.

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) (1





:










)(2






:







)(3






) (Will Durant :
" The oldest known religion of India, which the invading Aryans
found amongst the Nagas, and which still survives in the ethnic
nooks and crannies of the great Peninsula, was apparently an
animistic and totemic worship of multitudunous spirits, dwelling in
stones and animals, in trees and streams, in mountains and stars,
snakes and serpents, were divinties-idol sand ideals of virile
reproductive powers and the sacred "Bodhi" tree at Budha's time
was a vertige of the mystic but wholesome reverence for the
quite majesty of trees. Naga, the dragon-god, Hanuman, the
monkey-god, Nandi, the divine-bull and the Yakshas or tree-gods
.passed down into the religion of Historic India
Since some of these spirits were good and some evil, only great
skill in magic could keep the body from being possessed or
tortured, in sickness or mania, by one or the more of the
.innumerable demons that filled the air
Hence the medley of incantations in the Atharva-Veda or the
"Book of Knowledge" of magic one must recite, spells to obtain
children, to avoid abortion, to prolong life, to ward off evil, to
)sleep, to destroy or harras the enemies."(4


















:















) (







)(5




:


)(6


















:
"


)(7



:





)(8













)(9

)(







)(10
:
" His conception of religion was purely ethical. He cared everything
about conduct, nothing about ritual or worship, metaphysics or
theology.When a Brahman proposed to purify himself of his sins
by bathing at Gaya, Budha said to him: "Have thy bath here, even
here. O'Brahman! Be kind to all beings.If thou killest not life, if
thou takest not what is not given to thee, secure in self denial.
What wouldst thou gain by going to Gaya? Any water is Gaya to
)thee.''(11

























)(12

)(13
:



)(14











:
'' It is not logic that we need, says Shankara, it is insight, the
faculty (akin to art) of grasping at once the essential out of
irrelevant, the eternal out of the temporal, the whole out of the
part: this is the first pre-requisite to philosophy. The second is
willingness to observe, inquire and think for understanding's sake,
not for the sake of invention, wealth or power; it is withdrawal of
the spirit from all the excitement, bias and fruits of action. Thirdly,
the philosopher must acquire self-restraint, patience and
tranquility; he must learn to live above physical temptation or
material concerns. Finally, these must burn deep in his soul, the
desire for maksha, for liberation from ignorance, for an end to all
consciousness of a separate self, for a blessful absorption in the
Brahman, of complete understanding and infinite unity. In a word,
the student needs not the logic of reason so much as cleansing
and deepening discipline of the soul. This perhaps, has been the
)secret of all profound education.''(15



























:








)(16
:

:


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(

1857






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) ( : 1965
1
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1989 54 53
) ( :
3
1985 146
Will Durant: The Story of Civilization. (Vol: I) Our
.4
Oriental Heritage, Simon and Schuster, New
.York, 1954, P.402
: 71, 72
5
.G.T Garret.; Legacy of India, Oxford, 1938,p.97
.6
) ( : 148
7

: 150
8
: 148
9
) ( : 77
10
.Wil l Durant: op cit, p.431
.11
),Radha Krishnan: The Vedanta, London .(Dr
.12
.p.36 ,1928
) ( : 151
13
) ( :
14
1980 203
.Will Durant: op cit., p. 547
.15
( ) : 158
16
1939
17
) ( :
26
( ) : 177
18

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19
107
)( : 282
21
1982
22
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15

: 26
23

: 77
24

25
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97
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26
:
1993 451

27
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1985 9
: 9
28
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29
12 11
: 13
30
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31
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32
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1948
37
:
10
1983
38
:
106
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39


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:
" Embracing change and present, modernism encompasses the
works of thinkers who rebelled against nineteenth century
academic and historicist traditions, believing the traditional forms
of art, architecture, literature, religion, faith, social organization
and daily life were becoming outdated; they confronted the new
economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully
)industrialized world."(3





:

" It is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to

create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of
"scientific knowledge, technololgy or practical experimentation.
)(4










1848 )(Positivism




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1870







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the last century and rather locally, in France, with Boudelaire in
literature and Manet in painting, and perhaps with Flaubert in
)prose fiction."(6
) (Modernism" "avant-grade

) (Status-Co







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Hamlet King Lear

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Sonnet 150


















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)(27
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1914 1921
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A Portrait of the Artist as a
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1909 Exultations
10-1909
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1911 Age Orage




Ripostes Lustra 1912
1916 1918 Pavannes
and Divisions
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1916 1917


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1927
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1934
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1938 Guide to Kulchure
1930
1918
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ABC OF Economics Social Credit ? What is Money for

Benito Missolini

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1958
1958

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1936

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1900 College of France








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1900
" "Laugter: An Essay on the Meaning of Comic 1903

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1914
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1932 " "The Sources of Mortality and Religion














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1886 "Departmental
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1924 " "The Wish House
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" The Spirit of man in its forward movement is restrained by forces
which seem to be working in opposite directions. This is only
another way of saying that life moves with the weight of its own
past on its back and that in view of social change, the value and
function of the forces of conservation can not be lost sight of. It is
with this organic insight into the essential teaching of the Quran
that modern rationalism ought to apporach our existing
institutions. No people can afford to reject their past entirely; for
)it is their past that made their personal identity." (53



)(54





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- :
1 2002 1256
Wikipeadia, free encydlopedia: Internet
-2
Ibid
-3
Ibid
-4
Ibid
-5
Ibid
-6
Ibid
-7
:
8 812-811
- -2119
9;Professor Mumtaz Ahmed: Literary Criticism -10
Ch. Ghulam Rasool & Sons, Lahore, 1989, P.611
Ibid: P. 611 -11
)( )(:
12 2005 -204
: -205
13 1994 - 253
14 :
)( ) (:
15 205
)(
16
1984 -120
)(
171989 -8-7
: -9-8
18 1997 -134-133
19)( : :

: -137-136
20 ) ( :
21 1977 -190
: -191
22 :
23 1964 -105-103
) -1(:
24 2003 -356-354
( : 185-184
25: ) -8

.Wikipedia: op. cit .26

:lbid .27
) -1( 201
28 : -180
29 ) -1( : 201
30The New Encyclopeadia Britannica. P.649 -31
lbid p.649 -32
lbid: p. 649 -33
lbid: p.650 -34
(
35 ) -8
2003 477-476
: 103 )(
36 2005 207-203
: 109-104
37
: 68-64 72
38
39 :

1983 -66
1990 -10
40

1990
41)( :
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-105
42

-10
43
-128
44 :

-11
45 -138
45

: -142
47
: -134
48
: -132
49 -13
50
51)(
1977 -370
: -371
52,Iqbal: Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam -53
P.166-167
:
54 -81
: -184
55 -165
56 :

) ( :
57 -104

58 )( :
1986 -104-103
: 105-104
59
: -12
60
: -86
61 -77
62 :
: -77
63: -139-138
64: -61
65 )(: -169
66 : -11
67 : -604-603
68)( :
:
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-601

70 )( :
2005 -465
: -426
71)( :
722000 -146

73:
1986 -247

74 1986 -341
: : -271-268
75 1975
76 -152
.Dr. Anne-marie Schimmel: Gabriel's Wing, E.J -77
.Brill; Leiden; 1963, P.295

 :





)
(HippolyteTaine) (Comte ) (Emile Zola )
(Darwin ) (Naturalism

) (J. A. Cuddon :
" In literature naturalism developed out of realism. The main
influences that went to forming a different point of view were
Darwin's biological theories, Comte's application of scientific ideas
to the study of society, and Taine's application of deterministic
)theories to literature." (1












Nature

) (2





)(3
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 ) (4

) (5


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) (6
) (7






)(8



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)(10




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1832
1875

)(11
) (Goncourt Brothers )Edmund
(Jules ) (Alphonse Daudet

Germinie

Lacerteux 1865



Therese Raquin 1868










Rougon Macquart 1871 1893
Germinal
1885

) (Maupassant )J.K.
(Huysmans ) (George Moore )George
(Gissing

)(G.M. Conrad

 ) (Holz ) (Schlof ) (Hart Brothers )

(Blaibtreu ) (Bolsche
) (Haupt mann )
(Ibsen )(Strindberg
)(Theodore Drieser )Frank
(Norris ) (Stephen Crane
)(12






) (13



)(14





:
" The recent school of novel writers target in their insistence on
life and nothing but life, in a plain slice that a story must be worth
the telling, that a good deal of life is not worth any such thing and
that they must not occupy the reader's time with what he can get
)at first-hand any where around him." (15


) (1848-1811



)(16



) (17




) (1902-1840

) (Aix


"Therese
"Raquin

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(Macquart





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"Le Assomoir

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Dreyfus

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1899




)(18
) (William Wordsworth)(1850-1770










Lyrical Ballads Ballads
Tintern Abbey
1799

1800 Lyrical Ballads


The Prelude 1842






)(19
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)(20

1832
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1897 1905




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,J.A. Cuddon: Literary Terms and Literary Theory -1
.Penguin Books,London,1992, P-537
2 :
2002 1298
;Mumtaz Ahmed: Literary Criticism (Professor) -3
.Ch. Ghulam Rasool & Sons, Lahore, 1989, P- 581
- : 1298
4 ) 8 (:
5 2003 332
)1(:
6 2003 411
.Professor Mumtaz Ahmed: OP.Cit.p.581 -7
- 1298
8.J.A. Cuddon: Op. Cit; P-537 -9
,(8 ( :232
10)( , )( :
11:
2005 143
.J.A. Cuddon: Op. Cit., P-538 -12
.Prof. Mumtaz Ahmed: op. cit: P-580 -13

)( )(: 144
14-

Prof. Mumtaz Ahmed: op. cit: P-581 -15

.J.A. Cuddon: Op. cit., P-539 -16
:
17:
1986 323
)( 297
18
: 570-569
19
: 555
20
21 :
1924
33-32
: 69
22
: 70
23
: 74-73
24
: 99
25

26:
:
196
: 199
27 : 1962 257
28
: 259
29
30:


1983128
: 139
31 : 1989
32 19
151
33:

198-197
34:

 :



















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) (2



Imitation
Imitation
) (3




Imitaion
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Imitation

Counterfiet
) (5
Mimic Mimicry
)(6

) (model )(7

Imitation

)(8








Originality



Originality




Imitation

)(9
Imitation




)(10
1830
1850 1880









) (11











)(12







)(13





) (1842-1783 )Marie Henry
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1811
) (Salon

" "La Charteuse de Parme
1822 Racine of
"Shakespear" " "Vie de Rossini
"Armance"1827
1830
" "Le Rouge et le Noir
Julien Sorel


Le Charteuse de Parme



)(14
) (Belinsky


1849




1849

1849





)(15
) (Gustave Flaubert)(1880-1821
) (Roven

1846
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Professor Mumtaz Ahmed: Literary Criticism, Ch.Ghulam -1

Rasool and Sons, Lahore, 1989; P.598
) ( )(:
2 2005 -163-162
-
3 2002
-967
: -967
4: -468
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6
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J.A. Cuddon: The Penguin Dictionary of Literary .10
;Terms and Literary Theroy; Penguin Books
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.Professor Mumtaz ahmed: op.cit. P.598 -11
)-1(
12
2003 -224
)( )(:
13165-164
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)(4

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Fear and
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)(16





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)(19
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 Being and Nothingness

No
Exit Nausea 1960
Critique of Dialectical Reason

)(21





)(22
) (Albert Comus
The Rebel The Stranger Summer in
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The Myth of Sisyphus





) (23
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) (Jean Genet) (Arrabel) (Pinter ) (Albee

) (Simon De Bouvoir

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:( )
1 :
-78 2005
J.A.Cuddon: The Penguin Dictionary of Literary -2
;Terms and Literary Theory; Penguin Books
.London; 1999; P.294
New Encyclopedia Britannica: Volume VIII, P.78 -3
,W. Barrel: What is Existentialism?, Grove Press -4
.New York, 1964; P.46
.Ibid. P.46 -5
J. Ortega Y-Gasset: Towards a Philosophy of -6
History, Translated by H.Weyl, The World
Publishing Company, New York; 1941, P.216-17
Walter Kaufman (Ed): Existentialism; From -7
,Dostoevsky to Sartre: Meridien Books
.New York;1961: P.11
J.P.Sartre: Existentialism and Religious Belief, P.Mairet -8
.Methuen, London, 1965; P.25
Everyman's Encyclopedia; Vol. V: J.M.Dent and -9
.Sons, London 1958; P.57-58
1989
10 :
-342
J.P.Sartre: Being and Nothingness. English -11
,Translation by Hazel E.Barnez Philosophical Library
.New York, 1956; P. 709
George Novack: Introduction to -12
,Existentialism/Marxism, Marjorie Grene
.Chicago, 1959, P.5
.J.P.Sartre: Op. cit. P.784 -13
:( ))(
14-79
.Wikipedia, the free encylopedia from internet .15
.Ibid: Internet -16

17 :

 1987 -98-197
.Wikipedia: Op.cit -18
.Ibid: Internet -19
.Ibid: Internet -20
.Ibid: Internet -21
) ( :
22
2003 302
.Wikidpedia: Op. cit -23
) -( 428
24
25
:

1986 -140
: -141
26
: -128
27
: -120
28
: -187 ,136
29
: -132
30
: -121
31
: -123
32: -138
33
34 )(:
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36
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)(1



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17 1914

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)(27

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18 1917
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to be a Hinduism for Islam, the acceptance of Social Democracy in
some suitable form is not a revolution but a return to the original
purity of
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23 1923






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1985136
;Frederick Engels: Selected Works; Moscow; 1969 -12
.P-31
)(: 30
13
:78
14 (:
15 )-8

2003309
Cuddon, J.A: The Penguin Dictionary of Lietrary -16
,Terms and Literary Theory, Penguin Books
.London; 1999; P-837
: 1975
1794
:89
18)(: 140-139
19 )-1(:165
20
:458
21 : 96-95
22
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25
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43 34 32 31 30 29 27 26 23 22 13
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38
" "All India Weekly

100
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39:265
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41:
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42
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43
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44: 1968
45139-137
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1952
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96 (
Iqbal: Letters of Iqbal to Jinnah, Muhammad -47
Ashraf, Lahore; 1963: P-19

48 )(:

1981247

: )(
49 1965 99-98
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50 19867-6
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51 269-268
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52
53 :

197789
:92
54 :
55


56
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56 : 198525
57 :
58
1988102-100
:
59 1984
1956 528-527











:
The word Symbol comes from the Greek "Symbolon" which "
means contract, token, insignia and a means of
identification." (1)

:
The use of word to suggest or to intimate, rather than to convey "
specific meaning, in an essential
characteristic of poetry." (2)
:
A word, phrase image or the like, having a complex of associated "
meaning and perceived as having inherent value, separable from
that which is symbolized, as being part of that which as
symbolized and as performing that which is normal function of
standing for or representing that which is symbolized, usually
conceived as deriving its meaning chiefly from the structure in
which it appears and generally, distinguished from a sign."(3)
( The Dictionary of Literary Terms)
:
The word symbol derives from the Greek verb symballien, mark, "
emblem, token or sign...... A literary symbol combines an image
with a concept (words themselves are a kind of symbol) it may be
public or private, universal or local."(4)
" Symbolism" ( Charles Chadwick)
:

" Symbolism is a way to communicate ideas and thoughts,

indirectly negating the real object, depending on alternate
emblem, sign or mark to regenerate the real
)objects without emphasizing on the real object."(5





) (William York Tindall :

)(6

:












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)(35

)(1821-1867) (Charles Pierr Boudelaire


) (Lyon

1839





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1821 1847 )(Edgar Allan Poe

)(36
) (William Butler Yeats)(1939-1865


1924













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) (Charles Stewart Pernell

) (Ezra Pound )No
(Plays

1922
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(Roquebrune
1948
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)(37
) (Henric Ibsen)(1906-1828


















1897































)(38
) (T.S.Eliot)(1965-1888

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(79
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.The New Encyclopedia of Britannica: London .1
.15th Edition, Vol 17, 1973-74, P.900
The Encyclopedia of Americana, Grolier .2
.Incorporated, Danbury, Vol.26, 1972, P. 166

Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of .3

,the English Language: New York; Gramercy Books
.P.14 ,1989
J.A. Cuddon: Dictionary of Literary Terms and .4
.Literary Theory; Penguin Books, London. 1975, P.276
,Charles Chadwick: Symbolism; W.W; London. 1973 .5
.P.41
William York Tindall: The Literary Symbol: Indiana .6
.University Press: 1960, P.12
: 1975
7 135

8
1966 26
)(: 1978 -43
9 :
10)(
1977
-21,22
:
11
111968 -233
: 238
12)( : 1966
13 -58
:
14 1968 11 32-231
)( :
15 1996 -14

16 :
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1987 144

17)( :

1989 118
:
18
34-23 321
.J.A Cuddon: op.cit. P.413 .19

)( ) (:
20
2005 113
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:118-117
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41 7


42 1977
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1985 30
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1965 19
) ( :
45
204
: :
46

1995 9 35 85

: 1977 405
47,Dr. Anne-marie Schimmel, : Gabriel's Wings -48
.E.T.Brill, Leiden, 1963, P.295





































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