer nome ornapamo n oysnmamo y ncro
npeme, xpajne onpesno n nenncxono. Apxnrexrypa n npocrop, xojer ornapa, eo cy
xynrypnor n ncropnjcxor namcena. Kynrypnn pasnoj uecro ne snaun xonrnnynrer, nec
ncxonrnnynrer. Ha rom npenomy, na nprn pacranana onuno onasn o npecexne
npenocrn. Kynrypa xoja apxnrexrypom nnje sanncana y npocrop ocraje ncropnjcxo nema.
Mehyrnm, xao mro cy ncxycrna unrannx nnnnnnsannja xonnenrpncana y ennma rennja-
nnnx nojennana, ocrajy n npocropno apxnrexroncxa ncxycrna caxera y nojennaunnm
cnomennnnma. 3aro mopamo a ce sannramo mra o crapor moxe npexnnern n mra mopa a
ycrynn npocrop nonnm crnapnma. Mopamo a pasnnjemo njanor xojn je xpearnnan n
ncronpemeno nomryje n memopnannn npocrop n xnnor. Ynpano panonnne, xo xojnma cy
y norpasn sa nenonnrnm pemennma neronann ymernnuxy npaxcy, neponarno npecranajy
npann cmep sa nponanaxene xomnpomnca nsmehy npomnocrn n yycnocrn, nsmehy
pannonannor n noercxor.
AHTEPATYPA
1 Fatal relations or the ease of settlement at the eve of the third millenium : abstract. / H.
Iapnjenunu, I. Ceax (ur.). // Housing in constant evolution : book of abstracts,
Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, 2001, Ljubljana
2 O aumu:ue+ uu+euupcmey (komentar k Vitruvijemu traktatu o arhitekturi) / u.
Komnp // Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, 2010, Ljubljana
3 Poetika [Hc aoip:ik] / Aristotel, Iz starogrcine prevedel Kajetan Gantar
//Cankarjeva zaloba, 1982, Ljubljana
4 4u.osoqcre +eoumaufe o ueru+ acnermu+a necuu:roe oe.a / Baumgarten, A.
Gottlieb, npeno ns narnnmunne Aleksandar Loma // Feorpacxn nsanauxo-
rpa]nuxn sano, 1985, Feorpa
5 Novalis: A Romantic's Theory of Language and Poetry / K.Pfefferkorn // Yale
University Press., 1988, New Haven
6 Rurizem in ruralna arhitektura / P. Gabrijelcic, A. Fikfak // Faculty of Architecture,
University of Ljubljana, 2002, Ljubljana
7 tudentske urbanisticno-arhitekturne delavnice : pomembno strokovno orodje pri
iskanju prostorskih reitev za urejanje mestnih jeder / P. Gabrijelcic // Dialogi, 2010,
Maribor
8 . Internacionalizacija meje: prostor globalne iniciative : razvoj obmejnih obmocij z
vidika evropskih integracijskih prizadevanj / P. Gabrijelcic // Odprte meje, Faculty for
Civil Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 2005, yana
9 Nova urbana realnost / P. Gabrijelcic, A. Zavodnik Lamovek, A. Fikfak (ur.). //
Urbanisticno-arhitekturna delavnica Idrija - staro rudarsko mesto Faculty of Archite-
cture, University of Ljubljana, 2008, yana
437
A.ercauopa Kpcmu-4ypyuosu
1
, Byou+up Cyou+a
2
AHAAH3A OHPHHOCA HHTEIPAHH1E PV MOYAA Y
mACAY HOCAOBHOI OB1EKTA Y BEOIPAY
Pesu+e:
Hpemer anannse onor paa je npesenrannja pasnnunrnx moena ynanpehena
eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn nocnonnor ojexra y Fnoxy 26 y Honom Feorpay,
Cpnja, annnxannjom axrnnnnx conapnnx cncrema, PV moyna, na omorau srpae.
Y pay cy noxasann xnnorernuxn moenn eneprercxor ynanpehena sa eorpacxe
xnnmarcxe ycnone. Eneprercxa e]nxacnocr ojexra ce e]nnnme npema norpenoj
eneprnjn sa rpejane, xnahene, ronny noy n ocrane norpee xoje ce nomnpyjy
enexrpnunom eneprnjom. Moenn nnrerpannje PV moyna y ]acany crpyxrypy cy
e]nnncann ca cranonnmra nnnoa nocrnrnyre eneprercxe e]nxacnocrn.
K+yuue peuu: Vuanpehene euepeemcrux nepqop+aucu, armueuu co.apuu cucme+u
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF PV MODULES
INTEGRATION IN THE FACADE OF AN OFFICE BUILDING
IN BELGRADE
Summary:
The main concern of the paper is to present different models of energy efficiency
improvement of the office building in Block 26, New Belgrade, Serbia, by application
of active solar system, PV modules, to the building envelope. The paper shows
hypothetical models of the office building energy improvement for Belgrades
climatic conditions. The buildings energy efficiency is defined according energy
necessary for cooling, lighting, equipment and other needs settled with electric
energy. Models of PV modules integration into the facade structure are discussed by
aspects of energy efficiency.
Key words: Improvement of energy efficiency, Active solar systems
1
Professor PhD, Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Fynenap xpaa Anexcanpa 73/HH, 11000
Fenrpae, Cepna, akrstic@arh.bg.ac.rs
2
Assist. Prof. Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Fynenap xpaa Anexcanpa 73/II, 11000 Fenrpae,
Serbia, sudimac@arh.bg.ac.rs
438
1 INTRODUCTION
In Belgrade, as well as in Serbia, construction of energy efficient office buildings is still not
in practice. For heating, cooling, lighting and equipment operation, most of the existing office
buildings consume lot of energy. The main target on which this paper is directed is achieving
energy savings through building refurbishment; more exactly possibilities for reduction of
electric power consumption by application of photovoltaic (PV) modules are discussed.
Different models of integration of PV modules into the facade of corner lamella of the office
building in Block 26 (Figure 1), New Belgrade, are proposed and their efficiency estimated.

Figure 1. Location of the office building in Figure 2. Corner lamella of the office building
Block 26, New Belgrade in Block 26
The corner lamella of the office building in Block 26 is the 8-storey building (Figure 2).
The main facades are southeast and southwest oriented. Significant roof extension to the plane
of the facade causes partial overshading of the last two floors. Therefore, facade areas from
second to fourth floor are considered as favorable for PV modules application. The facade is
light structure, suspended facade (curtain wall) leaned against the building structure and
suspends in front of it. PV modules can be integrated into the most of the contemporary
suspended facade systems; photovoltaic facade is type of glazed facades (Krstic-Furundzic,
2007). Different solutions of PV modules integration into the suspended facade system are
proposed as hypothetical models of building facade improvement.
2 METHODS
The analysis in the paper is hypothetical and it aims to show benefits of active solar
systems, PV modules application on office buildings in Belgrade climate conditions.
Methodological approach includes analyses of characteristics of both the existing building and
hypothetical improved models of the building regarding electric energy consumption, and
comparative analyses of obtained results. The buildings energy efficiency is defined according
energy necessary for cooling, lighting, equipment and other needs settled with electric energy.
439
nofpouna enekfpuue euepruje
0.00
10000.00
20000.00
30000.00
40000.00
50000.00
60000.00
70000.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ueceu
k
w
h
nofpouna enekfpuue euepruje
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ueceu
k
w
h
oceefn. onpeua xnaqene ocfano
22.05
45.54
22.26
10.15
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
1 2 3 4
no1pomauu
%
1.oceefnene, 2.onpeua, 3.xnaqene, 4.ocfano
3 ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE EXISTING BUILDING
Monthly and annually electric energy consumption of the existing building is presented in
the Table 1 and Figure 3.
Table 1. Monthly and annually consumption of electric energy
Month
Lighting
[kWh]
Equipment
[kWh]
Cooling
[kWh]
Other needs
[kWh]
Total [kWh]
1 11296.00 22045.00 0.00 4572.00 37913.00
2 11349.60 22952.00 0.00 4800.60 39102.20
3 11637.60 23062.00 0.00 4800.60 39500.20
4 11835.20 24024.00 0.00 5029.20 40888.40
5 9433.62 20467.15 26213.20 5029.20 61143.17
6 9051.21 19555.95 25053.60 4800.60 58461.36
7 9702.63 21331.60 27294.80 5257.80 63586.83
8 9164.61 19602.70 25131.60 4800.60 58699.51
9 9320.22 20420.40 26135.20 5029.20 60905.02
10 12320.80 25096.00 0.00 5257.80 42674.60
11 11152.00 21990.00 0.00 4572.00 37714.00
12 12320.80 25096.00 0.00 5257.80 42674.60
128584.29 265642.80 129828.40 59207.40 583262.89
% 22.05 45.54 22.26 10.15 100.00

a) Individual monthly consumption [kWh] b) Total monthly consumption [kWh]
c) Monthly consumption in %
Figure 3. Monthly consumption of electric energy for cooling, lighting, equipment and other
needs (Figure a-legend: lighting - 1, equipment - 2, cooling - 3 and other needs - 4)
440
4 ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PV MODULES
The case study shows different models of energy efficiency improvement of the office
building in Block 26, New Belgrade, by integration of PV modules into the envelope.
The design of integration of solar systems was defined consequently according to the actual
characteristics of (Krstic-Furundzic and Kosoric, 2009):
The building location the context (considering urban planning, social, climatic
and geographical aspect),
The building (considering the compatibility in respect to the building
construction type, building materials, the shape, the function, the style and
design of the building),
The facade and roof (considering the building physics characteristics, mounting,
physical and appearance characteristics of solar systems).
Figure 4. PV modules in parapets Figure 5. PV modules in parapets and upper
part of windows
Figure 6. PV modules in parapets and Figure 7. PV modules in double skin facade
sun shadings (2 lines)
441

Figure 8. PV modules in parapets and sun shadings (one line)
For analysis five distinctive variants of position of PV modules on the southeast and southwest
building facades were selected:
I Design Variant: parapet 90, not transparent PV modules, area of 238 m
2
(Figure 4) - vertical position of solar panels,
II Design Variant: parapet 90, not transparent PV modules, and upper part of
windows 90, semi-transparent (50%) PV modules, area of 308 m
2
(Figure 5) -
vertical position of solar panels,
III Design Variant: parapet 90 and two lines of sun shadings 45, not transparent
PV modules, area of 308 m
2
, (Figure 6)
IV Design Variant: whole double skin facade, semi-transparent (50%) PV
modules, area of 238 m
2
, (Figure 7) - vertical position of solar panels,
V Design Variant: parapet 90 and one line of sun shadings 45, not transparent
PV modules, area of 336 m
2
, (Figure 8).
5 RESULTS
Calculations and simulations of PV systems for all design variants were done in PV* sol
2.6 (Krstic-Furundzic et al. 2009a). The standard modules with polycrystalline cells were used
for calculations. Location and area of the PV modules and annually production of electric
energy by PV modules are presented in Table 2, while the review of monthly production of
electric energy is given in Figure 9.
442
Table 2. PV modules location and area related to annually production of electric energy
PV modules location
PV modules
area [m
2
]
Energy from
inverter [kWh]
Energy from PV
modules [kWh]
Variant 1 Parapet (90) 238.00 24627.00 25578.00
Variant 2 Two lines in parapet 308.00 29164.00 30605.00
parapet 1 (90) 238.00 24627.00 25578.00
upper part of windows
(90) 70.00 4537.00 5026.00
Variant 3
Parapet and 2 lines of sun
shadings 336.00 40694.00 43680.00
parapet (90) 238.00 24627.00 25578.00
sun shadings 1 (45) 49.00 9153.00 10377.00
sun shadings 2 (45) 49.00 6914.00 7724.00
Variant 4
Whole double skin facade
(transparent,90) 238.00 12892.00 14339.00
Variant 5
Parapet and 1 line of sun
shadings 336.00 33773.00 35577.00
parapet (90) 238.00 24627.00 25578.00
sun shadings (45) 98.00 9146.00 9999.00
Figure 9. Monthly production of electric energy
For cooling, lighting, equipment and other needs settled with electric energy, annually
electric energy consumption of the existing building is 583262.89 kWh (Table 1), while the
electric energy production is for Variant 1 24627.00 kWh, Variant 2 29164.00 kWh,
Variant 3 40694.00 kWh, Variant 4 12892.00 kWh and Variant 5 33773.00 kWh (Table
2). Electric energy production is subordinate to PV modules location, as well as to available
area. Comparative analyses of obtained results regarding monthly and annually amount of
electric energy consumption and production by PV modules are carried out. Results are
443
presented in Table 3 and Figure 10. Also, comparative review of monthly and annually
consumption of electric energy and percentage of monthly and annually energy demands
satisfaction by PV models is carried out and results are shown in Table 4 and Figure 11.
It is evident that different locations of PV modules give different results regarding electric
energy production:
PV modules integrated in the parapets (90) can produce monthly electrical energy
from min 1280.0 kWh in December to max 2510.0 kWh in October; they can meet
demands from min 3.0 % in December to max 5.88 % in October;
PV modules integrated in the parapets and upper part of window (90) can produce
monthly electrical energy from min 1585.0 kWh in December to max 3210.0 kWh in
October; they can meet demands from min 3.71 % in December to max 7.65 % in
March;
PV modules integrated in the parapets (90) and two lines of sun shadings (45) can
produce monthly electrical energy from min 1910.0 kWh in December to max 4010.0
kWh in October; they can meet demands from min 4.48 % in December to max 9.72
% in March;
PV modules integrated in the whole double skin facade (90) can produce monthly
electrical energy from min 670.3 kWh in December to max 1410.0 kWh in October;
they can meet demands from min 1.57 % in December to max 3.30 % in October;
PV modules integrated in the parapets (90) and one line of sun shadings (45) can
produce monthly electrical energy from min 1855.0 kWh in December to max 3650.0
kWh in October; they can meet demands from min 4.35 % in December to max 8.76
% in March.
Figure 10. Comparative review of monthly consumption and production of electric energy
444
Table 3. Comparative review of monthly and annually consumption and production of
electric energy in kWh
Variant 1 Variant 2 Variant 3 Variant 4 Variant 5
Month
Consumption
[kWh]
El.en. from
inverter
[kWh]
El.en. from
inverter
[kWh]
El.en. from
inverter
[kWh]
El.en. from
inverter
[kWh]
El.en. from
inverter
[kWh]
January 37913.00 2005.00 2380.00 2792.00 1052.00 2780.00
February 39102.20 2080.00 2464.00 3065.00 1085.00 2855.00
March 39500.20 2320.00 3022.00 3840.00 1280.00 3460.00
April 40888.40 2113.00 2580.00 3775.00 1120.00 2980.00
May 61143.17 2069.00 2183.00 3775.00 1055.00 2680.00
June 58461.36 1820.00 1950.00 3420.00 903.00 2380.00
July 63586.83 1930.00 2185.00 3665.00 985.00 2523.00
August 58699.51 2150.00 2460.00 3782.00 1102.00 2620.00
September 60905.02 2310.00 2790.00 3810.00 1210.00 3210.00
October 42674.60 2510.00 3210.00 4010.00 1410.00 3650.00
November 37714.00 2040.00 2355.00 2850.00 1020.00 2780.00
December 42674.60 1280.00 1585.00 1910.00 670.00 1855.00
583262.89 24627.00 29164.00 40694.00 12892.00 33773.00
Table 4. Comparative review of monthly and annually consumption of electric energy and %
of energy demands satisfaction by PV models
Variant 1 Variant 2 Variant 3 Variant 4 Variant 5
Month
Consumption
[kWh]
% of energy
demands
satisfaction
% of energy
demands
satisfaction
% of
energy
demands
satisfaction
% of
energy
demands
satisfaction
% of energy
demands
satisfaction
January 37913.00 5.29 6.28 7.36 2.77 7.33
February 39102.20 5.32 6.30 7.84 2.77 7.30
March 39500.20 5.87 7.65 9.72 3.24 8.76
April 40888.40 5.17 6.31 9.23 2.74 7.29
May 61143.17 3.38 3.57 6.17 1.73 4.38
June 58461.36 3.11 3.34 5.85 1.54 4.07
July 63586.83 3.04 3.44 5.76 1.55 3.97
August 58699.51 3.66 4.19 6.44 1.88 4.46
September 60905.02 3.79 4.58 6.26 1.99 5.27
October 42674.60 5.88 7.52 9.40 3.30 8.55
November 37714.00 5.41 6.24 7.56 2.70 7.37
December 42674.60 3.00 3.71 4.48 1.57 4.35
583262.89 4.22 5.00 6.98 2.21 5.79
445
Figure 11. Percentage of annually energy demands satisfaction by different variants of PV
models integration
6 DISCUSSION
Significant differences in the amounts of electric energy production related to variants of
PV modules location are noticeable. In relation to total annually electric energy consumption,
the following percentages of annually energy demands satisfaction by different variants of PV
models integration are determined: Variant 1 4.22%, Variant 2 5.00%, Variant 3 6.98%,
Variant 4 2.21% and Variant 5 5.79%, which points out that Variant 3, sloped PV modules
(45), is the most efficient. Achieved results are corresponding to prior knowledge, which
confirms that important electric energy production, i.e. energy savings by integration of PV
modules in the building envelope cannot be yet provided.
7 CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that for cooling, lighting, equipment and other needs settled with
electric energy, office buildings spend significant amounts of electric energy. According to
analyses presented in the paper following conclusions can be made:
Due to internal thermal gains, office buildings spent lot of energy for cooling.
Percentage of annually energy demands satisfaction by PV models integration is too
small.
However, some energy savings can be obtained resulting in CO
2
emissions reductions,
which should not be disregarded.
Facades with sloped PV modules are favorable in sense of energy efficiency. Modules
can also be used as shading devices.
446
New aesthetic potentials in refurbishment of existing buildings can be obtained by
application of PV modules. PV modules can significantly contribute to office building
appearance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work has resulted from research within the scientific project Spatial, Environmental,
Energy and Social Aspects of Developing Settlements and Climate Change Mutual Impacts
(TP36035), financed within the program Technological Development by the Ministry of
Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.
REFERENCES
1. Krstic-Furundzic, A. 2007. PV Integration in Design of New and Refurbishment of Existing
Buildings: Educational Aspect. In: JAAUBAS-Journal of the Association of Arab Universities
for Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume 4 (Supplement), University of Bahrain, pp. 135-146.
2. Krstic-Furundzic, A., Kosoric, V. 2009. Improvement of Energy Performances of Existing
Buildings in Suburban Settlements. In: Proceedings of the PLEA 2009. Architecture, Energy
and the Occupant's Perspective, Les Presses de l'Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada, pp.
2.2.23.
3. Krstic-Furundzic, A., Sudimac, B., Stamenic, Lj. 2009-a. Energetski doprinosi razlicitim
aplikacijama fotonaponskih modula na poslovnom objektu u Beogradu (Energy benefits of
different applications of photovoltaic modules on office building in Belgrade). In: Proceedings
Ocena stanja, odrzavanje i sanacija gradjevinskih objekata i naselja, Savez gradjevinskih
inzenjera Srbije, Beograd,pp.27-32.

447
Bofaua pauroeuh
1
BHmA CHAA Y IPATEBHHAPCTBY KAO H3Y3ETHH
OIATA1 HAH OKOAHOCT
Pesu+e:
Hpanna oxrpnna no Bnmom cnnom nopasymena cne orahaje nnn oxonnocrn
xojnma ce mory npnnncarn oxasn necymnnnor enonana es nxaxne xpnnnne
cyjexara, xojn ce na ny nosnnjy. Cnyuajem Bnme cnne cmarpajy ce oxonnocrn
xoje ce mory oxasarn a cy enonane n nope nacrojana a ce nnxono ejcrno y
nornynocrn saonhe. Hpenopyxa FIDIC-a je napajane cnyuajena Bnme cnne sa
cnaxn nnnecrnnnono-rpahennncxn npojexar nonaoco, jep cnenn]nunocr npemera
Yronopa o rpaheny nonnaun sa coom pasnnunro e]nnncane ncre sa cnaxn
nojennaunn cnyuaj.
K+yuue peuu: Buua cu.a, C.u:af, Veoeop o epaheny, FIDIC.
FORCE MAJEURE IN CONSTRUCTION AS EXCWPTIONAL
EVENTS OR CIRCUMSTANCE
Summary:
The legal doctrine under the "Force majeure" means any event or circumstance which
may be attributed to the indisputable evidence of activity without any guilt subjects,
who lived on it. Case of "Force Majeure" shall be circumstances that may prove to
have acted in spite of their efforts to effect a bypass. Recommendation FIDIC is the
enumeration of cases of "force majeure" for each investment and construction project
individually, because the specific items for the construction contract entails a different
definition of the same in each case.
Key words: Force Majeure, Similar to, Construction contract, FIDIC.

1
Marucap, acucen, 4aiyre sa rpauenciu uenauen, vnuuepsue vPnCP Puiora 1ecra, Leorpa



448
YBO
Ipahennnapcrno xao cnoxena npnnpena rpana nsncxyje a ce nyrem mnoropojnnx
saxoncxnx n nosaxoncxnx npannnx axara ypee onocn cnnx nennx yuecnnxa. Ysajamna
npana n oanese cnnx axrepa y nsnoheny paona na nnnecrnnnono- rpahennncxom npojexry
perynncana cy mro ypehenomhy nnxonnx onoca inter partes ca jene crpane re ca pyre
nennxom oronopnomhy npema rpehnm nnnnma. Ysajamno enonane onnranono-npannor
cermenra rpahennncxe nerncnarnne n jannonpannor na pyroj crpann npecrana naunn
ypehena oronopnocrn nojennana npema nponncnma pxannnx oprana. Mnomrno
amnnncrparnnnnx oanesa yuecnnxa y nsnoheny rpahennncxnx paona xpos nomronane
npnnynnx nponnca npecrana oxnnp enonana rpahennncxe nerncnarnne.
Yronop o rpaheny npecrana ocnonnn npannn nncrpymenr perynannje ysajamnnx
npana n oanesa yuecnnxa nsrpane. Kao nmenonann yronop y 3axony o onnrannonnm
onocnma (y aem rexcry 3OO) nanasn cnoje ynopnmre y uax 17 unanona xojn ra jacno n
npennsno e]nnnmy. Yronop o eny xojnm ce ypehyje omen nsrpane nnnecrnnnono-
rpahennncxor npojexra perynncan je xpos nocrpane n rpajne npecrannje yuecnnxa,
nspaxeny cnary noe, ]opmannocr, xomyrarnnnocr xao n ncxasany xaysy.
enyjyhn nsmehy rauno opehennx nnna neronn ocnonnn,rj. nrnn enemnrn cxono
rome ce n ypehyjy. Hpemer, pox n nena jacno ce e]nnnmy nyrem nperonopa xojn nperxoe
ocnonnom yronopy xao n nyrem nparehe rexnnuxe oxymenrannje xoja je cacrannn eo
ncror. Fnrnn enemenrn, cnenn]nunocr yronopa o rpaheny npanna npnpoa onor npannor
axara xao n cne npomenene oxonnocrn xoje mory onecrn o nnrana oronopnocrn neronnx
yuecnnxa npecranajy sajeno nennny jenor yronopnor onoca. 3a ycnemno nsnohene
rpahennncxo-nnnecrnnnonor noyxnara erano n raxcarnnno yronapane xnaysyne o
Bnmoj cnnn je o npecynor snauaja sa oe yronopne crpane. Hacranax n peannsannja
nocnenne Bnme cnne necymnno ce annnnnpa na nrne enemenre Yronopa o rpaheny, a ro
ce pe]nexryje na npoyxene poxa nnn nonehane nene rpahennncxnx paona. Kom
npnponom orahajy, xojoj ycxoj pann n xaa rpea npnsnarn cnojcrno Bnme cnne o
rome rpea a onenn cy y onocy na opehenn npannn cnyuaj.
YTHHA1 KAAY3YAE O BHmO1 CHAH HA YIOBOPHE OHOCE
YHECHHKA H3IPAHE
Bnma cnna npecrana cnonn orahaj xojn je nacrynno mnmo noe yronopnnx crpana
n nesanncno o nnxonor nonamana, raxo a yxnnx ns re yronopne oanese xojy je Bnma
cnna noronna raxan orahaj nnn oxonnocr nnje morao cnpeunrn, orxnonnrn nnn nsehn
xao nn nerone nocnenne, nnn ra y rpenyrxy cxnanana yronopa nnje morao npennern.
Heonxono je a, axo Bnma cnna nacraje xao nocnenna ycxe pane ona ce xao raxna ne
moxe npnnncarn xpnnnnn nnna na xoje n nnaue naana oronopnocr.
3OO nojam Bnme cnne ne yrnphyje na jean onmrn naunn neh nyrem nojennnx
nncrnryra opehyje nena oenexja, xapaxrepncrnxe n ejcrna. Hpnponn orahajn xojn ce
xnann]nxyjy xao Bnma cnna moxemo nonecrn no xareropnje semorpecn, nonnane,
cyme, yapn rpoma, onyje, epynnnje nynxana, xnnsane repena, opon xamena n pyro.
3axyuyjemo a cy ro cne npnponn orahajn xojn nornaajy no nojam enemenrapnnx
nenoroa. Kao mro cmo nanpe nanenn nope npnponnx orahaja no nojam Bnme cnne

449
nornaajy ycxe pane xoje ce onoce na ynpanne mepe nnn npornnnpanne pane xao mro
cy npnnya, xpaha, par, noxap, mrpajxonn n pyro.
Tpea narnacnrn a npnponn orahajn n ycxe pane nncy Bnma cnna cama no cen.
Kaa rpea npnsnarn cnojcrno Bnme cnne n npnnncarn je xao nocnenny nsasnany o
crpane nexor orahaja nnn ejcrno ycxe pane o rome rpea a onenn cy y onocy na
opehenn npannn cnyuaj.
Y rpahennnapcrny yronapane Bnme cnne nyrem xnaysyne xoja ce ynon y Yronop o
rpaheny nom yronopne crpane opehyjy xaa he ce y nnxonom xonxpernom cnyuajy
cmarparn a nocrojn Bnma cnna n xojn cy ro rauno orahajn. Taa no nacrynany nexor o
cnyuajena xojn yronopom raxcrarnnno naneen xao Bnma cnna ncro he ce cmarparn Bnmom
cnnom n ro es osnpa na ro a nn ce no rymaueny mepoannor npana sa nanexnn yronop
raxo e]nnnme ncrn nojam. Ono je jaxo naxno sa cne yronope xojn nmajy mehynaponn
xapaxrep jep ce nyrem yronapana xnaysyne o Bnmoj cnnn n nenor crpnxrnor napajana
mrnre nnrepecn yronopnnx crpana. Moxe ce ecnrn a ono mro cy yronopne crpane
oronopnne he nornacrn no nojam Bnme cnne a mepoanno npano semaa yronopnnna raj
nojam xao Bnmy cnny moxa n ne nosnaje. To ce ojamnana nyrem npannor nncrnryra xojn
nanon a carnacnocr noa yronopnnx crpana yronopy aje cnary saxona.Y cxnay ca
nauenom ayronomnje noe xao ocnonnnm naueno, xoje nnaa y onacrn yronapana yronopne
crpane mory cnojnm yronopom perynncarn xaa he yxnnx oronoparn sa nsnpmene
yronopne oanese. To ce napanno nporexe n na Yronope o rpaheny. Hnje osnoeno a ce y
yronopy npennn, onocno nanee a yxnnx nno a je y nnrany nnnecrnrop nnn
nsnohau nehe oronaparn nn y cnyuajy a namepno ne nsnpme cnojy yronopny oanesy jep je
ro npornnno npannnm nopmama.
Y Yronpnma o rpaheny ca enemenrom nnocrpanocrn uecre cy xnaysyne ncxyuena
oronopnocr sa nonpey yronopa n na raj naunn ce saonnase cne pasnnxe nsmehy cncrema
cyjexrnnne n ojexrnnne yronopne oronopnocrn, jep y cnyuajy cnopa nanexnn cy,
apnrpaxa nnn xomncnja sa pemanane cnopona (FIDIC) axo ohe o cnopa npnmennhe
oronapajyhy yronopny xanaysyny es osnpa na ro xoje n nannonanno npano y rom
rpenyrxy nno mepoanno. Ha raj naunn ce n yronapa xnaysyna Bnmoj cnnn y Yronopnma o
rpaheny ys raxcrannno napajane cnnx cnyuajena xojn ce cmarpajy Bnmom
cnnom.Hpnnnxom cxnanana Yronopa o rpaheny yronopne crpane mopajy nonrn pauyna o
samrnrn cnojnx npana raxo mro nope yronapana nrnnx enemenrara yronopa mopajy
oparnrn naxny na yronapana Bnme cnne xao naxnor unnnona yronopa. Mann je poj
Yronopa o rpaheny xojn nemajy ony xnaysyny ann ce n nope rora uecro sanemapyje nen
snauaj jep ce sa nrne enemenre xao mro cy nena n pox jacno nne nocnenne nnxonor
opor yronapana..Taxo a ce sa jean nocnonnn ycnex na nsnoheny rpahennncxo-
nnnecrnnnonor ojexra ncxyunno nesyje cnoconocr yronapana nene onocno pesynrar ce
nsjenauana ca opo yronopenom nenom, ann ce ca pyre crpane nocnonnn ycnex nexaa
onon y nnrane sor neaexnarnor yronapana xnaysyne o Bnmoj cnnn..
Onuno ce xnaysyna o Bnmoj cnnn cacrojn ns na ena (onmer n nocenor). Onmrn eo
opeheyje xnaysy o Bnmoj cnnn na jean yonmrenn naunn e]nnnmyhn je xao nexn orahaj
nnn oxonnocr xojn nacraje nocne saxyuena yronopa, napanno mnmo noe n nesanncno o
nonamana yronopnnna. Hs rora saxyuyjemo a je peu o cnonom orahajy xojn ce y
rpenyrxy saxyuena yronopa nnje morao npennern, jep a jecre raxan yronop ne n no
saxyuen.

450
HPEBHHBOCT HAH HEHPEBHHBOCT BHmE CHAE KAO
TAKBE
Bnma cnna nacraje xao nocnenna npnponor orahaja nnn pane rpeher nnna sor
xojer yxnnx ne moxe a nsnpmn cnojy yronopny oanesy. Tpehnm nnnem ce ne moxe
cmarparn yxnnxon samennx nnn nomohnnx, n y rom cmncny axo ce paonn na
nnnecrnnnono-rpahennncxom npojexry nonepe nonsnohaunma nsnohau he oronaparn
nnnecrnropy xao a cne paone oana cam. Hope nacrynana cnonor orahaja xojn je
nsasnao Bnmy cnny neonxono je a on nnje morao nrn cnpeuen, orxnonen nnn nsernyr
o crpane yxnnxa. Ono mro canpemena npaxca nanaxe je nnrane npennnnocrn orahaja
onocno a nn y canpemenom cnery yonmre nocroje orahajn xoje ycxn ]axrop ne moxe
npennern. onasnmo o saxyuxa a je nrna n neponarnoha sa nacrynane nexor
orahaja raxo a ce y nennxom pojy cnyuajena ne moxe ouexnnarn o yxnnxa a y
rpenyrxy cxnanana yronopa non pauyna n o nacrynannma raxnnx oxonnocr.
Hpennnnocr nnn nenpennnnocr oxonnocrn sor xojnx onasn o nenpennnne
cnopne cnryannje nyrem enonana Bnme cnne ncxyunno rpea a ye o snauaja npn
omepanany naxnae mrere ann nnxaxo npn onenn a nn je yxnnx oronopan sa nonpey
xnaysyne ns yronopa. Y nocenom eny xnaysyne o Bnmoj cnnn napajajy ce orahajn xojn
he ce y xonxpernom yronopnom onocy nsnohaua n nnnecrnropa rpernparn xao oxonnocr
unje nacrynane ncxyuyje oronopnocr sa nonpey yronopa.
PA3IPAHHHEHE BHmE CHAE H CAYHA1A
Pasrpannuene nojma Bnme cnne n nojma cnyuaja je neoma remxo n saxrenno.
Hcnpenneranocr n cnoxenocr onnx nojmona nyxno pesynrnpa nemoryhnomhy opehnnana
jacne rpannne o xoje nounne Bnma cnna a npecraje cnyuaj. Hpanna npaxca onaxmana je
saxonoannnma a ce onyue sa jeno moxa no mano n necnaxnamne pemene no rom
nnrany. Cmarpann cy a nojmone cnyuaja n Bnme cnne ne rpea jacno n exnaparnnno
opehnnarn neh ro rpea npenycrnrn npannoj naynn n cycxoj npaxcn. Cmarpa ce a nx
rpea nonecrn no ncry xareropnjy nsysernor orahaja.
Cyjexrnnno cxnarane o Bnmoj cnnn n cnyuajy nasnna ce cyjexrnnnnm ns pasnora mro
npn onenn a nn nexy oxonnocr rpea oxnann]nxonarn xao Bnmy cnny nnn cnyuaj mopa ce
nonrn pauyna o nocrojany na cyjexrnnna enemenra xo cyjexra. Ca jene crpane o
neronoj cnoconocrn nnn mohn a ca pyre o xnannrery n xonnunnn naxne. Tpea
narnacnrn a ojexrnnno cxnarane xoje ce nojannno no yrnnajem neja o ojexrnnne
oronopnocrn sa npoyspoxonany mrery xao raxno npann pasnnxy nsmehy Bnme cnne n
cnyuaja. Mehyrnm, ne moxe ce ocneno npnmennnarn y npaxcn es ysnmana y osnp
cyjexrnnnor cranonnmra jep npn nonesnnany cyjexra na Bnmy cnny neonxono je
yrnpnrn cyjexrnnne unnennne y xojnma ce nanasno a ro sa coom nonnaun nemoryhnocr
raunor opehnnana crenena nnrensnrera xo xojer npecraje cnyuaj a sanounne Bnma cnna.
Bnma cnna yrnue xaxo na nacranax, raxo n na npomeny nnn npecranax nexor npannor
onoca. Bom ce ne cmarpa cnona oxonnocr xoja ne nsasnna nnxaxne npanne nocnenne,
nnp. enemenrapna nenoroa na rpannnmry xoja ne nanocn nnxaxny mrery n sor rora
rpea pasnnxonarn npannn nojam Bnme cnne o nojma Bnme cnne y onunom xnnory.
Ojexrnnnocr y nocmarpany Bnme cnne onnxyje ce y nenom ejcrny xao cnone oxonnocr
nesanncno o noe uonexa na npnmep epynnnja nynxana xoja ynnmrana rpahennny.

451
Mehyrnm, xnann]nxannjy Bnme cnne rpea cxnarnarn n nyrem nexnx pyrnx onnxa xao
mro cy yrnnajn xojn cy moxa cnanjn o ]nsnuxor, na npnmep nsnohaua na rpannnmry
yoe crpmen n cnpeun ra a oann cnojy oanesy y saarom poxy naxo je napanno on
]nsnuxn o ne mnoro jaun. Cne mro cmo o caa nanenn nma jeny sajennuxy
xapaxrepncrnxy xoja ce ornea y rome a je neonxono a cyjexr cnony oxonnocr xoja je
oxnann]nxonana xao Bnma cnna nnje nsasnao cnojnm nonamanem, pyrnm peunma,
norpeno je ocycrno xpnnnne cyjexra. Opehene cnone oxonnocrn xoje ce mory
xapaxrepcnparn xao Bnma cnna nexaa ce n ne nojanyjy y rom cnojcrny raxo na npnmep
yap rpoma y nexnm cnyuajennma he ce nojannrn xao Bnma cnna ox y nexnm my ce ona
cnojcrna nehe npnsnarn.
Cnyuaj npecrana nenpennhen orahaj xojn ce nax y xnnory emana uecro, a
nocnenne cy my penarnnno orxnonnne. Onmro je npannno a ce sa cnyuaj ne oronapa jep
mrery o cnyuaja nponacrn crnapn cnocn nen nnacnnx. Hocrojn y nsnecnnm cnryannjama
n moryhnocr oronapana sa cnyuajny mrery n ro napyunro xaa ce ro yronopn noom
crpanaxa, axo je npennheno saxonom nnn causus mixtus. Ono n morno nrn ocnonno
npannno sa pasnnxonane Bnme cnne o cnyuaja jep ce Bnmom cnnom cmarpajy arnnnunn
orahajn anconyrno neorxnonnnn ox ce sa cnyuaj nesyje penarnnna orxnonnnocr. Hnrane
cnyuaja y rpahennnapcry ce moxemo nocmarparn xpos cneehn npnmep - nsnohau ys
npannnno pyxonane opehenom mexannsannjom nnje y moryhnocrn a nsnpmn yronopeny
oanesy jep opehena mamnna je ys cno npannnno pyxonane npecrana a pan. To moxemo
nonecrn no repmnn oe uynane crnapn xoja je cnyuajno npanana. Hocroje cranonn
xojn nanaxy a oa ona nojma ne rpea pasnnxonarn neh nx rpea nonecrn no ncry
xareropnjy xao nsnapene orahaje:
3OO ne aje nexy noceny e]nnnnnjy cnyuaja nnn Bnme cnne neh yrnpheyje camo
oxonnocrn no xojnma ce yxnnx y opehennm cnryannjama ocnoaha oronopnocrn xoja je
nacrana xao nocnenna Bnme cnne nnn cnyuaja.Hnje nome pehn a xaa je peu o
ocnoahany o oronopnocrn yxnnxa y onnrannonnm onocnma on ce ocnoaha o
oronopnocrn sa nacrany mrery axo oxaxe a nnje morao a ncnynn cnojy oanesy rj. a je
saxacnno ca nennm ncnynenem sor oxonnocrn xoje cy nacrane nocne saxyuena yronopa
xojn nnje morao cnpeunrn, orxnonnrn nnn nsehn.
BHmA CHAA Y FIDIC - OHmTHM YCAOBHMA YIOBAPAHA
3A IPATEBHHCKE PAOBE
FIDIC onmrn ycnonn yronapana sa rpahennncxe paone (nsane 2008). Jacno
e]nnnmy Bnmy cnny n cxono unany 19 npecrana oxonnocrn xoje nmajy cna oenexja
xoja ce mopajy crehn y jenom orahajy a n my ce morno npnnncarn ejcrno Bnme cnne
(nenpennnnocr, neorxnonnnocr n nensesnocr)
Hope naneenor narnacana ce a Bnmy cnny xapaxrepnme nemoryhnocr a nacrynenn
orahaj jena yronopna crpana ne moxe npnnncarn pyroj. To je cnenn]nuna opea y
FIDIC-onnm ycnonnma. Bnmy cnny exe+pli causa. npema FIDIC onmrnm ycnonnma
npecranajy
- Par (ojanen nnn neojanen, nenpnjarecrna, nnnasnje, axra nnocrpannx
nenpnjarea)
- Fyna, repopnsam, penonynnja, ycranax, nojnn yap, ysypnannja nnacrn, rpahancxn
par

452
- Hoyna, xaoc nnn nepen, ocnm y cnyuajy axo cy orpannuenn ncxyunno na
nsnohauen nepconan nnn na pyra nnna sanocnena xo nera n neronnx non-
snohaua
- Mynnnnja, excnnosnnnn marepnjann, jonnsyjyhe spauene nnn xonramnnannja
panoaxrnnnomhy ocnm axo je ro nocnenna nsnohauene ynorpee
- ejcrno npnponnx cnna xao mro cy semorpecn, yparan, raj]yn, nnn nynxancxe
axrnnnocrn
FIDIC onn onmrn ycnonn oyxnarajy npexo 20 ]axropa unjn ce yrnnaj xapaxrepnme
xao Bnma cnna. Onn npennhajy a y cnyuajy xaa Bnma cnna cnpeuana nnn he cnpeunrn
jeno o yronopnnx crpana a ncnynn cnojy yronopeny oanesy ona mopa a oanecrn pyry
crpany o orahajy nnn oxonnocrn xoja npecrana Bnmy cnny n a nanee cne oanese xoje
je cnpeuena a nsnpmn. Taxo ce ra yronopna crpana ocnoaha o ncnynena yronopnnx oa-
nesa ox rpaje ejcrno Bnme cnne.
FIDIC-onn Onmrn ycnonn xojn ce onoce na Bnmy cnny npecranajy mehynapone
cranape sa e]nnncane onor nojma, a camnm rnm npecranajy n onyny omahem
saxonoancrna y norney e]nnncana onor npannor repmnna. Bnma cnna npecrana
cnonn orahaj y onocy na c]epy enonana oronopnor ]nsnuxor nnn npannor nnna. Ben
canpemenn snauaj xo nac nornphyje cycxa npaxca n 3OO. Ono mro je najuemhn repmn-
nonomxn napamerap sa nonohene opehenor orahaja no nncrnryr Bnme cnne, y npaxcn
ce noxasano a nornphanne enemenara xao mro cy nenpennnnocr, neorxnonnnocr n
nensexnocr, cy xyunn sa e]nnncane onor nojma.
3AKYHAK
Hpanna reopnja n npaxca nmajy nsrpahen cran o rome a nn nexnm cnonnm oxo-
nnocrnma rpea npnsnarn cnojcrno Bnme cnne nnn ne. 3nauaj Bnme cnne ornea ce y rome
mro Bnma cnna xao pasnor ncxyuyje xpnnnny, rj. ocnoaha oronopnocrn sa nacrany
mrery, ocnm y cnyuajy onne xaa yxnnx oronapa n sa Bnmy cnny nnn xaa ro crpanxe
yronope.
3a ycnemno nsnohene rpahennncxo-nnnecrnnnonor noyxnara erano n raxcarnnno
yronapane Bnme cnne je o npecynor snauaja sa oe yronopne crpane. Hacranax n
peannsannja nocnenne Bnme cnne necymnno ce annnnnpa na nrne enemenre Yronopa o
rpaheny, a ro ce pe]nexryje na npoyxene poxa nnn nonehane nene rpahennncxnx paona.
Kom npnponom orahajy, xojoj ycxoj pann n xaa rpea npnsnarn cnojcrno Bnme cnne
o rome rpea a onenn cy y onocy na opehenn npannn cnyuaj. uopmynannjom samrnrne
xnaysyne o Bnmoj cnnn y Yronopy o rpaheny cnpeunna n ce moryhnocr nacranxa enenry-
annnx cnopona yronopnnx crpana xojn mory nmarn anexocexne nocnenne.
AHTEPATYPA:
- 3AKOH O OFHHIAHHOHHM OHOCHMA, CH. CuPJ. FPOJ 29/1978.
- FIDIC OHBTH YCHOBH YIOBAPABA 3A IPATEBHHCKE PAOBE (H3ME-
BEHO H3ABE, 2008)
- CHMOHOBHT, PAIOYF, YIOBOPH Y OFHACTH IPATEBHHAPCTBA,
FEOIPA, 2007
- HEPOBHT, CHOFOAH, OFHHIAHHOHO HPABO, FEOIPA, 1986