1

.(.)

, ( )

. (.) . .

. (.)

. . ( )

( )

1.

4. . . .

.(.). .

, . . . .

- , . . . .

2.

5. .

.(.) . .

3.

. (.) . .

. (.) . .

1.

2.

( .)

. . .

(1,2,3,4,5)

4.

. . .

(6,7,8,9,10)

5.

3.

(15,16,17,18)

(11,12,13,14)

(19)


. ()

. (.) . .

- 2011

ISBN No.- 13/978-81-8496-193-5

. . . .,

' ( ) :
. . . .,

BC-03
,

-I -I, 1872
1-
2-

3-
4-
5-

58-79

80-97

6-

8-

124-138

9-

139-163

10-
11-

164-187

188-200

12-
13-

201-212

213-223

14-

224-235

-IV ,1872

15-
16-

236-245
246-254

17- ,
18- ,

98-117

118-123

-III -, 1930

24-43
44-57

-II -, 1872

7-

7-23

-V ,1986

-19 , 1986

255-260
261-271
272-287

(Nature of contract, Essential elements of contract

and classification of contracts)

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.7.1

1.7.3

1.7.2
1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.1

1.2

, (Salmond) ,
7

' '

''

.. ,

'' ,

, '

25
, 1872
1 , 1872

1 75

76 266

1930

1932

, ,

1.3

2 :

(1)

(Proposal) :''

(2)

[ 2 (a)]

(Promise) : ''

''

, ''

[ 2 (b)]

(3)

(Promisor and Promises) : ''

(4)

[ 2(c)]

''

(Consideration) : ''

(5)

[ 2 (d)]

(Agreement) : ''

''

, ''

(6)

[ 2(e)]

(Reciprocal Promises) : ''

, ''

(7)

[ 2 (f)]

(Void Agreement) : ''

, ''

(8)

[ 2 (g)]

(Contract) :''

''

(9)

' '

[ 2(h)]

(Voidable Contract) : ''

, ''

(10)

[ 2(i)]

(Void Contract) : ''

, ,

( 2(j)]

1.4

''

(Contract)

(Contracturm)

, ' '

(1)

(Salmond) , ''

''

; ;

(2)

(Sir William Anson) , ''

''

(3)

(Leake) '' ' '

''

(4)

(Lord Halsbury) , ''

''

10

(5)

(Sir Fredrick Pollock) , ''

, ''

(6)

2 (h) ,

''

, ,

2 (h)

10 ,

, ,

''

1.5

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

11

(7)

(8)

(1)

(Two or more parties) -

(2)

(Agreement : Proposals and Acceptance) -

2(e) , ''

, ''

'

, ,

15000

(3)

15000

(Intention of the

parties to create Legal Relations) -

(Lord Stowell) , ''

; -

''
-

,
12

(4)

(Contractual Capacity of the Parties)

(5)

(Free Consent of the Parties) -

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
(v)

- -

(6)

(Lawful Consideration and object) -

13

(7)

(Agreement must not be

expressly declared void) -

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)
(ix)
(x)

(8)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
(v)

(vi)

;
, ,

(i)

14

(ii)

(iii)

1882 100

(iv)

1908

(9)

(Certainty) -

, , ,

(10)

(Possibility of Performance) -

-
,

; :

1.6

' ' ,
''

(1)

(2)

- , , , ,
15

(3)

1.

3.

4.

5.

2.

7.

8.

6.

16

1.7

I.

(1)

(Valid Contracts)

(Void Contracts)

(3)

(Voidable Contracts)

(4)

(Contracts)

(5)
(1)

(Unenforceable Contracts)
:

(Express Contracts

(2)
III.

(1)

(Implied Contracts)
:

(Executed Contracts)

(2)

(Executory Contracts)

(1)

(2)

II.

:-

(Valid Contracts) -

10

'' ''

(Void Contracts) - 2(j)

''

(2)

, ''

17

(i)

- ,

20 15

20

(ii)

- , 100

15

5 10

(iii)

8,00,000 5,00,000

(iv)

, 10,000

, 15

15

(3)

(Voidable Contracts) -

2(i) ' '

''

. (R.W Holland) ''

18

''

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

1.

' '

,' '

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

19

7.

(4)

(Illegal Contracts)

(5)

(Unenforceable Contracts) -

, ,

(1)

, 4

(2)

(Express Contracts) -

(Implied Contracts) -

20

(1)

(Executed

Contracts) -

, 1250
250

(2)

(Executed Contracts) -

- ,

:
:

(i)

(Unilateral Contracts) -

, ,
20

(ii)

(Bilateral Contracts) -

10 20
-

1.8

21

 ' ' , ''

, .
,

- ,

1.9

:

:

: -

22

: , ()

: ,

, ,

: ,

1.10

1.

:
?

2. ''

''

3.

'

4.

(i)

(ii)

5. '' ''

23

2.1

(Offer and Acceptance)

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11
2.12
2.13

2.14

2.1

:
, , ,

, ,

, ,

2.2

24

2.3

:-

(1)

(Chetty) ' ''

(2)

'

''

, '

(Sir Fredric Pollack) ''

'

(3)

1872 2 (a) ' '

''

(1)

(2)

2(c)

'

(Promisor)

, '

'

(Promises)

2.4

(1)

' '

(2)

'' :

, ,
1300

25

 , 500

(3)

(i)

(Anson) , ''

''

( )

( )

(ii)

, '

'

'

' '

'

'

26

, '

'

'

'

' '

1)

'

2) ,

- (Price Lists)

(Catalogue)

Display)

(Window

3) - -

4)

'

'

' ,

'

6) - ''
, '

'

5)

'

7) -

' 1800

27

8) -

2.5

(1)

(2)

(3)

15

(4)

20,000

-
,

100

, ,

- ,

28

' '

100

(6)

''

(Lord Lindlay) , ''

100

.. ,

(5)

100

501

, ,

,

29

(7)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(8)

'

'

(9)

' ' '

'

' '

'

,
(Supply)

500 2000

30

(10)

, , , ,

(11)

15000

15000

2(b) ,

'' (Meconnell) , '' ,

- ,

(Counter offer or Gross offer)

2.6

, ''

2.7

(1)

31

, :

(2)

' ' '

,

' '

(4)

7 (2) ,

(3)

''

(Draft Agreement )

32

(5)

(6)

, :

'
,

15 -

15

11,500

10

15

5 8

(7)

8 ,
,

, , 100 1800

, 100

(8)

33

2,40,000

2,35,000
2,40,000

(9)

(10)

(11)

2,45,000

15

25

(12)

34

(13)

(14)

(15)

' '

11,000

' 10

(16)

, ,

2.8

4 , ' '

''

25

35

,
,

...

24 10

10

,

2.9

(Anson) '' :

(Communicated Acceptance) ''

4 , -

(1)

(2)

''

''

36

) -

, '',

''

(1)

(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

37

(iv)

(v)

(6)

(7)

2.10

5 ,

''

, '' - 11000

1872 6

(1)

(2)

38

(3)

15000

(7)

-
-

(6)

1000

(5)

, ,

26

(4)

39

(8)

(9)

2.11

1872 5 , '' ,

''

- ,

10

20

22

2.12

'

' '

'

,
,

, (3)

, (2)

, (5)

, (7)

(8 ) '

(1)

' '

, (4)

, (6)

40

 , (9)

' '

(11)
-

(2)

, (6)

(7)

, (8 )
, (10)

, (12)
(13 )

2.13
:

, ,

(16)

( )

(14)

, (15)

, (11)

, (3)

, (9)

(4 )

(5)

- (1)

, (10)

41

2.14
1.
2.

3. ''

4.
5.

''

?
'

'

'

6.

1.

1000

2. 5

, 4.5

5

3.

20

4.

42

5.

, ' '

''

43

-3

(Capacity of

Parties to Contract)

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.5

3.4

3.6

3.8

3.7

3.9

3.1

3.2

44

3.3

11 ''

'

()

() ()
''

() , ()

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

()

3.4

1875 3

18

21

18

21 ' '

(Salmond)

, '' ,

' ,

''

:
45

(1)

11

20,000
8000

, : 8000

, : 8000

(2)

, : 8000

(Ratification) ,

2000

(3)

(Doctrine of Estoppel)

46

1500

1000

500

(4)

500

- : ,

, ''

''

- , , ,
,
-

,
47

(5)

,
,

(6)

(i)

(ii)

(i)
(ii)

9500

(7)

- -

- ,

48

, ,

(8)

(9)

30

(10)

, :

(11)

- , 184

, -

(12)

(13)

(14)

49

(15)

, 1963 (Specific Relief Act, 1963 )

(i)

(ii)

(16)

(17)

(18)

, .

(19)

3.5

2 , ''

50

''

- (1)
,

(1)

(2)

: , -

, ,

,
, -

(2)

, ,
,

- -

(3)

(i)

- :

, -

(ii)

(Indian Lunacy Act)

51

(iii)

(iv)

(A Senile Person) - ,

(v)

(Hypnotised Person) -

(4)

(i)

(ii)

1) :

2) : -

(iii)

(iv)

52

(v)

1)

2) ,
(5)

(i)

- , ,

(ii)

(iii)

3.6

(1)

(i)

(ii)

53

(iii)

- ,

83 87 ,

(1)

, (2)

, (3)

(iv)

(2)

(i)

1927

' ,

(ii)

(i)

1927 '

- 1858

(3)

, :

(ii)

- 1935

,
54

'

'

(iii)

(Administrator)

(iv)

3.7

11
,

18

21

- (1)

, (2)

, (3)

(Doctrine of Estoppel) , (4)

, (5)
, (6)
55

, (7)

 - , (8)
, (9) ,

(10)

(11) , (12)

, (13)

, (14)

, (15)

, (16)

, (17)
, (18)

(19)

,
, , ,

-

-

, -

, ,

, ,

, ,

3.8

18

21

56

: ,
,

:
:

3.9

1.

2.
3.

4. ''
''

5.

(i)

(iii)

(ii)

(iv)

1.

2.

3. ,

() ()

4.

57

-4

4.1

(Free consent of Parties)

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.10.1

4.10.2

4.11
4.12

4.13

4.1

;
;

;

,

58

, ,

4.2

, ,

, ,

, ,

4.3

- 13 ''

''

- (1)

(2)

125

, '
-
'

, '

(Free Consent) - 4

, ''

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

;
59

(5)

( ,

, )

4.4

5 , ''
,

''

(1)

13

(Release deed)

, :

60

(2)

(3)

' ,

(4)

(5)

3000

(1)

(6)

- 19

61

(2)

4.5

16 (1 ) , ''

''

(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

16(2)

(i)

(ii)

, ,

- - ,
,

(iii)

'

62

(3)

(4)

(1)

- 16 (3)

, ''

(2)

1000

2000
1000

10

,
63

 3600

25,000

3600

20

25000

, ,

4.6

1.

2.

3.

64

4.

5.

6.

8.

9.

15

10.

4.7

7.

16

17 , ''

(1)

,
65

(2)

(3)

(5)

(6)

(4)
,

17

(1)

(2)

, ''

(3)

(4)

66

(5)

(6)

(7)

(i)

,
, ''

, '' 15000

13000

15000

(2)

''

''

,
'

67

 ''

''

(i)

, 55

(ii)

, ,

(iii)

- ,

; ,

, ,

(3)

(4)

(5)

- 17

,
68

(i)

(ii)

- ,

''

''

(Effect of Fraud)

19

(1)

''

''

(2)

(3)

(4)

4.8

69

18

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

, ''

''
:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)

- 18 (1)

'' '' ''

'' ''

(2)

- 18(2) ,

70

,
24 28

(3)

18(3)

, ,

19

(1)

500

400

(2)

71

(3)

4.9

1.

2.

3.

4.

''

'

5.

6.

72

4.10

20 , ''

''

(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
()

(Mistake of Fact)

(Mistake of Law)

, 100

(1)
(2)
(1)

(Bilateral Mistake)

(Unilateral Mistake)
-

(i)

(ii)

73

(i)

1)

, ,

, ,

2)

3)

4)

- :

10

5)

74

6)

2240
1240

(iii)

(2)

, ,

(i)

(ii)

,
,

21 , ''
75

'
()

''

(1)

''

'' , ,

(2)

, , 300

350

(3)

(1)

20

(2)

21

76

(3)

22

4.11

- (1)

, (2)

, (3)

, (4)
, (5)

77

- (1)

(2)

- (1) (2)
(3)

4.12
:
: ,

, ,

, ,
:

,
:

4.13

1.

2. '' ,

''

3.

(i)

(ii)

78

4. '
?

5. ''

''

1.

2.

3.

4. ,

5.

, ,

79

- 5

(Legality

of Object and consideration and void agreements)

5.1
5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

''

5.8

5.9

''

5.10

5.1

5.11

:
;

5.2

'

80

? ''

''

5.3

1300

1300

1300

' '

''

'

, ''

''

, ''

''

, ''

''

2 (d) , ' '

- (1)

, (2) , (3)

''

81

5.4

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

,
82

 ,
1,15,000

2,25,000

25000

, - -

(i)

(5)

- ,

(ii)

1200

(iii)

, 1200

, , 10

15

(6)

, '' ''

2000

(7)

: - -

(8)

83

'

5.5

'

23 , ''
-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)

(4)

(1)

''

, '' '' 50,000

(2)

(3)

84

(4)

50,000

, ,

(5)

''

''

, -

(i)

(ii)

85

 - )
(Maintenance) )

(Champerty)

) (Maintenance) -

(Champerty) -

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

' -

86

 , ,
50,000

(vii)

(ix)

(x)

(viii)

...

5.6

24 , ''

: :

''

-
87

2000

10

2000

5.7

10

''

(Anson) , ''

(i)

25(1)

''

(1)

(ii)

(iii)

''

'' -

25(2) ,
,

(2)

, - , -

(i)

88

(ii)

(iii)

100

(3)

25(3) ,

- (1)

'

' , (2)

, 2000

(4)

- 185

(5)

(6)

- 25

51000

5.8

89

- 11

, ,

(2)

(1)

- 20

,
:

(3)

(4)

5.5

(5)

25
5.7

(6)

, ''

''

26

(7)

, ''

- 27

''

90

(Exceptions) -''

''

(i)

( )

,

, ,

(ii)

- 11

(iii)

- 36(2)

,
-

(iv)

- 54

91

(v)

(vi)

(8)

28 , ''

, -

''

(2)

(i)

(ii)

(1)

(9)

- 29 ,

'' , ,
''

92

 ,
, ,

100

(10)

, ''
''

''

''

(i)

(ii)

, :

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(i)
(ii)

30 ,
:

93

(iii)

, ,

(iv)

(Collateral transactions)

- : ,

500

,
-

(i)

, ,

(ii)

94

(iii)

(iv)

:
,

(v)

- -

(vi)

, :

(11)

, 1955

1000

- 56

, ,

,
,

5000

, ,

95

5.9

, ,

- (1)
; (4)

(3)

; (2)

; (5)

, , ,

, ' '

, , ,

- (1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(6)

(8)

(5)

(7)

(9)

(10) (11)

5.10

96

5.11

1.

2.

3.

''

''

4.
5.

6. ''

''

' ,

1. , ''

11000

2.

''

3.

97

- 6

(Performance and Discharge of Contract and

Remedies for Breach of Contract)

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10

6.11
6.12
6.13

6.14

6.1

'' ' '

98

6.2

- ,

37 61

6.3

37 ''

()

(By Actual Performance) -

''

'' 50,000

'' ''

50,000 '' ,
()

(By Offer of Performance) -

''

''

1. ,

2.
-
38

Performance) : 38

99

(Conditions

Of

Offer

or

(1)

: -

'' ''

''

(3)

: -

(2)

'' '' 200 '' 20

''

(4)

(By Promisor) -

40 45

(1)

6.4

(5)

, , ,

, ,

100

(2)

(By Agent) -

(3)

(i)

(Joint Performance) - 42

(Any Joint Promisor

May be Forced to Perform) -

(Right to Get Contribution) -

43

(iv)

(Sharing of Loss

by Default in Contribution) -
43

(v)

43

(iii)

(By Joint Promisors) -

(ii)

(By Third Parties) - 41

(4)

(Effect of Release of One

Joint Promisor) -
44

(5)

(By Legal Representatives) - 37

101

6.5

45

(i)

(ii)

6.6

(1)

46 50

(Performance in Reasonable Time) - 46

(2)

(Performance in Specified Time and

Place) - 47
,

(3)

(Performance on Certain

day on the Application of Promisee) - 48

(4)

(Where no Place

Fixed for Performance) - 49

(5)

(Performance

in Manner or at Time Prescribed or at Time Prescribed Sanctioned by

Promisee) - 50

102

6.7

2 (f) '' -

, ''

''

'' '' 100000

'' ''

100000

''

'' '' 100000

51 58

(1)

(Where Reciprocal

Promises to be Simultaneously Performed) - 51

'

,
100000

(2)

'' '' , ''

(Conditional

Reciprocal Promises) -

(i)

(Where the

order of the Performance of Reciprocal Promises is Expressly Fixed) 52

,

(ii)

(Liability

of Party Preventing the Performance of Contract) - 53

103

, ,

'' '' 4000

'' ''

, ''

(iii)

(Effects Default as to

the Performance of First Performed) - 54

,
'' ''

''

(iv)

''

, ''

(Reciprocal

Promises to do things Legal and also other things Illegal) - 57

,

,
'' '' 10000
''

10000

, '' 50000

, 50000

(v)

(Alternative Promises where

one Branch being Illegal) - 58

,
'' '' 1000

, ''

''
,

104

6.8

''

''

''
,

' '

() ' '

() ' '

()

55

,
,

6.9

105

59 61

(1)

(Expressed or Implied Instruction

for Appropriation) - 59

50000

1 , 2007

(2)

(In the lack of Expressed or

Implied Instruction for Appropriation) -

,

, 60

(3)

(Where Neither Party

Appropriates) - 61
,

(In

order of time) , ,
,

(4)

(Appropriation of Interest) -

6.10

,
106

(1)

(Discharge of Contract by

Performance of Promise)-

39

(2)

(Discharge of Contract by Revocation) -

(Types of Revocation of Contract) -

(i)

(ii)

(3)

(Discharge of Contract by

Mutual Consent) - ,

(i)

(By Novation) -

107

(ii)

(By Alteration) -

(iii)

(By Remission or Vaiver) -

(iv)

10000

(4)

(By Satisfaction) -

'' ''

''

' 5000

'' ''

(By Lapse of Time) -

'

' '

(5)

(By Operation of Law) -

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(Insolvency)

''

''

(iv)

108

(6)

(Discharge

of

Contract

by

Impossibility)- 56
,

, ,

, ,

,
-

(i)

(Change of Law) -

,
,
'' ''

(ii)

(On the non Happening of Event) -

(iii)

(Impossibility Due to War) -

(iv)

- (Destruction of Subject Matter) -

'' ''
,

(v)

(On the Death of Promisor) -

,

(Exceptions) -

109

(1)

(2)

, , , , ,

(3)

(4)

, ,

(i)

(ii)

(7)

(Termination of Voidable Contracts) -

6.11
,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

6.12

(1)
(2)

110

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)

(Claim for Injunction) -

''

''

''

''

(2)

'' '

' ' (Specific Relief Act)

(i)

(ii)

;
;

(iii)

(v)

(iv)
(vi)

;,

'' '' 2000

''

'' ''

(3)

(Exoneration) -

111

''

'' ''

' '

1, 00,000
1,

00,000 '' ''

(4)

- Quantum

Meruit'' ''

''

(i)

(ii)

70

(iii)

'' '' 100

, '' 80
20 '' 20

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

''

. ;
,

112

(iv)

(5)

- ,
,

(i)

'

( )
'' '' 100 120

'' 150
'' 30

(ii)

''

'' '' 100 30

'' '' 100

26

''

'' ,

'' '' 4
20

(iii)

113

(iv)

(v)

(Exceptions) -

(i)

(vii)

(vi)

(ii)

114

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

73
,

,
,

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

6.13
- ,

37 61

37 ''

,
115

 38

46

''

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

6.14

1.

2.

3. ?
4.

116

5.

6.

7.

8.

()
()
()

9.

10.

11.

12.
,

13.

14.

117

- 7

7.1

(Quasi-Contract)

7.2

7.3
7.4
7.5

7.6

7.7

7.1

7.2

:
, - (Quasi contract) ,

' ' (Implied Contract) ' ' (certain

relations resembling those created by contracts)

'' ''
,

118

 68 72

7.3

''

, ''

, ,

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

7.4

68 72

(1)

(Necessaries

Supplied to Person Incapable of Contracting) - 68 ,

,
,

(2)

Interested Person) - 69

, , ,

(Payment made by an

119

'' , ''

, 250
''

''

(3)

(Voluntary but Non-gratuitous

Act) - 70

''

'' , '' ''

(4)

(Responsibility of Finder OF

Goods) - 71

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

, ,

120

(5)

(Liability

of Money Received or Thing Delivered Under Mistake or

Coercion) - 72

'' ''

'' 10000

'' '' 10000

, '' ,

7.5

'' '' 10000

10000

..

1.

2.

3.

5.

121

4.

7.6

''
, '' .

68 ,

69

,

,

70

71

72

7.7

1. -
?

122

2.
3. -

123

8.1

(Contract of Indemnity
and Guarantee)

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.9

8.10

8.11
8.12
8.13

8.14

8.1

8.2

124

 124 147

8.3

124 ''

''

' ' ' '

(1)

Ordinary Contract) -

(Existence of Characteristics of

, ,
,

(2)

- (Promise to Indemnity) - -

(3)

(Parties to Contract) - -

, '' - '' -

- ,

' - ' ' - '

(4)

(Indemnity only in the case of loss) -

- -

-
50

'' ''

1 , 2007 31 , 2007

(5)

(Loss may be due

to the conduct of Promisor himself or by the conduct of any other

person) - 124 -
125

124 125

''

..

(6)

''

(Extent of Indemnity) - - -

, -

- ' '
30

, 45

, - 30

(7)

(Form of Contract) - -

8.4

125 -

(1)

: -

(2)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

, -

126

(3)

: -

(i)

(ii)

, -

(iii)

8.5

-
-

(1)

(Benefit of Doctrine of Subrogation) -

''

-
200000

'' '' ''

40000

40000

''

''

'' , ''

-
-

(2)

- (Right to sue in the name

of indemnity holder)

- -

- ,

(3)

(Right to refuse to Indemnity) -

(4)

, -

- -

(Commencement of Indemnifiers Liability)

,
127

 - -

, -

8.6

/
126 147

126 ''

''

'' '' 15,000

''

. . , '' '

'' '' ''

(1)

,
,

(2)

(3)

(Surety) ,

(4)

(5)

, (Creditor)

(Principal)

,
128

(6)

(7)

- 127 ''

''

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

8.7

129

I.

(Existing or Present Guarantee) -

II.

III.

(Future Guarantee) -

(Specific Guarantee) -

IV.

''

V.

(Continuing Guarantee) - 129 -

''

8.8

(2)

(1)

(3)

''

128 ,

'' ,

8.9

130

(1)

Guarantee) [ 130]

(2)

Revocation

(By Variance in Terms of Contract) -

[ 133]
,

(4)

of

Contract

(Death of Surety) - ,

(3)

of

(By

(By Release of Discharge Principal Debtor) -

[ 134]

,
,

(5)

(Compounding by Creditor

with the Principal Debtor) [ 135]

,

136]

(i)

- [

131

'' -
''

''

''

''

'' '' ''

(ii)

'' ''

'' '' ''

''

(iii)

(6)

(By

Creditors Act or Omission Impairing Suretys Remedy) [ 139]

, - ,

'', ''

''

'', '' ''

(7)

'', ''

''

(By Invalidation of Contract Of

Guarantee) -

-,

(8)

[ 141]

'', ''

''

'' 50,000

'' ''

'' ''
132

 40,000
10,000

8.10

''

()

(Rights Against the Principle Debtor)

[ 140]

(Rights Against the Creditors) [ 141 ]

()

'', '' '' 20,000

'' 20,000

''

''

(1)

, '' ', ''

''

(Rights Against Co-surities)

- -[ 146 ]

- '', '', '', '' 30,00,000

''

''

'', '' ''

10,00,000

133

(2)

- [ 147 ]

'', '' ', ''

'' ''

10,000

'' 20,000

'' 30,000

''

10,000

8.11
(1)

[ 143 ]

Obtained

-' ', ' '

' '

by

(Guarantee Obtained by Concealment)

(Guarantee

'', ''

- ''

'' 40,000

Misrepresentative) [ 142]

(2)

' ', ' ' -

'' ' '

' ', ' ' ' '

' '

(3)

(On Guarantee

Being Given as Co-surety) -

- ,

8.12

134

..

1.

2.

3.

, -
-

,
,

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

135

9.

, -

' ' ,

10.

11.

8.13
124 ''

''

125 -

(1)

(2)

(3)

136

(1)

(Benefit of Doctrine of Subrogation) -

(2)

(Right to sue in the

Name of Indemnity Holder) - -

,

, -

(3)

(Right to refuse to Indemnity) -

-
, -

(4)

- -

(Commencement of Indemnifiers Liability)

- -

, -

''

(I)

126 ''

(Existing or Present Guarantee) -

(II)

(III)

(Future Guarantee) -

(Specific Guarantee) -

137

(IV)

(Continuing Guarantee) - 129 -

''

(V)

''

,
142

143

8.14

1.

''

4.

2. ''
3.

- ?
?

138

-9
(Bailment and Pledge)

9.1
9.2

9.3

9.5

9.4

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

9.20

9.1

9.21

,
139

9.2

148

171 180 181

9.3

172 179

(Bailment)

'' (Bailar)

' ' (To deliver)

'' ,

''

148 ''

,
,

(Bailar)

, (Bailee)

- ,

149

9.4
(1)

(Two Parties) -

(Bailor)

, (Bailee)

(2)

(Existence of Goods) -

' ' (Future Goods)

140

(3)

(Delivery of Goods) -

(i)

(Actual Delivery of Goods) -

' , ' '

(ii)

(Constructive Delivery) -

(iii)

(Symbolic Delivery) -

(Symbol)

(4)

(Bailment Only of Movable Properties) -

, , ,

(5)

(Only Transfer of Possession) -

; ,
,

(6)

(Some Purpose) - 148

(7)

(Return or

Disposal of Goods when the purpose is Accomplished)

141

(8)

(Temporary Purpose) -

' '

' '
,

(9)

(Goods

are to be disposed of according to the directions of the owner) -

,

(10)

(11)

(12)

?-

(Exceptions)

, ''

'' (Finder of the Lost Goods)

9.5
(1)

(Non Gratuitious Bailment) -

'' ''
142

(2)

(Gratuitous Bailment) -

(i)

- ,
'' 10
, '' ;
''

(ii)

-

' '

(iii)
(3)

' ' 7 ' '

(Bailment for Security) -

''

(4)

''

(Bailment for Use) -

,
,

, ,

(5)

(Bailment Under Pledge) -

(6)

(Bailment for the Change of Form) -

, ,
,
143

(7)

(Bailment for Repair) -

: ..,
,

(8)

, , ,

(Bailment for Transportation) -

, , - '' ''

(9)

(Bailment to do Something) - ,

9.6

(1)

(To Disclose Faults in

Goods Bailed) - 150

,

' ' ' '

' '

' ' ' '

(Important) - 150

, ,

(2)

(Repayment of Necessary Expenses) -

158
,

144

(3)

(Delivery Of Goods) -

(4)

(To

Indemnify the Bailee in case of Goods Taken Back Before Fixed Time or

Purpose) -

159

(5)

(To Indemnify the Bailee) - 164

' ' ' ' ,

' '

'
(6)

'

(To Take Back the Goods) -

9.7

(1)

- 152

145

(2)

- 153

(3)

- 154

(4)

(Mixture of Bailed

Goods in Own Goods by Bailee) -

, 155, 156 157

(i)

- 155

(ii)

- 156

,
:

(iii)

: - 157

(5)

159
,

(6)

160
:

(7)

- 163

146

9.8

(1)

- 151

(2)

- 152

(3)

(4)

, , , ,

, , ,

- 156

- 154

(5)

- 155 157

(6)

- 160

161

147

(7)

- 117

-
,

(8)

- 163

' ' ' '

' '

9.9

(1)

150

, ( )
,
,

(2)

- 158

(3)

- 158

(4)

- 159

(5)

(6)

- 164

,
148

(7)

- - 165

(8)

- 166

(9)

- 167

(10)

- 170

, ,

(11)

- 180

(12)

- 181

, :

(13)

9.10

(1)

- 153

149

(2)

- 150

(3)

(i)

(ii)

- - 159

- 62

9.11

, ,

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

(7)
(8)

(6)

150

(1)

(Particular Lien) -

( 168 ), ( 170

), ( 173 ), ( 221 )

(2)

(General Lien) -

, ,

9.12
..

1.

[ 171]

2.

,
,

, ,

151

3.

9.13

71

(Duties) - 71

,
,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(5)
(6)

(1)

(4)

(7)

- ,

,
:

(2)

(3)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

152

(iv)

(v)

9.14

(Bailment)

' '
' ' '
' (Pledge)

, ,

172 179

172 ''
(

''

(1)

(Parties of Contract) -

(Pawnor)

, (Pawnee)

(2)

(Pledge only of Movable Pro-perties)-

, ,

(3)

(Existence of Goods) -

,
,

(4)

(Delivery of Goods)-

153

(5)

(6)

, (

(Bailment as

Security for Payment of Debt or Performance of a Promise)-

(7)

(Loan and Bailment

of Goods for Pledge is not Necessary Simultaneou-sly) -

, ,

(8)

(Under a Contract) -

(9)

( Pledge by the Owner or by

Authorised Person) -

, - ,

(10)

(Redelivery of Goods

would not Terminate the Pledge Contract) -

'' 1

'' 2

' ' ' ' ,

' '

' '
154

9.15

()

(Pledge by Mercantile Agent) -

'

' (documents of

title of goods) ,

(authorised) ,
(good faith)
[ 178]

()

(Pledge

by a person in possession under voidable contract) -

(coercion),

influence), (fraud), (misrepresentation)

(Voidable) ,

(undue

(rescind)

[ 178 ()]

()

(Pledge by a person having

limited interest) -
, :

(Lien-owner)

(finder of lost goods)

[ 179 ]

()

(Pledge by Co-owner) -

,

155

()

(Pledge by

a seller in possession of goods after sale) -

()

(Pledge by buyer

before sale but after agreement to sell)-

9.16

() (Duties of Pawnor) -

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

() (Rights of Pawnor) -

(1)

,
:

(2)

- 177

(3)

156

9.17

, ,

() (Duties of Pawnee/Pledgee) -

- :

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

(7)

(8)

() (Rights of Pawnee/Pledge) -

(1)

(Rights to Retain Goods) - 173

(2)

(3)

(Rights to

Retain for Subsequent Advances)- 174

( )

(4)

(Right as to Extraordinary

Expenses Incurred) - 175

157

(5)

(Right where Pawnor makes Default)-

176

(i)

(ii)

,.

(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)
(6)

(Rights against

the Actual Owner of Goods under Voidable Con-tracts)-

, ,

9.18

158

. .

1.

2.

4.

3.

5.

6.

7.

159

8.

9.19
. .

1.

2.

3.

4.

100

6.

5.

160

7.

9.20
148 ''

,
,

(Bailar)

, (Bailee) ''

, , ,

(Non Gratuitious Bailment) -

'' ''

(Gratuitous Bailment) -

153

161

,
71

(Bailment)

' '
' ' '
' (Pledge)

, ,

178, '

(documents of title of goods)

'

(authorised) , (good faith)

, ,

178

9.21
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

?
' '

7. ' ' '

'

'

162

? -
-

8. ?

9.

10. ?
11.
12.

? ( Pawnee )

13. (a)
(b)

163

- 10
(Contract of Agency)

10.1
10.2

10.3

10.5

10.4

10.6

10.7
10.8
10.9

10.10
10.11 -
10.12

10.13 -
10.14
10.15

10.16
10.17
10.18

10.19

10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23

10.1
?

164

10.2

182 238

10.3

182, (Principal)

''

, (Principal)

(Principal) - 182 , ''

, ''

(Agency) - ,

(Agency)
, ''

(English Law) , ''

'':

- (Contractual Relations)

165

 , ,

10.4 ?

, ''

183 , ''

(Minor or Infant)

10.5 ?

184 , ''

(1)

''

(2)

10.6
(1)

(Agreement) -

166

(2)

(Parties of Contract) - ,
,

(3)

(Eligibility of an Agent) -

(4)

(Eligibility of Principal) -

(5)

(6)

(Authority by Principal) -

(Act on the behalf of Principal) -

(7)

(8)

(Fiduciary

Relationship)

(Liability Towards Principal ) -

( Consideration not Necessary) -

185

, , ,

167

10.7

(i)

(Form of Authority) - 186

(Expressed Authority) - 187

(ii)

(Implied Authority) - 187

10.8

(i)

(Extent of Agents Authority

in Ordinary Time) - 188

, ,

' ' ' '

' '

(ii)

(Agents Authority in an

Emergency Situation) - 189

,

168

10.9

(1)

(By Express Agreement) -

(2)

(By Implied Agreement) - 187

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(3)

(By Estoppel) - 115

, -

(i)

,
169

(ii)

(iii)

- ,

, ,

(4)

(By Ratification) - 196

1.

2.

3. ,

4. ,

( )

,
' ' ' '

' '

''

' ' ' '

' '

' '

1.
,

2.

3.

170

4.

5. ,
: ,

6. 196

7. 197

8. 198 , -

9. 199

10. 200 ,

11.

12.

13.

10.10

' ' ' ' 100

' ' 1000
' '

' '

()

- 189

171

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
() - -

() -

() -

10.11

190 - 193

() - 191 -

(i)

172

(ii)

(iii)

()

- 190

(3)

(4)

(5)

(2)

(1)

() , - [ 192 -193]-

()

(When a Sub-Agent is

Properly Appointed) - -

(i)

, ,

(iii)

(Liability of Principal) - 192 -

(ii)

(Liability of an Agent) - 192 -

- (Liability of Sub-Agent Towards

Principal) - 192 -
173

(iv)

,
-

() -

(When Subagent is

Appointed Without Authority) - 193

,

1. -

2. -

3.

4. - -

10.12

194 ''

, -
,

' '

' ' ' '

' ' ' '

, ' ' -

(ii)

1.

(Characteristics) -

2.

3.

4.
,
174

5.

(Agents Duty in

Naming Substitute Agent) - 195

,

10.13
. .

1.

4.

5.
6.

7.

3.

2.

175

8.

10.14

(1)
(2)
(I)

(Termination of Agency by

Operation of Law) - 201

,

(1)

(Completion of Business) -

(2)

(On the Death of Principal or Agent)-

(3)

(On the Becoming of Unsound Mind of

Agent or Principal)-

(4)

(On Becoming Insolvent of Principal) -

(5)

(On the Winding-up of Company) -

1956

(6)

(By Expiry of Time) -

176

(7)

(On the Destruction of the Subject

Matter of Agency) -

, - ,

(8)

(When the Perfor-mance of

Contract Becomes Impossible) -

, ,

(II)

(Termination of Agency by the Parties) -

(1)

(2)

(By Agreement)-

(Revocation by Principal)- 203

(By Revocation of Agent)-

() 205

() 206

10.15

, ' '
:

(i)

- (Where Agent has an

Interest in Subject Matter)- 202 -

(ii)

(Where

Authority has been Partly Exercised) - 204

177

10.16
(1)

- 205

(
)

(2)

- 206

(3)

- 207

' '

' ' ' '

'
(4)

'

- 208

, ,

, ' ' '

' ' '

, ' '

10

' '

, ' ' , ' ' 50,000

' ' ' ' 10

- (Sub-Agent) - 210

10.17
(1)

(General Agent)-

178

(2)

(Specific Agent)-

(3)

(Non-mercantile or Non-commercial Agent)-

- ' '

(4)

(Mercantile Agent) -

(5)

(Broker) - ' '

(6)

(Insurance Broker) -

(7)

(Factor)-

(8)

(Auctioneer) -' '

(9)

(Banker)-

(10)

(Commission Agent)- :

(11)

(Del-Credere Agent)-

, ,
179

10.18

(1)

(Should not Delegate the Authority)-

190

(2)

(Compensation

for Revocation of Agency Before Specified Time)- 205

(3)

'

(Agents duty on Termination of Agency by Principals Death or Insanity)-

209
,

(4)

(To Conduct the Business According

to the Directions)- 211

(5)

(In the

Absence of direction to Act According to the Pre-vailing Custom in the

Business)- 211

,

(6)

(To Conduct

the Agency Business with Reasonable Skill and Diligence)- 212

180

(7)

(Duty to Render the Accounts)- 213

(8)

- 214

(9)

- 215

(10)

(Duty to pay Sums

Received for Principal)- 218

(11)

(12)

10.19

(1)

(Right to Retain out of

sums Received on Principals Account)- 217

(i)

(ii)

(2)

(iii)

- 219

181

(3)

- 221

,
,

(4)

(Right to Stoppage the Goods in

Transit) -

, ,

(i)

(ii)

(5)

(iii)

(Right to Indemnification)- 222

(Related Rules)-

(i)

- 222

(ii)

(Indemnified against Consequences

of Acts done in Good Faith) - 223

(iii)

(Non- Liability of

Employer of Agents Criminal Acts)- 224

,

182

(iv)

(Compensation to Agent for Injury Caused by Principals Neglect or Lack

of Skill) - 225
,

(6)

(In the case of Revocation of Agency before Specified Time without

any Sufficient Cause) - 205

10.20

(1)

(Liability of

Agents Acts done within the scope of Authority) - 226

, ' '

' ' ' '

,

' '

, ' ' ' ' ' '

(2)

(When Agent Exceeds

Authority) - 227

, , ,

(Authority) ' '

' ' ' ' 800000 '

' ' ' 800000

' ' '

183

' '

' '

(3)

(When Excess

of Agents Authority is not Separable) - 228

,
,

(4)

(Consequences of Notice Given to

Agent) - 229

(5)

(Liability of Principal Including Belief, that Agents Unauthorised

Acts were Authorised)- 237

(6)

(Effect on Agreement

of Misrepresentation and Fraud by Agent) - 238

,

,

(7)

(Authority in an Emergency) - 189

(8)

(Liability for Criminal acts)-

(9)

(Effects of Agents Consent)-

, :

184

10.21

(1)

(When Agent Exceeds Authority) -

(2)

, 228

(On

the Refusal of

Ratification of Unauthorised Act)- ,

(3)

(Acts as an Agent for

Foreign Principal) ,

(4)

(When

Contract Expressly

Narrates) -

(5)

(When Principal is Incompetent

to Make Contract) -
,

(6)

(When Agent has Interest in the Subject-

matter) - ,

(7)

(Liability According to Prevailing

Customs in Trade) -
,

(8)

(Liability for Criminal Acts) -

185

(9)

(10)

10.22

(i)

(Right to get Performance) - 231

(ii)

(Refusal of Performance by

Third Party)- 231

, ,

(iii)

- 232

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

234

186

(vii)

235

(viii)

236

10.23

1.
2.
?

3. -

4. -

? , -

5.

6.
7.

8.

()
()

()
9.

187

- 11

(Nature and

Scope of Contract of Sale of Goods)

11.1

11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6

11.7

. -
.

11.8

- :

11.9

11.10
11.11

11.1
-

- : ,

188

11.2

'

:-

1. ' 1930' (Sale of Goods Act, 1930)

2.
3. 1 , 1930

4. 1 , 1930 ' , 1872 '

7 76 123

5. ' , 1893'

6. 7 65

7. ' ,
1872 ' ,

'

, 1872 '

11.3
4(1) :

''

''
''

''

11.4

189

I.

( ) :-

: -

- -
' '

' '

II.

:- -

III.

IV.

- :-

VI.

:-

- ,

VII.

V.

''

' ' '

'

'
'

VIII.
IX.

- - :- - -
-

:-

5 :

X.

:-

190

11.5
:

, , 5

:

1.

(1)]
2. -

[ 5(1)]

3. -

[ 5

4. -

5.

[ 5 (1)]

- ,

, : :

,
[ ( 5(2)]

11.6
()

: [( 4(3)] ''

' ' ''

()

:-''

, :

, ,

'' :

191

()

:-

' ' '

' ,

192

11.7

() -

..

1.

2.

3.
4.

( )

193

5.

6.

7.

8.

1930

1972

()

:
'' ,

''

..

1.

2.

3.

4.

194

5.

6.

, 1930

7.

, 1872

() :

..

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

195

11.8 - - :
()

- ''

- ' '' 2(7)

, ''

, , , ,

- 6(1) , ''

- -

''

()

6 ''

1.

:-

:-

' '

(i)

:-

' ' - '

'

(ii)

' '

, ,
,

2. 196

 2(6)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

' ' , '

' :

3. :

' '

' ' '

, ' '

.
( ) ,

1. ( 7 ) :-

,
' , ,
,

20

:-

' '

2. ' ' ' [( 8)] :

,
197

, , ', '

:-

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
(v)

, ,

,
,

, ,

- 5

5000/-

11.9 ( 9-10)
- - 2(10) ' '

' '

- 9 10 ,

, :-

(1)

(2)

(-9)

(-9 )

(3)

:- ,

(-9)

198

(4)

:-

(5)

(6)

(-9)

:- -

(-10)

:- ,

, ,

(-10)

(7)

:-
,
, -

(-10)

(8)

(9)

:-

:-

11.10

''

- , ,
, ,

199

11.11

(1)

' '

(2)

(3)
(4)

''

200

-12
(Conditions and Warranties)

12.1
12.2
12.3

12.4
12.5

12.6

12.7

12.9

12.8
12.10

' '

12.1

' '

12.2

(1)
(2)

201

(- 12(1)

- ,

1.

2.

12.3

- -

12(2) ''

'' ,

''

1. ;

2.

3.

; : ,

, '

- ,

,
-

2004
2000

- ,1899 62

- ,1930 12(3)

202

 12 (3) , '

( )

''

1.

2. , ,

3.

4.

: ,

, ''

''

1000
800

' '

1000

: ,
,

1000

, '',

1000 ''

' '
- ''

,
203

 ''

..

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

( )

( )

''

' '

( )

( )

6.

( )

- -

7.

204

12.4

( 13 )
'' ' '

1. -

(1)

; (2) -

250 18

'' 20

- ' -'

2.

- -

, '-'

3.

, ,

12.5

205

:-

(1)

(2)

: -

12.6
-

( 14 17 )

1. -

()

; ()

14(a)]

,:

2.

'

'

- ;

[ 15]

206


(1)

, (2)

() -

- '

, ''

, )

''

''

- ;

()

3. :

( 17 )

. .

4.

207

[ 16(i)]

( )
''

[ 16(i)]

' -

(i)

''

'

(ii)

' '
:

(iii)

( ) , ,
,

208

(iv)

[ 16(2)] -

( )

, -

(v)

[ 16 (3)] -

5. :-

. .

12.7
- -

1.

[( 14(b)]

2. - -

[( 14 (c)]

:-

3. 209

' '

'

4.

' -'

12.8

: ' '

Caveat Emptor, :- Caveat

'beware'

' ',

Caveat

Emptor 'Buyer Beware' - '

'

210

,
(

' '

1.

:-

2.

:-

3. :-

1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

211

12.9

:-

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

1.

2. -
3.

4.

12.10

1.

2.
3.

'

- ?

4.
?

212

 13
(Transfer of
Ownership and Delivery)

13.1

13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7

13.8

13.1
:-

13.2

'

(Risk Follows the Ownership) :

' '

,
213

 , , , ,
,

13.3

:-

1. :

( 26)

:-

2.

:-

3. :

4. : :

13.4

,
214

 18

25

1.

2.

3.
1.

4.

:-

(i)

- (- 19 )

(-20 )

:- 500

15

(ii)

(-21 )

1. - 5 , , 1

10 4
215

 10 4

(iii)

- ,
( 22 )

, ,

: 200

(2)

:-

:-

:-

( 18 )

[( 23(1)]

:-

1000

500 500

500

ii

(
)

,
216

[( 23(2)]

:- 10,000

'-' :

(3)

( 24 )

(i)

(ii)

:-

(iii)

217

 :-

(4)

I.

:-

( )

25(1)

II.

- -

25(2)

III.

- -

( )

- -

13.5

25(3)

2 (2) ''

'' :

(i)

(ii)

33

''

218

(1)

(2)

(3)

( - , - )

13.6
,

(1)

:-

, -

( )

(-34)

(2)

:-

(3)

, (-31 )

(-32)

(4)

:-

219

(5)

:-

[ 36(1)]

(6)

- '

'

[ 36(1)]

(7)

:-

- [ 36(2)]

(8)

:-

(9)

-, - , ,

[ 36(3)]

:- ,

(10)

[ 36(5)]

, - ,
:- ( 37 )

(i)

[ 37(1)]

(ii)

(1)

, (2)
220

[ 37(2)]

(iii)

( )

(1)

(2)

[( 37(3)]

(11)

: 50

25 25

( 38)

(12)
()

()

[ 39(1)]

()

[ 39(2)]

[ 39(3)]

(13)

221

(-41 )

(14)

: ,

(15)

(-42 )

(-43)

(16)

(-44)

13.7

1.
2.

3.

4. :

:-

222

1.

2.
3.

4.

1.

2.
3.

13.8
1.

2.
?

3.

4. '' ' '

5.

6. ' '

223

 14
(Unpaid Seller)

14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5

14.6

14.1
:-

14.2

1.

2. -

(1)
(1)

(2)

:-

:-

224

 :- 10

( )

(2)

, 60

'' ,

''

:-, 1

30

,
:

(1)
(2)

14.3
-

45 (1)

' ' (Unpaid Seller) :-

(i)

(ii)

( ,

:-

, )

(1)

( )

225

(2)

(3)

(4)

, ,

(5)

: -

-
-

14.4
-

(I)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(II)

(1)
(2)
(3)

(I)

1.

(-32 ) :

2.
()

( : 55 ) :

( 55(1)
226

()

3.

( 56 ) :

( 55(2))

4.

( 61 (1))

II.

1.

( 61 (2))

( 46 )

:-

: ,

( 47 )

I.

:-

227


( 47 )

II.

:-

,
( 47 )

III.

:-

IV.

( 47 )

:- -

V.

:-

:-

VIII.

VII.

VI.

:-

( )

IX.

- -

X.

:-

228

I.

:-

( 49(1) a)

(i)

(ii)

( )

II.

:-

( 49(1 ) (b))

III.

:-

( 49(1) (c))

IV.

( 48 )

V.

: :

VI.

( 53 )

( 53 )

:-

VII.

:-

229

VIII.

2.

50 , ''

,


50

1.
2.

, ,

5.
6.

3.
4.

7.

230


. .

1.

3.

2.

( )

4.

6.

5.

-
:

231

7.

:
,

51

1.

2.

, ,

3.

( )

(,

4.

, ,

5.
232

I.

100

II.

100

( )

6.

, ,

7.

:-

100 50

50

50

(1)
(2)

52 , -

, ,

3. :

( 54 )

' :

'

233

 ( )

1.

' ' (

) ,

()

( ) :

, :

()

:
:

( ) :

(2)

( : )

- :

(3)

234

(4)

:
:

- :

14.5
45 :-

(1)

(2)

1.

2.

1.

:-

2.
3.

14.6

1.

2.

3.
4.
?

5. : ?

235

- 15
(Negotiable
Instruments and its Parties)

15.1

15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

15.10
15.11

15.12

15.13
15.14
15.15

15.1

15.2

- 1867

1879
: ,

1881

236

 ,1881 [ 1]

- , 1871 21 (
, 1934 )

[ 1]

1872 ,

-
[ 1]

15.3

. . , ''

, ''

, ( )

''

13 ''

, ( )

, , ,
-

1.

- -

237

2. -

3. -

4.

5. - -

6.

- -

7.

, ' '

15.4

' '

: ,

'

, ,

(1) '' (Pay A); (2) ''

(Pay A or order); (3) '' (Pay to the order of

A), (4) ' '' (Pay A and B), (5) '' ''
(Pay A or B); (6) '' (Pay A or bearer); (7)
(Pay Bearer)

15.5

118 119

(1)

238

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

, ,

15.6 -

-'' '' '' ''

, '' ''

'' ''

'' , ''

-

15.7

(1)
(1)

(2)

- 13 , ,

(2)

- -

, - ;
239

 , , ,

( , 1956 )

- ()

, ( )

- 13

15.8

() - (Parties to Bills of Exchange) - -

: :

(1)

[ 7]

(2)
(3)

(Drawee) - [ 7]

(Acceptor) -

[ 7]

(4)

(Payee) -

(5)

(Holder) -

(6)

(Endorser) -

(7)

(Endorsee) -

(8)

(Drawee in case of need) -

[ 7]

, [ 8]

, [ 15]

[ 16]

, ,

' ' [ 7]

(9)

(Acceptor for honour) - -

240


, '

()

(2)

(Payee),

(4)

(Endorser),

()

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

( (Endorsee)

(Parties to Cheques)
:
(Drawer) -

(Drawee) - ,
(Payee),
(Holder),

(Endorser),
(Endorsee)

(Immediate Parties) -

; ()

, () , ()

44

(Holder),

()

'

(Maker) -

(5)

(Parties to Promissory Notes)

(1)

(3)

15.9
(Definition)

''

''

, ''

''

- ,

- ,

'' [ 8]

241

1881

(1)

(2)

15.10

) ' '

15.11

(1)

, , ,

(2)
(3)

(5)

(4)

'

242

15.12

(1)

;
[ 20]

(2)

(, ,

, )

[ 36]

(3)

(4)

[ 42]

[ 46]

(5)

[ 53]

[ 58]

(7)

, ,

(6)

,

[ 18 ()]

243

(8)

- -

'

(9)

'

[ 120]

' [ 121]

15.13
. .

1.

2.

3.

15.14

4.

''

13 -

' '

: ,

'

,
244

13 , ,

'

15.15
1.
2.
3.
4.

''

5. - , ?

245

- 16
,

(Promissory Note-Bills of Exchange-Cheque)

16.1

16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5

16.6
16.7
16.8

16.9

16.10

16.1
-

16.2

1881 13

1.
2.

3.

16.3

- 1881 4

'' ( )

246

''

(1) , (2) - , (3)

(5) , (6)

, (4)

, (7) (8)

31
' '
:

247

16.4
, 1881 5 , '

'

(Drawer)

(Drawee)
(Payee)

16.5

(1)

248

(2)

, ,

(3)

- 11

, -

1.

2.

12

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

''Sola''

249

'Via'

(4)

(Documentary and Clean Bills) -

16.5 (Cheque)
- , 1881 6 , '

'

(1) , (2) , (3)

, (4)

(5) , (6) , (7) (8)

() -

' '

250

() -

16.6

1.

2.

3.

4.

251

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

16.7

1.

2.

252

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

1881 13

'

'

(2)

(3)

- 85 ()

16.8

, (1)

(4)

253

16.9

1.

1881

13

2.

3. -

16.10

1.
2.

3.

4.
.
.

254

- 17
,

(Crossing of Cheques, their types and Effects)

17.1

17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6

17.7
17.8
17.9

17.10
17.11
17.12

17.1

17.2

(Open

Cheque)

255

17.3
(Crossed Cheques) [ 123 -131]

(face)
' 123 - 131

17.4

- (1) (general crossing),

(special crossing) ,

- not

negotiable'

1. - 123

' ' (and company or & Co.) not

negotiable ,

2.

124

not

negotiable ,

() -

, A/c

payee A/c payee only A/c payee

, (negotiability)

() -

not negotiable ,

: (transferee)
(transferor)

130 not negotiable

, 1 ,
256

(negotiation) (endorsement)

17.5 ?
:

(1)
(2)

- ,

(3)

- ,

(4)

(5)

(6)

125 ,

not negotiable

- ,

17.6

' ' (pay cash)

17.7
1. - 162

2. - 127

3. - 128 ,

, '
,

' (due course)

,
257

17.8
10

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

17.9

129

258

- 131 (in

good faith), ,
,

17.10

(face)

''

1. - 123

' ' (and company or & Co.) not

negotiable ,

2.

- 124 not negotiable

1. -

2. - ,

3.

- ,

4.

not negotiable

5.

- ,

6. 125 ,

259

' ' (pay cash)

- 162

;
10

17.11

1.

2. -

3. ?

4.
5.

260

- 18
,

18.1

18.4

18.5
18.6
18.7

18.8
18.9

Presentation and Discharge)

18.2
18.3

(Negotiation,

18.10
18.11

18.12
18.13
18.14

18.1
-

18.2

261

18.3

18.4 ?
51

, ,

- 60

18.5

- 46 ,

1.

- 47

262

, '

'

57 ,

- 46 ,

2.

- 46 ,

- 48 ,

18.6

(2)
1.

: (1)

(Presentment for Acceptance)

263

 - 61 ,

18.7
1.

-: -

2.

3.

- (1) ,

(2) (3)

4.

- (1)

(2) ; (3)

; (4) (5)

- 34 , ,

18.8

86 ,

- (1)

(2)

264

(1)

(General Acceptance) -

'
-

(2)

' , ,

(Special Acceptance) -

,
:

()

()

()

, '

'

(4)

18.9

62 ,

64 ,

: ,

265

18.10

65 ,

66 ,

67 ,

74 ,

75 ,

105 ,

, ,

68 ,

, -

69 ,

70 ,

266

 71 ,

- ,
,

72 ,

73 ,

74 ,

, (2)

?- (1)

77 ,

, ,

76 ,

- ,

- , ,

(2)

(1)

- -

(3)

18.11

75 ,

267

(3)

(4)

, ,

(5)

(6)

- () , ( )

, ( )

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)
(11)
(12)

18.12

[ 82 90]

()

()

(1)

, -
268

(2)

(3)

- 82 ,

, ,

(4)

40 ,

'

(5)

- -

62 63 ,

(6)

(7)

48

- 83,

48

( ) ,
,

(8)

- 86 ,
,

(9)

- 87 ,

,
88 ,

(10)

[ 88]

- 89 ,

,
269

18.13

, ,

51

- 34 , ,

62 ,

()

270

()

18.14

1.
2.

3.

4. ?

271

 -9
, 1986 (Consumer
Protection Act, 1986)

19.1

19.2

19.3
19.4
19.5

19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9

19.10

19.1

19.2

'

'

',

, -, ,
, , ,
272

, 1986

31

, 1986 ,

1 , 1987

1991, 1993 2002

19.3
,

19.4
.

'

1. (Right to Safety) -

, :

2. (Right to Choose) -

3.

(Right to be Informed) -

- , , , ,

4. (Right to be heard) -

273

5. (Right to be redressed) -

6. (Right of Consumer) -

, -

7.

(Right to clean Atmosphere) -

19.5
, 1986

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

(Quasi Judicial Machinery)

19.6

I.

II.

III.

274

I.

(The

Central Consumer Protection

Council): 4(1)

(Constitution):

150

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

(iv)

(vii)

35

(x)

(xi)

15

(ix)

- 5 3

(vi)

(viii)

(Objects) (-6) -

(i)

(ii)

, , ,

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

275

(vi)

(II)

(The State Consumer Protection Council)

: 7(1)

(Constitution) [ 7 (2)] : :

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

10

(Meetings):

(objects) [ 8] :

6)

(III)

(The

District

Consumer

Protection

Council): 8A(1)

(Constitution) [ 8A(2)] : .

(i)

(ii)

(Meetings):

(Time and Place) :

(Objects) [ 8 B] :

276

19.7
, 1986
(Complaints)

Quasi-Judicial Machinery) , (i)

(ii)
(iii)
I.

(Three-tier

(District Forum):

[ 9 (a)] :

'

'

' '

(Composition) [ 10] -

(i)
(ii)

() ,

, , ,

, ,

(iii)

()

(ii)

() 35 ;

(i)

5 65

( )

: ,

(Jurisdiction) :

277

(i)

(ii)

()

() ( )

()

(i)

? ( 12):

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

, 1956

()
()

(Admissibility)

21

()

()

()

(Procedure of Settling consumer

Complaints) : 13
-

()

21
278

 30
,

45

(iv)

(v)

()
(i)

(iii)

(ii)

(i)

, 15

30

15

(ii)

()

()

()

(Natural

Justice) ,
279

 (Order of District Forum) :

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

(Costs)

(Powers Of District Forum) :

(Civil Court)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
(v)
(vi)
II.

, :

(State Commission) :

(Composition) : ?

(i)

280

(ii)

() 35 ;

() ;
() ,
-

, ,

10

, ,

(i)

- ;

(ii)

- ;

(iii)

: 5 67
, 5 67

: ,

(Jurisdiction of the State Commission) :

( 17 )

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

20

[ 18] :

30

30

50

35,000 , ,

281

90

1987 15
:

(i)

(Memorandum)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

(v)
(vi)

(ix)

(III)

(National Commission) :

'

'

(ii)

(i)

(viii)

(vii)

()

() ;
282

35 ;

() ,

, , ,
10

5 70

, ,

( 21)

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(Jurisdiction of National commission) :

, ,

( 22) :

, 1987 14

, .

I.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

, ;

(v)

(iv)
(vi)

2.

13(2) ,

3.

13(1)

283

4.

5. :

19.8

, 1986

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

(7)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(District forum) (State Commission)

(National Commission)

284

20

'

30

'

20

30

19.9

(Consumer) :

(Complaint) :

(Unfair or Restrictive Trade Practice),

1 ,

, ,

285

(Complainant) :

(Appropriate Laboratory) :

(Consumer Dispute) :

(Defect) :

(Deficiency) : , ,

, ,

(Goods) :

(Moveable

Property) , - ,

(Manufacturer) :

(Assemble)

(Person) : , ,

, ,

(Unfair Trade Practice) :

(Trader): ,

286

(Service) :

19.10

1.

? , 1986

2. , 1986

3.

19.11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

4.
5.

0 00 , ,

0 0 , ,

00 , , ,
00 , ,
, ,

287

NOTES

288

NOTES

289

NOTES

290

291