SANAYSAY

isang maiksing komposisyon na kalimitang naglalaman ng personal na kuru-kuro ng may-

akda.
Ang sanaysay ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla ay nakasulat na karansan ng isang sanay sa
pagsasalaysay. Ang sanaysay ay nagmula sa dalawang salita: ang sanay at pagsasalaysay.
Ito ay panitikang tuluyan na naglalahad ng kuru-kuro, damdamin, kaisipan, saloobin,
reaksyon at iba pa, ng manunulat hinggil sa isang makabuluhan, mahalaga at napapanahong
paksa o isyu.
Mahalaga ang pagsusulat at pagbabasa ng sanaysay sa pagkat natututo ang mambabasa
mula sa inilahad na kaalaman at kaisipang taglay ng isang manunulat. nakikilala rin ng
mambabasa ang manunulat dahil sa paraan ng pagkasulat nito, sa paggamit ng salita at
salawikaing kaalaman sa paksa.

"Ang sanaysay ay isang pampanitikan daan sa pagpapahayag ng halos lahat tungkol sa kahit
anuman."
-Aldous Huxley

Ang SANAYSAY ay isang komposisyong pampanitikan sa isang natatanging paksa na higit na maikli
at pormal kaysa alinmang akda.
-Genoveva E. Matute

Pagtalakay sa isang paksa sa paraang tuluyan at sa malayang paraang naglalantad ng

kaisipan, kuru-kuro, palagay at ng kasiyahanng sumusulat, upang umaliw, magbigay-
kaalaman o magturo

-ARISTOTLE
ANG PINAGMULAN NG SANAYSAY

1580-nagsimula ang tinatawag na sanaysay dahil sa katipunan ng mga palagay at damdamin

ni Michael de Montaigne isang Pranses na pinamagatang Essais. -sa mga nakabasa ng Essais
ipinalagay nila na ang Essais ay kinapapalooban ng mga pagtatangka, mga pagsubok at mga
pagsisikap ng mga may-akda.

Michael de Montaigne
Born in the family domain of Chteau de Montaigne in southwestern France, Michel Eyquem spent
most of his life at his chteau and in the city of Bordeaux, 30 miles to the west. The family fortune had
been founded in commerce by Montaignes great-grandfather, who acquired the estate and the title of
nobility. His grandfather and his father expanded their activities to the realm of public service and
established the family in the noblesse de robe, the administrative nobility of France. Montaignes father,
Pierre Eyquem, served as mayor of Bordeaux.
 Tungkol sa Essais
`Montaigne saw his age as one of dissimulation, corruption, violence, and hypocrisy, and it is therefore
not surprising that the point of departure of the Essays is situated in negativity: the negativity of
Montaignes recognition of the rule of appearances and of the loss of connection with the truth of being.
Montaignes much-discussed skepticism results from that initial negativity, as he questions the
possibility of all knowing and sees the human being as a creature of weakness and failure, of
inconstancy and uncertainty, of incapacity and fragmentation, or, as he wrote in the first of the essays,
as a marvelously vain, diverse, and undulating thing. His skepticism is reflected in the French title of
his work, Essais, or Attempts, which implies not a transmission of proven knowledge or of confident
opinion but a project of trial and error, of tentative exploration. Neither a reference to an established
genre (for Montaignes book inaugurated the term essay for the short prose composition treating a given
subject in a rather informal and personal manner) nor an indication of a necessary internal unity and
structure within the work, the title indicates an intellectual attitude of questioning and of continuous
assessment.

Halimbawa ng sanaysay ni Montaigne:

1. "Of Physiognomy" 14. "That Our Desires are Augmented by

2. "Of Experience" Difficulty"
3. "Of Age" 15. "Of Glory"
4. "Of the Inconstancy of Our Actions" 16. "Of Presumption"
5. "Of Drunkenness" 17. "Of Giving the Lie"
6. "A Custom of the Isle of Cea" 18. "Of Liberty of Conscience"
7. "To-Morrow's a New Day" 19. "That We Taste Nothing Pure"
8. "Of Conscience" 20. "Against Idleness"
9. "Use Makes Perfect" 21. "Of Posting"
10. "Of Recompenses of Honour" 22. "Of Ill Means Employed to a Good
11. "Of the Affection of Fathers to Their End"
Children" 23. "Of the Roman Grandeur"
12. "Of the Arms of the Parthians" 24. "Not to Counterfeit Being Sick"
13. "Of Books""That Our Mind Hinders 25. "Of Cruelty"
Itself"
26.
27.
28. 1597 -nagsimulang magsulat ng mga sanaysay si Francisco Bacon na naglalaman ng mga
saloobin at kaisipang punung-puno ng buhay. Ito ang dahilan upang kilalanin siya bilang Ama
ng Sanaysay na Nasusulat sa Inlges .
29.
30.
31.
32.
 33. Sir Francis bacon
34.
35. Si Sir Francis Bacon, KC, (22 Enero 1561 - 9 Abril 1626) ay isang Ingls na
pilosopo, politiko, sa maaaring-akda. Naging kabalyero siya noong 1603. Naging Baron Verulam
siya noong 1618, sa Biskonde San Albano noong 1621. Dahil wala siyang mga anak, nagwakas
ang mga titulo o pamagat na Ito Sa kanyang kamatayan. Unang niyang hanapbuhay ang pagiging
isang abugado. Naging pinakakilala siya Sa pagiging pangunahing tagapag-isip Ng mga bagong
kaparaanan Sa pagtingin Sa daigdig. Dahil Sa kanyang mga sulatin, nagsimula sa naging bantog
ang isang paraan Ng pag-iisip ukol Sa agham, na kilala Sa kasalukuyan bilang metodong
Baconiano. Nakabatay ang pamamaraang Ito Sa pagtanaw Sa mundo Sa pamamagitan Ng
pagsasagawa Ng mga eksperimento. Pagkaraan Ng pagpanood o pagtingin Sa mga kinalabasan,
nagkakaroon ang mga siyentipiko Ng isang ideya upang maipaliwanag ang kung ano ang
naganap. Ang ideyang Ito o hipotesis ay mas ginagawan pa Ng karagdagang mga pagsusubok.
Tinatawag ang ganitong paraan Ng pag-iisip hinggil SA siyensiya bilang metodolohiyang
induktibo. Noong kapanahunan ni Bacon, kaugnay ang mga metodong Ito SA salamangka, pati
na ang hermetisismo sa alkemiya.
36.
37. Halimbawa ng sanaysay ni Bacon:
38.
39.
1. Of Truth 17. Of Expense
2. Of Death 18. Of Regiment of Health
3. Of Unity in Religions 19. Of Suspicion
4. Of Revenge 20. Of Discourse
5. Of Parents and Children 21. Of Plantations
6. Of Envy 22. Of Riches
7. Of Love 23. Of Ambition
8. Of Great Place 24. Of Custom and Education
9. Of Boldness 25. Of Fortune
10. Of Goodness 26. Of Youth and Age
11. Of Nobility 27. Of Beauty
12. Of Atheism 28. Of Deformity
13. Of Superstition 29. Of Followers and Friends
14. Of Travel 30. Of Suitors
15. Of Seeming Wise 31. Of Praise
16. Of Friendship 32. Of Vain-Glory
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. Of Truth
45.
46. WHAT is truth? said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer. Certainly
there be that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage to fix a belief; affecting 1 free-will in
thinking, as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers, of that kind 2 be gone, yet
there remain certain discoursing 3 wits which are of the same veins, though there be not so much
blood in them as was in those of the ancients. But it is not only the difficulty and labor which
men take in finding out of truth, nor again that when it is found it imposeth upon 4 mens
thoughts, that doth bring lies in favor; but a natural though corrupt love of the lie itself. One of
the later school 5 of the Grecians examineth the matter and is at a stand to think what should be
in it, that men should love lies, where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets, nor for
advantage, as with the merchant; but for the lies sake. But I cannot tell; this same truth is a
naked and open day-light, that doth not show the masks and mummeries and triumphs of the
world, half so stately and daintily as candle-lights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a
pearl, that showeth best by day; but it will not rise to the price of a diamond or carbuncle, that
showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, that
if there were taken out of mens minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations,
imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor
shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?
47.
48. One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy vinum dmonum [devils-
wine], because it filleth the imagination; and yet it is but with the shadow of a lie. But it is not
the lie that passeth through the mind, but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it, that doth the
hurt; such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things are thus in mens depraved
judgments and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth that the inquiry of
truth, which is the love-making or wooing of it, the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of
it, and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature. The
first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense; the last was the light of
reason; and his sabbath work ever since is the illumination of his Spirit. First he breathed light
upon the face of the matter or chaos; then he breathed light into the face of man; and still he
breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen. The poet 6 that beautified the sect 7 that
was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well: It is a pleasure to stand upon the
shore and to see ships tossed upon the sea; a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle and to
see a battle and the adventures thereof below: but no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon
the vantage ground of truth (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and
serene), and to see the errors and wanderings and mists and tempests in the vale below; so
always that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon
earth, to have a mans mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth.

49.
50. To pass from theological and philosophical truth to the truth of civil business; it
will be acknowledged even by those that practise it not, that clear and round dealing is the honor
 of mans nature; and that mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may
make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. For these winding and crooked courses are the
goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet. There is no vice
that doth so cover a man with shame as to be found false and perfidious. And therefore
Montaigne saith prettily, when he inquired the reason why the word of the lie should be such a
disgrace and such an odious charge. Saith he, If it be well weighed, to say that a man lieth, is as
much to say, as that he is brave towards God and a coward towards men. For a lie faces God, and
shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehood and breach of faith cannot possibly be so
highly expressed, as in that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon the
generations of men; it being foretold that when Christ cometh, he shall not find faith upon the
earth.
51.
52. 1700 -kakaunti lamang ang mga naisulat na sanaysay. Ngunit maraming naghangad na
sundan ang mga yapak ni Bacon. Isa narito sina:
53.
54. Sir Thomas Izaak Walton sumulat ng aklat na pinamagatang The Compleat Angler.
Naging paksa niya ang tungkol sa pamimingwit at pakikipagkaibigan.
55.
56. The Compleat Angler
57.
58. The Compleat Angler was first published in 1653, but Walton continued to add
to it for a quarter of a century. It is a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and
verse; 6 verses were quoted from John Dennys's 1613 work The Secrets of Angling. It was
dedicated to John Offley, his most honoured friend. There was a second edition in 1655, a third
in 1661 (identical with that of 1664), a fourth in 1668 and a fifth in 1676. In this last edition the
thirteen chapters of the original had grown to twenty-one, and a second part was added by his
friend and brother angler Charles Cotton, who took up Venator where Walton had left him and
completed his instruction in fly fishing and the making of flies.
59.
60. Walton did not profess to be an expert with a fishing fly; the fly fishing in his first
edition was contributed by Thomas Barker, a retired cook and humorist, who produced a treatise
of his own in 1659; but in the use of the live worm, the grasshopper and the frog "Piscator"
himself could speak as a master. The famous passage about the frog, often misquoted as being
about the worm"use him as though you loved him, that is, harm him as little as you may
possibly, that he may live the longer"appears in the original edition. The additions made as
the work grew did not affect the technical part alone; quotations, new turns of phrase, songs,
poems and anecdotes were introduced as if the author, who wrote it as a recreation, had kept it
constantly in his mind and talked it over point by point with his many friends. There were
originally only two interlocutors in the opening scene, "Piscator" and "Viator"; but in the second
edition, as if in answer to an objection that "Piscator" had it too much in his own way in praise
of angling, he introduced the falconer, "Auceps," changed "Viator" into "Venator" and made the
new companions each dilate on the joys of his favourite sport.
61.
62. Sir Thomas Browne- ang paksa niya ay tungkol sa mga katutubong kaugalian. Itoy
masusi niyang inilarawan sa Religio Medici at Urn Burial.
63.
64. Religio Medici (The Religion of a Doctor) by Sir Thomas Browne is a spiritual testament
and an early psychological self-portrait. Published in 1643 after an unauthorized version was
distributed the previous year, it became a European best-seller which brought its author fame at
home and abroad.
65.
 66. Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial, or, a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in
Norfolk is a work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1658 as the first part of a two-part work
that concludes with The Garden of Cyrus.
67.
68. Its nominal subject was the discovery of a Roman[1] urn burial in Norfolk. The
discovery of these remains prompts Browne to deliver, first, a description of the antiquities
found, and then a survey of most of the burial and funerary customs, ancient and current, of
which his era was aware.
69.
70. The most famous part of the work is the apotheosis of the fifth chapter, where
Browne declaims
71.
72. But man is a Noble Animal, splendid in ashes, and pompous in the grave,
solemnizing Nativities and Deaths with equal lustre, nor omitting Ceremonies of bravery, in the
infamy of his nature. Life is a pure flame, and we live by an invisible Sun within us.
73.
74. John Dryden- ang kanyang mga opinyon tungkol sa panitikan at sining ay kinalugdang
basahin ng mga nag papahalaga sa dalawang disiplinang nabanggit. Itinuturing na
pinakamahusay na sanaysay ni Dryden ang An Essay of Dramatics Poesy.
75.
76. An Essay on Dramatic Poesy
77.
78. John Drydens present essay An essay on Dramatic Poesy gives an explicit account of
neo-classical theory of art in general. He defends the classical drama standing on the line of
Aristotle saying it is an imitation of life, and reflects human nature clearly. He also discusses the
three unities, rules that require a play take place in one place, during one day, and that it
develops one single action or plot.
79.
80.
81. The essay is written in the form of dialogue concerned to four gentlemen: Eugenius,
Crites, Lisideius and Neander. Neander seems to speak for Dryden himself. Eugenius takes the
side of the modern English dramatists by criticizing the faults of the classical playwright, who
did not themselves observe the unity of place. But Crites defended the ancient and pointed out
that they invited the principles of dramatic art enunciated by Aristotle and Horace. Crites
opposed to rhyme in plays and argues that through the moderns excel in science; the ancient age
was the true age of poetry. Lesideius defends the French playwrights and attacks the English
tendency to mix genres. He defines a play as a just and lively image of human and the change of
fortune to which it is subject for the delight and instruction of mankind.
82.
 83. Neander favours the moderns, respects the ancients, critical to rigid rules of dramas and
he favours rhyme if it is in proper place like in grand subject matter. Neander a spokesperson of
Dryden argues that tragic comedy is the best form for a play; because it is the closest to life in
which emotions are heightened by both mirth and sadness. He also finds subplots as an integral
part to enrich a play. He finds the French drama, with its single action.
84.
85. Neander favors the violation of the unities because it leads to the variety to the English
plays. The unities have a narrowing and crumpling effect on the French plays, which are often
betrayed in to absurdities from which the English plays are free. The violation of unities helps
the English play Wright to present a mere, just and lively image of human nature.
86.
87. In his comparison of French and English drama, Neander characterizes the best proofs
of the Elizabethan playwrights. He praises Shakespeare ancients and moderns.Neander comes to
the end for the superiority of the Elizabethans with a close examination of a play by Johnson
which Neander believes a perfect demonstration that the English were capable of following
classical rules. In this way, Drydens commitment to the neoclassical tradition is displayed.
88.
89. Dryden rebukes against the critics, who attack the use of rhyme both in tragedy and
comedy. Since nobody speaks in rhyme in real life, he supports the use of blank verse in drama
and says that the use of rhyme is serious plays is justifiable than the blank verse.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97. 1800 sumigla ang sa pagsulat ng sanaysay sina Richard Steele, Joseph Addison, Samuel
Johnson, Oliver Smith atb.
98.
99.
100. Born in Dublin, Richard Steele is best known as the founding editor of the Tatler and--
with his friend Joseph Addison--co-editor of the Spectator. Steele wrote popular essays (often
addressed "From my own Apartment") for both periodicals.
101.
102. Though less highly regarded than Addison as an essayist, Steele has been described as
"more human and at his best a greater writer." In the following essay, he reflects on the pleasure
of remembering the lives of friends and family members who have died.
103.
 104. 1900 patuloy na namulaklak ang paglaganap ng sanaysay. bukod sa panitikan at
sining naging malaganap ang paksang panlipunan at panrelihiyon. nanaluktok sa panahong
ito ang pangalang John Ruskin, Thomas Henry, Huxley, Matthew Arnold atb.
105.
106. Sa Pransya - hindi masyadong lumaganap ang sanaysay sa Pransya ang sinilangang
bansa ni Montaigne. Binigyan lang ito ng pansin noong ika-17 dantaon ang tinuturing na
Gintong Panahon ng Panitikang Pranses. -ang mga sanaysay na isinulat ni Francois de
Rochefoulldcauld tungkol sa mga sawikain ay mananaysay na Pranses. Isa sa
naimpluwensyahan ay si Voltaire. -noong ika-19 dantaon sumikat ang mga pangalang Sainte
Beauve, Jules Lemaitre, Ferdinand Brunetiere at Anatole France.
107.
108. Isa mga notable works ni francois de Rochefoulldcauld ay ang MAXIMS.
109.
110. Halimbawa ng maxims:
111. II. Self-love is the greatest of all flatterers.
112. VIII. Sincere enthusiasm is the only orator who always persuades. It is like an art the
rules of which never fail; the simplest man with enthusiasm persuades better than the most
eloquent with none.
113. XIV. Men are not only subject to losing all recollection of kindnesses and injuries done
them, they even hate those to whom they are obliged and cease to hate those who have harmed
them. The effort of repaying the kindness and avenging the evil seem to them a servitude to
which they are unwilling to submit.
114. XXX. If we had no faults, we would not take so much pleasure in noticing those of others.
115. CCLXI. Flirtatiousness is fundamental to a woman's nature, but not all put it into
practice because some are restrained by fear or by good sense.
116. CDXI. There hardly exist faults which are not more pardonable than the means by which
one tries to hide them.
117. CDXXXIII. The truest mark of having been born with great qualities is to have been born
without envy.[8]
118.
119. His letters number more than one hundred, and they are of both biographical and
literary value.
120.
121. La Rochefoucauld's thoughts on human nature concern, among a broad range of topics,
pride and self-love, vanity, the passions and the emotions, love, sincerity, conversation, and
politics.
122.
123.
124. Sa EstadosUnidos - napatunayan ang mga sanaysay ni Washington Irving sa Sketch
Book na nailathala noong 1819 ay katulad ng mga sanaysay na naisulat ng mga mananaysay na
Ingles. Nagkakaiba lamang sa istilo sa pagkat higit na matimpi ang istilo ni Irving. -nakilala rin
ang mga sanaysay nina Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Burroughs, atb. At sino ang hindi
nakakikilala kay Edgar Allan Poe na hindi lamang mahusay sa makatat manunulat kundi isa
ring institusyon sa larangan ng pagsulat ng sanaysay.
125.
126. The Sketch Book, is a collection of 34 essays and short stories written by American
author Washington Irving. It was published serially throughout 1819 and 1820. The collection
includes two of Irving's best-known stories, attributed to the fictional Dutch historian Diedrich
Knickerbocker, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". It also marks Irving's first
use of the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon", which he would continue to employ throughout his
literary career.
127.
128. The Sketch Book, along with James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, was the
first widely read work of American literature in Britain and Europe. It also helped advance the
reputation of American writers with an international audience.
129.
130. halimbawa ng nasa sketch book:
131.
132. "Old Christmas"
133.
134. "Old Christmas" is a collection of five Christmas "sketches" by Washington Irving
from his famous Sketch Book. It describes Irving's experiences at the English country estate of
Mr. Bracebridge during the "coaching days" of the early 19th century, focusing on the sights,
sounds, smells and traditions of "Old" Christmas. In spirit it hearkens back to the Middle Ages --
before the "peasants" had learned to read newspapers or were talking politics at the local pub,
when manner lords opened their halls for the local folk to feast in a show of gratitude, under the
watchful stare of painted ancient family crusaders and armored statues. This wonderful account
has a tangible sense of realism mixed with romanticism and the comforts of tradition.
135.
136. The 100+ pen and ink drawings throughout are by Randolph Caldecott, a prolific
and famous children's book artist of the 19th century. This illustrated edition was created in
1886 (posthumously to Irving) and was a best seller, remaining in print to this day (I found a
recent reprint at Borders). The pictures bring the book to life, we see the exact "physiognomy"
and "countenance" of the many curious Dickens-like characters, the scenes of feasting and
dancing, the old English kitchens, the stage coach, the dress and mannerisms of a "Coachy" -
priceless details that effortlessly transport the reader back in time.
137.
138.
 139. Kinilala ring mahusay na manunulat sa panahong ito sina Oliver Wendell Holmes at
James Russell.-lumaganap din sa panahong ito ang dalawang magasing naglathatla ng mga
sanaysay ng ilang piling manunulat, ang The Atlantic Monthly at ang Harpers Magazine.
140.
141.
142. Sa Pilipinas - ang kasaysayan ng sanaysay saTagalog bilang sangay ng panitikan ay
nagsimula sa mga isinulat nina Jose Rizal sa kanyang The Indolence of the Filipino People at
The Philippines. - ang A Century Hence ni Marcelo H. del Pilar ang naging patnugot at
tagapaglathala ng La Solidaridad at itinuturing na nangunasap angkat ng mga mapaghimagsik na
mananaysay kabilang sina Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Burgos, at Apolinario Mabini.
143.
144. The Indolence of the Filipinos: Summary
145.
146. La Indolencia de los Filipinos, more popularly known in its English version, "The
Indolence of the Filipinos," is a exploratory essay written by Philippine national hero Dr. Jose
Rizal, to explain the alleged idleness of his people during the Spanish colonization.
147.
148. The Indolence of the Filipinos is a study of the causes why the people did not, as
was said, work hard during the Spanish regime. Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of
the Spaniards, the Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. The Spanish reign brought
about a decline in economic activities because of certain causes:
149.
150. First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of
the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, business was only
conducted with Spain through Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and handicraft
industries that flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared.
151.
152. Second, Spain also extinguished the natives love of work because of the
implementation of forced labor. Because of the wars between Spain and other countries in
Europe as well as the Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards,
roads, and other public works, abandoning agriculture, industry, and commerce.
153. Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With
no arms to defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands
destroyed. As a result of this, the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in
cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the industries that were shut down, and simply became
submissive to the mercy of God.
154.
155. Fourth, there was a crooked system of education, if it was to be considered an
education. What was being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that
 could not be used by the students to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in
Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly needed by the Philippines during those times.
156.
157. Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The
officials reported to work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their
duties. The women were seen constantly followed by servants who dressed them and fanned
them personal things which they ought to have done for themselves.
158.
159. Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times.
Almost everyday there were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars
were the first to engange in all sorts of bets and gambles.
160.
161. Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the nave
Filipinos that it was easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work
and remain poor so that they could easily enter heaven after they died.
162.
163. Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what they
earned went to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and
they were exploited, they were reduced to inaction.
164.
165. Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were wise
enough to adjust themselves to the warm, tropical climate. An hours work under that burning
sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from nature in activity, is equal to a days
labor in a temperate climate.
166.
167. Fray Botod ni Graciano Lopez Salin ni Magdalena P. Limdico
168.
169. Sino si Botod? May dalawang taong nag uusap at ang kanilang pinag-uusapan
ay tungkol kay Pari Botod. Nasa plaza sila at nakita nila ito na may kasamang babae.
Sinasampal ang babae at napaluhod ito at nagmamakaawa na wari humihingi ng kapatawaran.
Siya ang kura paroko sa bayan. Talagang naririto sila at nagmamalabis hindi lamang sa
ispiritwal na bagay kundi sa (politico) pamahalaan at sa kalaswaan. Paglalarawan: Ang
kahulugan ng Botod ay malaking tyan at ito ang itinatagurisa kanya ng mga tao. Ang ngalang
binyagan nya ay Ana dahil sa ipinanganak sya sa kapistahan ng Santa Ana- ina ng Mahal na
Birhen. Siya ay taga- Aragon at ang mga magulang niya ay di nya nakilala. Siya ay natagpuan
ng isang mangingisda sa ilog ng ebro malapit sa simbahan ng "Our lady of Pillar"- nang
sumapit sa 14 na taon ay tumakas at nagpunta sa villadolid sa kumbento ng mga Agustino. Siya
ay 21 ng maatasang pumunta sa pilipinas. Siya ay nag anyong mahiyain ngunit pagkatapos na
maging kura paroko, nagging mapagmalaki at napakayaman.pandak siya , may bilugang mukha
na paranf buwan, bilugang pisngi. Makapal ang labi, maliliit ang mga mata, mapulang ilong na
 malaki ang butas kya medaling makaamoy. Mamula-mulang buhok, bilugan ang ulo na tulad ng
bao ng niyog. Kunot ang noo at matalas tumingin. Napakalaking tiyang nakausli at maikli ang
leeg- iyan si Padre Botod.
170.
171.
172. Mga Akda ni Apolinario Mabini:
173.
174. Programa Contstitutional Dele Republika Filipinas
175. - Ito ay naglalaman ng mga balak para sa pamahalaan at edukasyon ng bansa.
176.
177. El Desarollo Caida Dela Republica Filipina
178. - Naglalaman ito ng paliwanag ukol sa pagtaas at pagbagsak ng Reublikang Pilipino.
179.
180. El Simil de Alejandro
181. - Ito ay tumutuligsa sa pamahalaang amerikano at nagbibigay-diin sa karapatang pantao.
182.
183. El Vedadero Decalogo
184. - Ito'y isang kathang naglalarawan at tagapagpalaganap ng pagkamakabayan o
nasyonalismong Pilipino.
185.
186. Mga sanaysay ni Apolinario Mabini
187.
188. [Mga sanaysay ni Apolinario Mabini ukol sa Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas, Mayo 1898]
189.
190. SA BAYANG FILIPINAS
191.
192. Bagamat mahina at akoy may sakit kinusa ng loob, bayang inibig na ipagparali
ang laman ng dibdib di na alintana ang madlang ligalig.
193. Sa panahong itong kahigpitang sakdal ay dapat itaya ang layaw at buhay, sa
pagkat di natin dapat pabayaan iba ang kumabig ating kapalaran.
194.
195. Tingnit nagdadaang halos magpangabot mga kababalaghang pakita ng Dios,
tingni yaong bayang palalo at hambog dahil sa ugaling ipinagbabantog.
196. Sapagkat ng unay kaniyang nasasakupan malalaking bayang nadayat nalalang,
kaya naman ngayoy pinagbabayaran ang nagawang sala sa sangkatauhan.
197. Talastas kot walang kamahalang sadya sino mang magsaya sa ibang sakuna;
ngunit lalong talos na di naaakma na sa bayang iyay makisalamuha.
198.
199. Pinaghihimas ka at kinakapatid kapag sa sakuna siyay napipiit; ngunit kung ang
bayay payapat tahimik aliping busabos na pinaglalait.
 200. Ah! pag nakipag-isa sa naturang bayan gagamit ka ng di munting kaul-ulan o kun
dili kayay magpapakamatay, pag hindi sa utos ng Dios sumuay.
201. At kung ang balang na ay waling bahala at ipatuloy mo kaul-ulang nasa,
haharanging pilit ng dugong naglawa ng mga anak mong lubos na naaba.
202. Sasabihin niyay, tigil at huag ka na magpapatibulid sa ikamumura pagkat ng
ikaw lamay guminhawa kaya ibinuhos ang madlang parusa.
203. Di ko hinahangad na ikawy lumabas sa kampo ng walang kahusayat sangkap,
pagkat talastas kong matuid ang landas at mahahatid ka sa pagkapahamak.
204.
205. Ang inoola koy dili ibat ito mag-isa ang loob ng lahat ng tawo, sa loob ng bayan
at sa bawat barrio ay biglang maghalal ng isang Pangulo.
206. Ang mga Pangulo ay mangag-uusap Pipili ng Punong lalong nararapat Humusay
ng gulo, magtuto sa lahat At tumayo naman sa bayang nag-atas.
207. Ang mga Pangulo habang naghuhusay ng sa isat isang mga kaibigan, hinahanap
naman nitong Punong bayan ang Punong nahalal sa mga kahangan.
208. At kung matuklasay biglang pupulungin pagkakaisahin ang Punong susundin at
sa kabayanay lalong tatanghalin sampong tagatayo na kikilalanin.
209. Ytong tagatayoy kusang maglalakbay, tutunguhin niya ibang kabayanan at kung
matagpuan mga kababayay ipakikita na dalang kasulatan.
210.
211. Sa sulat na ito nanga kapirma ang mga Pinunong nagsugo sa kanya, upang
mapagnuynoy yaong Ordenanza pati ng programa niyaong Republica.
212. Tuloy kilalanin niyaong kapisanan ang kapangyarihan niyang tinataglay at siya ay
isa sa mangaghahalal doon sa Presidenteng kapunupunuan.
213. At siyay magtungkol na makapaghanap ng ikagagaling nitong Filipinas at ng
kabayanang sa kaniyay nag-atas ayon sa tadhana niyong Ordenanzas.
214. At ang mga salin na nagpapatunay sa mga Pinuno na pagkakahalal ay sa
Presidente kusang ibibigay upang pagtibayin yaong katungkulan.
215. Ito ngat di iba aking pinipita sa iyo, oh bayang inoola kun ito ang gawiy
magkakaroon ka boong kailangan at ikaka-kaya. Kahusayat lakas, boong kasangkapan pawang
hahakutin sa iyong kandungan at may mananagot, kun ang ibang bayan ang ibig maglutas iyong
kabuhayan.
216.
217. Sa tawong marami walang iluluhog, kundi mangag-bait ng di mabalatong huag
mabalisa ng di maparool at di nababakla loob na hinahon
218. Sa mayamat pantas ay ipatalos sa kanilang kamay tinipon ng Dios ang yaman at
dunong na gagawing tungcod upang masapit mo ang ikababantog.
219. Kahimat talikdan ang ingat na dangal at ikakait nila ang na kakayanan, hindi rin
uurong ang balisang bayan, galit palibhasay siyang umaakay.
 220. Lahat na madanay kun maigiba na sa tinakbotakbo walang pinupunta tambing
babalikan ang di nabalisa sa galit ng Dios siyay isasanga.
221. Ngunit hindi ito ang pinaglalagiyan ng boong pag asang laon ng sinimpan ang
pananalig ko ay buhay na buhay sa mga anak mong katutubong damdam.
222.
223. Bayang sakdal tapang at dati sa tiis pinangingilagan ng dusat panganib himala ng
sipag kun natatahimik sa pagka alipin ay lihis na lihis.
224. Sa pagkadakila tungo iyang bayan at natatalagang malakas na kamay na
ipaghuhusay sa sangdaigdigan pinilis hinirap ng Poong may kapal.
225. Ang bayang itoy may tinagong lakas na ikaaahon sa pagka pahamak, at
makahihingi ng luklukang dapat sa apkikiulong sa ibang Potencias.
226. Tantong manalig kat ikawy tutulungan kanilang inanak hindi babayaan pagkat
pawang hirap siyang maaayunan ngunit kun tumulong ay kaginhawahan.
227.
228. Mga binibini siyang magyayakag upang maitunghay noong maliwanag na
pinaglahoan ng pulat paghamak at pakundanganan ang puring iningat. Yaring salita koy kusang
ititigil taluktok ng bundok siyang tutunguhin dito ihahagis, bayang ginigiliw ang magbati sa
iyong luningning.
229. Kapag nabalita sa huning mapanglaw niyaong mga ibon aking pagkamatay,
pakatantoin mong huling binitiwan ng mga bibig ko ang iyong pangalan.
230. At siya rin naming marahil tawagin sa mga sala koy upang patawarin ibukas ang
pintot tuloy papasukin sa piling tahanan ng payapat aliw.
231.
232.
233. Sa mga Pilipinong mananaysay na sumulat ng sa Ingles ay nakilala sa tulong ng The
College Folio at Literary Apprentice ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. Kilalang mahhusay na
mananaysay sa panahong ito sina I. V. Mallari, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, atb.
234.
235. Mga sanaysay sa Tagalog ay pinamulaklakan nina Pascula Poblete, Lope k. Santos,
Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Inigo Ed. Regalado, atb. Ang lumaganap sa panahong iyon ang
magasing Liwayway na naglalathala ng maikling kwento at sanaysay bago makidigma ang mga
sanaysay ay kina Pedro S. Dandan, Pablo Bautista ang kinagiliwan ng mga tao.
236.
237.
238.
239. Noong 1945 hanggang 1950 nanaluktok sina Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Liwayway
Arceo, Brigdo C. Batungbakal, Genoveva Edroza, Alfredo Enriquiz, Pablo Glorioso,
Epifanio Matute, Clodualdo del Mundo, Macario Pineda, Alejandro G. Abadilla, Narciso
G. Reyes at Vito C. Santos.
240.
241. Marami ding mga katipunan ng sanaysay ang nailimbag kabilang na dito ang Mga
Piling Sanaysay ni Alejandro G. Abadilla, Sanaysay ni Gemiliano Pineda, Buhat sa
AmingSulok ni Paraluman Aspillera at Akoy isang Tinig ni Genoveva Edroza. Sa mga aklat
na pampaaralan mayroon na ring mangilan-ngilan na nalathala nasa sanaysay tulad ng
DiwangGinto, Diwang Kayumanggi at Panitikan Para sa Mataas na Paaralan
242.
243.
244. Sa mga magasin na nalathala ay ang Panitikan ni Alejandro G. Abadilla at Free
Press na naglalaman ng mga sanaysay, B.S. Medina Jr. sa pitak na pinamagatang Lubos na
Sumasainyo Si Direktor Ponciano ng Surian ngWikang Pambansa ay may aklat na
naipalimbag, ang Bato sa Katedral na katipunan ng kanyang ilang piling sanaysay na
karamihan sa paksa ay tumatalakay sa mga araling pangwika. Naging masigla ang mga
manunulat nang masama sa taunang patimpalak ng For Carlos Memorial Awards Literature ang
pagsulat ng sanaysay. Ang ilan sa mga sanaysay na nagwagi ay yaong nahihingil sa panunuring
pampanitikan ng ibat-ibang sangay ng panitikan. Kinilalang mahuhusay na mananaysay
ngPalanca sina Pedro L. Ricarte, Virgilio Almario, RuelAguila, Rosario Torres, atb.
245.
246. Dalawang Uri ng Sanaysay

Pormal o Maanyo
247. Ang sanaysay na pormal o baguhan sanaysay na tinatawag din na impersonal
Naghahatid ng mahahalagang kaisipan o kaalaman sa makaagham at lohikal na pagsasaayos ng
mga materyales tungo sa ikalilinaw ng pinakapiling paksang tinatalakay. Maanyo rin ito kung
turingan sapagkat ito'y talagang pinag-aaralan. Maingat na pinili ang pananalita kaya mabigat
basahin. Pampanitikan kasi kaya makahulugan, matalinhaga , at matayutay. Mapitagan ang tono
dahil bukod sa ikatlong panauhan ang pananaw ay obhektibo o di kumikiling sa damdamin ng
may-akda. Ang tono nito ay seryoso, paintelektuwal, at walanghalong pagbibiro. Elementong
Sanaysay: Panimula, Katawan at Wakas.

248.

249. Impormal o Di-pormal

250. Ang sanaysay na impormal o di-pormal ay mapang-lungkot, nagbibigay-lugod sa
pamamagitan ng pagtatalakay sa mga paksang karaniwan, pang araw-araw at personal o isyung
maaaring magpakilalang personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mga mambabasa.
Idinidiin nito ditto ang mga bagay-bagay ,mga karanasan ,at mga isyung bukod sa kababakasan
ng personalidad ng may-akda ay maaaring empatihayan o kasangkutan ng mambabasang medya.
Ang pananalita ay parang pinaguusapan lamang, parang usapan lamang ng magkakaibigan ang
may-akda, ang tagapagsalita at mga mambabasa at ang tagapakinig, kaya magaan at madaling
maintindihan. Palakaibigan ang tono nito kaya pamilyar ang tono dahil ang paunahing gamit ay
 unang panauhan. Subhektibo ito sapagkat pumapanig sa damdamin at paniniwala ng may-akda
ang pananaw.

251.