nghUslf;fk; 21.

RSf;F> mbgl;l tPf;fk;

22. nfhk;G KwpT
I. khL> MLfSf;F tUk; Neha;fs;
23. Gz;fs; / fha;fs;
1. tapW cg;gprk;. 24. fl;b / foiy / rpye;jp
2. jPdp jpd;dhik> njspahj epiy 25. nrhhpNeha;> Njhy; chpjy;
3. kyr;rpf;fy; 26. tp\f;fb
4. foprr; y; 27. ntwpeha;fb
5. Flw;GOf;fs; 28. Ngd;> cz;zpfs;
6. nrhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; 29. rhPu gyk;> ,uj;j tpUj;jpf;F
7. nrUky;> [yNjh\k; 30. ghy; mjpfk; fwf;f
8. %f;filg;ghd; 31. Fjpiu typg;G Neha;;
9. njhz;il milg;ghd; 32. jtis Neha;
10. fhy; fhiz> tha;fhiz (Nfhkhhp Neha;) 33. fuiz Neha;;
11. rg;ig Neha;
34. vy;yh Neha;fSf;Fk; Cwy; kUe;J
12. kb Neha;
13. fha;rr; y; / Fe;J 35. nrk;kwp Ml;L ePyehf;F Neha;
14. gUtj;jpw;F tuhky; rpid gpbf;fhky; ,Uj;jy; 36. nrk;kwp Ml;L Js;Skhhp Neha;
,dg;ngUf;f fhy Neha;fs; 37. erpaq;f
; l;Ljy;
15. ,sq;nfhb tpohjpUj;jy;
16. fh;gg; g;ig ntspj;js;Sjy; II . Nfhop> gwitfSf;F tUk; Neha;fs
s;
17. rpWePh; gphpahjpUj;jy; kw;Wk; rpWePufk; M[Puzk;;
rhh;ej ; gpur;rpid nts;i
; sf;foprr; y;
18. fz; Neha;fs; ,uhzpfl; fopr;ry;
19. fhJ Neha; thd; Nfhop fopr;ry;
20. VYk;G KwpT
 Rthr Neha;fs;
fPhpg; g+r;rpfs;
jl;ilg; g+r;rpfs;
fhaq;fs;
Nfhopg;Ngd;fs; / nry;fs;
Nfhop mk;ik

III. ML khL RopfSk;> Fzq;f ; Sk;

IV. ke;jphpj;J Fzg;gLj;Jjy;
V. fhy;eil jPtdk;
VI. nrk;kwp ML guhkhpg;gpy; %ypif itj;jpak;
VII. gQ;rft;ahtpd; kfpik
VIII. tajhd khLfs; ,wf;Fk; jUthapy; ,Ue;jhy;.
IX. ghAk; fhisf;F
X. khL rpid gpbj;jij vspa Kiwapy; fz;Lgpbj;jy;

1. tapW cg;gprk;
mwpFwpfs;
tapW cg;gp fhzg;gLk;; xU epiyapy; epw;fhJ; ,lJ gf;f
tapw;wpy; jl;bdhy; kj;js rg;jk; Nghy; Nfl;Fk;; tapw;wpypUe;J
;
,iwr;ry; rg;jk; tUk;; mbf;fb thA gphpAk;; khL tapw;W
typapdhy; mbf;fb gLf;fTk;> vOe;;jpUf;fTkhf ,Uf;Fk;;
tof;fk; Nghy; mir NghlhJ; jhkjpf;Fk; xt;nthU epkplKk;
tapW mjpfkhf cg;gp %r;R tpl Kbahky; rpukg;gLk;.
fhuzq;;fs;
nghJthf nfl; L g; Nghd rhjj; i j mjpfkhf cz; g jhYk; ;
jPtdj; j py; Vw; g l; l jpBh; khw; w j; j hYk; ,J Vw; g LfpwJ.
khLfSf;F ,J rhjhuzkhf Nehplf;$BaJ. tapw;wpYs;s
Mfhuj;jpd; mkpy fhuq;fshy; thA cz;lhfpwJ. eide;;j
Gy; i yAk; gr; i rg; Gy; i yAk; $Ljyhf cz; g jpdhYk;
,g; g pur; r pid Vw; g LfpwJ. tof; f kpy; y hj Gjpa ,uf
jPtdj; i jf; nfhLg; g jpdhYk; . khLfSf; F Nghjpa msT
rhpahdgb jPdp fpilf;fhj rkaj;jpy; kiof;F gpd; Jsph;j;j
,sk;Gy;iy mjpfkhf jpd;W tpLtjpdhYk; ,e;j tpahjp
cz;lhfpwJ. khLfspd; tapw;wpy; vg;nghOJk; rpwpjsT thA
,Ug; g J tof; f k; . Mdhy; thA mstpw; f jpfkhf
cz;lhfptpl;lhy; mtjpg;gLk;.
1 2
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
o ey; n yz; n za; 100 kp.yp. vUf; f d; ,iyf; n fhj; J
xd;W Nrh;jJ
; r; rhg;gpl itj;jhy; miu kzpNeuj;jpw;Fs; khL
mirNghl Muk;gpj;JtpLk;.
(fz; z g; g d; > gh&h; > jUkGhp)
o nty; y k; 200 fpuhkk; Vyf; f ha; 1 00 fpuhk; > fy; c g; G
100 fpuhk; %d;iwAk; ,bj;J xd;whff; fye;J ; xU ehisf;F
2-3 Ntisfs; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f FzkhFk;.
(Mh; . Nf. Fg; j h> Nluh^d; )
o ntw;wpiy 10> fpuhk; ,Q;rp 20 fpuhk>; kpsF 10 fpuhk;
nts;isg;g+z;L 10 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ed;F ,bj;J 1 ypl;lh;
nte; e Phpy; fyf; f p nfhLj; j hy; fhy; e ilfSf; f Vw; g Lk;
nrhpkhdkpd;ik. tha;T> tapw;Wtyp ePq;;Fk;.
(rfd; g ha; > gNuhlh> F[uhj; )
o ,e;J ; g;G> %q;f
; py; cg;G> tisay; cg;G> fhpcg;G> rTl;Lg;G>
ghiwAg; G > ntbAg; G > Nrhj; J g; G > fy; e hh; > fly; E iu>
fUk;ngUq;; fhak; xt;nthd;Wk; 25 fpuhk; (,e;j tifahd
cg;Gfs; ehl;L kUe;J filfspy; tpw;gidf;F fpilf;Fk;)
vLj;J ,bj;J #uzk; nra;J ry;yilapy; rypj;J gpuz;ilr;
rhW 1ypl; l hpy; vLj; J 25kp.yp.tpsf; n fz; n za; fye; ; J
Ntisf;F ypl;lh; tPjk; ,U Kiw nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;
(vk; . Rg; g pukzpad; > rpd; N dhpghisak; > nghs; s hr; r p)
o Gsp 200 fpuhk;> fy; cg;G 200 fpuhk; ,itfis ypl;lh;
ePhpy; fye;J; tbfl;b cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
(Mh; . nuq
nuq; ; f rhkp> ,uhkNfhtpe; j d; f hL> ehfg; g l; b zk; )
o Rf;F> kpsF> G+z;L Mfpait xt;nthd;wpYk; 50 fpuhk;
tPjk; vLj; J fUg; g l; b 1/4 fpNyh Nrh; j ; J ,bj; J
cUz;ilahf 1 Ntis cs;Ns nfhLj;jhy; rhpahfptpLk;.
(,.,uhkrhkp. kk; k hdpa}h; > jpz; L f; f y; )
o ,uz; L tl; L gdq;; ; f Ug; g l; b > Nrhw; W f; f w; w hio
4 kly;fs; (Ks; ePf;fpaJ)> thiog;gok;10> Nrhsf;$o; gb
Mfpatw;iw xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; xd;whff; fiuj;J khl;Lf;F
xNu jlitapy; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. Cw;wpa gpd; kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs;
fopr;ry; w;gl;L khl;Lf;F tapW cg;gprk; rhpahfptpLk;.
(nghpaNtYr; r hkp> godpfTz; l d; t yR> jhuhGuk; )
o Rf;F 25 fpuhk;> kpsF 10 fpuhk;> ntw;wpiy 50 fpuhk;>
nfhb gpuz;il 4 jz;L ,itfis cuypy; ed;F ,bj;J
nte;ePh; 1/4 ypl;lhpy; fye;J cg;G 50 fpuhk; Nrh;j;J fyf;fp
fhiyapy; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b )
o fUQ;rPufk; 5 fpuhk;> ntbAg;G 5 fpuhk;; ,j;Jld; 20 kp.yp
Njd;tpl;L miuj;J gg;ghsp ,iy jz;Lf;Fs; kUe;i ; j Cw;w
ML my;yJ khl;bd; Mrdthapd; topahf itj;J ekJ
thahy; CjNtz;Lk;.
gg;ghsp jz;bw;F gjpyhf ,Q;r; tpl;lKs;s ieyhd;
Foha; jz;zPh; ba+g;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;; Kidapy; rpwpJ
tpsf;nfz;nza; jltp nrhUfpf; nfhs;syhk;.
(v.gp.godpNtY> mur
murqq ; ; F b> jpUr; r p)

o thjehuhazd; kug; g l; i l> KUq;; i fg; g l; i l

o ePyp jio (tz;zhd; mThp)> [hyj;jio (eQ;rWg;ghd;)>
Mfpatw;wpy; 100 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J 1 ypl;lh; ePUld; fha;rr; p
cj;jhkzp (Ntypg;gUj;jp) xt;nthd;wpYk; ifg;gpbasT vLj;J
500 kp.yp frhak; nra;J Rf;F> Xkk>; ngUq;;fhak; 5 fpuhk; tPjk;
miuj;J ePuhfhuj; jz;zPh; miu gbapy; fye;J 2 Ntis
,bj;J fye;J ; cs;Ns nfhLf;f FzkhFk;.
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ntspag; g d; > fhkaf; fTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)
( jQ; r pfhd; > jhoq
jhoq; ; F zk; > nrQ; r p> tpOg; G uk; )
o Rf;F 50 fpuhk;> f];Jhhp kQ;rs; 50 fpuhk;> rPufk; 50
fpuhk;> <];tu %ypif ,iy 100 fpuhk; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu
o fpNyh Gspiaf; fiuj;J 2 vs;Sr; nrb ,iyfis
nfhy;yp ,iy 100 fpuhk; (rpW FwpQ;rhd;) Nghd;witfis
,bj;J ,uz;ilAk; fye;J; xNu jlitapy; juNtz;Lk;.
cuypy; ,bj;J cUz;ilahf;fp fhiy khiy ,UNtis rk
( j
jqq ; f r; r hkp Njth; > Mthu
Mthuqq ; Fsk;
F sk;> tpUJefh; )
mstpy; nfhLj;jhy; FzkhfptpLk;.

3 4
njhl;b jz;zPh; Fbf;f tplf;$lhJ. Rj;jkhd ePiu fha;r;rp ,t;thW nra;j gpd;G fhy;eilfSf;F xU ehs; KOtJk;
gpd; Mwitj;J Fbf;f nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. jz;zPh; fhl;lf;$lhJ. ,t;thW tUlj;jpw;F ,uz;L Kiw
(nghpama; a hT> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu) nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
(rhiy nt
ntqq ; fNlrd;
f Nlrd;> ed; d hhp fpuhkk; > NtYhh; )

o nrk;gpuz;il> thjhgpuz;il> ew;rPufk;> g+z;L> rptg;G

Fz;Lkzp jio Mfpatw;iw 50 fpuhk; mstpy; miuj;J o gpuz;il 1 nfhj;J> Gq;;fk;gl;il 50 fpuhkk; kw;Wk; gPehhp
cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ntw;wpiy 10 vz;zk; fl;b kug;gl;il 50 fpuhkk; ,bj; J rhW tbj; J ypl; l h;
fw; G uk; 1 Rf; F 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw; i w miuj; J nfhLf; f tpsf;nfz;nza; fye;;J nfhLj;jhy; rhpahfptpLk;.
Ntz;Lk;. (nghpama; a hT> ry; y pf; n fhlh
fhlhqq ; fpgl;
f pgl;b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
(n[auhkd; > nra; a hd; F sk; > tpOg; G uk; )

o ngUq;;fhak; 10 fpuhk;> Rf;F 10 fpuhk;> kpsF 10 fpuhk;>

o nrk;gpuz;il fpoq;;F 4> rpd;d ntq;;fhak; fhy;; fpNyh jpg;gpyp 10 fpuhk;> fUg;gl;b fpNyh ,it midj;ijAk;
kpsfha; tw; w y; 2 Nrh; j ; J ,bj; J vYkpr; r k; go msT ,bj;J thio ,iyapy; itj; J cs; S f; F f; nfhLf; f
cUz; i l nra; J jpdKk; khiy 3 ehl; f Sf; F cs; N s Ntz;Lk;.
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (,uhK> #uhzk; > rptf
rptfqq ; if)
i f)
(nghd; d k; k hs; > kk; k hdpAh; > jpz; L f; f y; )

o xU fpNyh rpWJk; i g nrbia vLj; J ePh; t plhJ

o kpsfuizg;gl;il> nrtf;fhL g+z;L> kuney;ypg;gl;il> ,bj;J 250 kp.yp.rhW vLj;J cs;Ns nfhLj;jhy; fopr;ry;
Nrw;Wg;Gz; gr;rpiy> fy;yj;jp> ntg;ghiyg;gl;il> fy;yurd;> Vw;gl;L cg;gprk; rupahFk;. ,e;;j itj;jpaj;ij mDrhpf;Fk;
FUtg;g+z;L> Ntq;; ifg;gl;il> Ntg;gk;gl;il> Gq;; fk;gl;il> rkak; GiuNahb tplhJ nkJthf cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khfhypf;fpoq;; F> rpwa ed;dhhp Nth;> gdq;; fpoq;; F> jz;zPh; ( MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b )
tpl;lhd; fpoq;; F> re;jdkug;gl;il> kUjk;gl;il> cLg;igg;
gl;il> gpuz;il> kpsF> rPufk;> Xkk;> ngUq;;fhak;> thAtplq;;fk;>
o NguhKl;b ,iy 100 fpuhkk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; vLj;J
kQ;rs;> Rf;F> ney;ypf;fha;> Gspaq;; fha;> cg;G Fkpok;gl;il
jdpNa ,bj;J xd;whff; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
Nghd;w %ypifg; nghUl;fis gRikahf ,bj;J ghiwapy;
(Rg; i gah> g+rhhpgl; b > jpUg; g j; J hh; )
Nghl;L tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jid fhy;eilfSf;F fhl;bdhy;
mitfNs jhdhf jpd;WtpLk;.
5 6
o
ngUq;f
fhh;Nghf mhprp 10 fpuhk;> Xkk; 10 fpuhk;> trk;G 5 fpuhk;>
; hak; 10 fpuhk;> Klf;fj;jhd; ,iy xU ifg;gpb> ,Q;rp
2. jPdp jpd;dhik> njspahj epiy
5 fpuhk; vy; y htw; i wAk; xd; w hf miuj; J xU KO
vYkpr;rk;gor; rhW Nrh;jJ; 200 kp.yp. jz;zPhpy; fye;J ; xU mwpFwpfs;
Ntisf;Fj; juNtz;Lk;. Nrhh;eJ
; fhzg;gLk;; jPtdk;> jz;zPh; rhptu vLf;fhJ;
,isj; J f; nfhz; N lapUf; F k; ; ; fz; Fope; ; J ,Uf; F k; ;
(Kj; J > kzg; g r; N rhp> nfhl; l hk; g l; b > kJiu)
ghy;jUk; khLfspd; ghy; msT Fiwe;J ; tpLk;.

o tpsf; n fz; i za; 200 kp.yp.Ald; fl; b #lk; 2 > fhuz q fs;
; f s;
ngUq;fhak; 5 fpuhk; nghbj;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)
jPtd khw;wk;> fha;r;ry; mYg;G> fl;Lj;jiu khWjy;>
25 fpuhk; Rf;F Jhs;> 15 fpuhk; kpsF Jhs;> 1 ypl;lh; rhuhak;
ehtuiz Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLk;.
,jid 5 ypl;lh; ePhpy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fzkhd 2 my;yJ
3 ehl;fSf;F 20 fpuhk; Rf;F JhisAk;> 40 fpuhk; rikay;
Nrhlh cg;igAk; Nrh;jJ ; jPdpapyhtJ my;yJ jz;zPhpyhtJ itj;jpa Kiwfs;
Nrh; j ; J f; nfhLf; f yhk; . my; y J Rf; F j; J hs; 20 fpuhk; >
epyNtk;G 20 fpuhk;> Xkk;10fpuhk;> vl;bf;nfhl;il 5-10 fpuhk;
o 1 fpNyh gpuz;ilia ,bj;J ,j;Jld; 100 fpuhk;
,itfis ed;whfg; nghbnra;J jPdpapy; Nrh;j;J 3 Kjy; 5
kQ;rs;> 100 fpuhk; fy; cg;G Nrh;jJ
; khl;bd; ehf;fpy; Nja;jJ
;
ehs; tiu nfhLf;fyhk;.
gpd;dh; ftskhf cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; G Jiw nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954> nrd; i d) ( Gy; y hf; f Tz; l h; > njhz; l hKj; J hh; > Nfhit)

o nrk;gpuz;il> nts;is Gurk;gl;il> nrUg;gbr;rhuiz>

rPufk; xt;nthd;Wk; 50 fpuhk; vLj;J ,it midj;ijAk;
,bf; f Ntz; L k; . gpd; d h; Ks; ePf; f pa Nrhw; W f; fw; w hio
xUkly;> Ntg;ngz;iza; 100 kp.yp. Nrh;jJ ; ed;whfg; gpire;J ;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(v]; . Kj; J r; r hkp> Fspj; j iy> jpUr; r p)

7 8
o Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio klypd; gf;f Ks;is ePf;fp ,uz;lhfg;
gpse;J
; cg;igj; jltp nts;isj; Jzpapy; Rw;wp ,utpy; tPl;Lf;
$iuapy; gdpapy; itj;J tpl;Lf;fhiy Ntisapy; khl;bw;Ff;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. thuk; xU Kiw njhlh;eJ ; 3 thuq;f; Sf;F
nfhLf;fyhk;.
gpuz;il> cg;G> Gspaq;fha;> gr;ir kpsfha; Mfpatw;iwr;
Nrh;jJ
; ,bj;J miuj;J gir Nghyhf;fp ehf;fpd; Nky; itj;J
ed;whf Nja;jJ; tplTk;. gpd;G xU Jzpahy; tha;gFjpapd; Nky;
2 kzp Neuj;jpw;F fl;btpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G fl;il mtpo;jJ ; GspAld; gpire;;J> euk;;G Fj;jpa ,lj;jpy; Nja;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; khL ed;whf jPtdk; vLf;Fk;.
fkiy xl;b eype;j khLfSf;F Ntq;ifg;gl;il> EhW
tUlk; nrd; w Ntg; g kug; gl; i l> nts; N tyhk; gl; i l
xt;nthd;Wk; 100 fpuhk; msT vLj;J ,itfis ePhpy; xU
thuk; Cw itj;J fpilf;Fk; gPh; khjphpahd jputj;ij 3 ehl;fs;
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; fUQ;rPufk; 10 fpuhk;>
gid nty;yk; 250 fpuhk; ,bj;J ,j;Jld; Nrh;jJ ; f; nfhLf;f
khL cly; typik ngWk;.
(uh[g; g h> njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp)
o fhl;Lnehr;rp ,iy xU ifg;gpb> Fg;igNkdp ,iy xU
ifg;gpb> kQ;rdj;jp ,iy (Edh) xU ifg;gpb> gpuz;il
nfhOe;;J xU ifg;gpb> kQ;rs; 100 fpuhk;> rPufk; 100 fpuhk;>
cg;G 200 fpuhk;> kpsfha;tw;wy; 100 fpuhk;> ntq;fhak; 200 fpuhk;
,it midj;ijAk; ,bj;J cUz;il nra;J %d;W rk
gq; f hfg; gphpj; J 3 Ntis cs; N s nfhLf; f cly; NjWk; ;
ed;whfj; jPdp> ePh; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.
(nts; s khaj; N jth; > nrf; f hDhuzp> kJiu)
9 10
o khl; b d; ehf; f pd; gpd; G wj; j py; gr; i r epw euk; G
(,uj;jf;Foha;) njd;gl;lhy;> ghjpj;;j khl;bd; %f;fpd; Kid
kpDkpDg;ghfTk;> cly; ,isf;fTk; Muk;gpf;Fk;. thapypUe;J ;
ePh; tbe; ; J nfhz; N l ,Uf; F k; . ehf; F j; jbj; J ,Uf; F k; >
jPtdk; vLf;fhJ.
o ehf;if Gul;b fU-uj;jk; (gr;ir euk;G) nfhz;l euk;ig
Crpahy; Fj;jp ,uj;jj;ij ntspNaw;wpa gpd;G fy; cg;Gj;Jhis
gpd;dh; fPo;ff
; z;l kUe;ij ftskhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
o rPufk; 35 fpuhk;> fUg;gl;b 175 fpuhk;> nte;j
; ak; 175 fpuhk;>
Xkk; 20 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ed;whf miuj;J Njitahd msT
gRk; ghYld; fye;J ; mj;Jld; ey;nyz;nza; 175 kp.yp. fyf;fp
jpdKk; 1 Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; njhlh; e ; J cs; S f; F f;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Mh; . etePjfpU\; z d; > cj; j punkUh; > nrq; i f)
o %d;W khjq;fspypUe;;J xU tUlk; Md fd;Wfs;
ghiyf; Fbf;fhkYk;> Gy;iy NkahkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F
gR khl;L ntz;nzAld; vUf;fq;;nfhOe;;J rpwpjsT vLj;J
miuj;J RL jz;zPhpy; fye;J
; tha;fF
; s; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(uh[g; g h> njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp)
o Mfha fUld;fpoq;F (nfhy;yq;Nfhit fpoq;F) miu
fpNyh> gpuz;il nfhOe;J; fhy; fpNyh> rpwpa ntq;fhak; miu
fpNyh> cg;G 100 fpuhk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk;> Xkk; 50 fpuhkk;>
JUtpa Njq; f ha; 1 ,it midj; i jAk; ,bj; J %d; W
cUz;ilahff; nfhLj;jhy; Njuhj> ,iu vLf;fhj khL
kw;Wk; ghy; fwf;fhj khL midj;jpw;Fk; epth;jj; p MFk;.
(vy; . rpd; d g; g d; > fhe; ; j p fpuhkk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
o Mthiu ,iy> Jj;jp ,iy> ghfy; ,iy> KR
KRf;if ,iy> Fg;igNkdp ,iy> Jk;ig ,iy> nfhSQ;rp
,iy> gpuz;il rpwpjsT Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; xU ifg;gpb
asT vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> mij ed;whf cuypy; Nghl;L ,bf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; 100 fpuhk; ntq;fhak; Nrh;j;J ,bj;J
rpwpJ kQ;rs;Jhs; Jhtp> ed;whf gpire;;J 100 fpuhk; msT
cUz;ilfshf cUl;bf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G khl;il gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L mjd; ehf;Fg; gFjpapy;
cg;G Nghl;L ed;whfj; Nja;j;J cUz;ilfis vLj;J xU
Ntisf;F ,uz;L tPjk;> fhiy> khiy> ,uz;L NtisAk;>
,uz;L ehl;fSf;F nfhLj;jhy; khL ed;whfj; jPtdk; kw;Wk;
jz;zPh; vLg;gJld;> Neha; vjph;gG; r; rf;jpAk; mjpfkhfg; ngWk;.
NkYk; fhy;eil ed;whf cly;thFld; fhzg;gLk;.
(tp[ah fNzrd; > Nfhtpe; ; j efuk; > Njdp)
11
o <];tu %ypif Nth; (jiyr;RUsp) 50 fpuhk; msT
vLj;J miuj;J 2 Ntis ePUld; Nrh;j;J cs;Ns Gfl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O ,Q;rp 10 fpuhk;> rpj;juj;ij 10 fpuhk;> rpWntq;fhak; 50
fpuhk;> fUQ;rPufk; 5 fpuhk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Nrh;jJ ; miuj;J
2 vYkpr;rk; gor; rhW gpope;J ; 300 kp.yp. jz;zPUld; fye;J ;
xNu jlitapy; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( Kj; J > kzg; g r; N rhp> nfhl; l hk; g l; b > kJiu)
frha kUe;;J
tapW rk; g e; ; j khd midj; J tpahjpfSf; F k; ,e; ; j
frha kUe;J ; Vw;w; J. Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp> rpj;juj;ij> fLf;fha;>
mjpkJuk;> ehty; nfhl;;il> ney;yp tw;wy;> neUQ;rp Ks;>
fz;lq;fj;jphp tpij kw;Wk; nte;j ; ak; Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk;20
fpuhk; vLj;J xU kz;ghz;lk; my;yJ nrk;G ghidapy; 4
ypl; l h; ePUld; fye; ; J 2 ehl; f s; Cwitf; f Ntz; L k; .
%d;whtJ ehs; kQ;rdj;jp> Ntk;G> Gsp> gid> njd;id kw;Wk;
ney; ckp Nghd;wtw;why; vhpj;J 4 ypl;lh; ePh; 2 ypl;luhf tw;Wk;
tiu fha;rr; p mLg;NghL itj;jpUe;J ; kWehs; ntJ ntJg;ghf
#L nra;J gUj;jpj; Jzpapy; tbfl;b frhak; vLj;J Rj;jkhd
ghl;bypy; Cw;wp itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
12
 fhiyapy; ntWk; tapw;wpy; 100 kp.yp. msT ,e;;j
kUe;;ij cs;Sf;Fs; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. kUe;;J nfhLj;jgpd; 2
kzp Neuj;jpw;F NtW jPtdk; nfhLf;f $lhJ. ,Nj Nghy;
,uT jPdp vLj;j gpd;G 100 kpyp kUe;ij cs;Sf;Fs; Cw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW njhlhe;J ; 48 ehl;fs; rpfpr;ir mspj;jhy;
tapW rk;ge;;jkhd gpur;rpidfs;; rhpahfp khL ehd;F jPtdk;
vLf;Fk;.
(kfhypq; f k; > jpahfuh[Guk; > tpUJefh; )
krhy; cUz;il jahh;nra;J nfhLj;jy;
fz;lq;fj;jphp> rpWJk;ig> Fg;igNkdp> tPyp> ngUJk;ig>
crpiy> Jsrp> Mthuk; g + tpuhyp> %q; ; f py; ,iy>
Gspak;gpuz;il> Jj;jp> KRKRf;if> nfhSQ;rp> kQ;rzj;jp>
Ntypg;gUj;jp> epyNtk;G> nfha;ah nfhOe;J ; ,iy> ntw;wpiy
Mfpatw;wpy; tiff;F 50 fpuhk; (xU ifg;gpb msT) vLj;Jf;
nfhz; L ed; w hf,bf; f Ntz; L k; . jpg; g pyp> rPufk; > Nrhk; G >
ngUq;fhak;> thy; kpsF> Rf;F> kpsF> kpsfha;tw;wy;> frfrh>
,ytq; f k; > nte; ; j ak; > Xkk; > ky; y p> khtpyq; ; f k; g l; i l
Mfpatw;iw tiff;F 10 fpuhk; vLj;J ,bf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,itfSld; thiog;G 1> fy; mj;jpf;fha; 100 fpuhk;> Nrhw;W
fw;whio fhy;fpNyh> gpuz;il miu fpNyh> rpWntq;fhak;
miu fpNyh> Njq; f ha; 1> nts; i sG+z; L 100 fpuhk; >
nfhy; y q; N fhit fpoq; F 100 fpuhk; > nty; y k; 100 fpuhk;
,itfis ePh; Cw;whky; nkhj;jkhf Ml;b cUz;ilfshf;fp
itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j ; cUz;ilfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
Rkhh; 100 fpuhk; msT ,Uf; F khW gpbf; f Ntz; L k; .
MLfSf;Fk;> fd;WfSf;Fk; 50 fpuhk; msT cUz;ilfshf
gpbj; J itj; J f; n fhs; s yhk; . ,e; ; j cUz; i lfis
13
kQ;rs;Jhspy; cUl;b vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 4 ehl;fs;
tiu nflhky; itj;jpUf;fyhk;. fhy;eilfSf;F fhiy
khiy 3 ehl;fs; tiu nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;. ,J khLfspd;
,isg;G> milg;ghd;> tapw;Wf; fpUkp Mfpatw;iw ePf;fg;
g; ad;gLk;. ,e;j krhy; cUz;ilia NghLtjw;F Kd;G ehf;if
,Oj;J gpbj;J ehf;fpd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; cs;s gr;ir epw ,uj;j
ehsq;fis xU Crpahy; Fj;jp mRj;j ,uj;jj;ij ntspNaw;w
Ntz;Lk;. gpwF cg;G> Gsp fye;J
; ehf;fpd; kPJ ed;whfj; Nja;jJ
;
tpl Ntz;Lk;.
filgpbf;f Ntz;bad
FbePh; NghJkhd msT Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. FbePh;
Fbj;j gpd;Gk; NkYk; ePh; Fbf;f ehf;fpy; Nrhj;J cg;ig Nja;jJ
;
tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;qdk; 2-3 ehl;fs; njhlh;e; J nra;J tu
Ntz;Lk;.
(%f; f d; > Nkycug; g Dhh; > jpUkq; f yk; > kJiu)
Nkw;fz;l Kiwia filgpbj;J ,Jtiu Rkhh; 10>000-
j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ML> khLfSf;F nfhLj;J ey;y gyd;
ngw; w ij ehq; f s; ghh; j ; J tUfpd; N whk; . Nrth %yk;
nfhLj;j gapw;rpapy; gy khzth;fSf;F ,jid fw;Wf;
nfhLj; J mth; f Sk; jq; f s; ,lq; f spy; nfhLj; J
ghh;j;jjpy; ey;y gyd; fpilj;j mDgtj;ij vq;fs;
Nrth gzpahsh;fSld; gfphe;J ; s;sdh;. - Mrphpah;.
14
O kQ; r s; > Xkk; > f]; J hhp kQ; r s; > mhprp> jpg; g pyp> O rpd;dpj;jio (Acalypha fruiticosa) ,uz;L ifg;gpb
thy; k psF> tyk; G hpf; f ha; > rPufk; >fUQ; r Pufk; Mfpa msT vLj; J ,j; J ld; cg; G 20 fpuhk; > Rf; F 10 fpuhk; >
xt;nthd;wpYk; 20 fpuhk;> rpd;d ntq;fhak; 1 fpNyh> rjFg;ig Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio NrhW (4 kly;fspypUe;;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ)
10 fpuhk;> fpuhk;G 20 fpuhk;> vyk; 20 fpuhk;> ky;yp 20 fpuhk;> ,it midj;ijAk; ed;F miuj;J 2 cUz;il gpbj;J
fr;rf;Fkl;b Nth; 1 gpb> %q;fpy; Jhh; fpoq;F1> Njq;fha; 2 khl;bw;F ,uz;L Ntisfs; Nghl;Nld;. ,jw;F gpd; ed;F ePh;
,tw;iw ,bj;J ey;nyz;nza; miu ypl;lhpy; gpire;;J Fbf;f Muk;gpj;J jPtdKk; vLj;jJ.
vYkpr;rk;go msT cUz;ilahf xU ehisf;F ,uz;L tPjk;
ghy; 2 ehl;fspy; 4 ypl;lh; $ba gpd; xU thuj;jpy; gioa 7
5 ehl;fSf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ypl;lh; ghy; jUk; epiyf;F te;J
; tpl;lJ.
(Kj; J uh[; > FUe; j k; g l; b > Ntlre; ; J hh; > jpz; L f; f y; )
(ng.tpNtfhde; j d; > tpuhl; b gj; J > kJiu)
O Gspak;gpuz;il fpoq;if 4 vz;zk; vLj;J miuj;J
cs; N s nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . ,k; K iwia 3 ehl; f Sf; F
fhiyapy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(Rg; i gah> godpfTz; l d; tyR> jhuhGuk; > <NuhL)

O 100 fpuhk; rPdhf;fhuk;; ePhpy; fiuj;J cs;Sf;F; nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,J grpia Jhz;Lk;. ,jid fd;W <d;w gpwF 8-
10 ehl;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. NehapypUe;J ; Njwpa gpwFk;
,jid nfhLf;fyhk;. 100 kp.yp. ey;nyz;nza;> xU nfhj;J
vUf; f d; ,iyfs; cs; S f; F f; nfhLg; g J nrhpkhdk;
cz;lhFk;.
(mg; J y; u rhf; > kJiu)

15 16
 3. kyr;rpf;fy;
mwpFwpfs;
fhy;eilfspd; rhzk; fy; Nghy; ,Wfyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
khL rhzj;ij nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf GOf;if Nghy jpzwpf;
nfhz;L NghLk; my;yJ rhzk; NghlhkNyNa ,Uf;Fk;.
jPdp jpd; d hkYk; > mir NghlhkYk; FWfpg; N ghAk; >
Nrhh; t hf fhzg; g Lk; . rpy fhy; e ilfSf; F tapW
typAkpUf;Fk;.
fhuzq;fs;
nrhpkhdf; NfhshwpdhYk; > ePh; rj; J ,y; y hj
twj;jPtdk; mjpfkhf cz;gjhYk; cz;lhfpwJ. ,J khLfs;
jq;fSf;F gpbj;jkhd Mfhuk; fpilf;Fk; nghOJ msTf;F
kpQ;rpj;jpd;W tpLtjhYk; Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk; fhy;eilfSf;F
twj; j Ptdk; mjpfkhf nfhLj; J NghjpasT jz; z Ph;
nfhLf;fhkypUe;;jhYk; ,J cz;lhFk;.
itj;jpaKiwfs;
O eha;g;ghif ,iy 100 fpuhk; miuj;J miu ypl;lh;
ghYld; fye;J; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(n[afhe; ; j d; > Nrh; t hh; t pLjp> gl; L f; N fhl; i l)
O ,ytk;gQ;R ifg;gpbasT> 100 kp.yp. tpsf;nfz;nzA;;
-Ald; Fioj;J cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpwFk; rhzk;
ntspNawhtpl;lhy;> ntJ ntJg;ghd ePhp;y; Nrhg;igf; fiuj;J
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(uh. mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; ; f pg; g l; b > Nghbehaf; f Dhh; > Njdp)
17
O tpsf; n fz; n za; 200 kp.yp. my; y J 100 fpuhk;
Mkzf;F Kj;J miuj;J fhy;gb jz;zPhpy; fye;J ; nfhLf;f
vUf;fl;b Neha; jPUk;. my;yJ kUjk; gl;iliaAk; 50 fpuhk;>
rPufj; i jAk; Nrh; j ; J cs; N s nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . my; y J
Mkzf;F Kj;J 150 fpuhk; miuj;J fhy; gb ePhpy; fye;J ;
cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ epythif ,iy 100 fpuhk;
miuj;J rPdp 100 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ ; ePhpy; fye;J
; cs;Ns Gfl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
( ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O tpsf;nfz;nza; 100 kp.yp. cs;Ns Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
my; y J gok; g hrp jio 2 ifg; g pb msT miuj; J
tpsf; n fz; n za; 200 kp.yp.Ald; fye; ; J cs; N s Gfl; l
Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ Fg;igNkdp ,iy 2 ifg;gpb msT ,bj;J
Nrhw; W f; fw; w hioapd; xU kly; NrhWld; Nrh; j ; J Gfl; l
Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL > kJiu)
O NghuhKl;b ,iy 50 fpuhk;> rPufk; 25 fpuhk; ,uz;ilAk;
miuj;J xNu jlitapy; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( Rg; i gah> g+rhhpgl; b > jpUg; g j; j Jhh; > rptfq; i f)
O Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio NrhWld;> tPyp ,iy 20 fpuhk;> vs;
,iy 20 fpuhk; fye;J; ,bj;J 200 kp.yp. ,sePhpy; fye;J
;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Kj; J > kzg; g r; N rhp> nfhl; l hk; g l; b > kJiu)
18
O mThp (nrd;dh) ,iyfis epoypy; cyh;j;jp #uzk;
nra;J xU Ntisf;F 20 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J fUg;gl;b 100
fpuhKld; Nrh;jJ
; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O kQ;rs; fpoq;F 100 fpuhk; vLj;J 1 ypl;lh; FbePhpy;
nfhjpf; f itj; J tbfl; b a frhaj; i j 1 ehisf; F xU
Kiwahf 1-3 ehl;fSf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mg; J y; urhf; > kJiu)
O xU ypl; l h; RL jz; z Phpy fpNyh cg; G Nrh; ; j ; J
mj;Jld; 20 fpuhk; Rf;F nghb Nrh;j;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khl;bw;F
; tapw;W typ ,Ue;jhy; ,j;Jld; 20 fpuhk;
kpsF JhisAk; Nrh;j;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;;j kUe;; J
nfhLj; J 12 kzp Neuj; j pw; F s; Ngjp Mfhky; ,Ue; ; j hy;
tpsf;nfz;iza; 200 - 400 kp.yp. cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; G Jiw> nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954> nrd; i d)
19
4. fopr;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
rhzk; jz;zPuhf ,Uf;Fk; ; Jh;ehw;wkhf ,Uf;Fk; ;
rhzk; gPr;rp mbf;Fk; ; jhfk; mjpfkhf vLf;Fk; nrhpahj
jPtdk; rhzj; J ld; fye; ; J tUk; ; thy; kw; W k;
gpd;dq;fhy;fspy; fope;;j rhzk; xl;bf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;
ehSf;Fehs; khl;bd; cly; nkype;;JNghFk;.
fhuzq;fs;
fhy;eilfs; rhg;gpLk; jPtdj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; NghJk;
kio nga;jTld; jiof;Fk; Gjpa Gy;> Gz;Lfis jpd;gjhYk;
fopr;ry; cz;lhFk;. Flypy; g+r;rpfspd; ghjpg;G ,Ue;;jhYk;>
cly; c\;zj;jpdhYk;> nrhpahikapdhYk; mRj;jkhd ePiu
Fbg;gjhYk; rpy rkaq;fspy; ntf;if> njhj;J tpahjpahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk; fopr;ry; cz;lhFk;.
filgpbf;f Ntz;ba jLg;G Kiwfs;
- nfl;Lg;Nghfhj jPtdk; kw;Wk; ey;y FbePh;; fpilf;f top
nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
- kiof; fhyk; my;yJ gdpf;fhyq;fspy; fhiy
Nka;rr; y; 10 kzpf;F Nky; Muk;gpf;fyhk;. Vnddpy;
gdpj;Jspfs; 10 kzpf;F Nky; kiwe;J ; tpLk;.
- ehw;wKs;s fopr;rYf;F> Flw;GO ePf;fp kUe;J
; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
- ntf;if (njhj;J Neha;) tUk; Kd;dh; jf;f jLg;G
Kiwia ifahsyhk;.
20
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O gok;ghrpj;jio xU ifg;gpb msT> Ntg;gq;nfhOe;;J
ifg; g pb msT vLj; J mj; J ld; rpd; d ntq; f hak; 5-7
vz;zpf;if msT vLj;J ,uz;ilAk; ed;whf miuj;J
khl;Lf;F cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(KUfjh]; > mk; g hj; J iu> jpz; L f; f y; )
O Ntg;gq;nfhOe;;J> nfha;ahnfhOe;;J> khJsq;nfhOe;;J
xt;nthd;Wk; ifg;gpb msT vLj;J 100 fpuhk; nty;yk;
Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(kh.rpd; d f; f z; Z > Myq; ; F b> GJf; N fhl; i l)
O nfhs;Sf;fhthsp (nfhSQ;rp) jioia ,uz;L ifg;gpb
msT vLj; J 100 fpuhk; nty; y k; Nrh; j ; J miuj; J
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(tbNtY> rq; ; f Pjkq; f yk; > tpOg; G uk; )
O Rf;F 10 fpuhk;> cyh;ej
; ney;ypf;fha; 20 fpuhk;> rh;ff
; iu
20 fpuhk; ,e;;j %d;iwAk; miuypl;lh; ePUld; fye;;J xU
ehisf;F ,uz;L Kiw nfhLf;fyhk;.
Nfhilfhyj;jpy; fopr;ry; fz;lhy; tpy;t goj;ijf;
fhaitj;Jg; nghbnra;J> fQ;rhr;nrbtpij> fUNtyk; gprpd;
tiff;F 10 fpuhk; vLj;J nty;yk; 50 fpuhKld; Nrh;j;J
miuj;J xU ehisf;F fhiy khiy ,uz;L Ntis tPjk;
3 ehl;fs;tiu njhlh;eJ
; nfhLj;J tu FzkhFk;.
(Mh; . Nf.Fg; j h> ifr; . Mh; > rpQ; > NluhLPd; )
21
O ,Yg;igj; jio fpNyh vLj;J ,bj;J rhnwLj;J
Cw; w Ntz; L k; my; y J Mj; j p ,iyia nfhLf; f yhk;
my;yJ KO tuif 2 gb mtpj;J khl;Lf;F itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
my;yJ Ckj;jq;fhia Rl;L Nky;Njhiy vLj;Jtpl;L ePh;
tpl; L miuj; J khl; L f; F Cw; w Ntz; L k; . ,jw; F k;
Fzkhfhtpl;lhy; ,k;khl;bw;F ~Fly;thjk;| vd;W njhpe;;J
nfhs;syhk;.
(ehuhazd; > md; d kq; ; f yk; > nguk; g Yhh; )
O nfhs;Sfhthsp (nfhSQ;rp ,iy) 2 ifg;gpb msTld;
Njq;fha;j; JUty;> rPufk;> kpsfha; tw;wy; Mfpatw;iw 10
fpuhk; tPjk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J cUz;ilahf cUl;b 3 ehl;fs;
fhiy> khiy njhlh;eJ ; nfhLf;f FzkilAk;.
(uh. mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > Nghbehaf; f Dhh; > Njdp)
O mjpkJuk; > trk; G > Rf; F > xkk; > kpsF> nte; j ak;
xt;nthd;Wk;10 fpuhk; msT Nrh;j;J miuj;Jf; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
nfhk;gk;g; hiy ,iyia miuj;J miu ypl;lh; rhWld;
xU vYkpr;ir goj;ij gpope;;J 2 ehl;fs; nfhLf;f fopr;ry;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Neha;fs; jPUk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O ngUneUQ;rp (ahid neUQ;rp) ,iyia xU ifg;gpb
msT vLj;J 200 kp.yp. ePUld; gpire;;J xU ehisf;F 2
Ntis tPjk; 2 ehl;fs; nfhLj;jhy; epth;jj
; p fpilf;Fk;.
(v]; . gp.fpU\; z rhkp> Nkyr; n rhf; f ehjGuk; > Nghb> Njdp)
22
O 1/2 fpNyh Jtiu tpijia 1.5 ypl; l h; ePhpy;
Ntfitj; J ePiu ghjpahf tw; w itf; f Ntz; L k; . gpd; G
mijf; f Fspuitj; J xNu jlitapy; Fbf; f nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk; .
(uh[g; g h> vUkj; j dg; g s; s p gapy; f hL> jUkGhp)
O 1/4 fpNyh gUj;jp tpijiaAk;> ehiye;;J gOj;jg+tur
,iyiaAk; vLj;J ePh;tpl;L mtpj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rhKNty; > mf]; j P]; t uk; > fd; d pahFkhp)
O tPyp ,iy fpNyh> rpd;d ntq;;fhak; 200 fpuhk;>
rPufk; 50 fpuhk; ,itfis Gspr;rj;jz;zPhpy; Cw itj;J
,bj;J xU ehh;jj ; q;fha; msT cUz;ilahf;fp xU Ntisf;F
3 cUz;ilfis cs;Sf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,NjNghy; 3
ehl;fs; ( kW ehSk;> mLj;jehSk;) fhiy 7 kzpf;F khl;bw;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O ghy; F bj; j fd; W fope; ; j hy; 50 fpuhk; frfrh> xU
khJsk; g pQ; R Nrh; j ; J miuj; J nfhLj; j hy; 2 my; y J 3
ehspy; fopr;ry; epw;Fk;.
(Mh; . ,uhK.,Yg; g Fb>rptfq; ; i f)
23
O xU tUlj; j pw; F s; cz; l hd fd; W f; Fl; b khLfs;
fope; ; j hy; > rpj; j uj; i j 50 fpuhk; > khrpf; f ha; ,uz; L >
nts;isg+z;L 50 fpuhk; midj;ijAk; mk;kpapy; itj;J
miuj;J %d;W Ntis nte;e ; Phpy; fye;J
; nfhLf;f ePh;fopr;ry;
Neha; jPUk;.;
(k.fhspag; g d; > t.GJg; g l; b > jpUtpy; y pGj; J hh; > tpUJefh; )
O ,sq; ; f d; W fs; m[{uzf; NfhshW fhuzkhfg;
ghjpf; f g; g Lk; rkak; tapw; i w Rj; j g; g Lj; j 100 kp.yp.
tpsf;nfz;iza; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L rhzk; fopf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G 25 fpuhk; fy; cg;G> 25fpuhk; Rf;F Jhs;> 25
fpuhk; kpsFj;Jhs;> 25 fpuhk; epyNtk;GJhs; %d;Wk; fye;;J
,uz;L gq;f ; hf gphpj;J fhiy> khiy ePUld; fye;J ; cs;Ns
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. xU Ntisf;F 50 fpuhk; tPjk; 2 Ntis
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ntq; f luhikah> fzfGuh> fh; e hlfh)
O Mthue;j
; io fpNyh vLj;J 25 fpuhk; rPufj;Jld;
Nrh;j;J cuypypl;L krpa Ml;b mjDld; ypl;lh; Nkhh;
fye;J; cs;Sf;F Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. (my; y J)
O khk;gl;ilapd; cs;gFjp fpNyh vLj;J mj;Jld;
Nky; Njhy; ePf;fpa thiog;g+ 25fpuhk;> rPufj;Jld; cuypypl;L
Ml;b cs;Sf;Fs; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(my; y J)
O mfj;jpf;fPiu fpNyh> rpd;d ntq;;fhak; 1 fpNyh
,uz;ilAk; Ntfitj;J Ml;b> ePUld; fye;J cs;Sf;Fs;
Cw; w pdhy; fopr; r y; FzkhFk; . my; y J ehty; g l; i lia
24
cuypypl;L ,bj;J ypl;lh; msT Nkhh; my;yJ ePhpy;
fiuj;J cs;Sf;F Cw;wpdhYk; fopr;ry; fl;Lg;gLk;.
(e.Nfhtpe; ; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > fhhpg; g l; b > Nryk; )
O fpNyh nfha;ah ,iyia Ntf itj;J fpilf;Fk;
frhaj;ij ,U Ntisfs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(gpahrhf; Rf; f ud; j hNghQ; > jha; y he; ; J )
O fy; y j; j pf; f ha; > gb> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; kw; W k;
ntq;;fhak;100 fpuhk;> nte;;jak; 50 fpuhk; ,bj;J ePuhfhuk; 1
gb Nrh;jJ
; fhiy khiy ,uz;L Ntis nfhLj;jhy; 2 ehspy;
FzkhfptpLk;.
(nghpa ma; A hT> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O Mthuq;nfhOe;;J 1ifgpb msT vLj;J miuj;Jf;
nfhz;L mjDld; rPufk; 25 fpuhk;> ntq;fhak; 150 fpuhk; Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; Nrh;j;J miuj;J ypl;lh; Nkhhpy; fye;J 1
my;yJ 2 jlitahf Fbf;f nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ
thiog;g+ 1> ntq;;fhak; 150 fpuhk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; ,bj;J
cUz;ilahf cUl;bf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
O rpd;dpj; jio 100 fpuhk;> gok;ghrpj; jio 100 fpuhk;>
rPufk; 25 fpuhk;> thiog;g+ Mfpatw;iw miuj;J cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Rg; i gah> NkhJgl; b > xl; l d; r j; j puk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
25
O gPehhprq;F
; ,iy> fUq;n; fhd;iw ,iy> Mid neUQ;rp
,iy rk msT miuj;J 2 vYkpr;irgo msT cUz;il
nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,ij ePuhfhuj;jz;zPh; 1/2 gbAld;
fye; ; J cs; N s nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . fhiy> khiy>
Ntisfspy; nfhLf;f 2 ehl;fspy; rhpahFk;.
(jQ; r pfhd; > jhoq; ; F zk; > nrQ; r p jhYfh> tpOg; G uk; )
O Jj;jp ,iy 1gb> mj;jpf;fha; 5> thiog;g+ 1> rPufk; 25
fpuhk; ,tw;iw ,bj;J vYkpr;rk; go msT cUz;ilfshf;fp
2 cUz;il cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(tpidjPh; j ; j hd; > Fsj; J hh; > Ntlre; ; J hh; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O fUq;fhypj; jio> nfha;ah ,iy> gok;ghrp ,iy ,it
%d;iwAk; 1ifgpb msT tPjk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Rf;F 10
fpuhk;> kpsfha; 5 fpuhk;> rPufk; 25 fpuhk;> RLePhpy; miuj;J
cs;NsnfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jtph; f ; f Ntz; b ait : gdpapy; khl; i lf; fl; l $lhJ.
kioapy; eidatplf;$lhJ.
(nghd; d k; k hs; > kk; k hdpAh; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O kQ;rs; 50 fpuhk;> xt;thjio (rpWthfh) 200 fpuhk;>
ehty; nfhl;il 200 fpuhk; Nrh;j;J ,bj;J 100 kp.yp.japhpy;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ntw; w pNty; > rpWfsg; G h; > jpUr; r p)
26
O gw; g lhfk; xU ifg; g pb> rPufk; 10 fpuhk; > kQ; r s; O my; y pf; f ha; > ehty; kug; g l; i l> cjpakug; g l; i l
rpWJz;L ,tw;iw miuj;J ,uz;L Ntis cs;Sf;Ff; ,itfis miuj; J xd; W (my; y J) ,uz; L Ntis
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhkrhkp> kk; k hdpAh; > jpz; L f; f y; ) (n[auhkd; > nra; a hq; ; F sk; > tpOg; G uk; )
ePuhff; fope; ; j hy;
O mtiu ,iy xU ifg;gpb> rpd;d ntq;fhak; 10 fpuhk;>
tplj;jio xU ifg;gpb Mfpa midj;Jk; miuj;J mhprp O gok;ghrpj; jio 250 fpuhk;> khJsk; gpQ;R 5> nfha;ahgpQ;R
fOtpa ePhpy; fye;J
; 2 Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5> rPufk; 50 fpuhk;> nte;j
; ak; 50 fpuhk;> Mfpatw;iw miuj;J
(Kj; J uh[; > FUe; j kgl; b > Ntlre; J hh; > jpz; L f; f y; ) vUik Nkhhpy; fye;J xNu Ntisapy; fhiyapy; cs;Sf;Ff;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jh;ehw;wj;Jld; fope;;jhy
hy; (Rghde; j d; > Fbg; g l; b > kJiu)
,uj;jf; fopr;ry
y;
O Jh; e hw; w j; J ld; Vw; g Lk; fopr; r y; nghJthf
Flw; G Of; f shy; Vw; g Lk; > Jh; e hw; w k; njhlh; e ; J ,Ue; ; j hy; O fUNtyk;gl;ilia 100 fpuhk; ,bj;Jf; fUg;gl;b
mLg;Gf;fhp 150 fpuhk;> Rz;zhk;G 50 fpuhk;> nty;yk; 50 fpuhk;; fpNyh fye;;J nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
fye;J
; ,bj;J nghbnra;J cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;fyhk;. mLj;J
Flw;GO ePf;fp kUe;J nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
( mg; J y; u rhf; > kJiu) O khJis ,iy> njd;dq;FUk;ig> rg;Nghl;lh gpQ;R
,itfspy; VjthJ xd; i w 100 fpuhk; msT vLj; J
miuj;Jf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
O fUNtyk;gl;il 200 fpuhk;> ,ytq;fg;gl;il 10 fpuhk;>
,itfis 1 ypl;lh; ePhpy; rpwpa Jz;Lfshf eWf;fp ed;whff;
fha;rr; p frhak; tbj;J 2 Ntis juNtz;Lk;. O murk;gl;ilifafy msT> nte;j
; ak; 50 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
;
(ntspag; g hd; > fhkafTz; l d; gl; b > Njdp) miuj;J cs;Sf;Fj; juyhk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)

27 28
O fd; W fspd; rPjNgjpf; F r; Rf; F 50 fpuhk; > nfha; a h
nfhOe;J
; 150 fpuhk; fye;J
; ,bj;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mNrhf; Fz; N l> FNshhpahg; g z; i z> ghz; b r; N rhp)
O khl;Lr; rhzj;jpy; ,uj;jk; fye;;J te;;jhy; thiOg;G+
1> Jj;jpj; jio 250 fpuhk;> gok;g; hrpj; jio 250 fpuhk;> jtpL
200 fpuhk; Nkw;fz;l ehd;ifAk; miuj;J cUz;ilahff;
fye;J
; Cl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ,UNtis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
(xsitad; > nul; b ahgl; b > ej; j k; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O rhzj; J ld; ,uj; j g; N ghf; F ,Ue; ; j hy; my; y J
fopr; r Yf; F > Fz; L kzp ,iyfis xU ifg; g pb msT
miuj;Jf; fhbapy; (Gspr;rePhpy;) fiuj;J nfhl;lj;jpy; %d;W
Ntis nfhLf;f clNd epth;jj ; pahFk;.
(vk; . rilad; > ma; a k; g hisak; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O rhzpapy; uj;jk; fye;J ; tUk;. Nfhkpaj;jpYk; ,uj;jk;
fhzg; g Lk; . ,jw; F thior; r hW ( gb)> fpSitg; g l; i l
(ifafyk;)> mj;jpg;gl;il (ifafyk;)> fLf;fha; 5 vz;zk;
,itfis miuj; J nfhjpj; j ePuhfhuj; j py; gpope; ; J xU
nfhl; l j; j py; khl; b w; F cs; S f; F s; Cw; w Ntz; L k; . xU
Ntisapy; Fzkhftpy;iynadpy; kWKiw Cw;wyhk;.
(ehuhazd; > md; d kq; f yk; > nguk; g Yhh; )
29
O fhiur;nrb Ntiu gl;il chpj;J ed;F miuj;J rPufk;
5 fpuhk;> rpd;d nte;jak; fpNyh ,uz;ilAk; jdpj;jdpNa
miuj;J khf;;nfhOe;;J> ehty; nfhOe;;J> kw;Wk; ,Yg;ig
kuf; nfhOe;;J %d;iwAk; miuj;J midj;ijAk; xd;whff;
fye;J; xNu jlitapy; cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(jq; f r; r hkp Njth; > Mthuq; F sk; > tpUJefh; )
O ntq;f
; hak; 100 fpuhk;> rPufk; 10 fpuhk;> jiyr;RUsp Nth;
20 fpuhk; miuj;J xU ehisf;F 2 Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jid 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;e; J nfhLf;fyhk;. ,jw;F gpd;dh;
ntbf; f hj njd; d k; ; g his g+it ,bj; J khl; b w; F
nfhLf;fyhk;.
(fUg; i gah> fPoj; j hdpak; . khdhkJiu> rptfq; ; i f)
O Mthuk; Nth; 3 fpNyh> GJg;ghidapy; ,l;L 3 Ftis
jz;zPhpy; ed;F Ntfitj;J (xU Ftis jz;zPuhf tw;Wk;
tiu) 3 Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ntw; w pNty; > rpWfsg; G h; > jpUr; r p)
O mj;jpg;gpQ;R my;yJ mj;jp kug;gl;il ,bj;J Gspj;j
ePh; my;yJ NkhUld; fye;;J ,uT itj;jpUe;;J kWehs;
fhiy khiy 1 ypl;lh; msT 2 Ntis cs;Sf;Ff;; nfhLf;f
FzkhFk;.
( ntspag; g d; > fhkafTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)
30
O thiog; g+ tpd; fbdkhd ,jo; f is mfw; w ptpl; L
mjDld; Mthuq;nfhOe;;J xU ifg;gpb vLj;J Nrh;j;J
,bj;J Nkhhpy; fye;J
; Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
O fhiu ,iy 200 fpuhk;> fU tuF 200 fpuhk; vLj;J
cuypy; ,l;L ed;whf ,bj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd; ,j;Jld;
gR Nkhh; 1 ypl;lh; fye;J
; 1 Ntis kl;Lk; Cw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
kUe; ; J nfhLj; j 3 kzp Neuj; j pw; F Nky; miu jPtdk;
itf;Nfhy; kl;Lk; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. RL jz;zPh; nfhLf;ff;
$lhJ. fopr;ry; epw;ftpy;iy vd;why; khiy NeuKk; 1
Ntis kl;Lk; Cw;wptplNtz;Lk;.
O fopr;rYld; Cio fye;J te;jhy>; gok;ghrp 200 fpuhk;>
nts;is fl;Lf;nfhb 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miuj;J fhy;gb
ePUld; fye;J
; fhiy> khiy 2 Ntis tPjk; ,uz;L ehl;fs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hguk; > kJiu)
fd;W fopr;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
fopr;ry; kw;Wk; fha;rr; y; ,Uf;Fk;; fz;zpy; FoptpOk; ;
Nrhh;t
; hf gLj;jpUf;Fk;; ghy;Fbf;fhJ kw;Wk; ,iu vLf;fhJ.

fhuzk;
O nte; ; j ak; > rPufk; > frfrh> fLf; f ha; g+ Mfpa
xt; n thd; w pYk; 50 fpuhk; vLj; J nghb nra; J mjpfg;ghy; Fbg;gjhYk;> kz;iz jpz;gjhYk;> Flw;GO
itj; J f; n fhs; s Ntz; L k; . ,sk; njd; d k; g his xd; W kpFjpahYk; > mRj; j khd ePiu Fbg; g jhYk; fopr; r y;
fPohney;yp> tPyp jio> gok;ghrp ,iy> tplj;jio nfhOe;J ; > cz;lhfpd;wJ.
fUq;fl;Lf;nfhb> Mthuq;nfhOe;;J khk;gl;il> fpSitg;
gl;il Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; ifg;gpbasT vLj;J ,bj;J itj;jpa Kiw
miuj;J gRk;ghy; miu ypl;lh; my;yJ japh; miu ypl;lh;
my;yJ ,sePh; miu ypl;lhpy; fye;;J xU ehisf;F 2
O trk;G ,iy 2> Rf;F 50 fpuhk;> nfha;ah nfhOe;J
; 200
Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Fkhh; > ,. Nfhtpy; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )

O fd;W Ropr;rYf;F Mh;nrdpf; My;g; 200 rp ( Arsenic Alb

O ,uj;jf; fopr;rYf;F nts;is Fz;Lkzp jio 100
200c) fdvd;w kUe;ij 2 kzp Neu ,ilntspapy; 5 jlit
fpuhk; vLj;J mj;Jld; nte;j; ak; 20 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J
nfhLj;jhy; ePuhff;fopAk; fd;Wf;F ey;yJ. nkh;Fhpa]; fhh;
ePuhfj; jz;zPUld; cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
31 32
200 rp ( Mercuriuscor 200c)vd;w kUe;i
; j xU ehisf;F 4 O ML fopr;rYf;F nrUg;gb rhuiz> gok;ghrpj;jio>
jlitahf 2 ehl;fs; nfhLj; j hy; ,uj; j k; fye; ; J KUq; ; i fj; j io> nfha; a hf; nfhOe; ; J > fj; j php jio>
fye;J
; tUk; fopr;ry; epw;Fk;. fUkg+yhe;j; io> khJsk; gpQ;R> mj;jp> thiog;g+ xU g+tpy;
(Nuh]; g ha; kyPf; > nuhfh> kfhuh\; b uh) ghjpasT> rPufk; ,itfis ,bj; J fhiyapy; Nkhhpy;
my;yJ Gspr;rj;jz;zPhpy; 50 kp.yp. fye;J
; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
filgpbf;f Ntz;bad ,t;thW 3 Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > rpWkhk; g l; b > flt+h; > jufk; g l; b > fUh; )
jha; g ; g hy; ,y; y htpby; > gpw khl; L g; ghiy fha; r ; r p
#lhfNt nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O nfha; a h nfhOe; ; J > tPyp ,iy Mfpatw; w py;
ML fopr;ry; xt;nthd;Wk; 20 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J khJsk; goj;Njhy;> rPufk;
Mfpait 10 fpuhk; tPjk; fye;J ; ed;whf miuj;J 500 kp.yp.
kiof;fhyj;jpy; - fhh;j;jpif> khh;fop khjq;fspy; ePUld; fye;J
; fhiy> khiy Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
nts;shL kw;Wk; nrk;kwp MLfSf;F fopr;ry; Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy;
(Rghde; ; j d; > Fbg; g l; b > kJiu)
MLfspy; rpy ,wf;;f NehpLk;. ,jw;F ~vz;l;Nuhlhf;rpkpah|
vd;W $Wth;.
Fwpg; G : nghJthf khLfSf; F fopr; r Yf; F
nfhLf;fg;gLk; itj;jpaKiwia MLfSf;Fk; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
O gw;glhfk; Gy; 100 fpuhk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; miuj;J kUe;j
; pd; mstpy; ghjpasT MLfSf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ePUld; fye;J
; ,UNtis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(gp. ,uhkrhkp> kk; k hdpA+h; > jpz; L f; f y; )

O njhl;llhw;rpZq;f
; p ,iy> njd;dq;F
; Uk;ig> tplj;jio>
rPufk; ,tw;iw miuj;J ney;ypf;fha; msT vLj;J 2 Ntis
tPjk; cs;Sf;F; s; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(moF> mUf; f k; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )

33 34
 5. Flw;GOf;fs;
mwpFwpfs;
khL nkype;;J ,isj;J fhz;ggLk;; Jh;ehw;wj;Jld;
$ba tapw;Nwhl;lk;> tpl;L tpl;L tapw;Nwhl;lk; fhzg;gLk;. tapW
cg;gp ,Uf;Fk;; ,iu vLf;fhJ; clk;gpYs;s Nuhkk; nghpajhf
,Uf;Fk;: rhzpapy; rpy rkak; rpWGOf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
fhuzq; ; f s;
fhy;eilfSf;F ehf;Fg;g+r;rp> ehlhg;GO> nfhf;fpg;GO>
cUz;ilg; GO Nghd;w Flw;GOf;fs; jz;zPh;> jPtdk;> Nka;rr; y;
jiu %ykhfTk; > g+r; r pfs; > ej; i jfs; Nghd; w itfshYk;
guTfpd;wd. Nka;r;ry; jiuapy; g+r;rpfspd; ,sk; Kl;ilfs;
,Ue;J mtw;iw fhy;eilfs; czthf cl;nfhs;Sk;nghOJ
cs;Ns nrd;W Flw;GOf;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O Ntypg;gUj;jp ,iy 50 fpuhk;> rpwpaheq;if 50 fpuhk;
Mfpatw;iw m;iuj;J 100kp.yp Ntg;ngz;izAld; fye;J
fhiy khiy ,uz;L Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( ghyd; > flt+h; > fUh; )
O trk; G > nts; i sg+z; L > MLjpz; z hg; g hiy>
Fg;igNkdp> Nga;Fkl;b ,iy Mfpatw;wpy; xt;nthd;Wk; 25
fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J miuj;J RL jz;zPUld; fye;J xNu
Ntisapy; cs;Ns nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(n[afhe; ; j d; > jpUr; r pw; w k; g yk; > jQ; r hT+h; )
35
O rjhthp Ntiu (jz;zPh; tpl;lhd; fpoq;F) 15 fpuhk;
msT vLj; J miuj; J miu ypl; l h; ePhpy; fye; J
mjpfhiyapy; fd;W fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Flw;GOf;fs; ePq;F
; k;.
( fphPj; gl; N ly; > mfkjhghj; )
O #ghGy; tpijfis 50 -100 vz;zpf;ifasT vLj;J
ePh; t pl; L cuypy; Ml; b 200 kp.yp. msT ePh; Nrh; j ; J
nts; s hLfSf; F f; nfhLf; f rhzj; J ld; Flw; G Of; f s;
,we;J ; k;> capUlDk; ntspNawptpLk;. ,k;Kiw gpypg;igd;];
ehl;by; gof;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
(tsUk; ehLfspd; thndhyp tiyg; g pd; d y; ,jo; - njhFg; G )
O nfhf;fpg; GOtpw;F 8-10 nfhl;ilg;ghf;Ffis ePhpy; Cw
itj;J miuj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehlhg; GOtpw;F
khJis kug;gl;ilAk;> NtUk; 100 fpuhk; mstpw;F ,bj;J
cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mNrhf; F z; N l> gps; i sahh; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)
O Ntg;g ,iy> g+ gl;il kw;Wk; gg;ghsp tpij Mfpatw;wpy;
100 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J miuj;J ,sk;#lhd nte;;ePhpy;
fye;;J fhiy> khiy vd %d;W Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
( N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
36
O G+rzp tpij 100 fpuhk; miuj; J 5 ehl; f Sf; F
nfhLj;J tu> jl;ilg;GOf;fs; ePE;f
; ptpLk;.
(Nfhkjp ehafk; > Gspaq; ; F b> jpUney; N typ)
O Ntg; g q; ; n fhOe; ; J 50 fpuhk; miuj; J 50 kp.yp.
tpsf;nfz;nza; fye;;J nfhLf;fg;gLtjhy; MLfspd; tha;
kw;Wk; tapw;Wg; Gz;fSk; Fzkilfpd;wd. Flw;GOf;fSk;
mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(gp. mgpkd; d d; > nrf; f hDhuzp. kJiu)
O MLfSf;F vYkpr;irg;gok; 6> gioaGsp xu ifg;gpb>
Mkzf;F ,iy 5 Mfpa midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J
miuj;J cs;Ns nfhLj;jhy; GOf;fs; rhzj;Jld; ntspte;J;
tpLk;.
( Mh; . etePjfpU\; z d; > cj; j puNkUh; > nrQ; i f)
O fliykhT 200 fpuhk; ,sk; #lhd nte;e
; PUld; fye;J
;
jpdKk; xU Ntis tPjk; 5 ehl; f s; tiu njhlh; e ; J
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. my;yJ Ntg;g vz;nza; 250 kp.yp. %d;W
ehs; njhlh;eJ
; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)
O kQ; r s; fyhpy; g+ g+f; F k; ruf; n fhd; i d kuj; j pd;
,iyia Rkhh; 200 fpuhk; mstpy; vLj;J miuj;J cs;Ns
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(Re; j uRthkpfs; > fpzj; J f; f lT> Nfhit)
37
O nrz;Lky;yp vdg;gLk; JSf;frhke;;jp g+it xd;W
vLj;J miuj;J fhy; ypl;lh; Nkhhpy; fye;J 3 ehl;fs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(khjk; k h> jhpf; f iu> fh; e hlfh)
O nfhl; i lg; g hf; F > epy Ntk; G > kiyNtk; G > ,iy>
Fg;igNkdp> MLjpz;zhghis> rpW FwpQ;rhd; Mfpatw;wpy;
tiff;F 10 fpuhk; tPjk; miuj;J ,sk; #lhd nte;ePhpy;
fye;J
; ,uT xUNtis tPjk; 3 ehl;fSf;F njhlhe;J ; cs;Ns
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(ghz; b r; N rhp fhy; e il itj; j pa fUj; j uE; ; F -25.03.1999)
O gPehhprq;F
; xU ifgpb msT> kiy Ntk;G fha; 25 fpuhk;
,tw; i w miuj; J 500 kp.yp. ePUld; fyq; J cs; N s
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(F.nry; t uh[; > rpd; d tz; l hhp> kJiu)
O ngUe; ; J k; i g ,iyia 100 fpuhk; miuj; J
ey;nyz;nza; 200 kp.yp.Ald; fye;J
; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ntspag; g d; > fhkafTz; l d; gl; b > Njdp)
O Ntg; n gz; n za; 150 kp.yp. kQ; r s; nghb 20 fpuhk; >
nghbnra; j fUQ; r Pufk; 20 fpuhk; > ,sePh; miu ypl; l h;
Mfpatw; i w xd; w hff; fye; J mjpfhiyapy; cs; N s
Gfl;lNtz;Lk;.
(nghpa NtYr; r hkp> godpf; f Tz; l d; t yR> jhuhGuk; > <NuhL)
38
O jiyr;RUsp Nth; (<];tu %ypif) 2 mq;;Fyk; msT
vLj;J miuj;jJ 100 kpyp ePhpy;fye;;J Gfl;lNtz;Lk;.
(my; y J) thpf; F kl; b ,iy> gpuz; i l> Jk; i g> Jsrp>
nts;sUF> KRKRf;if> jiyr;RUsp ,it xt;nthd;wpYk;
xU ifg;gpb vLj;Jf; nfhz;L cg;;G 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw
nkhj;jkhf miuj;J fhiy> khiy kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiy
vd 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ ; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O ML jpz;zhghis ,iy 2 ifg;gpb msT miuj;J
rhW vLj;J tpsf;nfz;nza; 100 kp.yp.Ald; fye;;J xU
Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O Cohd; jz; L miu mb ePsk; ntl; b gpd; mij
CjNtz;Lk;. mjpypUe;;J tUk; rhiw 100 kp.yp. vLj;J>
kQ;rs;Jhs; 20 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; fye;J
; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O tpuyp kQ;rs; miu Jz;L> nts;ssUF 1 nrb> kpsF
20 vz;zk; ,itfis miuj;J Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
( godpNtY>murq; ; F b> jpUr; r p)
39
O thpf; F kl; b rhW> Nrhw; W f; fw; w hior; NrhW>
MLjpz;zhg;ghis ,iyr;rhW> Ntg;ngz;nza;> tiff;F 25
kp.yp. tPjk; vLj;J 50 fpuhk; fUg;gl;b Nrh;jJ
; cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b >tpUJefh; )
O nfhy;yq;;Nfhit fpoq;F 2 gq;F> jiyr;RUsp Nth; 2
gq;F> rpwpaheq;if ,iy 1 gq;F> ,e;;j %d;iwAk; epoypy;
cyh;j;jp ,bj;J #uzk; nra;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L 60 fpuhk;
tPjk; jpdKk; 3 Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl; f Sf; F njhlh; e ; J
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk.;
(rhkpf; f his> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b >ghyNkL> kJiu)
O Gq;f
; tpijfis 300 fpuhk; vLj;J miuj;J 2 ypl;lh;
ePhpy; fye;J; %d;wpy; xU gq;f
; hf tw;Wk; tiu fha;rr; Ntz;Lk;.
,jid nghpa khLfSf;F xU Kiw kl;Lk; nfhLf;fyhk;.
rpid gpbj; J fh; g ; g khf ,Uf; F k; khLfSf; F ,jid
nfhLf; f $lhJ. ,k; K iw jha; y he; J ehl; b y;
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
( Mrpah fz; l fhy; e il %ypif itj; j pa ifNaL - 1994.)
MLfspd; Flw; G Of; f Sf; F
O epythif> Fg;igNkdp> nfhl;ilg;ghf;F 10 fpuhk; tPjk;
ed;whf miuj;J ,sk; #lhd nte;e ; Ph; 2 ypl;lUld; fye;J
;
xU Ml;Lf;F 200 kp.yp. tPjk; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(Rghde; ; j d; > Fbg; g l; b > kJiu)
40
O <Rtu %ypif> nfhy;yq;N; fhit fpoq;F> rpW FwpQ;rhd;>
tp\ky;yp> rpwpaheq;;if ,iy midj;Jk; rk gq;;F vLj;J
6. nrhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;
epoypy; cyh;j;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Rkhh; 1 fpNyh mwpFwpfs;
nghbf;F 50 fpuhk; kpsF Jhshf;fp Nrh;j;J fye;;J nfhs;s thapy; ePh; tbAk;; Nrhh;thff; fhzg;gLk;;; %r;Rj;jpzwy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 10 ypl;lh; ePhpy; fye;;J 100 kp.yp. tPjk;
Vw;gLk;: ,iu vLf;fhJ.
MLfSf;F nfhLj;jhy; Flw;GOf;fs; fopr;ry;> tp\f;fb>
fha;rr; y;> Nghd;w tpahjpfs; FzkhFk;. fhuzq; ; f s;
(nts; i s> ry; y pNfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu) rpy Neuq; ; f spy; ML> khLfs; Nrhsg; g aph; > fk; G >
Mkzf; F kuts; s p Nghd; w gaph; f spd; gprpDs; s ,sk;
nfhOe; ; i j jpd; g jhy; khLfSf; F tapW cg; G k; ; nrhf; f pf;
nfhs;Sk;; kw;Wk; kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;. ,e;j ; rkaj;jpy; cldbahf
eltbf;if vLf;ftpy;iy vd;why; ML> khLfspd; capUf;F
Mgj;J Vw;gLk;.

itj;jpa Kiwfs;
o vUf;fQ;nrbapd; ,sk; ,iy> g+f;fSld; $ba Edpf;
nfhj;;J vLj;J nkJthf thapDy; cs;Ns tpl;L njhz;il
tiu nry;Yk; gbahf ,uz;L %d;W jlit nra;aNtz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuf; N fhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)

o ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ,sk; ,iyfs> g+f;fSld;

$ba vUf;fQ;nrbapd; Edpf;nfhj;J my;yJ ghyhjio
miu fpNyh vLj;J ,bj;J cUz;ilahfg; gpbj;J cs;Ns
Gfl;btplNtz;Lk;. my;yJ Njq;;fha; vz;nza; 250 kp.yp.
gok;Gsp 200 fpuhk;> rh;ff
; iu 250 fpuhk; mst vLj;J VNjDk;
xd;iw kl;LNkh my;yJ nkhj;jkhfNth 1 ypl;lh; ePUld;
fiuj;J cldbahf cs;Sf;Fs; Cw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(Nfhtpe; ; j d; > nry; y pa; k ghisak; > Nryk; )

41 42
o kiof;fhyq;f ; spy; Myq;f
; l;b vdg;gLk; gdpf;fl;b kio
tpOk;NghJ> mij vLj;J xU ghl;bypy; Nghl;L ghJfhg;ghf
7. nrUky;> [yNjh\k;
itf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrhf;Fk; fhy;eilfSf;F me;;j Neuj;jpy; mwpFwpfs;
,e;j ghl;bypy; gpbj;J ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;fpw gzp ePiu
fhy;eilfSf;F cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,;t;thW %r;RtplKbahky; rpukg;gLk;; %f;Fg; gFjp jiuNahLk;
nra;tjhy; nrhf;Fjy; FzkhfptpLk;. kuj;jpYk; Nja;fF
; k;. rspAld; $ba fha;rr; y; ,Uf;Fk; ; jPtdk;
([hdfp uhkd; > nrk; k ze; ; j y; > cSe; ; J hh; N gl; i l> tpOg; G uk; )
rhpahf vLf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; ; clypd; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; ; %f;fpypUe;;Jk;> fz;fspy; ,Ue;;Jk; rsp jz;zPh;
Nghy; te;;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;.

fhuzq;;fs;
%f;Fj; jz;L cyh;e;JtpLtjhYk;> GiuNaWtjhYk;>
Rthr kz;lyj;jpy; Neha; cz;lhtjhYk;> fhy;eilfs; xNu
,lj;jpy; mjpfstpy; milj;J itf;fg;gLtjhYk; ,e;j
; Neha;
Vw;gl tha;gG; z;L.

itj;jpaKiwfs;
O nghd;dhq;fz;zp fPiu 100 fpuhk;> nghpaheq;i
; f ,iy
100 fpuhk; ,uz;ilAk; miuj;J xU ehisf;F ,uz;L jlit
cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ( my;yJ)
fz; l q; ; f j; j php fha; miuj; J xh; ,uT nts; s hl; L
Nfhkpaj;jpy; Cw itj;J gpope;;J ,uz;L nrhl;Lf;fs; tPjk;
%f;fpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;. rpWfhKl;;b Nth; 25 fpuhk; mstpw;F
miuj;J ePUld; fye;J ; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ( my;yJ)
fy;yj;jpf;fha;; 250 fpuhk;> rPufk; 100 fpuhk;> ntq;f
; hak;
200 fpuhk; %d;iwAk; ,bj;J 3 ehl;fSf;F fhiy Ntisapy;
ftskhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)

43 44
O nts;is vUf;fk; g+ nkhl;L 50 fpuhk;> tpuhyp> jio 50 epwj;jpy; Ntk;G> Edh Nghd;w kuq;fspy; glh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;)
fpuhk;> tPyp jio 100 fpuhk;> %q;f
; py; ,iy 100 fpuhk;> kpsfha; my; y J
tw;wy; 100 fpuhk;> ntq;;fhak; 250 fpuhk;> Ntg;ngz;nza; 200
kp.yp. Mfpatw;Wld; NgWfhy rhkhd;fs; nkhj;jj;jpy; 250
O %q;f
; py; ,iy xU ifg;gpbasT (100 fpuhk;) mjDld;
fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J ,uz;L gq;f ; hf gphpj;J
; ftskhf cUl;b
gr;ir fhil ,wF 3 Nrh;jJ
; jPtdj;Jld; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fhiy khiy cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid nfhLf;Fk; (,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; i f)
Kd;dh; khl;il Fspg;ghl;b tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(ehuhazrhkp> rPg; g hyf; N fhl; i l> Njdp)
O kpsfuiz Nth; 10 fpuhk;> MlhNjhil ,iy 100 fpuhk;>
JhJtis 100 fpuhk;> fz;l ; q; fj;jphp ,iy 100 fpuhk;> Jsrp
O %q;f; py; ,iy miu fpNyh Kjy; 1 fpNyh tiu gwpj;J
,iy 200 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw epoypy; cyh;j;jp> rpj;juj;ij
te; J fhiy my; y J khiy Neuq; ; f spy; fhy; e ilf; F
50 fpuhk;> kpsF 50 fpuhk;> jpg;gpyp 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J
jPtdkhff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW 3 Kjy; 4 ehl;fs;
#uzkhf itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nfhLj;J te;;jhy; khl;bd; nrUky; fl;Lg;gLk;. (cldbahfg;
gwpf;fg;gl;l gRikahd %q;;fpy; ,iyfisNa gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;) gid kug;gl;ilapy; ,sk; gr;irahf 100 fpuhk; vLj;J
(gp.Ngahz; b > Nf.GJkq; f yk; > nrf; f Dhuzp> kJiu) 2 ypl;lh; ePUld; fye;;J fha;r;rp 200 kp.yp.ahf tw;wpaJk;
Nkw;fz;l #uzk; 15 fpuhk; fye;J
; 3 Ntis Gfl;l rhpahFk;.
(ntspag; g d; > fhkafTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)
O nrk;g+yhk;gl;ilAld;> fpNyh fLF Nrh;jJ
; 4 ypl;lh;
ePUld; Ntfitj;J ghjpahf tw;wpaJk; tbj;J 2 ypl;lh;
frahj;ij 3 ehl;fSf;F cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. O MizneUQ;rp ,iy 100 fpuhk;> rPufk; 10 fpuhk;>
(Fg; i gah fTz; l h>; rpj; j hd; l Guk; > mQ; r l; b > jUkGhp) ntq;f
; hak; 200 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J ghYld; miuj;J
fhiy khiy kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiy cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(K. jq; f r; r hk; p Njth; > Mthuq; ; F sk; > fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
O Nthpy;yh nfhj;jhDila (Gy;YUtp) nfhbia ,bj;J
miu ypl;lh; rhW vLj;J ntq;fhak; 4> rPufk; 25 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
;
miuj;J xU ehisf;F xU Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fSf;Fj; O kpsF 20 fpuhk; vLj;J gRk;ghypy; miuj;J xU Ntis
njhlh;e;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Gy;YUtp nfhbahdJ gRik tPjk; 3 ehl; f Sf; F njhlh; e ; J cs; N s nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;.(my;yJ)

45 46
 gpQ;R ehh;jj
; q;fha; 4 vz;zk; vLj;J xt;nthd;iwAk; 4
Jz;Lfshf;fp xNu Ntisapy; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; ; i f)
O %f;ful;il rhuiz r%yk; 100 fpuhk; tpuyp kQ;rs; 2
mq;;Fyk;> mk;khd; gr;rhprp r%yk; 100 fpuhk; kzj;jf;fhsp
,iy 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw nkhj;jkhf ,bj;J 250 fpuhk;
fUg;gl;b Nrh;jJ
; gpire;J
; fhiy kw;Wk; khiy 2 Ntis Gfl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O fy; g id 10 fpuhk; > tpuhypjio 10 fpuhk; >
khtpyq;;fg;gl;il 20 fpuhk;> tpy;t ,iy 20 fpuhk; kw;Wk;
filr;ruf;F (NgWfhyr;rhkhd;fs; tiff;F Rkhh; 5-10 fpuhk;
tiu) vLj;J ,bj;J ,Q;rp 100 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J xU
Ntis kl;Lk; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(khhpag; g d; > jpUf; f UfhT+h; > jQ; r ht+h; )
O Rf;F> kpsF> xkk;> kl;b ngUq;fhak;> g+z;L Mfpa
xt;nthd;Wk; tiff;F 50 fpuhk; tPjk;> rpj;juj;ij 10 fpuhk;>
Klf;fj;jhd; ,iy ifg;gpbasT Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J 50 kp.yp.
Ntg;ngz;nzapy; gpire;;J cUl;b xNu jlitapy; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Fbg;gjw;F nfhjpj;J Mwpa ePiu nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(f.Fkhh; > ,.Nfhtpy; g l; b > epyf; N fhl; i l> jpz; L f; f y; )
47
O fUg; G fLif nghbj; J > rpwpjsT ePUld; fye; ; J >
ikNghyhf;fp ,e;;j giria Nky;g+r;rhf khh;G ghfj;jpd; ,U
gf; f q; ; f spYk; jltp tpl Ntz; L k; . ,jid 3-4 ehl; f s;
njhlh;eJ ; nra;a Ntz;Lk; ( my;yJ)
O Gjpjhf gwpj;j MlhNjhil ,iy> KUq;;if ,iy>
Jsrp ,iy xt;nthd;Wk; 50 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J> tpuyp kQ;rs;
ifg; g pbasT Jz; L fs; vLj; J rpW Jz; L fshf ntl; b
midj;ijAk; xd;whf fye;;J Ehy;Jzpapy; nghl;lykhf
fl;bf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,Nj Nghy; NkYk; ,uz;L nghl;lyk; fl;b itj;Jf;
nfhz;L ePuhtpahy; xU nghl;lyj;ij #lhf;fp vLj;J khl;bd;
khh;G gFjpapy; 20-30 epkplq;;fs; xj;jlk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
me; j Neuj; j py; mLj; j nghl; l yk; ePuhtpahy; #lhf; f pf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xt;nthU nghl;lykhf khw;wp
khw;wp xU ehisf;F 2 Ntis tPjk; 2 ehl;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk;
Nkw;fz;l ,iyfSld; 1 ypl;lh; ePh; Nrh;j;J fha;r;rp
tbj; J MwpaJk; fhiy khiy vd 5 ehl; f s; cs; N s
juNtz;Lk;.
O mur ku ,iyia epoypy; cyh;j;jp ,bj;J vLj;j
#uzk; 50 fpuhk; vLj;J rkmsT kQ;rSld; fye;J xU
ehisf;F ,UKiw tPjk; nfhLj;J te;j ; hy;> ehs;gl;l nrUky;
kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; Foha; tPf;fk; rhpahFk;.
(mg; J y; urhf; ; > kJiu)
48
 8. %f;filg;ghd;
mwpFwpfs;
%f;fpypUe;J ePh; tbe;;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ; ryKk; ,uj;jKk;
fye;J ntspNaWk;; %f;fpy; fl;b kw;Wk; Gz;fs; fhuzkhf
%r;Rtpl rpukg;gLk; ; khLfs; jpzWtJld; Fwl;il Nghd;w
rgjj;ij cz;L gz;Zk;.
fhuzq
fhuzq;; fs;
%f;fpy; Gw;W Nghd;w fl;bfs;> Gz;fs; Njhd;Wtjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
,uj; j j; j py; thOk; xUtpj g+r; r pfspdhy; cz; l hfpd; w J.
G+r;rpfs; Kl;ilapl;L ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; NghJ cUthfpwJ.
NrW cs;s ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ej;ijfs; %yk; ,e;Neha;
gut tha;gG; cs;sjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
itj;jpaKiwfs;
O fz;lq;f; j;jphp gok; 10 vz;zk; vLj;J xt;nthd;iwAk;
,uz;lhfg; gpse;;J Jzpapy; nghl;lykhff; fl;b 250 kp.yp.
nts;shl;L Nfhkpaj;jpy; Nghl;L ,utpy; Cw itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kWehs; fhiyapy; nghl;lyj;ij vLj;J %f;filg;ghd; cs;s
fhy;eilfspy; xt;nthU %f;fpYk; 3 Kjy; 4 nrhl;Lfshf
fhiy> khiy kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiy vd 3 Ntis gpope;J
tpl Ntz;Lk;.
rpWfhKl;b Ntiu xU ifg;gpb msT ,bj;J ePhpy;
fye;J
; cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
49
O ML> khLfSf;F %f;filg;ghDf;Ff; fz;lq;;fj;jphpr;
rhW gpope;J
; %f;fpy; 2 my;yJ 3 nrhl;Lf;fs; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(vk; . rilad; > rpj; j NuT> ma; a k; g hisak; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O ngUe;J ; k;ig> kQ;rs;nghb> mug;G (crpiy ,iyg;nghb)
fz;lq;;fj;jphpg;gok; ,itaidj;Jk; 25 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J
miuj;J tpsf;nfz;nzAld; fha;rr; p khl;bd; %f;fpy; fhiy
khiy 3 nrhl;Lfs; tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ ; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(jp. nyl; R kzd; > FUthh; g l; b > tpshj; j pFsk; > Jhj; J f; F b)
O ghg;ghu Ks;spf;fha; (fz;lq;;fj;jphp) tpijia vLj;J
Jhshf;fp 50 kp.yp ey;nyz;nzAld; fye;J khl;bd; %f;fpy;
%d; W ehl; ; f s; gpope; ; J tpl GiuNaWjy; kw; W k; ; gpw
fhuzq;f
; spdhy; Vw;gl;l %f;filg;G ePq;F
; k;.
(Nfhtpe; ; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > Nryk; )
O rjFg;ig tpij 100 fpuhk;> ,Q;rp 100 fpuhk;> thy; kpsF
50 fpuhk; kw;Wk; jpg;gpyp 50 fpuhk; ed;whf ,bj;J nte;;ePhpy;
fye;J
; fhiy khiy 2 tis cs;Sf;F ; f; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; .;
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O ,Yg;ig Gz;zhf;F 50 fpuhk; vLj;J nts;shl;Lg; ghy;
50 kp.yp apy; Nrh;j;J ,utpy; Cw itf;f Ntz;Lk;. kWehs;
fhiyapy; Rj; j khd gUj; j p Jzpapy; Nkw; g b fyitia
itj;J nghl;lykhff; fl;b fhy;eilapd; jiyia NkNy
Jhf;fpg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L xt;nthU %f;fpYk; 10 nrhl;Lfs;
tPjk; tpl Ntz;Lk;. kUe;J
; Cw;wpa gpd; fhy;eilfis epoypy;
fl;l Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)
50
O Fg;igNkdp ,iy xU ifg;gpb msT (25 fpuhk;) kpsF O tuF itf;Nfhy; miu fpNyhit 2 ypl;lh; ePhpy; ed;whf
5> rpWntq;fhak; 3 Mfpatw;iw ed;whf ,bj;J RLePhpy; fye;J
; fha;rr; p frhak; ,wf;fp itj;Jf; nfhz;L 100 fpuhk; Ehypiy
xU Jzpapy; fl;b %f;fpy; 5 nrhl;Lfs; tPjk; fhiy> khiy nrbia (mj;jhs;nghUj;p) miuj;J Nkw;fz;l frhak; 100
kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiy vd 3 Ntisfs; tpl Ntz;Lk;. kp.yp.Ald; fye;J ; fhiy khiy vd 3 ehl;fSf;F nfhLf;f
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL>kJiu) Ntz;Lk;.
(jQ; r pfhd; > jhoq; ; F sk; > nrQ; r p> tpOg; G uk; )

ehrpg;Gw;Wf;F

O xl;lil> Rz;zhk;G> kz;nzz;nza; Mfpatw;Wld;

kpsfha; tpijiaj; Jhtp %f;fpDs; itj;J 3 Ntis ed;whf
mjf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ Gw;W fiue;;J ,uj;jk; tUk;.
mjd; gpd;G 3 Ntis Ntg;ngz;nza;> kQ;rs;> fl;bf; fw;g+uk;
Mfpatw;iw miuj;Jf; fl;btpl Gw;W eP;qf
; ptpLk;.
(n[auhkd; > nra; a hq; ; F sk; > tpOg; G uk; )

O kpsfha;j; Jhs; 50 fpuhKld;> ,Yg;ig ,iy 50 fpuhk;>

nea; 100 kp.yp. Nrh;j;J miuj;J xU ,Uk;Gj;Jz;il #L
nra;J Nkw;fz;l kUe;i ; j Kwpj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
kUe;i; j 3 Ntisf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(V.Mh; . ehuhazd; > Ma; % h; > ehfg; g l; b zk; )

O fz;le;j
; pg;gpyp 50 fpuhk;> rjFg;ig 50 fpuhk; rhk;gpuhzp
25 fpuhk;> Xkk; 50 fpuhk;> mlg;gq;nfhOe;J; 50 fpuhk;> vUf;fk;
nkhf;F 100 fpuhk; midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J miuj;J
,uz;L Ntis cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(n[fe; e hjd; > Ma; % h; > ehfg; g l; ; b zk; )

51 52
 9. njhz;il milg;ghd
hd;
mwpFwpfs;
fhy; e ilfis ,e; ; N eha; jPbnud jhf; F fpwJ; kpf
mjpff; f ha; r ; r y; fhzg; g Lk; ; fz; f s; rpte; ; J ,Uf; F k;
%f;fpypUe;J Nfhio Nghd;w jputk; tbAk; ; njhz;il> jhil>
fOj;Jg; gFjpfs; typNahL $ba #lhd tPf;fk; fhzg;gLk;.
ehf;F tPf;fkhfp %r;Rj;jpzwy; ,Uf;Fk; ; Kjypy;
rhzk; fl;b gpd; fopr;ry; fhzg;gLk; ; thapy; ckpo; ePUld;
Eiu Nghd;W topAk; ; Neha; Kw;wpa epiyapy; fhy;eilfs;
,wf;f Nehplyhk;.
fhuzq;;fs;
,e; ; N eha; ghf; B hpah> fpUkpfshy; cz; l hfpwnjd
$wg;gLfpwJ. kio fhyj;jpw;F gpd; gdpf;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;
,e;N; eha; Njhd;wp guTfpd;wJ.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O g{ehhp (ngUkuk;) kug;gl;il> ,iy ,itfis tiff;F
500 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj; J > Ckr; r q; ; $ L> jiug; g +z; L
Mfpaitfis tiff;F 100 fpuhk; tPjk; Nrh;j;J ,bj;Jr;
rhW gpope;;J 50 kp.yp. tPjk; 3 Ntis cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(rq; f d; > fhrk; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
53
O gPehhp (ngUkuk;) kuj;Jg;gl;il> nfhOe;;J 1 fpNyh
vLj;J Gspr;r jz;zPhpy; Nghl;L ,bj;J Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp>
ntw;wpiy xt;nthd;Wk; 10 fpuhk; tPjk; miuj;J 3 jlit
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(jhoKj; J > tdj; j ha; G uk; > Njdp)
O fpSfpSg;ig vd;Dk; ehp kpul;b ,iyr; rhW miu
ypl;lUld;> kQ;rs; Jhs; 10 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; fye;J
; cs;Sf;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O gR nea; nghpa khl;Lf;F 600 kp.yp. fd;Wf;F 200 kp.yp.
msT ,Nyrhf #Nlw;wp cs;Sf;F Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(Jiur; r hkp> b.fsj; J hh; > jpUr; ; r p)
O fUnehr; r p ,iy> Ntg; g piy> mUfk; G y; > Jsrp
xt; n thd; w pYk; 100 fpuhk; msT vLj; J ,itfis
nts;shl;Lg; ghYld; fye;J ed;whf miuj;J xU Kiw
nfhLj;jhy; njhz;il milg;G rhpahfptpLk;.
O eQ;RKwpr;rhd; ,iy 100 fpuhk;> vYk;nghl;bj;jio 50
fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miuj;Jg; gr;rhprpf; fQ;rpAld; cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(n[auhkd; > tz; b ghisak; > tpOg; G uk; )
O Mthuq;nfhOe;J; 250 fpuhk;> Mthuk; nkhf;F (g+) 250
fpuhk;> nts;isg;g+z;L 250 fpuhk; %d;iwAk; ,bj;J mk;kpapy;
miuj;J 3 Ntis juNtz;Lk;. ,jid 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ ;
nra;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(v.,uh[h> thRNjtey; Y hh; > jpUney; N typ)
54
 10. fhy;fhiz> tha;fhiz
(Nfhkhhp Neha;)
,e; ; N eha; ML> khL> Nghd; w fhy; Fsk; G s; s
tpyq;f; pdq;f
; Sf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;Neha; fyg;gpd khLfSf;F
vspjhf jhf;fp tpLk;. ehl;L khLfspy; ,e;;Nehapdhy; mjpf
ghjpg;G Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
mwpFwpfs;
fhy;Fsk;Gfspy; nfhg;Gsq;f
; Sk;> GO itj;j Gz;fSk;
fhzg;gLk;.
mir Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;; ckpo; ePh; tbe;;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
fhy;eilapd; thapd; Nky; ehf;fpYk;> cjL kw;Wk;
<WfspYk; nfhg;Gsq;f
; s; Njhd;wp Gz;fshf khwptpLk;.
clypy; fha;r;ry; ,Uf;Fk; ; jPdp rhpahf vLf;fhJ;
ghy; ; msT jpBnud Fiwe; ; J tpLfpwJ; fhiz cs; s
khLfspd; ghiy fd; W fs; gUfptpl; l hs; clNd ,wf; f
NehpLfpwJ. fhy;fis cjwpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;> nehz;b elf;Fk;.
fhuzq;;fs;
Nfhkhhp Neha; njhw;W fpUkpfshy; Vw;gLk; tpahjpahFk;.
kiof; f hyq; ; f spy; ,e; N eha; fhy; Fsk; G fspy; Njhd; w p
fhy;eilfs; ehf;fpdhy; mtw;iw ef;Fk; NghJ tha;gg; Fjpf;Fk;
gutp tpLfpwJ. Nrw;Wg; gFjpapy; Nka;gg; jw;F gjpyhf kiyfspy;
Nka;e;jhy; ,e;Neha; tUtjpy;iy.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O epyf;flk;G ,iy (jiu Gifapiy) 250 fpuhk; kQ;rs;
50 fpuhk;> fl;bf; fw;g+uk;25> fpuhk; 250 Mfpatw;iw miuj;J
fhiz cs; ; s fhy; f spy; itj; J xU Jzpahy; fl; b
tplNtz;Lk;. nfhR kw;Wk; < nkha;f;fhkypUf;f mjw;F Nky;
Ntg;ngz;nza; jlt Ntz;Lk;.
(%h; j ; j p> Mah; g hb> Nfhl; l f; f iu> ghz; b r; N rhp)
O Fg;igNkdp ,iy> rpW Jk;ig ,iy rk msT vLj;J
tpuyp kQ;rs; 4> fl;b fw;g+uk; 10 kw;Wk; rpwpJ Kbf;fUf;fpid
Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J Ntg;ngz;nza; fye;J ; fspk;ghf nra;J fhy;
Fsk;Gfspy; jltp tu Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g f; F b> rptfq; i f)
O tha; Nfhkhhpf;F Ntg;;gpiy kw;Wk; kQ;ris miuj;J
ePUld; fye;;J %d;W ehl;fs; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tha;gG; z; MWk; tiu ed;whff; fha;rr; pa fk;gq;$o; czthff;
nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;. ,e;Neha; Chpy; guTk; rkak;> Neha; tuhj
khl;Lf;F fhl;Lf; fk;G ,bj;J fQ;rp fha;rr; p nfhLj;J te;jhy;
,e;Neha; guthJ.
( mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; f pgl; b > Nghb> Njdp)

55 56
O tuFg; G y; i yAk; > nfhd; i w ,iyAk; Nrh; j ; J
jiyg;gFjpapy; thapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; fhiy> khiy vd 2 ehl;fs;
Gif %l;lk; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;e ; hl;fspy; Neha; fz;l khl;il
njhOtj;jpy; jdpahff; fl;b itf;f Ntz;Lk;. czthff;
Nfg;igf; fQ;rpAk; Mwpa nte;ePUk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhy;
Nfhkhhpf;F Fsk;Gfspd; ,ilntspapy; cs;;s Gz;fSf;F
Ntg;ngz;nzia jpdk; %d;W Ntis jlt Ntz;Lk;.
(e. fz; z g; g d; > ghUh; > jh; k Ghp)
O Xkk; 50 fpuhk;> rjFg;ig 15 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw 1ypl;lh;
ePUld; Nrh;jJ
; fhy; ypl;l
; uhf tw;Wk; tiu nfhjpf;f itf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; Mwitj;J Neha; FzkhFk; tiu nfhLj;J
tuNtz;Lk;.
Gjpdhr; n rb> kQ; r s; > nfhl; i lg; g hf; F > ntw; w piy
xt;nthd;wpYk; 25 fpuhk; tPjk; miuj;J 3 ehl;fSf;F jpdKk;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Mh; . Nf. Fg; j h> Nluh^d; )
O fhizNeha; fz;l fhy;eilapd; ckpo;ePUld; $ba tha;
Eiuia fhiz tuhj khl;bd; thapy; jlt Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
nra; t jhy; fhiz Neha; guTtJ jLf; f g; g LtjhfTk; >
Nehapy; y hj khl; L f; F Neha; gutp cldbahf Fzkhfp
tpLtjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
57
O fhiz fz;l khl;bd; tha;g;gFjpapy; Ntg;g ,iyAk;
kQ;rSk; miuj;J g+r Ntz;Lk;. Ntg;ngz;nza;ia fhy;
Fsk;Gfspy; jlt Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; Nghuhf;]; 300 vd;w
N`hkpNahgjp kUe;;Jld; 100 kp.yp. fpsprhpd; fye;;J fhiz
Neha; fz;l khl;bw;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mNrhf; F z; N l> gps; i sah; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)
O tz; z hd; mThp ,iy (ePypj; j io) nts; i s
Fq;f
; pypak;> rq;fq;Fg;gp> fUg;G Fq;f
; pypak; Mfpa xt;nthd;Wk;
50 fpuhk; tPjk; Nrh; j ; J miuj; J rpW rpW cUz; i l
khj;jpiufshf nra;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L> xU Ntisf;F 10
khj; j piu tPjk; 3 Ntisf; F thiog; g oj; j py; itj; J
cs; S f; F s; nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . khj; j piuia cs; S f; F s;
nfhLf;Fk;NghJ ehf;if gykhf ,Of;ff; $lhJ.
khj;jpiu nfhLf;Fk; Kd; 10 fpuhk; gbfhuj;ij 300kp.yp.
ePhpy; #L nra;J ,f;fiuryhy; thapYs;s Gz;fis fOtp
tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(V]; . V. n[afhe; j d; > rpj; J f; f hL> gl; L f; N fhl; i l> jQ; r ht+h; . )
O ,e; ; N eha; fz; l khLfisj; jdpahff; fl; b
thiog; g oq; f is tpsf; n fz; n za; a py; ,uT Neuq; ; f spy;
Cwitj;J fhiyapy; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. gd;wp khkprj;ij ,uT
Neuq;fsp;y; rikj;Jf; Fok;ghff; fha;r;rpf; fhiyapy; rhik
rhjj;Jld; fye;J Cl;Ljy;>; kPd;> fUthL Cwitj;j ePiu
fhy; Fsk;gpy; Cw;WJy; Nghd;wit filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
([p.uhkjh]; > fhe; j pfpuhkk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
58
O Fsj;Jr; Nrw;wpy; khl;il kpjpf;ftpl;Lg; gpd;dh; fhy;
ghfj;jpy; kz;nzz;nza; jltp fhaitj;J tplNtz;Lk;.
(Nr.rQ; f d; > fhrk; g l; b > ej; j k; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O Ntg;ge;;jio> fUthl;Lj;Jhs;> kQ;rs; fye;;J Gif
%l; l k; nra; J Gifthilia Neha; f z; l khl; b w; F k; >
njhOtj;jpYk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;.
trk;Gk;> mfj;jpapiyAk; Nrh;j;J miuj;J thapYk;>
ehrpapYk; > Fsk; g pYk; jltptu Ntz; L k; . gioa GspAld;
ey;nyz;nza;Ald; gpire;;J thapy; jltNtz;Lk;. fUthL
fOtpd jz; z Piuf; Fsk; G fspy; tplyhk; . Rf; F ehpg; G y; >
,Yg;igg; gpz;zhf;F. vUf;fis> Ntypg;gUj;jpapiy> Ntg;g
,iy> re;jdf; fl;il ,itfisnay;yhk; miuj;J ePhpy;
fyf;fp cs;Sf;Fs; Gfl;b clk;gpYk; g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(fUg; g zd; > NrhikaDhh; > Nfhit)
O MLfSf; F f; fhzNeha; te; ; j hy; ,iu jpz; z hJ.
thapy; ePh; tbAk; . ,jw; F kiythiog; gok; 2 kw; W k;
ey;nyz;nza; 50kp.yp. Nrh;jJ
; 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ
; nfhLj;J
tu Fzkhfpd;wJ.
(Nr.rQ; f d; > fhrhkgl; b > ej; j k; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O fhiz Neha; tUKd; jLg;gjw;F gpQ;R khtL 100 fpuhk;
miuj;J fhiy khiy vd 2 Ntisf;F cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nfhLj;J te;jhy; gpw khLfspypUe;J Neha;
guTtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
59
O Neha; te;j fhy;eilfSf;F jiyr;RUsp Nth; 15 fpuhk;
,bj;J ePUld; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(fUg; i gah> fPojhdpak; > khdhkJiu> rptfq; ; i f)
O khtpyq;;fk;gl;il 100 fpuhk;> kQ;rs;Jhs; 25 fpuhk;>
Njq;f
; ha; xd;W Nrh;jJ
; miuj;Jf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(n[auhkd; > nra; a hq; ; F sk; > tpog; G uk; )
O kiy thiog; gok; 2> tpsf; n fz; n za; 150 kp.yp.
Mfpatw;iw gpire;J Cl;l Ntz;Lk;. khl;Lj; njhOtj;ijr;
Rj;jkhff; fOtp gpdhapy; njspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; ; i f)
O thiog;gok; 5> ey;nyz;nza; 100 kp.yp. Ald; gpire;J
;
xUthuj;jpw;F cs;Ns Gfl;lNtz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O rhjpf;fha; xd;W> khrpf;fha; xd;W ,itfis ,bj;J
ePhpy; fye;J
; cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ)
gyhku ,iy 200 fpuhk;> Ntg;gk;gl;il 300 fpuhk; vLj;J
5 ypl;lh; ePh; fye;;J xU kzpNeuk; fha;r;rpdhy; 3 ypl;luhf
tw;wp tpLk;. ,jid khl;bw;F miu ypl;lh; tPjk; cs;kUe;j ; hf
,UNtis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Neha; tUk; Kd;Gk;
nfhLj;J Neha; tuhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;. Rkhh; 30- f;F Nkw;gl;l
gRf;fspy; ghpNrhjpf;fg;gl;L FzkhfpAs;sd.
(Nfhtpe; ; j rhkp> ghg; g tyR> nfhLKb> <NuhL)
60
O Nrud;nfhl;il gUg;G 50 fpuhk; miuj;J ey;nyz;nza;
250 kp.yp. Ald; fye;J
; fha;rr; p Mw itj;J fhy;fhiz cs;s
; Neha; gutp ,we;;JtpLk;. vdNt ghiy fwe;;J fha;r;rp> Mw
,lj;jpy; jlt Ntz;Lk;.
O tha; f hizf; F thpFkl; b r; rhW 100 kp.yp. Nrhw; W
fw;whior; NrhW 100 kp.yp.> MLjpz;zhg;ghis rhW 100 kp.yp..
Ntg; n gz; n za; 50 kp.yp. Mfpatw; i w xd; w hff; fye; ; J
itj;Jf; nfhz;L 50 fpuhk; fUg;gl;bia Kjypy; jpd;df;
nfhLj; J tpl; L 15 epkplk; fopj; J kUe; J f; fyitiaf;
nfhLf;f FzkhFk;.
( MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
O nte;;jak;> rPufk;. rpWntq;;fhak; Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk;
50 fpuhk; vLj;J miuj;J 50 kp.yp. ey;nyz;nzAld; Nrh;jJ ;
cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
O Jk;ig ,iy xU ifg;gpb msT> Fg;igNkdp xU
ifg; g pb msT> kQ; r s; 10 fpuhk; > cg; G 1 ifg; g pb msT
Mfpatw;iw ed;whf miuj;J fhiz cs;s ,lj;jpy; g+r
Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)
O 3 ypl;lh; RL ePhpy; xU ];g+d;fy; cg;G miu ];g+d; Nrhlh
cg; G Nrh; j ; J fiuj; J fhiyapYk; > khiyapYk; fhy;
Fsk;Gfis fOtp tplNtz;Lk;. kw;w khLfSf;F Chpy; fhiz
Neha; guTk; rkak; ,k;Kiwia 15 ehl;fs; ekJ khl;bw;F
filgpbj;J te;j ; hy; fhiz NehapypUq;J fhg;ghw;wyhk;.
61
O fhiz te;j; khl;bd; ghiy fd;Wfs; Fbj;jhy; fd;Wf;F
itj;J fd;W Fl;bfSf;F kjpa Ntisapy; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(yPyh> n[a efh; > rpNkhfh> fh; e hlhfh)
O Chpy; fhiz Neha; khLfSf;F gutp tUk; rkak; Neha;
fhzhj khLfSf;F jpdKk; jz;zPhpy; cg;Gk;> Ntg;gk;gl;ilAk;
Nrh; j ; J nfhjpf; f itj; J fhy; Fok; G gFjpiaAk; > tha;
gFjpiaAk; ed;F fOtp tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F gpd; 200 fpuhk;
Jsrp ,iy> tpuhyp kQ;rs; 3> fy; cg;G 10 fpuhk; miuj;J
jpdKk; xU Ntis tPjk; ftskhf 3 ehl;fSf;F njhlh;eJ ;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(jpUkjp. nghd; D Kj; J > Njthzpgl; b > rptfq
rptfq;; i f)
O gbfhuk; 25 fpuhk; vLj;J Jhs; nra;J miu ypl;lh; ePhpy;
fye; ; J mij tha; > fhy; Fsk; G Kjypa ,lq; ; f spYs; s
Gz;fis ed;whff; fOtp Rj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpd;
Ntg;ngz;nzia Gz;fspd; Nky; g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)
fUNtyk;gl;ilia ePUld; fha;rr; p frhak; nra;J> tha; kw;Wk;
fhy; Fsk;G gFjpfspy; fOtp tpl nra;ayhk;.
( fhy; e il guhkhpg; G ,yhfh> nra; j p Fwpg; G -1954> nrd; i d)
O khl;bw;F xU Kl;ilia cilj;J xU ypl;lh; ePhpy;
fye;J
; xU ehisf;F xU jlitahf 3 ehl;fs; nfhLj;J tu
Ntz;Lk;. tha;gFjpapy; kQ;rs; 10 fpuhk;> Nghuhf;]; 10 fpuhk;
,uz; i lAk; ntz; n za; a py; gpire; ; J g+r Ntz; L k; .
fhy;gFjpapy; kapy;Jj;jk;> Myk; (gbfhuk;) vd;w ,uz;ilAk;;
62
4 5 rjfiuryhf;fp 3- 4 Kiw g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. (40 fpuhk;
Jhis 1 ypl; l h; ePhpy; fye; ; J fiuryhf; f yhk; ) ,ij
FzkhFk; tiu fil gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Mh; . Nf.Fg; j h> Nluh^d; )
O fhiz te;jkhl;bd; fhy; Fsk;Gfs; ntJ ntJg;ghd
cg;Gf; fiurypy; fOt Ntz;Lk;. gioa> Njhy; nrUg;ig vhpj;J
fpilf;Fk; rhk;gYld;> mNj msT fliy vz;nza; my;yJ
ey;nyz;nza; Nrh;j;J Gz;; MWk; tiu Fsk;Gfspy; jlt
Ntz;Lk;.
(fphPj; gl; N ly; > mfkjhghj; )
O fhiz tUk; Kd; jLg;gjw;F u];lhf;]; 200 tJ tPhpak;
my; y J fhypINahNll; l k k; 200 tJ tPhpak; vd; w
N]hkpNahgjp kUe; j py; 4 khj; j piu tPjk; ,uz; L Ntis
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ePyfz; l d; > tz; B a+h; > kJiu)
63
11. rg;ig Neha;
rg; i g Neha; ey; ; y epYitapYs; s ,sq; ; f hisfs; >
fpNlhpfis jhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;Neha; kio fhyj;jpNyh mjw;F
gpd;Ngh tUfpwJ. Nka;rr; y; jiuapy; kz;zpy; Neha; fpUkpfs;
gutp tpLtjhy; Mz;LNjhWk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; ,e;Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ. vdNt Neha; gutpa Nka;r;ry;
jiufis ed;whf cOJ tpl Ntz;Lk;.
mwpFwpfs;
tPf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij fz;lwpe;;jTld; mjidr;
Rw;wp Rz;zhk;gpdhy; tl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;;; rpykzp Neuk; fopj;J
tPf;fkhdJ tl;lj;ij tpl;L nghpjhfp fhzg;gl;l
; hy; rg;ig Neha;
cs;sJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.
64
 jpBnud;W clypy; ntg;gk; mjpfkhfp fha;rr; y; fz;L khL O njd;dk;ghis g+ mhprpia vYkpr;rk;go msT miuj;J
,we;J tpLk;. njhil> Njhy; rg;ig> fOj;Jg; gFjpfspy; 100 kp.yp. gRk;ghypy; Jitj;Jg; gpope;J
; cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f
#lhd> ,Wf;fkhd typNahL $ba tPf;fk; fhzg;gLk;. tPf;fk; Ntz;Lk;.
te;;j gFjpfspy; cs;s Njhy; fha;e;J> fUg;ghfp tPq;fpAs;s (vk; . rilad; > rpj; j NuT> jpz; L f; f y; )
,lj;ij mOj;jpdhy; ewew vd;w rg;jk; Nfl;Fk;.
fhy; f s; elf; f Kbahky; nehz; L k; ; jPtdk; O Gw;Wkz;> GOq;f ; y; mhprp 150 fpuhk;> nts;is ej;ij $L
jpd;dhkYk;> ePh; Fbf;fhkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. khh;G gFjp tPq;fp jiy> 4 vz; z pf; i f> NfhopKl; i l 1> kQ; r s; Jz; L 1,it
fz;> ehb kw;Wk; cly; KOtJk; Fsph;rr; pahf ,Uf;Fk;. midj;ijAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J miuj;J rg;ig tPq;fp cs;s
,lj; j py; mOj; j pg; ghh; j ; J ,ijg; gj; J Nghl Ntz; L k; .
fhuz q ;;fs; cs;kUe;j; hf ntw;wpiy 4> Xkk; 5 fpuhk;> rhk;gpuhzp> 5 fpuhk;>
kiof;fhyq;;fspy; guTk;; ; Neha;tha;g;gl;l khLfspy; kpsF 10 fpuhk; midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J miuj;J
,Ue;J
; rhzj;jpd; %yk; guTk;. cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(V.Mh; . ehuhazrhkp> Ma; % h; > ehfg; g l; b zk; )
itj; j paKiw
O nfhbNtypNth; 10 fpuhk; > vUf; f q; f ha; 5 (Rl; l J)>
O jpUFfs; s pg; g hy; > nfhbfs; s pg; ghy; > mj; j pg; g hy; >
ftpo;Jk;ig 100 fpuhk;> rpWFkl;b ,iyfpuhk;> Nga; Jk;kl;b
Myk;ghy; kw;Wk; vUf;fk;ghy; xt;nthd;Wk; 10 Kjy; 15
100 fpuhk;> ntw;wpiy 5> kpsF 25 fpuhk;> Rf;F 50 fpuhk;
nrhl;Lfs; tiu xU rpW vth;rpy;th; ghj;jpuj;jpy; vLj;J
Nghd;wtw;iw miuj;J itj;J ,uz;L gq;fhf;fp fhiy> khiy>
mj;Jld; 50 kp.yp. ey;nyz;nza; kw;Wk; Nfg;ig khT (uhfp
2 Ntisf;F RL ePhpy; fye;J cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khT) 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw Fioj;J fhy;eilfspy; re;J
(,uhKj; N jth; > nghd; d k; g L; i f> tUrehL> Njdp)
gFjpapy; rpwpa tl;lkhf nghl;L itf;f Ntz;Lk; (Nkw;fz;l
msT kUe;J ; Rkhh; 50 khLfSf;F NghJkhdJ).
O Nga;gPh;fi
; f ,iy> gPehhpr; rq;
q;F
; ,iy> Nfhit ,iy (,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)
Mfpatw;iw ifg;gpbasT Nrh;jJ ; ,bj;J fhy;gb rhW vLj;J
mj; J ld; ,bj; J nghb nra; j Rf; F > kpsF> ngUq; f hak;
O rg;ig Neha;f;F f;Nuhly]; `hhpl]; 200 tJ tPhpak;
10 fpuhk;> ,uz;L Nfhop Kl;il kw;Wk; Ntg;ngz;nza; 50 kp.yp.
vd;w N`hkpNahgjp kUe;ij Neha; te;j rkak; my;yJ mjw;F
fye;J 3 Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kd; nfhLj;jhy; Neha; jPUk;.
(Fkhh; > ,.Nfhtpy; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
(ePyfz; l d; > tz; b a+h; > kJiu)

65 66
 12. kb Neha; Muk;g epiyapy; ,e;Neha; fz;l khLfSf;F nfhj;j
ky; y p jio fhy; fpNyh msT xU ehisf; F ,UKiw
mwpFwpfs; Gfl;Ljy; ey;yJ. Rkhh; 5 ypl;lh; RL jz;zPhpy; fhy; fpNyh
kbtPq;fp #lhf ,Uf;Fk;; jpBnudghy; FiwAk; ; jPdp cg;G Nrh;j;J ,j;Jld; 50 fpuhk; Rf;F Jhs; fye;J Fbf;f
rhptu cz; z hky; ,Uf; F k; ; gRtpw; F mjpf fha; r ; r y; Ntz;Lk;.
fhzg;gLk; ; kbia njhl;lhy; typjhq;fhky; cijf;Fk; ;
fhk;gpypUe;J ghy; ePh;j;Jk;> ,uj;jk; fye;Jk;> jphpe;;Jk; itj;jpa Kiwfs;
tUk; ; ftdpf;fhky; tpl;Ltpl;lhy; kb nfl;bahfp ghy;Rug;gJ O Nga;gPHf;F ,iy Njitahd mst vLj;J ed;whf
epd;WtpLk;. miuj;J 3 ehl;fSf;F kb KOtJk; g+rp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
jiyr;RUspNth; (<];tu%ypif) ,bj;J nghb nra;J 10 fpuhk;
fhuz q;;fs;
tPjk; fhiy> khiy vd 3 Ntisfs; 200 kp.yp. ePhpy; fye;J
;
mjpf ghy;jUk; fyg;gpd khLfspy; ,e;j Neha; tUfpwJ. ,J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghy;kbapy; Vw;gLk; njhw;Wf; fpUkp rhhe;j
; NehahFk;. (ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
Rfhjhukhd Kiwfis fil gpbf; f hky; ,Ug; g jhy;
fl; L j; j iuapy; njhw; W fpUkpfs; gutp kbf; f hk; G %ykhf O mg;gf;Nfhit> nghd;dhq;;fz;zp> rpWnghUk;gp> rpj;jh
cs;Ns nrd;W tpLfpd;wd. Kl; b ,iyfis xt; n thd; W k; 50 fpuhk; msT Nrh; j ; J
fwitahl;fs; %yk; xU khl;bypUe;J
; kw;w khl;bw;F ,e;Neha; miuj;J 50 fpuhk; ntz;nzapy; fye;J ghy;;fhk;G kw;Wk;
guTfpwJ. fyg; g pd khLfspd; Neha; vjph; g ; G rf; j p FiwT kbapy; jlt Ntz;Lk;.
fhuzkhf vspjhf Neha; guTfpwJ. (vk; . Rg; g pukzpad; > rpd; N dhpghisak; > nghs; s hr; r p> Nfhit)

Nehapd; jLg;G Kiwfs; O mg; g f; N fhit jioia 50 fpuhk; msT vLj; J

ghy; fwg;gw;F Kd;Gk;> gpd;Gk; fwitahl;fs; jq;fs; iffisAk;> ,j;Jld; trk;G 10 fpuhk;> kQ;rs; 10 fpuhk; msT Nrh;j;J
kb fhk;GfisAk; ,sQ;RL ePh; my;yJ Nrhg;G nfhz;L fOtpl miuj;J khl;L fhk;G> kbapy; jltp tpl;lhy; kbapy; ,uj;jk;>
Ntz;Lk;. rPo; tbjy; Nghd;wit clNd epd;WtpLk;.
(rpd; d r; r hkp> Kj; J f; f Tz; l Dhh; > nghs; s hr; r p> Nfhit)
thuj;jpy; ,U Kiw Rz;zhk;G fy; Cwitj;j njspe;j
;
ePiu FbePUld; fye;J; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

67 68
O rpW nghUk; g p (g+f; f s; kQ; r shfTk; > fha; f s; ePz; L
fha;f;Fk; Fw;Wr;nrb) jioia 100 fpuhk; vLj;J ,j;Jld;
100 fpuhk; ntq;fhak;> 5 kQ;rs; fpoq;F Nrh;jJ; miuj;J jlt
Ntz;Lk;.
(Nkhfd; u h[; > godpfTz; l Dhh; > fpzj; J f; f lT> Nfhit)
O Ntypg;gUj;jp ,iy xU ifg;gpb msT vLj;J frf;fpg;
gpope;;J> mr;rhwpy; rpwpjsT Rz;zhk;Gk;> 3 nrhl;L vUf;fk;
ghYk; tpl;L ed;whff; fyf;fp fhiyAk;> khiyAk;> kb kw;Wk;
fhk;gpd; tPf;fk; tw;Wk; tiu jlt Ntz;Lk;.
(Nfhtpe; ; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > Nryk; )
O khL fd;W Nghl;l gpd; rpy ehl;fspy; kbfl;Lk;. ,jw;F
ntz;nzAk; ntq;F; rhd; fy;Jhs; ,uz;ilAk; fye;J kbapd;
kPJ fhiy> khiy jlt Ntz;Lk;. (ntq;Frhd; fy; vd;gJ
gsgsntd fhzg;gLk; ntz;epwf;fy;. ,jid ,bj;J nghb
nra; J Jzpapy; rypj; J itj; J f; nfhz; L kb Neha; f ; F
cgNahfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;).
(Kdpag; g h> njd; f dpNfhl; i l> jUkGhp)
O kUjhzp ,iy (ifg;gpb) fiuahd; Gw;W NrW 2 gq;fpd;
msT Nrh;j;J miuj;J ePhpy; nfhjpf;f itj;J 3 ehl;fs;
kbapy; jlt Ntz; L k; . ,J fl; b f; F k; > Gwg; g hl; L f; F k;
Fzkspf;ff; $baJ.
(MWKfk; > nghd; d hFsk; > rptfq; i f)
69
O Jk;ig,iy> crpiy> Nfhit ,iy> Ntg;gk;gl;il
xt; n thd; W k; 25 fpuhk; msT vLj; J miuj; J fliy
vz;nzapy; fye;J ; %d;W Ntis kbapy; jlt Ntz;Lk;.
(ngUkhs; fTz; l h; > jhjNrhiygl; b > kzg; g hiw> jpUr; r p)
O Ntk;G ,iy 40 fpuhk;> rPj;jh ,iy 40 fpuhk;> kUjhzp>
,iy 40 fpuhk; fye;J
; miuj;J kbapy; jlt Ntz;Lk;. Ntk;G
kug;gl;il kw;Wk; ,iyfspypUq;J frhak; nra;J fhk;Gfspd;
kPJ jltp tUtJ rpwe;j fpUkp ehrpdpahf nray;gLk;.
(mNrhf; Fz; N l> gps; i sahh; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)
O xU rpul;ilapy; vYkpr;rk; gor;rhW tpl;L ehkf;fl;bia
curp fpilf;Fk; fspk;Gld; rpwpJ kQ;rs;Jhs; Nrh;jJ; gRtpd;
kbf;fl;by; jltpdhy; kbapy; ,Uf;Fk; tPf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;
gLj;jyhk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
O ghf;if ,bj;Jg; nghbnra;J> njd;idkl;il rhWtpl;L
Nyrhf #lhf;fp kbapy; G+rptu Ntz;Lk;.
(rhKNty; > mf]; j P]; t uk; > fd; d pahFkhp)
O nfhjpf;Fk; ePhpy; ePyfphp ijyk; fye;J
; tUk; Mtpia
kbapy; KOtJk; gLkhW fhl; l Ntz; L k; . gpd; d h; ,uhk
Jk;kl;b ,iy 1 fpNyhTld;> ntq;fhak; miu fpNyh Nrh;jJ ;
,bj;Jr; rhW vLj;J ,j;Jld; 20 fpuhk; re;jdk; tpy;iy
fye;J
; kbapd;kPJ KOtJk; g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;.
( ntspag; g d; > fhka fTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)
70
O gPehhpr; r q; ; F ,iyia #L nra; J Jzpapy; fl; b O Muk;g fhyj;jpy; xU khl;bw;F jpBh; eLfhk;G kb kl;Lk;
xj;jlk; ju Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G vYkpr;rk; gor;rhw;wpy; cg;G> rhf;gP]; tPf;fj;Jld; ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F igl;NlhNyhfh 200 tJ tPhpak;
Jhs; fye;J kbapy; gj;J Nghl Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ njhl;lhw; (Phytolocca ) vd;w kUe;i ; j 3 kzp Neuj;jpw;F xU Kiw 4
rpZq;fp ,iyia cg;G Nrh;jJ ; miuj;Jk; kbNky; jltyhk;. jlit nfhLj;Njd;. rhpahfptpl;lJ. kbtPf;fk; Kw;wpa epiyapy;
(khhpag; g d; > jpUf; f Ufht+h; > jQ; r hT+h; ) rpte;;J> #lhfTk;> typAlDk; ,Ue;;jhy; ngy;yNlhdh 200
tPhpak; (Belladona 200 ) vd;w kUe;ij juNtz;Lk;.
O Gspr;rfPiu> nts;nsUf;F g+ 2 vz;zk;> rpd;d ntq;f
; hak;
(Nuh]; g ha; kyPf; > nu`h> kfhu\; b uh)
20 fpuhk; ,tw;iw jz;zPh; tplhky; miuj;J kbapd;Nky; g+r
Ntz;Lk;.
(tpidjPh; j ; j hd; > Fsj; J hh; > Ntlre; J hh; > jpz; L f; f y; )

O fy;gid> tpuhyp ,iy> khtpyq;fk;gl;il> tpy;t ,iy

kw;Wk; filr; ruf;F (NgWfhy rhkhd;fs; tiff;F Rkhh; 5-
10fpuhk;) rhkhd;fs; Nrh;jJ
; kQ;rs; fpoq;Fld; miuj;J cs;Ns
ju Ntz;Lk;.
(khhpag; g Nfhdhh; > jpUf; f Ufht+u; > jQ; r ht+h; )

O Gz; z hf; F f; f Piu (Kl; b g+z; L ) 1 ifg; g pb msT>

Ntg;gk;gprpd; 10 fpuhk;> gr;ir kQ;rs; my;yJ tpuypkQ;rs; 2
mq;F
; yk; ,e;j %d;iwAk; Nrh;jJ ; miuj;J gpd; ehl;Lf;Nfhop
Kl;ilAld; Nrh;jJ ; fhiy> khiy kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiyahf
3 Ntis kbapy; gj;Jg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)

O tpuyp kQ;rs; 2 Jz;L kw;Wk; rhf;gP]; 2 vLj;J 2

vYkpr;rk;go rhW tpl;L miuj;J fhiy> khiy 2 Ntis
kbapy; gj;Jg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)

71 72
 13. fha;rr; y; / Fe;J O ehl;Lf; Nfhop Kl;il xd;iw cilj;J thapy; Cw;wp
tpl Ntz;Lk;. Ezh (kQ;rdj;jp) ,iy> mjd; kug;gl;il
mwpFwpfs; Mfpatw;iw Nfhop Kl;il mstpw;F miuj;J ghypy; fye;J
;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehd;F fhy;fSk; eLq;F ; k;;; cly; Gy;yhpf;Fk;; clk;G
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; ; i f)
mjpfkhd ntg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; ; tha;> fz;fspypUe;J ePh; tbAk;
; rpWePh; rptg;G kQ;rs; epwj;jpypUf;Fk; ; jPtdk; jpdd
; hJ; rhzk;
NghlhJ. O rj;jprhuiz fpoq;F> nfhbts;spf; fpoq;F> Klf;fj;jhd;
,iy Mfpa %d;iwAk; rk msT vLj;J mj;Jld; rPufk;>
fhuzk; g+z;L> rjFg;ig> Nrhk;G> ky;yp Mfpatw;wpy; tiff;F 10 fpuhk;
njhw; W fpUkpfshy; Vw; g Lk; NehahFk; . Fe; J Neha; tPjk; vLj;J kpsfha; tw;wy; 4 vz;zk; Nrh;jJ ; ,bj;J nghb
tUk;NghJ xU khl;bypUe;J; kw;nwhU khl;bw;F vspjpy; gutp nra;J 1ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; ed;F Ntf itj;J me;j jz;zPiu
tpLfpd;wJ. khLfSf;F 2 Ntis Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i s> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O Rf;F> kpsF> Xkk;> kl;b ngUq;fhak;> g+z;L Mfpa O nehr; r p> Jsrp> Xkk; > kpsF> Mlhnjhil>
xt;nthd;Wk; 50 fpuhk; rpj;juj;ij 10 fpuhk;> Klf;fj;jhd; ,iy gdq;fw;fz;L xt;nthd;Wk; 10 fpuhk; msT Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J
ifg;gpbasT Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J ; 50 kp.yp. Ntg;ngz;nzapy; fhiy khiy 2 Ntis cs;Ns ju Ntz;Lk;.
gpire;;J cUl;b xNu jlitapy; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (fUg; i gah> fPojhdpak; > khdhkJiu> rptfq; ; i f)
Fbg;gjw;F nfhjpj;J Mwpa ePh; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(f.Fkhh; > ,.Nfhtpy; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O Xkk; 10 fpuhk;> ngUq;fhak; 10 fpuhk;> Gifapiy xU
Jz;L> kpsfha;> tw;wy; 4 Nrh;j;J ,bj;J ntw;wpiy 4y;
O ey;nyz;nza; 150 kp.yp. > kpsF 50 fpuhk;> Rf;F 25 itj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fpuhk; > ngUq; f hak; > rpd; d ntq; f hak; > Nfo; t uFf; $ o; (Kj; J f; F khh; > FUe; ; j k; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
Mfpatw;Wld; xd;whff; fye;;J xNu Ntisapy; Cw;wp tpl
Ntz;Lk;.ntspg;g+r;rhf mjd; rhzj;;ij Koq;;fhYf;Ff; fPNo
g+rp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa NtYr; r hkp> godpf; f Tz; l d; t yR> jhuhGuk; > )

73 74
O ey;y Jsrp 2 ifg;gpbasT (100 fpuhk;)> kpsF 100
fpuhk;> rpW ntq;;fhak; 200 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw nkhj;jkhf
,bj;J fhiy> khiy kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiy vd 3 Ntis
cUz;ilahf;fp cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O Klf;fj;jhd; ,iyr;rhW miu ypl;lUld; trk;G 10
fpuhk;> ngUq;f
; hak; 10 fpuhk; Nghl;L> fha;rr; p Mwtpl;L fhy;gb
rhiw khl;Lf;F Fbf;f nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPjpr; rhiw xU
nts; i sj; Jzpapy; njhl; L > cly; KOtJk; #L gwf; f
Nja;j;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
(mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; f pgl; b > Njdp)
O kQ;rs; 50 fpuhk;> xkk; 100 fpuhk;> ghiw cg;G (rocket
salt)200 fpuhk; fye;J ehf;fpd; Nky; 3 ehl;fs; jlt Ntz;Lk;.
(Mh; . Nf.Fg; j h> Nluh^d; )
O nfhOQ;rp nrbia NtUld; gpLq;fp Ml;b 100 kp.yp.
ey;nyz;nzapy; fye;J cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(Gy; y hf; f Tz; l h; > njhz; l hKj; J hh; > Nfhit)
O Nga; F kl; b f; fha; 2 vz; z k; > nty; y k; fhy; fpNyh
Nrh;jJ
; ,bj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhj;jky;ypjio
xU fl;L (250 fpuhk;) kw;Wk; Ks;sq;fp 2 fpNyh xU ehisf;F
3 Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fSf;Fj; njhlu;e;J jpd;df; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(gpy; y f; f h> ey; y uhyg; g s; s p> jUkGhp)
75
O Gspak;gl;il miu fpNyh vLj;J ,bj;J 1 ypl;lh;
jz;zPUld; fye;J miu ypl;luhf tw;Wk;gb Ntfitj;J
MwpaJk; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( my;yJ)
Nfhopf;FQ;R ,wF> jiyr;RUsp> Jk;ig> Fg;igNkdp
Mfpatw;wpy; 50 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J miuj;J Ntg;ngz;nza;
100 kp.yp.apy; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i sr; r hkp> vUikf; F sk; > Gy; t ha; f ; f iu> tpUJefh; )
O xNu Ngh; nfhz;l tajpw;F tuhj 3 ngz;fis Kwj;jpy;
mLg;Gr; rhk;gy; vLf;fr; nrhy;yp jiyapypUe;J thy; tiu
khl; i l Rw; w p 3 jlit Gilj; j hy; rhpahfptpLk; . mNjhL
Fz;LKj;J nfhbia fOj;ijr; Rw;wp fl;btpl Ntz;Lk;. nte;ePh;
Mw itj;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. vf;fhuzq; nfhz;Lk; khl;il
njhlf;$lhJ.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O Ntg;gk;gpz;zhf;F 100 fpuhk;> Ntg;gkug;gl;il my;yJ
Ntg;gk; goj;Njhy; 250 fpuhk;> Jk;ig 50 fpuhk;> Klf;fj;jhd;
50 fpuhk;> xkk; 10 fpuhk;> rjFg;ig 10 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw xU
kz;rl;bapy; Nghl;L jPapl;L tUk; Gifia jiyg;gFjpapy;
gLkhW fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
76
O nfhs;Sg;gaiw Mtp ntspNauhky; mtpj;J Neha; fz;l
khl;bd; jiyg;gFjpapy; MtpgLkhW fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G
mLg;gpy; vhpj;j rhk;giy fhy; mstpw;F vLj;J khl;bd;
clk;gpd; KOtJk; ed;whfg; G+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. xU ehisf;F
3 Kiw vd 5 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ
; g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O gRtpw;F fha;r;ry; te;jhy; fhisapd; Nfhkpaj;jpYk;>
fhisf;F te;jhy; gRtpd; Nfhkpaj;jpYk; nts;isf; Fz;Lkzp
,iy> Ntypg;gUj;jp ,iy Mfpatw;iw tiff;F 100 fpuhk;
tPjk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtiuf; nfhl; i l (nkhr; i rg; gaW)> gr; r hpr; p >
cSe;jk;gUg;G> nfhs;S Mfpatw;iw ed;whf Cwitj;J>
Ml;b cs;Ns czthff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(,uh[g; g h> njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp)
O kPd; fUthl;Lj;Jhs;> gha;Nfhiu> ngz;fspd; rpf;F Kb
,itfisr; Nrh;jJ ; Gif%l;lk; nra;J Gif fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G Fz;L kzpf; nfhbia khl;bd; fOj;ijr; Rw;wp fl;btpl;L
ntw;wpiy> rPufk;> ngUq;fhak; Mfpatw;iw miuj;J 3 my;yJ
4 ehl;fs; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O ntg;ghiy ,iy> nehr;rp ,iy> Jk;ig,iy> Jsrp
,iy xt;nthd;wpYk; 50 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J crpyk;gl;il>
thy; k psF> tyk; G hpf; f ha; > Rf; F > kpsF> g+z; L > rPufk;
Mfpatw;wpy; 25 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J ed;whf miuj;J 3 Ntis
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kUe;J nfhLg;gjw;F Kd;G Kjy;
77
ehs; ,uT Ntg;ngz;nzAld; NfhopKl;il fye;J cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; D > fhh; t hb> jpUr; r p)
O ruf;nfhd;id ,iy> tuF Gy; Mfpatw;wpy; miu fpNyh
tPjk; vLj;J vhpj;J Gif %l;lk; Nghl;L khl;Lf;F fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
(Re; ; j urhkp> Kj; J f; f Tz; l Dhh; > Nfhak; G j; J hh; )
O NfhopKl;il 5 vz;zk;> fliy vz;nza; 200 kp.yp.
rhuhak; 200kp.yp. Mfpatw;iw cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Ntg;gKj;J> fUthl;Lj;Jhs;> fhthl;lk; Gy; Mfpatw;iw
vhpj;J Gif%l;lk; nra;J tapW kw;Wk; Kfj;jpy; gLkhW fhl;l
Ntz;Lk;. jPtdkhf fha;ej; jl;il> itf;Nfhy;> gr;rhprpf; fQ;rp
juyhk;. gRe;jPtdk; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ.
(ehuhazd; > md; d kq; f yk; > nguk; g Yhh; )
O gd;wp ,uj;j
; j;ijj; Njha;jj ; Jzp> Nfhop vr;rk;> kdpjh;
jiyKb> kQ;rs;Jhs; Mfpatw;iw neUg;G jzypy; Nghl;L
mjpypU;J tUk; Gifia Neha; fz;l khL EfUkhW nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. Fbf;f nte;e; Ph; ju Ntz;Lk;. gr;ir Gy; Nghlf;$lhJ.
([p.uhk; j h]; > fhe; j pfpuhkk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
78
jpkphp fha;r;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
nrUkYld; thapy; EiuAld; $ba ePh; tbAk;; mjpf
kQ; r s; epwj; j py; rpwePh; t pLk; ; twz; l rhzk; NghLk; ;
Kd;dq;fhy;fs; re;J Ml;lk; nfhLf;Fk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O f]; J hhp kQ; r s; > jpg; g pyp> eWf; F %yk; > $h; N ty; >
fUQ; r Pufk; > Xkk; > thy; k psF> ngUq; f hak; > ntw; w piy>
nfhy; y q; ; N fhitf; fpoq; ; F > Fg; i gNkdp> fliy mtiu
(<rtpijf; fha;) Mfpatw;wpy; tiff;F 50 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J
,bj;J ,sQ;#lhd nte;ePhpy; fyf;fp xU Ntis kl;Lk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;G: itf;Nfhy;> Nfg;igf;$o; my;yJ gr;rhprpf;fQ;rp
kl;Lk; xU thuj;jpw;F nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
( jh.Nehth. Fg; g z; z hGuk; > khDhh; > jpUney; N typ)
[d;dp fha;r;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
[d;dp fz;l fhy;eilfs; fOj;ij ePl;lhky; klf;fpf;
nfhz;L my;yJ xUGwkha; rha;j;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;; ;
ehd;F fhy;fSk; elf;fKbahky; ,Uf;Fk; ; clypy; eLf;fk;
,Uf;Fk;. cyh;ej
; rhzk; my;yJ GOf;if Nghy; NghLk;. jPdp
jpd;Dk;> jz;zPh; Fbf;Fk;> mirNghLk;.
79
itj; j paKiw
O trk;G> Rf;F> nts;isg;g+z;L Mfpatw;iw miuj;J
Ntg;ngz;nzapy; Nrh;jJ
; nfhjpf;f itj;J me;j vz;nzia
clk;G KOtJk; Nja;jJ ; tpl Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ)
O Rf;F> jpg;gpyp> kpsF> nts;isg;g+z;L Mfpatw;wpy;
tiff;F 25 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J ngUq;f ; hak; 10 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ ;
,bj;J rpW ePhpy; fyf;fp cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg; G : Ntg; g k; g o tpij> Ntg; g kug; g l; i l> Ntg; g <h; f ; F
Mfpatw; W ld; Jk; i g ,iy> xt; t h ,iy (rpWthfh)
Mfpatw;iw fhp neUg;gpy; Nghl;L Gif fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(v]; . khhpak; k hs; > ifyhrGuk; > kJiu)
O Klf; f j; j hd; ,iy rhW miu ypl; l Uld; > trk; G >
ngUq;fhak; Mfpatw;wpy; 20 fpuhk; tPjk; Nrh;j;J ed;whff;
fha;rr; p Mwtpl;L 250 kp.yp. frhaj;ij cs;Ns Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.; kPjpr;rhw;iw xU nts;isj; Jzpapy; njhl;L cly;
KOtJk; #L gwf;f Nja;jJ ; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uh. mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > Njdp)
Fsph; fha;r;ry;
O $ohq;;fw;fis <ukpy;yhj jiuapy; gug;gp mjd; kPJ
itf; N fhy; Nghd; w tw; i w Nghl; L vhpf; f Ntz; L k; . fw; f s;
ed; w hf #lhfpaTld; mjd; k PJ ePuhfhuj; jz; z Phpy;
eidf; f g; g l; l rhf; F xd; i w Nghl Ntz; L k; . thjklf; f p
80
(jOjhio) ,iyia miu fpNyh mstpw;F vLj;J ,bj;J 14. gUtj;jpw;F tuhky;> rpidgpbf;fhky;
#lhf; f g; g l; l rhf; f pd; kPJ Nghl; L nghl; l ykhfr; RUl; b
fhy;eilfspd; cly;; KOtJk; xj;jlk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uj;jy; ,dg;ngUf;f fhy Neha;fs;
,t;thW nra;tjhy; Fsphpy; tpiwj;Jg;Nghd khL kPz;Lk;
eykilAk;. mwpFwpfs;
(Kj; J r; N rh; i t> nfhuyk; g l; b > fd; d pthb> jpz; L f; f y; ) rz;bj;jdkhff; fhzg;gLk;; ; gpwg;G cWg;G topahff;
nfl;l ehw;wk; tPRk;. gUtj;jpw;F tuhkypUf;Fk; rpid gpbf;fhk
ypUf;Fk;; rpidg;gpbj;jhYk; gpd;dhy;; fUr;r; pijT cz;lhFk;.
kQ;rs; fhkhiy fhisfs; khl;by; tpohky; ,Uf;Fk;.
fhuz q ;;fs;
O tz;zhd; mThp jioia fhy; fpNyh msT miuj;J
10 kp.yp. Nkhhpy; fye;J ju Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 3 ehl;fs; Cl;lr;rj;J> jhJ cg;Gf;fs; FiwghLfs;; fh;gg; g;igapy;
cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Neha; fpUkpfs; ,Ug;gJ; fhisapd; tpe;jZ Fiwghl;bdhy; ;
(v.,uh[h> thRNjtey; Y hh; > jpUney; N typ) mjpf c\;zj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs
Kiwfs;
O kQ;rs; fhpryhq;;fz;zp> fhprhiy> nghd;dhq;fz;zp
,iy xt;nthd;Wk; ifg;gpb msT vLj;J miuj;J cs;Ns
O 21/2 tajhfpAk; gUtk; tuhky; ,Uf; F k; fpNlhpf; F
nfhLj;J tuNtz;Lk;. ,jid 7 -10 ehl;fs; cs;Sf;Fs;
Kisf;fl;ba nfhs;S my;yJ Kisfl;banfhz;il fliy
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( jpUg; g jp Mrhd; > fd; d pahFkhp)
200 fpuhk; msT Ml;b xU thuj;jpw;F njhlh;eJ
; cs;Sf;Fs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

O Miz neUQ;rp jio miu fpNyh Ml;b thuj;jpw;F

xU Kiw vd ,U thuj;jpw;F (nkhj;jk; ,uz;L jlit)
cs; S f; F s; Cw; w Ntz; L k; . ,t; t hW nfhLj; J te; j hy;
fh;g;gg;ig tsh;r;rpaile;J rPf;fpuk; rpidg; gUtk; fhZk;.
gRf;fs; rpidg; gUtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> rpidf;FtpLk;
Kd;G 100 kp.yp. Ntg;g vz;nza; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

81 82
rpidf;F tpl;lTld; khl;ilf; fOtp tpl;L <uf; Nfhzpr; rhf;F
nfhz; L Nghh; j ; j pl Ntz; L k; . Ntg; g vz; n za; fpUkpg;
g+r;rpfisf; nfhd;W fUg;igia Rj;jg;gLj;Jk;.
mLj;J rpidf;F tpl;l gpd;G mg;gRtpw;F 2 Kl;ilfs;
cs; S f; F s; nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . my; y J kiy
Ntg;gq;n; fhOe;J
; 100 fpuhk; miuj;J ePhpy; fye;J miu ypl;lh;
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(e. Nfhtpe; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > Nryk; )
O KUq; ; i f ,iyia 200 fpuhk; vLj; J miuj; J
mjDld; rpwpJ cg;G fye;J ePh;Nrh;j;J ,utpy; nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; . ,t; t hW rpy ehl; f s; nfhLj; J te; j hy; khL
gUtj;jpw;F te;JtpLk;. gpd; fUj;jhpg;G te;;J tpLk;. gpd;
fUj;jhpg;G Crp Nghlyhk;.
(FUrhkp> tpy; y pNrhp> Nfhtpy; g l; b > tpUJefh; )
O ghrpg;gaW> cSe;;jk;gaW> fhzg;gaW> Rz;ly;fliy
xt;nthd;Wk; ifg;gpb msT vLj;J Cwy; Nghl;L Kisf;fl;l
itj;J Fiwe;;jJ 7 ehl;fs; tiu njhlh;e; J nfhLj;jhy;
khl; b w; F Kil mbf; F k; . mg; N ghJ rpidf; F Nghl; l hy;
rpidgpbj;JtpLk;.
rpidgpbj;J fU fiyahkypUf;f fU thiof; fpoq;Fr;
rhW vLj;J khjk; xU juk; juNtz;Lk;. (ehs; xd;Wf;F 2
NtisAk; juyhk; ) rpidgpbj; j 4 tJ khjj; j pypUe; ; J
khje;;NjhWk; nfhLj;J te;jhy; fU fiyahkypUf;Fk;.
(JUfg; g h> nrsyq; f h> fh; e hlfh)
83
O miufpNyh Ntg;gk; gpz;zhf;if Cwy; Nghl;L kWehs;
tbfl;b khl;Lf;F cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ij 2
my;yJ 3 ehl;fSf;Ff; filg;gpbf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; fh;g;gig
Neha; Fzkhfp gpd; rpidf;F Nghl;lhy; rpidjq;Fk;.
(uhK> ey; y kehaf; f d; g l; b > kzg; g hiw> jpUr; r p)
O Ks; ePf;fpa Nrhw;Wf;fw;whioapd; ,uz;L kly;fis
fhiy jPtdj;jpw;F Kd;G 4 ehl;fs; tiu njhlhe;J ; nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; . gpd; G ,uz; L ifg; g pbasT Miz neUQ; r p
,iyAld; > 10 fpuhk; rPufk; > 100 fpuhk; rpwpa ntq; f hak;
Mfpatw;iw Nrh;jJ ; ed;whf ,bj;J mj;Jld; Kisf;fl;ba
Rz;lf; fliy fhy;gb Nrh;jJ ; 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ
; nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; ; ; . khL Kil mbf; F k; ehspy; 100 kp.yp.
Ntg;ngz;nza;ia cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLj;J ,uz;L kzp Neuk;
fopj;J fhisf;Fg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
( Kj; J kzp> v]; . ghg; g pehaf; f d; g l; b > vOkiy> kJiu)
O nghd;dhtuq;nfhOe;J ; 100 fpuhk;> gr;ir kQ;rs; fpoq;F
4> Nrhj; J cg; G fhy; g b Nrh; j ; J miuj; J > fha; r ; r hj
gRkhl; L g; g hy; fhy; ypl; l h; fye; ; J cs; S f; F s; xU ehs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Fg; i gah fTz; l h; > Njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp)
O vYkpr;ir ,iy 1 fpNyh miuj;J ,j;Jld; Fjpiu
rhzk; ifg;gpbasT Nrh;jJ; xU ypl;lh; Fsph;ej ; ePhpy; gpire;J
;
fpilf;Fk; totog;ghd fQ;rp Nghd;w ePiu tbfl;b mjDld;
Rf;F 100 fpuhk;> rjFg;ig 100 fpuhk;> Xkk; 100 fpuhk; ,bj;J
84
nghb nra;J Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,e;;j fyitia
mkhthir md;W my;yJ khl;il rpidf;Fg; Nghl;L te;;j
gpd;G thapy; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; fUjq;fp vspjpy; rpid
gpbf;Fk;.
(Fkhh; > ,.Nfhtpy; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O njd;dk;ghis> rpWneUQ;rp> Ntg;ngz;nza; Mfpatw;iw
miuj;J fh;gg; g;ig tsh;rr; p miltjw;Ff; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(n[auhkd; > nra; a hq; F sk; > tpOg; G uk; )
O ePh;FKsp ,iy (mhpths; jhq;fp ,iy) xU ifg;gpb
msT> ntq;fhak; 50 fpuhk;> r{ufk; 10 fpuhk; ,tw;iw miuj;J
xU Kiw nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . Nrhw; W f; f w; w hio 5 ehl; f s;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpdKk; khl;ilf; Fspg;ghl;lNtz;Lk;.
(nry; t uh[; > tz; l hhp> rhg; ^ h; > kJiu)
O ML jpz;zhghis ,iy 100 fpuhKld; Kw;wpa Njq;f
; ha;
xd;W jpUfp fye;;J> fhiy ntWk; tapw;wpy; 5 ehl;fSf;F
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ntspag; g hd; > fhkafTz; l d; gl; b > Njdp)
O gdq;f ; Ug;gl;b fhy; fpNyh> ntq;fhak; fhy; fpNyh> rPufk;
150 fpuhk;> fj;jf;nfhb ,iy 4 ifg;gpb Mfpatw;iw cuypy;
Ml;b cUz;il nra;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
njhlh; e ; J 3 ehl; f Sf; F fhiy Ntisapy; cs; S f; F f;
nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa NtYr; r hkp> godpfTz; l d; tyR> jhuhGuk; > <NuhL)
85
O kUjhzp ,iy rhW 100 kp.yp.> kiyNtk;G rhW 100
kp.yp.> Ntg;ngz;nza; 100 kp.yp. ,tw;iwf; fye;j fyitapy;
Njha;jj ; ,ytk; gQ;ir (100 fpuhk; msT) cs;Ns xU ehs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(khhpag; g Nfhdhh; > jpUf; f UfhT+h; > jQ; r ht+h; )
O nrk;gpuz;il fpoq;F> jz;L> ,iy Mfpatw;iw rpW
Jz;Lfshf ntl;b ePUld; Nrh;jJ ; fha;rr; p tbj;J 200 kp.yp.
frhak; Gfl; b fUg; i gia Rj; j k; nra; J gpd; G fUt+l; l k;
nra;jhy; rpid jq;Fk;.
(rhiy ntq; f Nlrd; > ed; d hhp fpuhkk; > NtYhh; )
O jiyr;RUsp ,iyr;rhW> nfhs;S khT> Ntg;ngz;nza;>
fye;J
; ju khL gUtj;jpw;F tUk;.
(khhpag; g d; > jpUf; f Ufht+h; > jQ; r ht+h; )
O Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio 2 kly;> gpuz;il> nfhy;yq;N; fhitf;
fpoq;F
; 1> rpwpaheq;if ifg;gpb ,bj;J (ePuhfhuj; jz;zPhpy;)
cUl;b 3 Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i s>ry; y pf; Nfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O Fg;ig Nkdp 3 ifgpb (200 fpuhk;) vLj;J miuj;J
cs;Ns ju Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ
; cs;Sf;Ff;
nfhLj;J tuNtz;Lk;;.
( uhkrhkp> xuj; j ehL> jQ; r ht+h; )
86
O miufpNyh Miz neUQ;rp nrbia 1 ypl;l ; h; fhbePhpy;
myk;gpdhy; vz;nza; Nghy; tUk;. Me;j ePiu khL gUtj;jpw;F
tUtjw; F 3 ehl; f Sf; F Kd; g pUe; N j cs; N s nfhLj; J
tuNtz;Lk;. gpd;G Kil mbj;jJk; rpidf;Fg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
O #uj; j tiu ,iy 10 fpuhk; > rPufk; 50 fpuhk; >
rpWntq;fhak; 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miuj;J jpdKk; xU
Ntis 3 ehl;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O rpidf; F Nghl; l gpd; fUf; f iyahky; ,Ug; g jw; F
khLfSf;F jpdKk; fUNtg;gpiy ,iy 100 fpuhk; msT
jpd;df; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Fiwe;j gl;rk; 10 ehl;fs;
filgpbj;J tuNtz;Lk;.
([p.tp.n`f; N l> jpg; ^ h; > fh; e hlfh)
O mKf;fpuhf; fpoq;F Jhis 25 fpuhk; vLj;J xU g+td;
gok; kw; W k; xU Nfhop Kl; i lAld; fye; ; J 3-5 ehl; f s;
nfhLf;f khL tpiutpy; Kil mbf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwf;F gjpyhf
100 fpuhk; mKf;fpuhf; fpoq;F Jhis 50kp.yp nts;shl;L
ghYld; Nrh;jJ ; fhiy Ntisapy; ntWk; tapw;wpy; 3 ehl;fs;
njhlh;e;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; 15 ehisf;F xU
jilt 20 fpuhk; msT g+idf fhyp tpijfis nghb nra;J
nfhLj;J te;jhy; fh;gg; g; igapYs;s g+r;rpfs; rhFk;.
(fk; r fTz; l h; > nul; b ghisak; > Muzp> jpUtz; z hkiy)
87
O fpNlhpfs; gUtj; j pw; F tu gg; g hsp gr; i rf; fhapd;
rpWJz;Lfis 4-5 ehl;fSf;F jPtdj;jpy; cs;Sf;F nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khLfSf;F rkPgj;jpy; gwpj;j FUj;Jf; fw;whio xU
klypd; rijg;ghfj;ij 3 ehl;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kw;Wk; mLj;j %d;W thuq;fSf;F 200 fpuhk; Kis fl;ba
fliy nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O fh;g;gg;igapy; Gz;zhfp ,Ue;;jhy; Ntg;gk; gl;il 250
fpuhk; vLj;J frhak; jahhpj;J xU khjk; nfhLj;J tu
Ntz;Lk;. rpidg;gpbf;f fpg;NahNrhl;lk;> fhf;Fy]; (cocculus)>
Muk; - %h; > Nel; ( Arummur.nat ) Lk; > fh; g ; g g; i gapy; cs; s
fl; b f; f mgp]; nky; y pgpfh ( Apis.mellifica ) Nghd; w
N`hkpNahgjp kUe;ij nfhLf;fyhk;.
(ePyfz; l d; > tz; b a+h; > kJiu)
fhis ,dtpUj;jp nra;ahkypUe;j
; hy; (rpidf;F tpo>
khl;bd;Nky; Vw)
nghypfhisfs; ,uz;L miu Kjy; %d;W tUlq;fs;
MfpAk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a tpUg;gkpd;wp fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F
murku my;yJ Myku goq; fis fha itj;J ,uz;L
ifg;gpb msT vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; NghPr;rk;
gok; 4> Njq;fha;1Kb> thiog;gok; 2 Nrh;jJ
; ePh; tpl;L Ml;b
cUz;il nra;J my;yJ FbePhpy; fye;J ; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jid xU thuk; filgpbj;Jtu Ntz;Lk;.
(nry; y ghz; b ehaf; f h; > mUshr; r p> jpUney; N typ)
88
 15. ,sq;n;fhb tpohjpUj;jy
y;
mwpFwpfs;;
nghJthf gR fd;W <d;w 3 Kjy; 5 kzp Neuj;jpw;F
eQ;Rf;nfhb ntspNaw Ntz;Lk;. 6 kzp NeukhfpAk; eQ;Rf; nfhb
ntspNawhkypUe;jhy; fhy;fis cijj;Jf; nfhz;L jpzwpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
fhuz
fhuzq;;fs;
tajhd gRf;fspy; ,J mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;> cly;
rj; J Fiwtpd; fhuzkhfTk; > fpUkpfs; ghjpg; g p dhYk; >
Vw;glyhk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O vs; 250 fpuhk; > fUg; g l; b 400 fpuhk; Mfpatw; i w
miuj;J xNu Ntisapy; cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLj;jhy; 2 kzp
Neuj;jpw;Fs; eQ;Rf;nfhb ntspNawptpLk;.
(N[h]; g pd; mkyhuhzp> cilahh; g l; b > jpUr; r p)
O kiyNtk;G ,iy 200 fpuhk;> khq;n; fhl;il gUg;G 100
fpuhk; ,uz;ilAk; miuj;J ePUld; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(mNrhf; F z; N l> gps; i sahh; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)
89
O fUk;Gr; Nrhif 1 fpNyh vLj;J miuj;J ePh;tpl;L
fye;J
; 250 kp.yp. msT rhW cs;Ns nfhLj;jhy; fd;W <d;w
2 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; ,sq;n; fhb ntspNaWk;.
(ghLjp> jhN`hj; > F[uhj; )
O xU gb fk;G khit miu fpNyh nty;yj;Jld; fye;J
ePh;tpl;L fha;rr; p fQ;rp khT Nghy; nfhLf;fyhk;. my;yJ miu
fpNyh ntz; i lf; fhAk; > 200 fpuhk; vs; S k; > 200 fpuhk;
nty; y Kk; Nrh; j ; J ,bj; J 1 ypl; l h; ePhpy; fye; ; J k;
nfhLf;fyhk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; g j; J iw nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954 nrd; i d)
O ,uz; L my; y J %d; W nts; i sf; Fz; L kzp
tpijfis miuj;J Ntfitj;J fj;jhpf;fha; miu fpNyh
cld; fye;J
; cs;NsnfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Jjhgha; > mNlrh; f puhkk; > fl; r ; > F[uhj; )
O murku ,iy Rl;;L ,bj;J 50 fpuhKld;> nty;yk;
cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(,uh. Mofh; r hkp> Nfhlh q; fpgl;
Nfhlhq; f pgl;b > Njdp)
O nts;is fhf;fnej;jp Nth; 200 fpuhk; ed;whf miuj;J>
ePh; miu ypl;lh; tiu Nrh;jJ
; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(f. ma; a hT> ej; j k; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O %q; ; f py; ,iy 3 ifg; g pbasT gr; i rahf jpd; d f;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
90
O nrk;gpuz;il fpoq;F 250 fpuhk; tiu miuj;J cs;Ns O crpiy ,iyg;nghb 50 fpuhk; vLj;J ePuhfhuj; jz;zPh;
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. my;yJ NkhUld; fye;J
; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(uh[g; g h> vUkj; j zg; g s; s p> njd; f zpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp) (ntspag; g d; > fhakaTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)

O re;j; d ,iy 100 fpuhk;> nty;yk; miu fpNyh > kQ;rs; O Nthpy;yhnfhj;jhd; (Nga;nfhb) 250 fpuhk;> ntz;il nrb
100 fpuhk;> trk;G 10 fpuhk;> ntq;f
; hak; 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw 200 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ed;whf miuj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. (,uhK> ,Yg;gFb> rptfq;if)
(rPdp> ,uhkrhkpGuk; > mUg; G f; N fhl; i l> tpUJefh; )

O nts;is fhf;ful;lhd; Nth; 10 fpuhk;> kpsF 10 fpuhk;>

O Fkoh ku ,iy 100 fpuhk;> gid nty;yk; 100 fpuhk;>
Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J nte;e; Phpy; fye;J
; cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nfo; t uF khT 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw; i w ed; w hf miuj; J (godpNtY> mur
murqq ; F b> jpUr; r p)
ePuhfhuj; jz; z Ph; 1 ypl; l Uld; fye; ; J cs; N s nfhLf; f
11Ntz;Lk;.
(kh.fhspag; g d; > t.GJg; g l; b > tj; j puhapUg; G > tpUJefh; ) fh;g;gg;igapy; fd;W ,we;;jhy;

O My;ku ,iyia vhpj;j rhk;gy; 100 fpuhk;> nty;yk;>
100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miu ypl;lh; ePUld; fye;J
; cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ghy; r ; r hkp> tlf; f j; j pahdgl; b > rhg; ^ h; > kJiu)
O ehl;L cuypg; gr;rpiy 200 fpuhk;> vs;Sr;nrb 200 fpuhk;>
Mfpatw;iw ,bj;J ePuhfhuj; jz;zPUld; fye;;J cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlh
pNfhlhqq ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O vs;Sj; jz;L miu fpNyhit fUf;fp tpsf;nfz;nza;
200 kp.yp.apy; fye;J ePuhfhuj; jz;zPh; miu ypl;lUld;
Nrh;j;J cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;tjhy; ,we;;j
fd;W ntspNawptpLk;.
(,uhN[e; j pud; > nrhf; f Njtd; g l; b > nghpaFsk; )
O Vs; S r; n rb 10> fUg; g l; b > 250 fpuhk; Mfpatw; i w
,bj;J fh;gg;igapDs; ,we;j fd;W ntspNaWk; tiu nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(g+kp uh[; > Kf; F b> mk; g yj; j b> rptf
rptfqq ; i f)

91 92
 16.fh; g ; g g; i g ntspj; j s; S jy
jy;
fd;W <Dk; Kd;Gk;> fd;W <d;w gpd;Gk; fh;gg; g;ig ntspapy;
tuyhk;.
KjYjtp
fh;gg; g;igapy; xl;bAs;s kz;> GOjpia rPdp fye;j
; ePh;
nfhz;L fOtptpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; xU thio ,iy nfhz;L
fh;gg; g;igia jhq;fp Ve;jp Jhf;fp gpbj;J nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW nra;tjhy; ePh; fl;bapUe;jhYk; tbe;;JtpLk;. gpd;
nkJthf fh;gg; g;ig jhdhfNt cs;Ns nrd;WtpLk;.
93
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O ,e;e
; piyapy; cs;s khLfis gpd; gFjp (,Lg;Gg;gFjp)
rw;W cah;thfTk;> neQ;Rg; gFjp rw;W jho;thf ,Uf;FkhW
fl;lNtz;Lk;.
gpd; ntspj;js;sg;gl;l fUg;igia ifahy; cs;Ns js;sp
chpa ,lj;jpy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Lf; nfhbia 2 mq;Fy tisakhfr; Rw;wp fUg;ig
thapypy; itj;J tisaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; Ehy; fl;b
ntspNa vLf;Fk; tifapy; njhq;f tpl Ntz;Lk;.
fh; g ; g g; i gapd; miwapy; ntspg; G wj; j py; %q; ; f py;
jg;igfshy; fpl;bNghl;L thYld; Nrh;jJ ; fl;btpl Ntz;Lk;.
%d;W ehl;fs; nrd;wgpd; jg;ig fpl;bia fol;btpl;L fl;Lf;nfhb
tisaj;ij ,UGwKk; njhq;;fpf;nfhz;Ls;s Ehiy vLj;J
nkJthf mfw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
cs; k Ue; ; j hf njhl; l hy; r pZq; ; f p (epd; w hy; t hb/
cs;SrpZq;fp) r%yk; 2 ifg;gpb msT vLj;J miuj;J
nts;shl;Lg; ghy; 200 kp.yp. Ald; fye;J; fhiy khiy kw;Wk;
kWehs; fhiy cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p>jUkGhp)
O thiog;goj;ij 25 kp.yp. tpsf;nfz;nzAld; gpire;J
;
cs;Ns nfhLj;Jtu cWg;Gj; js;Sjy; my;yJ mbj;js;Sjy;
tpyFk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; Jhj; J f; F b)
94
 17. rpWePh; gphpahjpUj;jy; kw;Wk; rpWePufk; O Ckj;ij ,iyiaf; fhaitj;Jj; Jhs;nra;J 100
fpuhk; vLj;J Njdpy; fye;J
; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhhe;;j gpur;ridfs; (N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
mwpFwpfs;
rpWePh; gphpahky; kpfTk; Ntjidg;gLk;; rpWePh; rpte;;j O nfhj;jky;yp 10 fpuhk;> thy;kpsF 10 fpuhk; nghb nra;J
epwj;jpy; ntq;f
; Lg;ghf ( fhg;gp epwk;) ntspahFk;. 100 kp.yp. ey;nyz;nza; fye;J ; nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(tp.Mh; . Iag; g d; > nul; b ag; g l; b > Rf; f hk; g l; b jpz; L f; f y; )
Fwpg;ghf fhis khLfSf;Fk;> fplh MLfSf;Fk; ,e;j ;
NfhshW mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;;Neha; fz;l fhy; eilfs;
mbf;fb vOe;J; k;> cl;fhUtJkhf> mikjpapd;wp Jd;gg;gLk;. O ,uj;jk; fye;j
; rpWePh; gphpe;j
; hy; tpy;t ,iy 200 fpuhk;>
gioa Gsp 200 fpuhk; > rpd; d ntq; ; f hak; 300 fpuhk; Mfpa
Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fhJ. thapy; Jh;ehw;wk; tPRk;; ,ij
%d;iwAk; ey;nyz;nza; 100 kp.yp. Nrh;jJ ; ed;whf miuf;f
4-5 ehl;fs; ftdpf;fhky; tpl;lhy; clk;G #L mjpfhpf;Fk;. Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw xU ypl;lh; ePuhfhu jz;zPhpy; ed;F fyf;fp
fhuz q;fs
fhuzq; fs;
fs khl;bw;F cs;Ns nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(rPdp ehaf; f h; > uhkrhkpahGuk; > mUg; G f; N fhl; i l> tpUJefh; )
rpWePh; igapy; fiuahj rpWfw;fs; (fhy;rpak;> kf;dPrpak;>
rpypfhd; Nghd; w it) Nrh; e ; J rpWePh; igapy; milj; J f;
nfhs;tjhYk; ; mjpf c\;zk; fhuzkhf rpWePuff; Foha;> O njd;dk;ghisapypUe;J cjph;ej
; FUk;ig 2> rPufk; 25
rpWePh;ig xt;thik Vw;gLtjhYk;; tpij ciw tPq;F ; tjhYk;> fpuhk; ,itfis ed;F ,bj;J ePh;tpl;L fye;J
; cs;Ns Cw;w
mbgLtjhYk; > rpW ePufk; rhh; e ; j tpahjpfshYk; Ntz;Lk;.
(tPiuah> Nkl; L g; g l; b > rptfq
rptfq;; i f)
%j;jpuf;NfhshW Vw;gLfpwJ. fhisfSf;F Mz;ik ePf;fk;
(Kil mbj; j y; ) nra; A k; NghJ V w; g Lk; jtWjyhYk;
,g;gpur;rpid Vw;glf;$Lk.; O njhl;lhw; rpZq;f
; p nrb 100 fpuhk; vLj;J 1 ypl;lh; ePUld;
fha;rr; p tbj;j frhak; 500 kp.yp. cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
itj;jpaKiwfs; (fphPj; gl; N ly; > mfkjhghj; )
O KUq; ; i f ,iy 1 fpNyh msT vLj; J miuj; J
fhy; e ilfSf; F nfhLj; j hy; rpWePh; ed; w hfg; gphpe; ; J
ntspNaWk;.

95 96
O nts;isg; g+f;fisf;nfhz;l fhuiz Nth; (rhunej;jp)
xU fpNyh mstpw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mtw;iw 3 ypl;lh;
jz; z Ph; p y; xU ypl; l h; mstpw; F tw; W k; tiu nfhjpf; f
itf;fTk;. gpd;G ,ij tbj;J xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; itj;Jf;
nfhz;L ehnshd;wf;F 100 kp.yp. tPjk; 2 my;yJ 3 ehl;fSf;F
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(fNz\; g ha; > F[uhj; )
O neUQ;rp ,iy> rhuiz ,iy> Nrhw;Wg;G> ghtl;il
,iy> fha;> khtpyq;f; k; ,iy> gl;il Mfpatw;iw tiff;F
10 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J ,bj;J 2 ypl;lh; ePUld; Nrh;j;J 1
ypl;luhf tw;Wk;gb fha;r;rp tbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;f\haj;ij
khLfSf;F 200 kp.yp. tPjKk; fd;WfSf;F 100 kp.yp. tPjKk;
fhiy khiy vd 5 ehl;fs; tiunjhlhe;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
(my; y J)

O neUQ;rp fha; 10 fpuhk;> rhunej;jp jio 5 fpuhk;> rikay; O ehptpshk;gok; (eha;nfhl;il) 4 vz;zk; vLj;J xU
Nrhlh cg;G 4 fpuhk;> ghtl;il,iy> fha; 5 fpuhk;> khtpyq;f ; k; ypl;lh; ePhpy; Nghl;L ed;whf Ntfitj;J tbj;J ehnshd;Wf;F
,iy> gl;il 10fpuhk; ,itfis Nrh;jJ ; fha;rr; pa frhaj;ij 1 Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ ; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
khLfSf;F 200 kp.yp. msTk; fd;WfSf;F kw;Wk; MLfSf;F
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
100 kp.yp. msTk; xU ehisf;F 2 Ntisahf 5 ehl;fs;
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(fk; N ghbah ehl; L ghuk; g hpa itj; j pak; )

O gbfhuj;Jhs; 10 fpuhk;> fUNtyk; gl;il 10 fpuhk;

Mfpatw; i w ed; w hf tWj; J ,bj; J nty; y k; my; y J
NkhUld; fye; ; J fhiy khiy vd 3 Ntis
nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(godpNtY>mur q; ; F b>jpUr; r p)
(godpNtY>murq;

O Fq;;Fkg; g+ 5 fpuhk;> rjFg;ig 5 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw

miuj;J nts;shl;Lg;ghy; 100 kp.yp. Ald; fye;J
; fhiy khiy
,uz;L Ntisf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)

97 98
 18. fz; Neha;fs;
mwpFwpfs;
fz;zpy; ePh; tbAk;;; fz;rpte;J ,Uf;Fk; ; fz;zpy;
nts;is tpOk;; fz;tPf;fkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
fhuz
fhuzq;;fs;
fhw;wpd; JhrpapdhNyh> fz;zpy; Fr;rp Fj;jpdhy;> g+r;rp
jhf; f pdhy; > tp\f; f bapdhy; Vw; g Lk; mhpg; g ghy; > kuj; j py;
Nja; j ; J f; n fhs; t jhy; > mbgl; l hy; kw; W k; gRe; j Ptdf;
Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O fz; mjpfkhf rpte; ; J ,Ue; ; j hy; > fz; tPf; f k;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;;F nts;isj; ijNtis xU
ifgpb> ey;y kpsF xd;gJ> ,uz;ilAk; Nrh;j ; J
; miuj;Jj;
Jzpapy; itj;J fz;zpy; gpope;J ; tpl Ntz;Lk;. xU Ntis
kl;Lk; gpope;J tpl;lhy; NghJkhdJ. Fzg;gltpy;iy vd;why;
,uz;lhtJ jpdk; xU Ntis nfhLj;jhy; Kw;wpYk; fz;
FzkhfptpLk;.
( Nehth> Fg; g dhGuk; > khDhh; > jpUney; N typ)
O fz; z py; gPis fl; L k; > fz; z pypUe; ; J ePh; jhiu
jhiuahf tbAk;. ,jw;F ee;;jpahtl;lg;g+ 10> Jk;ig g+ 20>
fpuhk;G 5 fpuhk; vLj;J ,bj;Jj; Jzp %yk; rhw;iw tbfl;b
fz;zpy; tpl;lhy; FzkhFk;.
(etePjfpU\; z d; > cj; j pNk&h; > fhQ; r pGuk; )
99
O khl; i l rhl; i l fk; G nfhz; L mbj; J tpLk; rkak;
my; y J Fr; r p Fj; j pf; f z; z py; fhak; g l; L nts; i s
tpOe;J
; tpl;lhy; %f;fdrhuej;jp ,iy ifg;gpb msT vLj;J
10 kpsF Nrh;jJ ; 3 Ntis fz;zpy; gpope;J ; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
nts;is mjpfkha; ,Ue;;jhy; ,j;Jld; ntq;;fhak; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(nr. Kdpahz; b > ey; y jhJehaf; f d; g l; b > kJiu)
O xU if msT ij Ntis ,iyAld; rpwpJ
cg; G fy; Y k; Nrh; j ; J ,bj; J rhW vLj; J gpd; tbfl; b
mjpypUe;J ; 4 nrhl;L fz;zpy; tpl ,e;N; eha; FzkhFk;. 3
jlit ,J Nghy; 4 nrhl;L fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(jp. nyl; R kzd; > FUthh; g l; b > tpshj; j pFsk; > Jhj; J f; F b)
fz;zpy; nts;istpOjy
stpOjy;
O Ntg; g q; ; n fhOe; ; J nkd; W rhWtpl Ntz; L k; . gpd;
cg; G f; f ye; ; j Nkhiu thapy; itj; J f; nfhg; g spj; J
khl;Lf;fz;zpw;Fs; tplNtz;Lk;.
(jpUg; g jp> Ntg; g k; g l; b > Ngiua+h; > kJiu)
O rpWfPiuj; jz;ilr; Rl;Lr; rhk;gyhf;fpj; Njd; tpl;Lf;
Fog;gpf; fz;zpy; ,l;lhy; g+(nts;is) kiwAk;.
O uhkh;Rs;sp Ks;spj; jioia (Acanthus ilicifolius) 20
,iyfSld; 10 kpsF Nrh;jJ ; tpOjhf miuj;Jf; nfhz;L
ifapy; xU Jzpapy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Kd;G
100
thapy; ntw;wpiy ghf;F Rz;zhk;G Nghl;L ckpo; ePUld; nkd;w xt;nthd;Wk; 10 fpuhk; msT vLj;J miuj;J nrk;kwp Ml;L
rptg; G f; fyitia mt; t pOjpy; Jg; g Ntz; L k; . gpd; d h; ghypy; fye;J
; fz;zpw;Fs; 3-4 nrhl;L tpl Ntz;Lk;.
mj; J zpia Kbe; ; j mr; r hw; i w khl; b d; fz; z py; gpopa (ghyd; > jufk; g l; b > f&h; )
Ntz; L k; . uhkh; Rs; s p Ks; s pr; n rbahdJ Kl; f isf;
nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J nts;isf; fyhpy; g+ G+f;Fk;. O Rs;spj; jio> tpOk;gpj;jio> mk;khd;gr;rhprp Mfpatw;iw
(Kj; J r; Nrh; i t> nfhuyk; g l; b > fd; d pthb> jpz; L f; f y; )
frf; f p jha; g ; g hspy; fye; ; J Jzpapy; gpope; ; J %d; W
nrhl;LtplNtz;Lk;.
O KUq; ;if rhW> fPohney;yp rhW ,uz;ilAk; %d;W (Rg; i gah> NkhJgl; b > xl; l d; r j; j puk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
jpdq;f
; Sf;F fz;Z; f;Fs; tplNtz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g f; F b> rptf q; ; i f)
rptfq;
O rpWJk; i g ,iy 20 vz; z pf; i f 2 kpsF Nghl; L
,bj;J nts;is Jzpapy; gpope;J
; fz;zpy; rhWtpl g+ khWk;>
O rpW FwpQ;rhd; ,iy rhW 2 ypUe;J
; 4 nrhl;Lf;fs; tiu %d;W ehs; fhiyapy; fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;. (nts; i s> ry; y pNfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
(rpd; d jk; g p> my q; ; f k; g l; b > NkYhh; > kJiu)
myq;
O Nfhit ,iyr; r hw; w py; cg; G fye; J fhiy khiy
khLfSf;F fz; ghh;it k
kq;;fpdhy; fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; td KUq;if ,iy xU ifg;gpb
msT ntq;fhak; Nrh;jJ ; miuj;J fz;zpy; rhW gpope;J tpl
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G 3 ehl;fs; ,ilntsp tpl;L kPz;Lk; fz;zpy;
O tz;b ,Of;Fk; khLfSf;F ,utpy; fz; njhpahky; rhW tpl Ntz;Lk;.
NghtJz; L . ,jw; F > jpdKk; mfj; j pfPiuAk; nty; y Kk; (fUg; i gah> fPojhdpak; > khdhkJiu> rptfq; i f)
jPtdkhff; nfhLj;Jg; ghh;it ngwr;nra;ayhk;.
(mUzhr; r yk; vOjpa fha; f wpj; Njhl; l k; (1945) Gj; j fk; )
O ntw;wpiy 2 vz;zpf;if> Gifapiy rpwpJ> ghf;F>
Rz; z hk; G Nrh; j ; J thapy; Nghl; L nkd; W ,uz; L Ntis
fz; fy
fyq;;fpapUe;;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fz;zpy; Jg;g rhpahFk;.
(nts; i s>ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O nghd; jfiu> nfhl;lf;nfhOe;J
; ( Mkzf;F nfhOe;J
; )
Nfhit jio> Rf; F > Mzhe; ; j io Nghd; w jiofis

101 102
O fUtpopapy; ntz;Gs;spf;F Nfhit ,iyia rpwpJ O Muk; g fl; l ePh; tbjYf; F rpy ehl; f s;
cg;Gld; fye;J
; fz;zpy; gpope;JtplFzkhFk;. fypi`l;Nuhrpak; (kali Hudrocium 200) k; vd;w kUe;i ; j
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; i f) xU ehisf;F Kk;Kiwahf ehd;F ehl;fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G mh;n[d;lk; epl; (Argentum nit 30c) vd;w kUe;i; j xU
O rpwpjsT Mkzf; F nfhOe; ; J > rpwpjsT rPufk; > ehisf; F Kk; K iwahf xU thuk; nfhLf; f ePh; tUtJ
ntq;f; hak;> rpwpjsT kpsF Nrh;jJ
; jl;b fz;zpy; gpope;J
; tpl epd;WtpLk;. gpd; iryprpah 200rp (silicea 200c)vd;w kUe;i; j
Ntz;Lk; (my;yJ) rpwpjsT Ckj;ij ,iyiaj;jl;b xU xU ehisf;F xU jlit tPjk; nfhLj;J tu fz;zpy; g+
rpl;bif cg;G Nrh;j;J xU Kiw kl;Lk; fz;zpy; gpope;;J tpOe;J Kw;wpYk; kiwe;JtpLk;> fhak;gl;l jpRf;fis iryprpah
tplNtz;Lk;. clk;NghL kPz;Lk; <h;jJ ; f;nfhs;Sk;.
(MWKfk; > vOthzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; ) (Nuh]; g ha; kyPf; > nuh`h>kfhuh\; b uh)

O rpwpJ cg; G f; fy; Y ld; rj; j p rhuiz my; y J

ngUkUe;;J nfhbia (fUlf;;nfhb) frf;fp fz;zpy; nrhl;L
tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rhiy ntq; ; f Nlrd; > ed; d hhp fpuhkk; > NtYhh; )

O Nfhit ,iy rpwpJ vLj;J ,j;Jld; Nrhw;W fy; cg;G

Nrh;jJ
; frf;fp Jzpapy; itj;J gpope;J
; fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
xU ehisf;F xU Ntisahf 3 ehl;fs; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)

O ee;jpahtl;il g+it frf;fp Jzpapy; itj;J fz;zpy;

gpope;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;.
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; ; i f)

103 104
 19. fhJNeha; 20. vYk;G KwpT
fhuzq;fs;
mwpFwpfs;
fPNo tpOtjhy; > mjpf ghuk; V w; w pr; nry; t jhYk; >
fhjpd; mbg;ghfk; tPq;fp ,Uf;Fk; ; fhjpy; Jh;ehw;wk; tpgj;jpdhYk;> vYk;G KwpT Vw;gLk;.
tPRk;; rPo;; Nghd;w jputk; tbAk; ; rpWfl;bfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
itj; j paKiw
itj; j paKiw
O kUs; jz;il gpLq;;fp te;;J tpsf;nfz;nza; jltp
vz;nza; jPgj;jpd; mdypy; fhl;b gpope;J tUk; rhw;iw 5
nrhl; L fs; tPjk; fhiy khiy 3 ehl; f s; fhjpw; F s; tpl
Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)

O mj; j hs; nghUjp (vYk; n ghl; b ) ,iy my; y J

nghd;dhtiu ,iyia Njitahd msT vLj;J ierhf
miuj;J mj;Jld; ehl;Lf; Nfhop Kl;ilapd; nts;isf; fUit
Nrh;jJ; Fioj;Jf;nfhz;L KwpT Vw;gl;l gFjpia ,izj;J
itj;Jf;nfhz;L xU gUj;jp Jzpapy; kUe;ij itj;J g+rp
Kjypy; Rw;wptplNtz;Lk;. 3- 4 %q;fpy; jg;gifis KwpTs;s
gFjpia Rw;wpYk; itj;J mjd; Nky; gir jltpa Jzpahy;
Rw;wp fl;b tpl Ntz;Lk;. 7 ehl;fs; fopj;J kPz;Lk; xU Kiw
,Nj Nghd;W fl;Lg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)

105 106
O Nfhop Kl;il> ey;nyz;nza;> cSe;JkhT> kQ;rs;
Jhs; > Nrhw; W f; fw; ; w hior; N rhW ,it Ie; J k; Nrh; j ; J g;
girNghyhf;fp> vYk;G KwpT Vw;gl;l ,lj;jpy; ed;whfg; gj;Jg;
NghlTk;. gpd;G %q;fpy; jg;igj; Jz;Lfisr; Rw;wp> Jzpapy;
giriaj; jltpf; nfhz;L %q;f ; py; jg;igiar; Rw;wpf; fl;b tpl
Ntz;Lk;. %d;W jpdq;fSf;F xU Kiw fl;il fow;wptpl;Lg;
gpd;G GJf;fl;Lg; NghlNtz;Lk;. %d;W fl;Lg; Nghl;Ltpl;L>
ehd; f htJ fl; L 15 my; y J 20 ehs; tiu fl; i l
mtpo;ff ; hky; tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F 20 ehl;fs; ehl;fspy;
Kwpe;;j vYk;G ed;whff; $btpLk;. gpd;G fl;il mtpo;j;J
tplyhk;. gpd;G rpy ehl;fSf;F fl;L ,Ue;j ; gFjpapy; Njq;f ; ha;
vz;nza; g+rp tu Ntz;Lk;.
(jh.Nehth> Fg; g z; z hGuk; > khDhh; > jpUney; N typ)
O vYk;G Kwpe;;j ,lj;jpy; Kl;il nts;isf; fUit
itj;Jj; jltp mjd; Nky; kz; XL. %d;W %q;;fpy; Fr;rp
itj;Jj; Jzpia itj;Jf;;fl;lNtz;Lk;. JzpNky; gir
itj;Jf; fl;l Ntz;Lk;. gir jahh; nra;a 100 fpuhk; Gspa
tpijfis miuj;Jf; nfhjpf;f itj;J Mw itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpy khLfs; fl; i lf; fbj; J tpLk; . mg; g bf; fl; L
mtpo;f;fg;gl;lhy; clNd khw;Wf; fl;Lg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. xU
khjk; fopj;Jf; fl;L mtpo;ff
; g; gl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhkrhkp Nfhdhh; > rhj; j hd; F sk; > Jhj; J f; F b)
O Gj;jhQ;NrhW (fiuahd; Gw;wpd; cs;Ns ,Uf;Fk; Gw;W
kz;)> nrk;kwp Ml;Lr; rhzp ,uz;ilAk; Nrh;j;J nfhjpf;f
itj; J f; fhy; mbgl; l ,lj; j py; %q; f py; jg; i gfis
107
Mj;jpg;gl;il ehh; itj;J fl;lNtz;Lk;. ,e;;j ,lj;jpy;
fhiy> khiy> jz;zPh; njspj;J tplNtz;Lk;.
(v]; . Kj; J rhkp> Nfhl; l f; f iu> Fspj; j iy> jpUr; r p)
O gpuz; i lr; nrbia ed; w hf miuj; J KwpT V w; g l; ; l
,lj;jpy; g+rp ,Wff; fl;btpl Ntz;Lk;.
(NkhpbNrhrh> kiytho; kf; f s; kUj; J tk; > kfhuh\; b uh)
O Kl;il> cSe;;jk;gUg;G ,uz;ilAk; miuj;J vYk;G
Kwptpd; kPJ g+rp> %q;f
; py; jg;ig Fr;rpfis mjd;Nky; itj;J
,Wff; fl;l 10 ehl;fspy; Fzkhfp tpLk;.
( Nf.rutzd; > xl; l d; r j; j puk; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O mj;jpg;ghy; mbj;J Jzp Rw;wp mjd; NkYk; JitAkhW
mj;jpg; ghy; kPz;Lk; mbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW nra;tjhy;
vYk; G KwpT rhpahfp tpLfpd; w J. vYk; n ghl; b ,iyia
miuj;Jf; fhy; xbe;j ,lj;jpy; fl;LtjhYk; rhpahfptpLk;.
(mz; z hj; J iu> rpj; j hyg; g f; f k; > g^h; > fhQ; r pGuk; )
O nts;Ntyk; gl;iliag; nghbnra;J ePUld; Fioj;J
xU Jzpapy; g+rp jg;igf; Fr;rpfis KwpT Vw;gl;l ,lj;jpy;
Rw; w pYk; itj; J fl; b 10 ehl; f s; ePh; tpl; L eidj; J
tuNtz;Lk;.
(fUg; g zd; > NrhikaDhh; > Nfhit)
O tpy; t f; f hia mLg; g py; Rl; L ,jid Midf;
fj;jhioAld; cuypy; Ml;b gpd;dh; nfhjpf;f itj;J fhypy;
gj;Jg;Nghlyhk; my;yJ Jzpahy; fl;Lg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(Gy; y hf; f Tz; l h; > njhz; l hKj; J hh; > Nfhit)
108
O thjklf;fpg; gr;rpiy miu fpNyhTld; trk;G MW
Jz;Lfs;> tyk;Ghpf;fha; 15> thy;kpsF 15> rpwpJ fUQ;rPufk;
Mfpa Ie;;J nghUl;fsiAk; ,bj;Jr; rhW vLj;J f];Jhhp
nkOif xU Jsptpl;L cs;Sf;F toq;fptpl;Lr; rhW gpope;j ; Jtl;b fl;Lg; Nghl;L tpl Ntz;Lk;.
rf;ifiaNa ,bj;J ePh;gg; jj;Jld; vYk;G Kwpe;j; ,lq;f
; spy;
jltp %q;f; py; jg;igfis itj;Jf; fl;b tpl vYk;Gfs; xd;W
Nrh;e;JtpLk;.
(Kj; J r; N rh; i t> Fwsk; g l; b > fd; d pthb> jpz; L f; f y; )
O ,Yg;ig vz;nza;> Gq;;f vz;nza;> ey;nyz;nza;>
Ntg;gvz;nza;> fLF vz;nza; ,tw;iw rk msT vLj;J
mjpy; Fg;ig Nkdp> Jsrp ifg;gpbasT Nghl;L fha;rr; p jdpahf
itj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vYk;GKwpT V w;gl;l ,lj;jpy;
%q; ; f py; jg; i gitj; J Gspatpij gir (100 fpuhk; Gspa
tpijfisf; fha;rr; p girnaLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;) Jzpapy; g+rp
Mj;jpehh; nfhz;L Rw;wp fl;l Ntz;Lk;. 3 ehl;fs; fopj;J
fl;Lf;F Nkyhf Nkw;nrhd;d vz;nza;f; fyitia g+r;R g+r
Ntz;Lk;.
(jhoKj; J > tdj; j ha; G uk; > kapyhLk; g hiw> Njdp)
O cSe; ; J 100 fpuhk; Jhs; nra; J rypj; J 3 Nfhop
Kl;ilAld; nts;isf; fU Nrh;j;J girahf;fp xU ePz;l
nts;isj; Jzpapy; giria jltp itf;fNtz;Lk;. gpd;G
vYk;G KwpT Vw;gl;lij rhpahf nghUj;jp itj;J cSe;;jk;
gir jltg;gl;l Jzpahy; Rw;w Ntz;Lk;. mjd; Nky; Jzpahy;
Rw;wg;gl;l %q;;fpy; jg;igfis ehd;F gf;fq;;fspYk; itj;J
mjw;F Nky; gir jltpa Jzpahy; rw;wp fl;b tplNtz;Lk;.
,ij 10 ehl;fs; fopj;J jz;zPh; njspj;J fow;wptpl Ntz;Lk;.
Gspa ,iyia fhb ePhpy; Ntf itj;J xU Jzpapy; ,iyia
109
vLj;J itj;J nghl;lykhf;fp ,sk; #lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
fhb ePiu njhl; L Kwpthd ,lj; j py; xj; j lk; nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd nfhbfs;sp ghypy; xU gUj;jp Jzpahy;
gpd;G xU kz; rl;bapy; 250 kp.yp. ey;nyz;nza; Cw;wp
5 vYkpr;rk; goj;jpd; rhW gpope;;J mLg;gpy; itj;J fha;r;r
Ntz; L k; . mg; N ghJ vz; n za; vYkpr; r k; go epwj; j pw; F
tUk;NghJ ,wf;fp xU ghl;bypy; Cw;wp itj;J xU ehisf;F
xU Kiw vd vYk;G KwpT rhpahFk; tiu jltp tu Ntz;Lk;.
( MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
O vYk;G KwpT> NkhJ fl;L> thjk; Nghd;witfSf;F
vz;nza; fha;r;Rjy;:
,Yg;ig vz;nza;> Gq;;if vz;nza; ey;nyz;nza;>
fLFvz; n za; > kPd; v z; n za; > FWf; F Kj; J vz; n za; >
Ntg; n gz; n za; > fliyvz; n za; > Njq; ; f ha; vz; n za;
Mfpatw;wpy; 100 kp.yp. tPjk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L f];Jhhp kQ;rs;>
fUQ;rPufk;> mjpkJug;gl;il> fLf;fha;. tPuk;> g+uk;.[hjpf;fha;>
Fq;fpypak;> Jj;jk; fly;Eiu> gr;ir fw;g+uk; Mfpatw;wpy;
tiff; F 5 fpuhk; vLj; J ,bj; J vz; n zAld; Nrh; j ; J
gf;Ftkhf fha;rr; ptbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw vYk;G Kwptpw;F
fl;L fl;bagpd; Nky; Jthiyapl Ntz;Lk;. ,J fl;bfs;>
fuizfs;> NkhJ fl;L> Gz; Nghd;w tw;wpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(rpd; d FUrhkpehaf; f h; > b.,uhkehjGuk; > kJiu)
110
%l;L tpyfpapUe;;jhy;
O khLfspd; fhy; vYk; G fs; rpy rkaq; ; f spy; ghuk;
,Of;Fk;NghJ jLkhwp %l;L tpyfptpLk;. ,jdhy; %l;L typ
Vw;gl;L khL ,Nyrhf nehz;l Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,jw;F miu ypl;lh;
ey;nyz;nza;apy; 4 fw;g+u tpy;iy (#lk;) Nghl;Lf; fha;rr; pg;
gpd; Fspuitj;J %l;Lfspy; 5-10 epkplq;f ; s; tiu mOj;jpj;
Nja;jJ; tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;q
; dk; xU ehisf;F ,UKiwahf
7 ehl;fs; Nja;jJ
; tu Ntz;Lk;.
(tpdhngd; gNly; > ty; r hj; > F[uhj; )
21. RSf;F> mbgl;l tPf;fk;
fhuzq;fs;;
khLfs; tay; tug;Gfspy; jLkhWtjhYk;> ePz;l Jhuk;
Rik V w; w p nry; t jhYk; > coT khLfspy; Nkf; f hy;
mOj;JtjhYk; mit fSf;F fOj;J> ,Lg;G> KJF>
fhy;fspy; RSf;F Vw;gLk;.
,Lg;G> KJF> nfhz;il gpb RSf;fpw;F
O ,Lg;G> KJF RSf;Ff;F khl;bd; Kfj;ij xU tYthd
nghpa kuj; J ld; Neh; thf; f py; itj; J nfhk; G f; F NkYk; >
tha;j;jhilf;F fPOkhf fapw;why; mirahky; thpe;J fl;ba
gpd; ,Lg;Gf;F Nky; gFjpapy; tlf; fapW nfhz;L Rw;wp tlj;jpd;
,U KidfisAk; ,U gpd; d q; f hy; f spilapy; nrYj; j p
gpd; G wkhf ,Oj; J tpl; l hy; > ,Lg; G > KJF RSf; F >
nfhz;ilg;gpb Kjypad ePq;Fk;.

fhy; RSf;fpw;F
O khl;il fPNo js;sp RSf;F vw;gl;l fhy; jtpu kPjp
fhy;fis fl;btpl;L> RSf;fpa fhy; Fsk;gpy; fapw;why; fl;b
fapw;wpd; kw;nwhU Kidapy; cyf;ifia khl;b> cyf;ifia
,uz; L Ngh; jq; f s; KJFf; F g; gpd; d hy; itj; J jq; f s;
fhy;fshy; khl;il cijj;jthW gpd;Gwkhf rha;e;J ,Oj;J
tpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;jhy; fhy; RSf;F ePq;Fk;.

111 112
fOj;Jr; RSf;F
O fPNo js;sp fhy;fisf; fl;ba khl;bd; Kfj;ijAk;>
nfhk;GfisAk;> mOj;jpg; gpbj;jthW fl;ba fhy;fis Jhf;fp
khl;bd; cly; KOtJk; kWGwk; jpUg;gpj; js;s Ntz;Lk;.
KfKk; > nfhk; G fSk; kl; L k; mg; g bNa ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; .
,g;nghOJ fOj;J jpUfpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. mg;gbr; nra;j
gpd; kPz;Lk; Kfj;ij Neuhf jpUg;gp itj;J mKf;fpf; nfhz;L
kWgbAk; Kd; nra;jJ Nghy ,g;nghOJ cly; KOtJk;
vjph;gf;fk; jpUg;gp js;s Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gbr; nra;jhy; fOj;Jr;
RSf;F ePq;Fk;.
Fwpg;G : RSf;F vLj;Jtpl;l gpd;G rhk;gy; fw;whioia
thl;bg; gpope;;J mr;rhWld; Nfo;tuF khT Nrh;j;J fiuj;J
nfhjpf;f itj;J RSf;F tPq;fpa gFjpfspy; gj;Jg; Nghl
Ntz; L k; . my; y J Gspaq; n fhl; i lia tWj; J ,bj; J
Nky; N jhy; ePf; f ptpl; L Ntfitj; J miuj; J g; gj; J
NghlNtz;Lk;.
nrk; k wpahl; L r; rhzk; > nrk; k z; > rpwpJ fs; s pg; g hy;
%d; i wAk; ePhpy; f iuj; J nfhjpf; f itj; J g; gj; J
NghlNtz;Lk;.
(Nftpe; ; j d; > nry; y pa; k ghisak; > Nryk; )
O khLfSf;F fOj;J> ,Lg;G> KJF> fhy;fspy; Vw;gLk;
RSf; f pw; F > jtpil tWj; J #l; L ld; xj; j lk; nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;.
ehty; kug;gl;ilia Rkhh; 100 fpuhk; msT vLj;J
miuj;J gj;Jg; Nghlyhk;.
113
tPf; f j; J ld; $ba RSf; F ,Ue; j hy; kUjhzp
,iyia 100 fpuhk; msT vLj;J ed;whf miuj;J g+r
epth;j;jpahFk;.
( N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b.)
mbgl;l tPf;fk;
O ML> khLfSf;F mbgl;lhy; murk;gl;ilia ,bj;J
,j;Jld; miu gb jz;zPh; Cw;wpf; fye;J cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(mz; z hj; J iu> rpj; j yg; g hf; f k; > g^h; > fhQ; r pGuk; )
O nts;is kpsF 10 fpuhk;> thy;kpsF 10 fpuhk;> nts;is
ntq;fhak; 100 fpuhk;> fUg;gl;b 100 fpuhk;> vYk;nghl;b jio
100 f;puhk;> Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J vYkpr;rk;go msT jpdKk; %d;W
Ntis tPjk; 3 ehl;fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( jQ; r pfhz; > jhoq; F zk; > nrQ; r p> tpOg; G uk; )
O murk; g l; i lAld; Nfo; t uF khT Nghl; L ePh; t pl; L
ed;whff; fha;rr; p mbgl;l ,lq;fspy; gj;jhfg; Nghl;L tpl;lhy;
rhpahfptpLk;.
(nts; i sr; r hkp> ed; d hhp rhiy> NtYhh; )
O vUf;fk; ,iy (gOj;jJ) 12 ,iy> fhl;Lnehr;rp xU
ifgpb msT> Fg;igNkdp xU ifgpb msT fy; cg;G 50
fpuhk;> ,tw;iw #L gl tWj;J ghj;jpuj;jpy; ,l;L mtw;Wld;
FWkzy; Nghl;L tWj;J Jzpapy; fl;b xj;jlk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ kQ;rdj;jp (Edh) ,iyia epoypy; fha
114
itj;J gpd; ,bj;J tWj;j Jzpapy; itj;J xj;jlk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(nry; t uh[; > tz; l hhp> rhg; ^ h; > kJiu)
O gpuz;il> Nfhitj; jio Mfpatw;iw ed;whf frf;fp
rhW vLj;J mj;Jld; kQ;rs;> Jhs; cg;Gr; Nrh;jJ ; miuj;J
ey; n yz; n zAld; fye; ; J nts; i sj; Jzpapd; cjtpahy;
khLfspd; fOj;jpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G gpuz;il> Nfhit
jio miuj;j tpOij fOj;Jg; gFjpapy; gj;Jg; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
,t; t hW 3 Ntis nra; J te; j hy; fOj; J tPf; f k; tw; w
Muk; g pf; F k; . kWgbAk; fOj; J tPf; f k; te; j hy; ,Yg; i g
vz;nza; jltNtz;Lk;.
( n[auhkd; > nra; a hd; F sk; > tpOg; G uk; )
O cs;fhaq;;fSf;F ntw;wpiy 10 fpuhk;> kpsF20 fpuhk;
Nrh;jJ
; ,bj;J miu ypl;lh; nte;ePhpy; fye;J Fbf;f nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. kUe;;J nfhLj;J 1 kzp Neuj;jpy; jPtdk; jpd;d
Muk;gpf;Fk;. fhiy> khiy ,uz;L Ntisahf xU ehs; tpl;L
1ehs; tPjk; ,uz;L ehl;fs; kUe;;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
thuj;jpw;F khl;il Fspg;ghl;lf;$lhJ.
(ghy; r hkp> tlf; f j; j pahd; g l; b > rhg; ^ h; > kJiu)
O ML> khL mbgl;lhy; murk;gl;il ,bj;J mj;Jld;;
miu gb jz;zPh; Cw;wpf; fye;J
; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mz; z hj; J iu> rpj; j hyg; g hf; f k; > g^h; > fhQ; r pGuk; )
115
O nts;sUif miu fpNyh msT vLj;J miuj;J kiy
gFjpfspy; Nkae; ; J jpUk; G k; nts; s hl; L Nfhkpak; miu
ypl; l Uld; fye; ; J 3 Ntis nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . jPtdk;
tof; f k; Nghy; juyhk; . mbgl; l ,lj; j py; Ckj; i j
,iyr; r hW> Njd; > ePh; j ; j fy; Y r; Rz; z hk; G Mfpatw; i w
jdpj;jdpahfj; Nja;ff ; Ntz;Lk;.
( Fkhh; > ,. Nfhtpy; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O tplj;jio 100 fpuhk;> thjehuhazd; ,iy 100 fpuhk;
,uz;ilAk; ,bj;J 100 kp.yp. Ntg;ngz;nza; cld; fye;J
xU ehisf;F ,uz;L Ntis tPjk; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d d; d d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O fhQ;#uk; gok; ( vl;bg; gok;) 5 vLj;J nfhl;il ePf;fp
rijia kl;Lk; xU ypl;lh; tpsf;nfz;nza; Nghl;L 3 ehl;fs;
ntapypy; Glkpl;L vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G me;j vz;nzia
njhl; L fhy; e ilfSf; F tPf; f k; cs; s ,lj; j py; jltp
NkypUe;J fPohf ed;whf mOj;jp ePtp tplNtz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O ey; n yz; n zia fha; r ; r p rpwpJ cg; i g xU gUj; j p
Jzpapy; fl;b vz;nzapy; eidj;J ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy;
xj;jlk; nfhLj;J NkypUe;J fPohf ePtp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(godpNtY> murq; F b> jpUr; r p)
116
 22. nfhk;G KwpT epWj;jp> rikayiw> Gif #iu gid nty;yk;> Rz;zhk;G
Nrh;j;J fspk;G nra;J g+rp nfhk;ig Kd;gpUe;j epiyapNyNa
fhuzq;fs; epw;f itj;J ,uz;L nfhk;GfSld; %q;fpy; itj;J Nrh;jJ ;
mLj;j khLfSld; Kl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;>tpgj;Jfs;> fl;btpl Ntz;Lk;.
jiyg;Gw;W> kz;ilf; fug;ghd; Nghd;w fhuzq;f
; s; cz;lhfyhk;. (ghy; r hkp fTz; l h; > ntk; G +h; > tpshj; j pFsk; > Jhj; J f; F b)

itj;jpa Kiwfs; O fhis (fplh) fd;WfSf;F nfhk;ig jPa;jJ ; tpLthh;fs;.

,jdhy; khLfSf;fpilNa rz;i ; l kw;Wk; Kl;bf; nfhs;Sjy;
jtph;f;fg;gLk;. ,e;j jPa;e;j ,lj;jpy; fhak; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy;
jz;zPh; gl;lhy; Gz;zhfptpLk;. ,jw;F 5 Gspaq;nfhl;ilia
NjhNyhL miuj;J ed;whf nfhjpf;f itj;jhy; fspNghy;
MfptpLk;. ,jid kpjkhd #l;by; Gz; cs;s ,lj;jpy; jlt
Ntz;Lk;. xU Ntis jltpdhy; NghJkhdJ.
(nuq; f rhkp> uhkNfhtpe; j d; f hL> ehfg; g l; b dk; )

O Gif gLif 50 fpuhk;> rPdp 50 fpuhk;> Rz;zhk;G 50 fpuhk;

,tw;iw ed;F fye;J ; nfhk;gpy; jltp Jzpia ,Wf Rj;jpf;
fl;lTk;. Jzpapy; Ntg;ngz;nza; g+r Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; <
nkha;ff
; hJ. fhak; Mwp jhdhf Jzp tpOk;.
( ,uhK> ,Yg; g f; F b> rptfq; i f)

O nfhk;G KwpT Vw;gl;l ,lj;jpy; Gz;fis Rj;jk; nra;a

O fUg;gl;b ghypy; jiyKb Nrh;jJ ; xbe;j; gFjpiar; Rw;wp 100fpuhk; Ntg;g ,iyia ,bj;J 1 ypl;lh; ePhpy; nfhjpf;f
G+rptpl;lhy; rPo; gpbf;fhJ. kPz;Lk; nfhk;G nfl;bg;gLk;. itj;jJ gpd; Mw itj;J cgNahfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
( jhoKj; J > tdj; j ha; G uk; > Njdp)
O xbe; ; j nfhk; G FUj; J fis ntl; L f; f hag; g+z; L
jior; r hW nfhz; L Rj; j k; nra; a Ntz; L k; . ,uj; j frpT
,Ug;gpd; vUf;fk;gl;ilia Jhs; nra;J Jhtp ,uj;jNghf;if

117 118
 jpUFfs;sp ghiy rpul;ilapy; vLj;J xU Jzpapy; 23. Gz;fs;> fhaq
fhaq;;fs;
eidj;J ,U nfhk;gpYk; Edpapy; Rw;wptpl Ntz;Lk;. mjd;Nky;
Gw;Wf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fiuahd; jl;Lfs; (Gj;jhd; NrhW) Rkhh; fhuzq
fhuzq;;fs;
100 fpuhk; vLj;J mj;Jld; nrk;kwpahl;LGOf;if 100 fpuhk;
khLfSf;Fs; Kl;b rz;il Nghl;Lf;nfhs;tjhYk;> fPNo
Gspaq;;nfhl;il 50 fpuhik Cwitj;J miuj;J %d;iwAk;
tpOe; ; J tpLtjhYk; > eha; fbg; g jhYk; > jPapdhYk;
xd;w Nrh;j;J fhy; ypl;lhpy; ePh; Nrh;j;J fiuj;J nfhjpf;f
cz;lhfpd;wd. rpy Neuq;f
; spy; Mokhd Gz;fspy; GO itj;J
itj;J g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. 1 ehs; kl;Lk; 2 Ntis g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT>ry; y pNfhlhq; ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu) tpl tha;gG; z;L.
itj;jpaKiwfs;
O Ckj;jd; ,iyr;rhW 50 kp.yp. Njq;f ; ha; vz;nza;100
kp.yp. kapy; Jj;jk; 1 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ
; fha;rr; pa kj;jhd; ijyk;
vdg;gLk; vz;izia gad;gLj;j GO gpbf;fhkNyNa Gz;
MWk;. GOf;fs; ,Ue;j ; hYk; ntspNawp tpLk;. Vy;yh tpjkhd
Gz;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;>
(godpNtY> murhq; ; F b> jpUr; r p)

nfhOFj;jpa fhaq;;fSf;F
O fhy;tha;f;fiu kw;Wk; Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntyp Xuq;fspy;
glh; e ; J tsUk; cg; g pyhq; ; n fhb ( pentatropsis capensis )
,iyr;rhw;wpid khLfspd; fhy; Fsk;gpy; ,l Ntz;Lk;.
(uhjhfpU\; z d; > ,Usk; g hisak; > nrd; i d)

O gj; J fpuhk; rPdhf; f huj; i j vLj; J Jhs; nra; J

jz; z Phpy; fyf; f p Fsk; G fspy; fOtp tplyhk; . my; y J
Ntg; n gz; i ziaNah fhh; g hypf; ijyj; i jNah jltyhk; .
Fsk;Gfspy; ntbg;G Vw;gl;lhy; 100 fpuhk; Ckj;ijapiyAld;
5 fpuhk; msT Rz;zhk;ig miuj;Jg; Nghlyhk;.
(Mh; . etePjfpU\; z d; > cj; j puNk&h; > nrq; ; i f)

119 120
O kpUfj; j pd; nfhOg; G vLj; J cUf; f p nfhOFj; j pa
Gz;fspy; ,l FzkilAk;
(Gy; y hf; f Tz; l h; > njhz; l hKj; J hh; > Nfhit)
O Ntg;g ,iy kw;Wk; Jsrp ,iy ,uz;Lk; jyh 200
fpuhk; msT vLj;J> ePh; tpl;L tpOjhf miuj;J 3 -5 ehl;fs;
Gz;fs; MWk; tiu g+rp tu Ntz;Lk;.
(my; y J)
fhah kUe;J nrb 100 fpuhk;> rpW ntq;f
; hak; 10 fpuhk;
,uz;Lk; Nrh;jJ; miuj;J g+rp tuNtz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p>jUkGhp)
O fug;ghd;> mf;fp> gLtd; kw;Wk; kz;il fug;ghd; Nghd;w
Gz;fSf;F ey;nyz;n.za; kw;Wk; Njq;fha; vz;nza; 100 kpyp.
Ntg;ngz;nza; 150 kpyp. Mfpatw;iw vz;nza; GOq;fhj kz;
rl; b apy; Cw; w p nfhjpf; f itf; f Ntz; L k; . nfhjpf; f
Muk;gpj;jJk; Ckj;ij ,iy xU ifg;gpb> Miz neUQ;rp
xU ifg;gpb jz;zPh; tplhky; miuj;J vz;nzapy; Nghl;L
fpsw Ntz;Lk;. fl;bahf tUk;NghJ fUg;G kpsF xU rpl;bif
Nghl;L rpwpJ Neuk; fopj;J ifapy; vLj;J nehWf;Fk; NghJ
nehWq;fpdhy; gjk; vd;W mwpe;J ,wf;fp tbj;J Mw itj;J
ghl;bypy; milj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L Gz;fSf;F jltp tu
Ntz;Lk;.
(FUrhkp> fUq; F sk; )
O thtuR ,iy> fU Ckj; i j ,iy> Ntypg; g Uj; j p
,iy> gpuz;il> Mthiu Mfpatw;iw ifg;gpb msT vLj;J
cuypy; ,l;L ed;F ,bj;J Rkhh; 150 kp.yp. rhW vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,jid xU kz; rl;bapypl;L tpsf;nfz;nzapy; 150
121
kp.yp. Nrh;jJ
; ed;whff; fha;rr; Ntz;Lk;. Rkhh; miu kzp Neuk;
fopj;J rpwpa rpwpa Jz;Lfshf eWf;fg;gl;l Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio
kly;fis vz;nzapy; ,l Ntz;Lk;. ,it vz;nzapy;
%o;fhky; kpje;jhy; ijyk; gjkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mwpe;J
vz;nzia ,wf;fp> tbj;J ghl;bypy; Cw;wp itj;Jf; nfhz;l
Gz;fSf;fg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(ghy; r hkp fTz; l h; > ntk; g +h; > vl; i lahGuk; Jhj; J f; F b)
NrhL mbj;jy
y;
neLe;Jhuk; tz;bg+l;br; nry;Yk; ehl;fspy; vUJfspd;
fhy;Fsk;Gfspy; ,yhlf;fk;gp Fj;jpf;fhag;gLj;Jkhjyhy; lah;
ug;ghpy; NrhL nra;J khl;Lf;fhypy; mzpar;nra;ayhk;.
(ehuhazd; > md; d kq; f yk; > nguk; g +h; )
GO itj;j Gz;fSf;F
O rPj;jhg;go ,iyfis 100 fpuhk; ,bj;Jr;rpwpjsT fl;b
fw;g+uk;> Gifapiyj;Jhs; 20 fpuhk; MfpaitfSld; fye;J
GOf;fs; gpbj;j Gz;Zf;Fg; Nghl;lhy; GOf;fs; ,we;JtpLk;.
Gz; MwptpLk;.
( tp.Mh; . Iag; g d; > nul; b ag; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O Jk; i g ,iyr; r hw; i w Gz; z py; ,; l ; L tu
epth;jj
; pahFk;.
(fUg; g zd; > NrhikaDhh; > Nfhit)
122
O Jj;jp ,iy 100 fpuhk;> 2 fw;g+u tpy;iy (#lk;)>
Nrhw; W fw; w hio 1 kly; > Gifapiy 10 fpuhk; ,it
midj;ijAk; fye;;J frf;fpj; Jhshf;fpa fyitiag; gj;J
Nghl;lhy; Gz; MWk;.
(v]; . gp.fpU\; z rhkpfTz; l h; > Nkyr; n rhf; f ehjGuk; > Nghb)
O fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;gLk;Gz;fspy; GO itj;jpUe;j ; hy;
50 kp.yp.Fg; i gNkdpr; rhw; i wg; gpope; ; J 50 kp.yp. msT
Rz;zhk;G ePh; fye;J
; GO ntspNawp Gz; tpiutpy;MwptpLk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
O Gz; f spy; cUthFk; GOf; f isf; fl; L g; g Lj; j
ghfw;nfhbapd; ,iyfis miuj;Jg; gpope;;j rhWld; xU
rpl;bif cg;Gr; Nrh;jJ
; jpde;N; jhWk; fhiyapy; Gz;fs; MWk;
tiu jltp tu Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ)
O GO itj;j Gz; cs;s gFjpapy; vUikg;ghiy Cw;wp
tpLk; NghJ GOf;fs; Gz;fistpl;L ntsp;Na tUfpd;wd.
mtw;iw vLj;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jp gpd;dh; Gz;fis gQ;rpdhNyh
my; y J JzpahNyh Rj; j g; g Lj; j p tpl Ntz; L k; . gpd; G
ghfw;fha;fis Njhy; chpf;fhky; rpW rpW Jz;Lfshf ntl;b
fspk; G gjj; j pw; F tUk; tiu Ml; b xU ghj; j puj; j py;
itj;Jf;nfhz;L Gz;fspd; kPJ g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW
jpdKk; fhiyapYk;> khiyapYk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(NkkhpbNrhrh> kiytho; kf; f s; kUj; J tk; > kfhuh\; b uh)
O khtpyq;fk;gl;il 10 fpuhk; miuj;J #lk; xU fpuhk;
Nrh;jJ
; g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)
123
O MLjpz;zhg;ghis ,iy Njitahd msT> fl;b #lk;
xd;W ,uz;Lk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;Jg; g+r Ntz;Lk;. g+rpa gpd; Ntg;g
vz;nzia ,Nyrhf Nky; g+r;rhf xU Ntis kl;Lk; g+rpdhy;
NghJkhdJ.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
ghy; kbf;fhk;G fhaq;fs;> nfhg;Gsk;
Ntk;G kug;gl;il kw;Wk; ,iyfspypUe;J
; frhak; jahh;
nra;J fhk;Gfis fOtp Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
O Ntk;G ,iyg;nghb 40 fpuhk;> rPjhgoku ,iyg; nghb
40 fpuhk;> [pq;f; Mf;i]L 20 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miuj;J
ghy;fhk;G Gz;fspy; kPJ g+r rhpahFk;.
O kbapYk;> fhk;GfspYk; ehs;gl;l Gz;> nfhg;Gsq; fSf;F
kQ; r s; fe; j fj; J his Njq; f ha; vz; n zapy; my; y J
ngl;Nuhypak; n[y;ypapy; Fioj;J kbapYk;> fhk;GfspYk;
jltpdhy; typiaf; Fiwj;J Fsh;rr; piaf; nfhLf;Fk;. Gz;fs;
rhpahFk;.
(mNrhf; Fz; N l> gps; i sahh; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)
tha; kw;Wk; gpwg;G cWg;gpy; tUk; Gz;fSf;F
O xU Njf;fuz;b msT gbfhuk; vLj;J miu ypl;lh;
ePhpy; fiuj;J Gz; cs;s gFjpia fOt Ntz;Lk;.
124
O jphpgyh #uzj;ij (fLf;fha;> ney;ypf;fha;> jhd;wpf;fha; 24. fl;b / foiy / rpye;jp
fyit) ePhpy; fye;;J Gz; Nky; jlt Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld;
rPe;jpy; jz;L nghb nra;jJ 100 fpuhk; msT vLj;J ePh; tpl;L fhuzk;
fspk;ghf miuj;J Gz; MWk; tiu jpdKk; g+rptu Ntz;Lk;. c\;zk;> Efj;jb> g+r;rpf;fb> tz;Lfb kw;Wk; njhg;Gs;
(godpNtY> murq; F b> jpUr; r p) rk;ge;;jkhd NfhshWfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O Ckj;ij tpijfis ed;F miuj;J ehs;gl;l fl;bfs;
Nky; jltpdhy; gOj;J cile;J
; tpLk;.

O Ntg;gpiyiaAk;> Gspa ,iyiaAk; xd;whf Nrh;j;J

Ntfitj;Jf; fl;bfs;> rpye;jpfs; Nky; itj;Jf; fl;bdhy;>
gOj;J cile;J rPo; ntspNawp tpLk;.
(tp.Mh; > Iag; g d; > jhbf; n fhk; G > jpz; L f; f y; )

O fl; b ia mWj; J cs; N s ,Uf; F k; foiy kw; W k;

cUz; i l nghUis vLj; J tpl; L ntl; L f; f ha g+z; L
jior;rhW nfhz;L Jilf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; tpsf;nfz;nza;>
Jj;jk;> JUR> kQ;rs;nghb> vUf;fk; gl;il> Rz;zhk;G Jhs;
nfhz; L fha; r ; r pa ijyj; i j jpdKk; g+rptu Ntz; L k; .
,r;rkaj;jpy; khl;bw;F Xa;T nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(ghy; r ; r hkp> ntk; g +h; > Jhj; J f; F b)

O epyf;Fkpo; 4 vLj;J te;J

; mLg;gpy; Nghl;L vhpj;J mjd;
rhk;giy tpsf;nfz;nzapy; Fioj;J %d;W my;yJ ehd;F
Ntis fl;bapd; kPJ g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)

125 126

O rPo; fl;ba tPf;fj;jpw;F kQ;rs;nghb kw;Wk; ehl;Lg; gR
nea;Ald; rk msT fye;J mijr; #L nra;jhy; xUtpj fspk;G
Nghd; W tUk; . ,ij rPo; f ; f l; b apd; kPJ jltpdhy; fl; b
cile;J ; rPo; ntspNawptpLk;.
(vr; . Nf. Njt; > gd; F uh> Nkw; F tq; f hsk; )
O vl;bg; go rijAld; tpsf;nfz;nza; fye;;J fhiy>
khiy tPf;fk; rhpahFk; tiu Nghl;L tu Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O tPf;fk; cs;s fl;bapd; kPJ fs;spg;ghiy ed;whf g+rp
mjd; kPJ KOtJk; Nfg;ig khT Jhtptpl;L fs;spr;nrb
mUfpypUf;Fk; kz;izAk; vLj;J mjd; Nky; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
(NtjKj; J > Mj; J tay; > rptfq; ; i f)
O mKf;Fuhf; fpoq;;Fld; Rf;F Nrh;j;J nte;ePh; tpl;L
miuj;J tPf;fq;f ; Sf;F gw;WNghl FzkhfpwJ. Gz;> fl;b>
fpue; ; j pfSf; F k; ,jid jdpNa miuj; J gw; W Nghl
FzkhfpwJ. ehty; k ug; g l; i l miuj; J g; g j; J Nghlyhk; .
my;yJ tPf;fk; cs;s ,lq;;fspy; kUjhzp ,iyia 100
msT vLj; J miuj; J f; fhy; e ilfSf; F g; g+r tPf; f k;
epth;j;jpahFk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > Jhj; J f; F b)
127
O ehAUtp ,iy 10 fpuhk; > Jk; i g ,iy 10 fpuhk
,uz;ilAk; miuj;J ,jDld; rpwpJ Rz;zhk;G Nrh;j;J
miuj;Jg; g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; ; i f)
O Gspa ,iy Rkhh; 1 fpNyh vLj;J ,Nyrhf ,bj;J 2
ypl;lh; fhb (Gspj;j) jz;zPUld; Ntfitj;J vLj;J xU
gUj;jp Jzpapy; ,iyfis ms;spitj;J xU nghl;lykhf
fl;b fhbePh; ,sk; #l;Lld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nghl;lyj;jhy;
tPf;fk; cs;s ,lq;;fspy; fhiy> khiy xj;jlk; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ehSk; Gjpjhf jahh; nra;J xj;jlk;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> tpUJefh; )
khLfspd; fOj;Jf;foiy
mjpfk; ghuk; Vw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; fOj;Jf; foiy> Efj;jb
mbf;fb cuha;tjhy; Vw;gLk; fOj;J Gz; kw;Wk; fl;bahy;
Vw;gLk; Nlg;gh; fOj;J foiy Nghd;wtw;wpw;F Kjypy; fl;b
cs;s gFjpia ntJ ntJg;ghd ePhpdhy; ed;whff; fOtp
xj;jlk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G mLg;Gf; fhpiaAk;> Jk;ig
nrbiaAk; Njitahd msT vLj;J jdpj;jdpahf ed;whf
miuf;f tz;Lk;. gpd;G ,it ,uz;ilAk; x;dw; hff; fye;J
Gz;gl;l ,lj;jpy; itj;J xU Jzpia itj;J ed;whff;
fl;btp;l Ntz;Lk;. 15ehl;fSf;F jpdKk; xU Ntis tPjk;
,t;thW njhlh;e ; J
; fl;b ePh;glhky; ghh;jJ
; te;jhy; Gz;Zld;
$ba foiy KOtJk; FzkilAk;.
(Nf.nghparhkp> tlgs; s g; g l; ; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
128
 25. nrhhp Neha;> Njhy; chpjy;
mwpFwpfs;
clypd; Nky; jpl;Lj; jpl;lhf Nuhkk; cjph;eJ
; fhzg;gLk;
mhpg;G; ekr;ry; fhzg;gLk;. Njhypd; Nky; gj;J gil> jbg;G>
tPf;fk; Nghd;wit fhzg;gLk;. Njhy; kw;Wk; Kb epwk; khwp
,Uf;Fk;.
fhuzq; ;fs;
,J g+Q; r hd; fpUkpapdhYk; > Rfhjhuk; ,d; i k>
Ez;Zhl;lr;rj;J FiwghLfspdhYk; xt;thikahYk; Njhy;
Neha; cz;lhfpwJ.
itj;jpaKiwfs;
O tp\ky;yp nrbia miuj;J Ntg;ngz;nzapy; fye;J
gj;J> gil cs;s ,lj;jpy; g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK. ,Yg; g f; F b> rptfq; ; i f)
O tp\ky;yp nrbia miuj;J Ntg;ngz;nzapy; fye;;J
gj;J> gil cs;s ,lj;jpy; g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g f; F b> rptfq; ; i f)
O rPikafj;jp ,iyAld; vYkpr;rk;gok; ,uz;L Nrh;jJ
; O
miuj;J ntsp cgNahfkhf g+rp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i s> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
129
O nfhy;yq;N; fhit fpoq;F 200 fpuhk;> rpW ntq;f
; hak;250
fpuhk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw nkhj;jkhf miuj;J ntJ
ntJg;ghd ePhpy; fye;J ; cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(%f; f d; > Nkycug; g Dhh; > jpUkq; f yk; > kJiu)
O tz;L nfhy;ypkug;gl;il ( vateria indica) 100 fpuhk;
miuj;J xU ehisf;F xU Ntisahf 3 ehl;fs;cs;Ns
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O MLjpz;zhghis ,iyia miuj;J NjDld; fye;J
ntsp kUe;jhf gj;J Nghl Ntz;Lk;. cs;kUe;jhf Rf;Fg; ghiy
50 fpuhk;> gPr;rq;F 50 fpuhk; ,itfis nkhj;jkhf miuj;J
cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio NrhW 100 kp.yp. thpFkl;b rhW 100
kp.yp. MLjpz;zhghisr; rhW 100 kp.yp. kw;Wk; Ntg;ngz;nza;
50 kp.yp. ,itfis fye;J cs;kUe;j ; hf fhiy Ntisapy;
kl;Lk; 7ehl;fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa Nky; g+r;rhf
g+rNtz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )
rpwpaheq;;if 100 fpuhk;> <];tu %yp Nth; 100 fpuhk;>
tp\ky;yp nrb 100 fpuhk;> rh;;f;fiu nfhy;yp 100 fpuhk;>
nfhy;yd;Nfhit fpoq; ; F 100 fpuhk; > rPufk; 50 fpuhk; >
rpWntq;f
; hak; 50 fpuhk; ,itfis nkhj;jkhf miuj;J xU
130
ehisf;F fhiy khiy 2 Ntisahf 7 ehl;fs; kUe;j
; hf ju O thpf;Fkl;bf;fha; 2 vLj;J 10 fpuhk; cg;g Nrh;j;J ePh;
Ntz;Lk;. tpl;L miuj;J ,uz;L %d;W jlit g+rpte;jhy; eha;fF ; tUk;
(godp NtY> muq; ; F b> jpUr; r p) mhpg;G Neha; FzkhFk;.

( jpUg; g jp Mrhd; > fd; d pahFkhp)

O ML jpz;zhg;ghis rhW kw;Wk; Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio NrhW
rk msT vLj; J fye; J ntspkUe; ; j hf 7 ehl; f s; g+r
Ntz;Lk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; ; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O khLfSf; F mhpg; G kw; W k; Kb cjph; j y; V w; g l; l hy;
nghpaheq;if ,iyia 200 fpuhk; msT miuj;J cs;Sf;Ff;
nfhLf;fyhk;.
(m.mz; z hj; J iu> rpj; j yhg; g f; f k; > g^h; > fhQ; r pGuk; )

O Gspak; gpuz;il 10 fpuhk;> epyNtk;G 10 fpuhk;> Rf;F>

kpsF> jpg; g pyp 10 fpuhk; > nty; y k; 150 fpuhk; nkhj; j khf
miuj;J cs; kUe;jhf Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. ntg;ghiy 100 fpuhk;>
fpue;jpehafk; (ntbKj;J) 100 fpuhk; ,itfis ,bj;J rhW
vLj; J g+z; L 1> trk; G 1> Jz; L kw; W k; tpuyp kQ; r s;
miuJz;L Mfpatw;iw nghb nra;J gpd; nkhj;jkhf fyq;J
Ntg;ngz;iz miu ypl;lh; Nrh;j;J fyf;fp ntsp kUe;jhf
g+rNtz;Lk;.
(godpNtY> murq; ; F b> jpUr; r p)

O vUikfSf;F tUk; Njhy; cjpu;jy; Neha;fF; MuQ;R

goj;Njhiy ePhpy; Ntf itj;J gpd; miuj;J gir Nghy jltp
tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(uNk\; > Nryk; )
O jfiu kuj;jpd; ,iyia Nkhh;tpl;L miuj;J clk;gpy;
g+rptu mhpg;G Neha; FzkhFk;.
([hh; [ ; jhk]; > ,lg; g s; s p> Nfush)

131 132
 26. tp\f;fb
mwpFwpfs;
fhy; e ilfSf; F tp\k; jPz; b apUg; g pd; tapW cg; g p
,Uf;Fk;. clk;gpd; kPJ jbg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. tp\k;jhd;
jPz;bAs;sJ vd;gij NkYk; njspthf cWjp nra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;L nkdpy; $h;ikahd fj;jpahy; fhjpd; Edpg;gFjpiaf;
fPw Ntz;Lk;. mJ rkak; ,uj;jk; tbahky; ,Ue;jhy; mJ
tp\f;fb vd;W cWjp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs
Kiwfs;
O nfhy;yq;;Nfhitf; fpoq;;F> tz;Lf;fbg;gl;il (Vateria
indica ) chpQ;rhd; nfhb (ghy nfhb) rhW ,itfsidj;ijAk;
,bj;J 200 kp.yp. nte;e ; Phpy; fye;J
; nfhLf;f FzkhFk;.
(v]; . gp.fpU\; z rhkp> Nkyr; n rhf; f ehjGuk; > Nghb)
O Jsrp> Fg;igNkdp> JhJtis ,itfis miuj;Jr;
rhW vLj; J ehrpapy; 5 -10 kp.yp. nrhl; L tpl Ntz; L k; .
Fg;igNkdp Nrh;jJ
; k; rhW vLj;Jk; %f;fpy; Cw;wyhk;.
(jUkh; > mizf; f iug; g l; b > Ngiua+h; > kJiu)
O rpwpaheq;; if> nghpaheq;if> mUfk;Gy;> Fg;igNkdp>
Nfhlfrhiy> ,it Ie;i ; jAk; ifg;gpb msT vLj;J ,j;Jld;
Ntg;g vz;nza; 100 kp.yp. Nrh;j;J ,bj;Jg; gpd;G ,jkhd
nte;;ePhpy; fye;;J xU Kiw nfhLf;f tp\k; ,wq;; fptpLk;.
133
,jw; F g; gj; j pak; > itf; N fhy; kl; L k; jPtdkhf nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;. gjpide;J ; ehs; fopj;J Fspg;ghl;b tplNtz;Lk;.
(jh.Nehth.Fg; g z; z hGuk; > jpUney; N typ)
O jiyr; R UspNth; > nfhy; y q; ; Nfhitf; fpoq; ; F >
MizneUQ;rp xt;nthd;Wk; 50 fpuhk; vLj;J ngUq;f ; hak; 25
fpuhk; Nrh;j;J ,bj;Jr;rhW vLj;J xU jilt nfhLj;jhy;
tp\k; ,wq;fptpLk;.
(g.xsitad; > nul; b ag; g l; b > ej; j k; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O rpWJk;igj;jio> Fg;igNkdp ,iy> $iog;g+ (rpW
gPis) ,iy Mfpa %d;iwAk; rk msT vLj;J ed;whff;
frf;fp ntq;fhar;rhw;iwAk; Nrh;;j;J ML my;yJ khl;bd;
fz; f spy; gpope; J tpl; l hy; tp\k; ,wq; F k; . kUe; i j
Cw;Wtjw;F Kd; fhij ,Nyrhf ,uj;jk; tUkhW fPwp tpl
Ntz;Lk;.
( M.uh[hkzp> ehl; l hh; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio ,uz;L klYld; Nga;f;Fkl;bf;fha;
xd;W Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Ry; j hd; itj; j pah; > rpj; j NuT> jpz; L f; f y; )
O rpwpaheq;if ,iy xU ifg;gpb> fhg;Gf;fl;L ,iy (rpW
gPis) xU ifg; g pb msT> fU kpsF 15 vz; z k; > rpW
ntq;fhak; 5 vz;zk;. ,tw;iw ed;whf miuj;J xU Jzpapy;
nghl;lykhf fl;b gpope;J rhW vLj;J fz;> fhJ> %f;F
134
,itfspy; 3 nrhl;L tPjk; gpope;J tpl;L kPjk; cs;sij cs;Ns
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW 3 jpdq;fs; tiu nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fliy
nrb> nkhr;ir kw;Wk; gpw gaW tifr; nrbfs; fopTj; jz;zPh;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhLf;ff; $lhJ. itf;Nfhy;> gRk;Gy;> Nrhs
ehj;J jl;il ,itfisf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
( uhkuh[; > fk; g k; > Njdp)
O mKf;fpuh fpoq;;F> Mlhnjhil> KRKRf;if> ,uhkh;
fUlh; fpoq; ; F > mYq; ; F XL> Nga; f ; F kl; b ,iy>
rpj; j hKl; b Nth; > Nfhit jz; L > Nfhop mtiu ,iy>
rpwpaheq;;if> kpsfuizNth;> nts;is Gurk;gl;il> nts;is
kpsF> rpW FwpQ;rhd;> Ntg;gkug;gl;il Mfpatw;iw 50 fpuhk;
tPjk; vLj;J ,bj;J Ntisf;F 100 fpuhk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
100 kp.yp. Ntg;g vz;nzAld; fye;J ; %d;W jilt nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ghyd; > flt+h; > f&h; )
O thifkug;gl;il 25 fpuhk;> 10 fpuhk; rPufk; Nrh;j;J
miuj;J miu ypl;lh; ePUld; fye;J nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;.
(Kj; J > kzg; g r; N rhp> nfhl; l hk; g l; b > kJiu)
O Gspahiu fpoq;F; 10 fpuhk; (Gl;ltpay; nra;jJ) epyNtk;G
10 fpuhk;> jphpfLF #uzk; (Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp) 10 fpuhk; miu
fpNyh nty;yk; Nrh;jJ ; ,bj;J 3 Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( godpNtY> murq; ; F b> jpUr; r p)
135
O Mlhnjhil ,iy> nehr; r p ,iy> Ntk; G ,iy
%d;iwAk; xU ifg;gpb msT vLj;J xU gUj;jp Jzpapd;
Nky; gug;gp tpl;L FWf;fhf ntl;lg;gl;l nrq;f
; y;iy mLg;gpy;
#Nlw; w p ,iyfspd; Nky; itj; J nghl; l ykhff; fl; b
fOj; J g; gpd; G w gFjpapy; (gplhp gFjp) xj; j lk; nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;.
muiz fb
O MLjpz;zhghis ,iyia 100 fpuhk; msT miuj;J
rk msT gR ntz;nzapy; Nyfpak; nra;J xU thuk; njhlh;eJ
;
cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f muiz fb tp\k; ,wq;f; ptpLk; .
( ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O uhkFkl;b ,iyia miuj;J Ntg;ngz;nza; Nrh;j;J
muizfb gl;l ,lj;jpy; g+rp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i sr; r hkp> vUikf; F sk; > Gy; t ha; f ; f iu> tpUJefh; )
Njs; f b
O khl;bw;Fj; Njs; fbj;Jtpl;lhy; ; fUg;G ntw;wpiy> kpsF
rpwpJ miuj;Jj; Njs; fbj;j ,lj;jpy; itj;jhy; FzkhfpwJ.
(my; y J) nghl; l hrpak; ngh; k hq; ; f Ndl; rpwpa Jfs; f is
Njs; f bj; j ,lj; j py; itj; J mjd; kPJ rpl; h pf; mkpyk;
my;yJ vYkpr;irg; gor;rhW tpl;lhy; FzkhfpwJ.
(Mh; . etePjfpU\; z d> cj; j puNk&h; > nrq; ; i f)
136
O jiyr; RUspNth;> fZg;g+yhQ;nrb Nth;> tp\ky;ypj;
jio> nghpafPohney;yp > rPufk;> nts;isg;g+z;L> kpsF>
nts;isf; fhfdj;jp Nth; midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J
,bj; J cUz; i lahf cUl; b %d; W Kiw cs; S f; F f;
nfhLf;fyhk;. (my;yJ) rpwpah eq;if kw;Wk; rpW FwpQ;rhd;
,iyfis xU ifg;gpb msT miuj;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
( m. mz; z hj; J iu> rpj; j hyg; g hf; f k; > g^h; > nrq; ; i f)
O khL> ML VjhtJ tp\g;nghUl;fis rhg;gpl;Ltpl;lhy;
nkhe;j; d; thioj; jz;ilg; gpope;J
; rhW vLj;Jf;nfhLf;fyhk;.
(my;yJ) rh;ff ; iuts;spf; fpoq;F ,iyiaf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
khL mgha epiyapy; ,Ue;;jhy; fhjpd; gpd;gf;fk; ,U Jsp
uj; j k; ntspNaWk; g b fPwp tpl; l hy; khL ey; y epiyf; F
te;;JtpLk;.
( FUrhkp> Ngr; r pg; g hiw> fd; d pahFkhp)
O ey;y ghk;G kw;Wk; tpupad; fbj;jhy; fbj;j XupU kzp
Neuj;jpy; tpau;it fhZk;> cly; eLq;Fk;. cly; ntg;gk;
FiwAk;> eil jsUk;. %d;W > ehd;F kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs;
rha;eJ
; tpLk; %f;fpy; ,uj;jk; tUk;.
Kjypy; cly; ntg; g k; V w nehr; r p> Mlhnjhil
%ypiffspd; ,iyfisg; gwpj;J Jzpapy; gug;gp mjd; Nky;
jzypy; nte;j gq;F nrq;fy;iy ,iyspd; Nky; itj;J
xj; j lk; nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . ,U nrq; f y; i y itj; J f;
137
nfhz;L mLg;gpy; Rl;L khwp khwpj; jiy kw;Wk; gplupg; gFjpfspy;
xj;jlk; nfhLf;f khL Ra epidtpw;Fj; jpUk;Gk;.
O epyNtk;G #uzk;> jpupfLF (Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp) #uzk;>
Gspahuiz #uzk; (Gspahuizf; fpoq;if Nkhupy; Gl;ltpay;
nra; J #uzpj; j ). ,itfis tiff; F 35 fpuhk; vLj; J
fye;J 150 fpuhk; ey;y nty;yk; my;yJ gid nty;yj;jpy;
,bj;J 3 cUz;ilfshfg; gq;fpl;L Nehapd; jd;ikfSf;F
Vw;g kzpf;F xU jilt nfhLf;f gpioj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. %d;W
ehl;fSf;F nte;ePu ; Mwitj;Jf; Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jtpL> gpz;zhf;F Kjypa G\;b jUk; Mfhuj;ij epWj;jp
itf; N fhy; kl; L k; ju Ntz; L k; . Gy; fl; b f; nfhz; l hy;
Fr;rpahy; tpyf;fp kUe;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fd;W <d;w
gRthdhy; gRit fd;WfSf;F ghy;nfhLf;f tplf; $lhJ.
%d;W ehl;fSf;F fwe;j ghiyAk; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
epyNtk; G vd; D k; rpwpaheq; i f fpilf; f htpby;
ngupaheq; i fiag; gad; g Lj; j yhk; . fha; r ; r y; fz; l hYk;
,jidNa gad;gLj;jyhk;. 35 fpuhk; kUe;J 3 Ntisf;F
NghJkhdJ. ,j; J ld; 100 fpuhk; nty; y k; Nru; j ; J f;
nfhs;syhk;.
eup ntq;fhaj; ijyk; : ,J tp\%q;fpy; fpoq;fpypUe;J
vLf; f g; g Lk; . tp\j; i j cld; Kwpf; f f; $baJ.
fhy;eilfSf;F 2-3 mTd;]; msT (,dk;> cly; vil
Kjypatw; w pw; F jFe; j hw; N ghy; ) nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; .
fhy;eilfSf;F nte;ePUk;>
138
itf;NfhYk; cz;zf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( godpNty; > murq; F b> jpUr; r p )
O fd;Wf; Fl;bfs; VjhtJ tp\g;nghUl;fisr; rhg;gpl;L
tpl;lhy; g+thiof; fpoq;if Jz;Lfshf;fp> muprp fise;j ePupy;
Nghl;L nfhjpf;f itj;J ,NjhL 10 fpuhk; ey;y kpsif
J}shf;fp Nghl;L cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(jq; f r; r hkp> mf]; j P]; t uk; > fd; d pahFkup)
khLfSf; F thy; Nuhkk; cjpu; j y; > Njhy; g j; J f; F
O ngupa fr;rf;fhKl;b (Nga;Fkl;b) 5 fha;> tPyp ,iy
(ifg;gpb)> 3 kpsF> ey;y rPufk;> fUQ;rPufk;> 3 ntw;wpiy
,itfis Ml; b f; n fhl; l j; j py; rhW vLj; J 3 ehisf; F
njhlu;eJ; Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. mLj;j 15 ehl;fs; ,ilntsptpl;L
kPz;Lk; 3 ehl;fSf;F Cw;w Ntz;Lk;. nkhj;jk; Kk;Kiw
,NjNghy; mDrupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kjy; ehs; kUe;J nfhLf;f Kd;du; Gy; Nghlf;$lhJ. fha;ej
;
itf;Nfhy; / jl;il Nghlyhk;. kUe;J nfhLf;Fk; rkak;
njhlu;eJ
; Fspg;ghl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ju; k u; > mizf; f iug; g l; b > kJiu)
139
O rpwpaheq; i f> nfhy; y q; N fhit fpoq; F > nts; s UF
Nghd;wtw;iw ed;F miuj;J %d;W ehl;fSf;F nfhLj;J tu
FzkhFk;. ,k;kUe;J nfhLj;J rpfpr;ir nra;Ak;NghJ kpfTk;
Gspj;j fOePu; Fbf;ff; $lhJ. ed;F fha;rr; p Mwitj;j ePiu
kl;LNk jPtdj;Jld; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(mofu; r hkp> Nfhlhq; f pgl; b > Nghb)
O tp\f; f bf; F nfhy; y q; N fhitf; fpoq; F > kpsF>
ntw;wpiy %d;iwAk; miuj;j rhW 200 250 kpyp.> tiu 3
Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njhy;gj;jpw;F ,Nj kUe;J khjk;
,UKiw nfhLf;fyhk;. Tp\g;g+L ,iy> Nghd;wtw;iw khL
rhg;gpl;L tpl;lhy; tp\j;ij Kwpj;J> tapw;iwr; Rj;jk; nra;a
vYkpr;rk;gor; rhWld;tpsf;nfz;nza; Nru;j;J cs;Sf;Fs;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhy;eilfSf;F Vw;gLk; Njhy; gj;J>
Njhy; jbg;G Nghd;wtw;wpw;F frhak; ,wf;fp clk;gpy; Nja;f;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(Mu; . etePjfpU\; z d; > cj; j puNk&u; > fhQ; r pGuk; )
filgpbf;ff; Ntz;bad
O tp\ KwpT V w; g l; l gpwF jPtdj; i j nfhQ; r k; >
nfhQ;rkhf mjpfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
FbePu; mjpfstpy; Njit> ehf;fpy; Nrhj;Jg; cg;ig
Nja;j
; j
; hy;> jz;zPu; Fbj;J Kbj;j gpwF NkYk; rpwpJ jz;zPu;
Fbf;Fk;.
140
 tpupad; ghk;G fb : ed;dhup Ntu; 25 fpuhk;> Nrhw;Wf;
fw;whio xU kly;> eQ;rWg;ghd; nrb xU ifgpb msT vLj;J
miuj;J ePupy; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O Njhypy; tp\f; f bapdhy; xU &gha; ehzak;
mfyj; j pw; F tl; l tl; l kha; gj; J Nghd; W V w; g l; l hy;
jiyr; R Usp Ntu; > Xkk; > fUQ; r Pufk; > thy; k psF> jpg; g pyp
xt;nthd;wpYk; 10 fpuhk; vLj;J ,bj;J cs;Ns ju Ntz;Lk;.
(fUg; i gah> fPoj; j hdpak; > khdhkJiu> rptfq; i f)
O Mfhrf; fUlf; fpoq;F (nfhy;yq;Nfhit )> cupf;fh Ntu;
(jiyr;RUsp Ntu;)> rpwpaheq;if ,iy> ngupaheq;if ,iy>
Mfpatw;iw rk msT vLj;J miuj;J 100 fpuhk; vLj;J
nts; s hl; L g; g hypy; fye; J xNu Ntisapy; cs; S f; F f;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ngupaNtYr; r hkp> godpfTz; l d; tyR> jhuhGuk; )
O nts;nsUf;F Ntu;> rq;fk; Ntu;> nfhy;yq;Nfhit fpoq;F>
ruf;nfhd;iw ,iy> rpwpaheq;if ,iy> jiyr;RUsp Ntu; >
tp\ky;ypr; nfhb Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; 250 fpuhk; tPjk; vLj;J
epoypy; cyu;jj; p Nru;jJ
; ,bj;J J}s; nra;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L
Njitahd NghJ 25 fpuhk; J}s; xU ehisf;F xU khl;bw;F
Nghl rupahFk;. Rupahtpy;iy vdpy; NkYk; xUNtis Nghl
Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i s> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > kJiu)
141
O ngUq;fpoq;F Ntu;> eQ;rWg;ghd; nrbNtu;> nts;is
vUf;F ,iy 10 fpuhk; miuj;J cs;Sf; nfhLf;f
FzkhFk;.
(V. nIauhkd; > tz; b g; g hisak; > tpOg; G uk);
O nts; s UF> mUfk; G y; > fUld; f poq; F > vUf; f q;
nfhOe;J> Ntg;gq;nfhOe;J Mfpatw;wpy; 50 fpuhk vLj;J
epoypy; cyu;jj
; p nghb nra;J 10 fpuhk; tPjk; 7 ehl;fs; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ntw; w pNty; > rpWfsg; g +u; >
O muiz fbf; F > nra; a hd; vdg; g Lk; xUtpj tp\
g+r; r pfbj; j y; ; nra; a hd; g+z; L vdg; g Lk; nrbia vL; J
miuj;J vYkpr;ir msT 3 ehl;fSf;F xUNits tPjk;
nfhLj;jhy; rupahfpLk;.
(jQ; r pfhz; > jhoq; F sk; > nrQ; r p> tpOg; G uk; )
O rpWFkl; b Ntu; 50 fpuhk; <Rtu %ypif 50 fpuhk; >
nfhy;yq;Nfhit fpoq;F 100 fpuhk;> tp\ky;yp ,iy 200
fpuhk;> rPufk; 50 fpuhk; ,bj;J nte;ePupy; fha;rr; p Mwitj;J 3
Ntis cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLj;jhy; tp\k; ,wq;Fk;.
(ngupa ma; a hT> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > kJiu)
O rpWFwpQ;rhd;> ngUq;Fwp;Qrhd;> nts;sUF> ky;yp jio>
ngUe;Jk;ig (,ul;il Nga;kpul;b) nra;ahd; g+z;L Mfpatw;iw
rk msT vLj;J miuj;J vYkpr;rk;go msT 3 Ntis tPjk;
3 ehl;fs; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
142
O epythif ,iy> ehl;L thif> nts;sUF> Fg;igNkdp>
fhg;Gf;fl;Lr; nrb Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; Ntu; 1 vz;zk;>
nfhy;yq;Nfhitf; fpoq;F fpNyh> rpd;dntq;fhak; 1 fpNyh>
nts;is kpsF> rpd;drPufk; Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; 100 fpuhk;
,tw;iw vy;yhk; cuypy; Nghl;L krpa Ml;l Ntz;Lk;. Ml;ba
kUe;ij xU ifgpbasT Jzpapy; Nghl;L khl;bd; fz;zpy;
xU nrhl;L msT gpope;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. kPjpAs;s kUe;ij
vLj;J cUz;ilahf khl;od; thapy; cs;kUe;jhf Cl;btpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j kUe;ij fhiy> khiy vd ehs; xd;Wf;F 2
Ntis tPjk; 3 ehs; tiu nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ngupa xr; r h%g; g u; > vUkhu; g l; b > crpyk; g l; b > kJiu)
O thif kug;gl;il 250 fpuhk; ,bj;J rhW vLj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 10 fpuhk; rPufk; miuj;J ,uz;ilAk;
gb jz;zPupy;fye;J cs;Sf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(Kj; J > kzg; g r; N rup> nfhl; l hk; g l; b > kJiu)
O Gspahiu fpoq;F 100 fpuhk; Gl;ltpay; nra;J epyNtk;G
10 fpuhk;> jpupfLF #uzk; 10 fpuhk;> fpnyh nty;yk; Nru;jJ
;
,bj;J fhiy> khiy> kw;Wk; kWehs; fhiyahf 3 Ntis
cs;Sf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(godpNtY> murq; F b> jpUr; r p)
O vUf;fQ;nrbapd; Edpnfhj;J 15 fpuhk; vilapy; 3
vLj;J xd;wd;gpd; xd;whfj; jpz;zj; ju Ntz;Lk;.
(jq; f r; r hkp Njtu; > Mthuq; F sk; > tpUJefu; )
143
O gPyp (g+yg;g+ / fhg;Gf;fl;Lr; nrb) 50 fpuhk;> kpsF 10
fpuhk; Nru; j ; J miuj; J cs; S f; F s; nfhLf; f Ntz; L k;
(my;yJ)jiyr;RUsp Ntu; xU mq;Fyk; msT (10 fpuhk;)
tPjk; ,bj;J jz;zPUld; fye;J fhiy> khiy 2 Ntis
cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhu; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O rpWFwpQ; r hd; ,iy 100 fpuhk; > nfhy; y q; N fhit
fpoq;F25 fpuhk;> Kl;rq;F Ntu; 50 fpuhk;> tp\ky;yp nfhb 25
fpuhk;> rpwpaheq;if 100 fpuhk;> jiyr;RUsp Ntu; 50 fpuhk;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i s> ry; y pf; N fhlhq; f pgl; b > kJiu)
O nrq; f ope; j gl; i l 50 fpuhk; > rpwpaheq; i f 50 fpuhk; >
ngUkUe; J nfhb (fUlq; n fhb) ,iy 50 fpuhk;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; xd;whf miuj;J fthskhf fhiy> khiy 2
Ntis cs;Sf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGup)
O rpWJk;ig 10 fpuhk;> kpsF 7> rpWntq;fhak; 1 ,e;j
%d; i wAk; jl; b Jzpapy; gpope; J rhW vLj; J 4 nrhl; L
fz;zpy; tpl Ntz;Lk;. (my;yJ) Jk;ig rhW 250 kpyp
vLj;J ,jDld; 11kpsF nghb nra;J fye;J cs;kUe;jhf
2 Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhupahgl; b > tpUJefu; )
144
 27. ntwp eha; fbf;F
mwpFwpfs;
ntwp eha; fbapd; Fzj;jhy; <ia> fhf;fhiaj; Juj;Jk;>
v[khdidj; Juj; J k; > fd; i wf; fbf; F k; . fz; z hb
fhz;gpj;jhy; ghatUk;. fy;iyf; fbf;Fk;. thapy; ckpo;ePh;
xOfpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
itj;jpak;
O chpf; f l; b Nth; ( jiyr; R Usp) 5 fpuhk; > mopQ; r py;
kug;gl;il 5 fpuhk;> gPkug;gl;il 5 fpuhk; %d;iwAk; Nrh;j;J
miuj;J Ml;Lg;ghypy; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(vk; . Rg; g pukzpak; > rpd; N dhpghisak; > nghs; s hr; r p> Nfhit)
O kpsF jf;fhsp vd;W $wg;gLk; kzj;jf;fhsp ,iyfis
ifg;gpb msT vLj;J Ntg;gvz;nzapy; tjf;fp fbthapy;
itj;J fl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; Nga; kpul;b ,iyia 200
fpuhk; msT ,bj;J RL jz;zPhpy; fye;J 7 ehl;fs; cs;Ns
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( MWKfk; > rpWkhk; g l; b > f&h; )
O ehAUtp ,iyia 100 fpuhk; tPjk; 200 kp.yp. nts;shl;L
ghypy; fye;J jpdKk; khiy xU Ntis tPjk; 7 ehl;fs;
nfhLj;J tuNtz;Lk;.
(ghyd; > flt+h; > f&h; )
145
28. Ngd;> cz;zpfs;
O cg;G> nghb nra;ag;gl;l fw;g+uk; ,itfisr; rk msT
vLj;J Gq;f vz;nza; cld; fye;J khl;bd; clk;G KOtJk;
g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. gpw khLfs; mtw;iw ef;fp tplhjthW ,uT
Ntisapy; nra;tJ ey;yJ.
(tpdhngd; g Nly; > ty; r hj; > F[uhj; )
O gPehhp kuj;jpd; ,iyia xU fpNyh vLj;J ePh; tpl;L
miuj;J jpdKk; fhiyapy; clnyq;F; k; g+rNtz;Lk;.
(NkhpbNrhrh> kiytho; kf; f s; kUj; J tk; > kfhuh\; b uh)
O trk;Gj;Jhisj; Jsrpr;rhWld; fye;J clk;gpd; Nky;
g+RtjhYk; (; m y; y J) rPj; j hg; g og; g pQ; R > ,iy ,tw; i w
miuj;J g+rpdhYk; fhy;eilfSf;Fg; guTk; Ngd;> cz;zp>
khl;L < Nghd;w xl;Lz;zpfisj; jtph;ff ; yhk;.
(N[f; f g; > ehrNuj; > J} j; J f; F b)
J}j;
O me;JUz;ilia 10 fpuhk; msT nghb nra;J 100 kp.yp.
ey;nyz;nza;apy; fye;J clk;G KOtJk; Nja;j;Jg; gpd;
Fspg;ghl;b tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(Ry; j hd; > rpj; j NuT> ma; a k; g hisak; > jpz; L f; f y; )
O Jk;igj; jioia xU fpNyh msT vLj;J miuj;J
clk;G KOtJk; g+rNtz;Lk;.
(Kj; J rhkp> Nfhl; l f; f iu> Fspj; j iy> jpUr; r p)
O clk;G fLf;fha; 4 vLj;J Jhshf;fp ey;nyz;nza;
100 kp.yp. Nrh;jJ
; clk;G KOtJk; jltp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rQ; r Ptp> nfshpnrl; b g; g l; b > nghd; d fuk; > jUkGhp)
146
O rPj;jhg;go tpij xU fpNyh> Ntg;gq;nfhl;il xU fpNyh
kw;Wk; Gifapiy 200 fpuhk; kw;Wk; Gifapiy 200 fpuhk;
%d;iwAk; ,bj;J ,uz;L ypl;lh; ePhpy; xU ehs; Cw itj;J
,jid clk; G KOtJk; Nja; f ; f Ntz; L k; . ,k; K iw
jha;y
; he;J ehl;by; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
(Mrpah fz; l fhy; e il %ypif itj; j paifNaL)
O xU fpNyh Jsrp ,iyAld; 100 fpuhk; Rf;F Nrh;jJ ; O
miuj;J ehd;F gb jz;zPh; fye;J> khL Fspg;ghl;ba gpwF
cly; KOtJk; Nja;f; f
; cz;zp> < xl;lhJ. gpd;dh; rhk;gpuhdp
Gif fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(NtY>cr; r g; g l; b > jpUkq; ; f yk; > kJiu)
O ML> khLfspd; cly; N ky; fhzg; g Lk; Ngd;
Nghd;wtw;iw mopf;fg; Gifapiyia 300 fpuhk; msT vLj;J
xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; ,uz;L kzpNeuk; Cwtitj;J me;j
fiurypy; 50 fpuhk; cg; G Nrh; j ; J clypy; g+rpdhy; Ngd;
,we;JtpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; khLfSf;F ve;j ghjpg;Gk;
Vw;glhJ. khL cliy ef;fpdhYk; ghjpg;G ,y;iy.
(fz; z g; g d; > gh&h; > jh; k Ghp)
O rq;fq;Fg;gp vdg;gLk; gPehhpr;rq;F (Clerodendron inerme)
,iyia xU fpNyh vLj;J> ,bj;J khl;bd; cly; KOtJk;
Nja;j;Jtpl;L> ntapy; gLkhW epwj;jp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
kzp Neuk; fopj;J Fspg;ghl;b tpLtjhy; clypYs;s Ngd;
cz;zpfs; Nghd;wit cjph;ej ; tpLfpd;wd.
( mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; f pg; g l; b >Nghb)
147
O Nga;Fkl;bf;fha; 4 vLj;J miuj;J cly; KOtJk;
Nja;j
; J
; tpl Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; 4 ehl;fs; fopj;J Fspg;ghl;btpl
Ntz;Lk;.
( %f; f d; > Nkycug; g Dhh; jpUkq; f yk; > kJiu)
O Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio Njitahd msT ,bj;J 1 ypl;lh;
rhW vLj;J fhy;eilfspd; cly; KOtJk; g+rp tplNtz;Lk;.
(nts; i s>ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
crpiy ,iy miu fpNyh miuj;J fz;kha; fuk;ig
kz; 1 fpNyh vLj;J ,j;Jld; ePh; tpl;L Fioj;J 1 Kjy; 3
ehl;fs; fhiy Ntis kl;Lk; Nky; g+r;rhf g+rp khiyapy;
Fspg;ghl;btpl Ntz;Lk;.
(,uhK> ,Yg; g Fb> rptfq; i f)
O rpWJk;ig rhW 500 kp.yp. vLj;J rpwpJ Neuk; ntapy;
itj;J ,j;Jld; fl;b #lk; 2 vz;zk; Nrh;jJ ; fiuj;J xU
Ntis kl;Lk; g+rptpl Ntz;Lk;. khiyapy; Jk;igr; nrbia
Nja;jJ
; Fspg;ghl;b tplNtz;Lk;.
(godpNtY> murq; F b> jpUr; r p)
O GuR ku ,iy (tk;kiu) 2 ifg;gpb vLj;J ,bj;J
,jid nts;shl;L Nfhkpak; 250 kp.yp. Ald; fiuj;J ,iyr
rf;ifia ePf;fptpl;L rhiw kl;Lk; fhy;eilfspd; cly
K
; OtJk; xU Ntis Nja;j ; J
; tpl Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O fopT Gifapiy 300 fpuhk; kw;Wk; rPjh goku ,iy
200 fpuhk; ,itfis xU ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy; Cw itj;J
miuj;J khl;bd; Nky; g+r Ntz;Lk;.
(fz; z g; g d; > gh&h; > jUkGhp)
148
 29. rhPu gyk;> ,uj;j tpUj;jpf;F
O kQ;rs;> Xkk;> f];Jhhp kQ;rs;> mhprp jpg;gpyp> thy;kpsF>
tyk;Ghpf;fha;> rPufk;> fUQ;rPufk; Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; 20
O #uj;jio> fhiuj; jio> kpd;dj;jio> kp];lj;jio>
fpuhk;> rpd;d ntq;fhak;1gb> rjFg;ig 10 fpuhk;> fpuhk;G 20 fpuhk;>
neUQ;rpj;jio> Mid neUQ;rpj;jio midj;Jk; 200 fpuhk;
Vyk; 20 fpuhk;> ky;yp 20 fpuhk;> fr;rf;Fkl;b Nth; 1 gpb> %q;fpy;
tPjk; Nrh;jJ
; Ml;b ,uz;L Ntis khl;bw;F Cw;w Ntz;Lk;.
Jhh; fpoq;F 1> Njq;fha; 2 ,tw;iw ,bj;J ey;nyz;nza;
(my;yJ) jOjhio ,iy> %q;fpy; FUj;J> Nfhop Kl;il
miu ypl;lhpy; gpire;J vYkpr;rk;go msT cUz;il xU
%d;iwAk; Nrh;j;J ,bj;J 100 kp.yp ey;nyz;nza; Nrh;j;J
ehisf;F ,uz;L tPjk; 5 ehl;fSf;Fs; cs;Sf;Fs; nfhLf;f
gpire; J ehd; i fe; J ftsq; f shf cUl; ; b cs; S f; F
Ntz;Lk;.
Cl;bdhy; rfy Neha;fSk; jPUk;. cly; tYg;ngWk;. GJ (Kj; J uh[; > FUe; j kgl; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
,uj;jk; CWk;.
( Nfhtpe; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > Nryk; )
O Gspak; g puz; i l fpoq; F ehd; i f miuj; J cs; N s
O tPyp ,iy miu fpNyh> rPufk; 50 fpuhk;> rpW ntq;fhak;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiw 3 ehl;fSf;F fhiyapy; gpd;gw;w
250 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw nkhj;jkhf miuj;J ,j;Jld; Nfhop
Ntz;Lk;.
Kl;il Nrh;j;J jpdKk; fhiyapy; xU thuj;jpw;F cs;Ns (nghparhkp> godpfTz; l d; tyR> jhuhGuk; > <NuhL)
Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(MWKfk; > vOtzp> fhhpahgl; b > tpUJefh; )

O trk;G> ngUq;fhak;> kpsF> Xkk;> nte;jak;> fLf;fha;>

Rf;F> ,e;Jg;G (vg;rk; rhy;l;) xt;nthd;Wk; 10 fpuhk; kw;Wk;
mKf;fpuh fpoq;F 50 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw jdpj;jdpahf ed;F
miuj;J gpd; xd;whff; fye;J fhy;eilfSf;F lhdpf;fhf
nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(mNrhf; F z; N l> gps; i sahh; F g; g k; > ghz; b r; N rhp)

149 150
 30. ghy; mjpfk; fwf;f
ghy; Fiwa fhuzq;fs;
tsh;r;rp FiwT; ghy; kb ,Wf;fk;;rpid gUtj;jpy;
filrp 60 ehl;fs; njhlh;e;J tplhky; ghy; fwg;gJ; rpid
gUtj;jpy; filrp 80 ehl;fs; Nghjpa msT mlh; jPtdk;
,y;yhjpUg;gJ; khL gytPdkhf ,Ug;gJ; clypy; jhJ
cg;Gfs;> itl;lkpd; FiwT; khrp tpohky; mbjs;Sjy;; ;
Rz;zhk;G rj;J FiwT; fhiz Nehahy; ghjpg;giljy;; ;
nrhpkhz Neha;fshy; ghjpg;giljy;;nfhk;G mWj;jy;> RLjy;
Nghd;wtw;why ghy; FiwfpwJ.
itj; j pa Kiw
O ghy; mjpfk; fwf;f Ruf;fha; 1 fpNyhTld; nte;jak; 100
fpuhk;> Njq;fha; 1 Cw itj;J cSj;jk;gUg;G 500 fpuhk;> gid
nty;yk; 500 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw ed;F Ml;b> jpdk; xU Ntis
tPjk; 5 ehl; f Sf; F nfhLj; J te; j hy; ghypd; msT
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
(v]; . Kdpahd; b > Njtug; g d; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O ngUQ; r Pufk; > nea; > nty; y k; %d; i wAk; fye; J
cUz;ilahf nra;J fhiy kw;Wk; khiy Ntisfspy; rpy
ehl;fs; czthff; nfhLf;fyhk;. my;yJ rPe;jpy; jz;il
gpz; z hf; F ld; fye; J nfhLj; J k; ghy; ; fwitia
mjpfg;gLj;jyhk;.
(td]; g jp rk; t h; j ; j d; - rPf; \ hf; -kfh[d; vOjpa Gj; j fk; )
151
O ghy; khLfspy; fwitiaf; $l;l gUj;jpf;fha;> fk;G>
Ntyhku new;Wf;fs; ,k;%d;iwAk; ePhpy; Ntf itj;J ghy;
fwf;Fk; rkak; jpz;zf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J jtpu khk;gof;
nfhl;ilapYs;s gUg;igAk; khLfSf;F nfhLg;gjpd; %yk; ghy;
mjpfk; ngwyhk;.
(kfd; g ha; rt; [ pgha; $d; l ; > uh[; f hl; > F[uhj; )
O nte;ePh; 3 ypl;lhpy; miu fpNyh gr;rhprpia eida
itj;J miu fpNyh NfhJik khTld; Ml;b> ed;F Kw;wpa
Njq;f
; ha; xd;W vLj;J JUtp Nrh;jJ; Ml;b khl;bw;F jpd;df;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G ehl;L thiog;gok; Ie;J nfhLj;jpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,;t;thW njhlh;e;J %d;W ehl;fs; nfhLf;f ghy;
njhlh;e;J mjpfk; nfhLf;Fk;.
( g. fhspag; g d; > t. GJg; g l; b > tj; j puhapUg; G > tpUJefh; )
O tWj; J miuj; j fk; G khTld; Riuf; f ha Nrh; j ; J
cs;Ns Gfl;bdhy; ghy; msT $LfpwJ. (my;yJ)
Kay;fhJ ,iy nrbapd; fpoq;F vLj;J khL rpidahfp 4
khjk; fopj; j gpd; jpz; z f; n fhLj; J tpl; l hy; mjpf ghy;
jUfpwJ. (Mdhy; ,J khl;bw;F mjpf #l;ilj; jUtjhy;
mjd; cly; epiy ghjpf;Fk;. ghy; khLfspy; fwitia $l;l
gUj;jpf;fha;> fk;G> Ntyhku new;Wf;fs; ,k;%d;iwAk; ePhpy;
Ntf itj;J ghy; fwf;Fk; rkak; jpd;df; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,J jtpu khk;gof; nfhl;ilapYs;s gUg;igAk; khLfSf;F
nfhLg;gjpd; %yk; ghy; mjpfk; ngwyhk;.
( kfd; g ha; rt; [ pgha; $ d; l ; > uh[; f hl; > F[uhj; )
152
O kdKUf;fp gr;rpiy 300 fpuhk; vLj;J ,bj;J> rhW
vLj; J mNj khl; b d; ghy; miu ypl; l h; vLj; J fye; J
nfhLj;jhy; kdKUfp ghy; Ruf;Fk;.
(nghpa ma; a hT> ry; y pNfhlhq; f pgl; b > ghyNkL> kJiu)
O tPypnfhOe;J ,iy miu fpNyhTld; 1 ypl;lh; ghy;
fye;J miuj;J cs;Ns Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. 3 ehl;fs;jpdKk;2
Ntis ju Ntz;Lk;.
(ntspag; g d; > fhkafTz; l d; g l; b > Njdp)
O gbfhuk; 5 - 10 fpuhk;> Rj;jkhd 500 kp.yp. ePhpy; fiuj;J
ghy; fwf;Fk; Kd;ghf khl;Lf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O ,uT KOtJk; ePhpy; Cwitj;j Nky; Njhy; ePf;fg;gl;l
Gspak; tpijfis xU ehSf;F miu fpNyh tPjk; jPtdkhff;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O ghyf;nfhb (Leptodenia reticulate) khq;nfhl;il> mKf;fpuh
fpoq;F> kiy Ntk;G ,iy> Ntk;G Nghd;w 4 nghUl;fsiAk;
rkgq;F vLj;J miuj;J xU ehisf;F 30 fpuhk; tPjk; 10
ehl; f Sf; F nfhLj; J te; j hy; ghy; mjpfhpf; F k; . ,Nj
itj;jpaj;ij rpid gpbf;fhj> gUtj;jpw;F tuhj khLfSf;Fk;
mspj;jhy; gyg;gLk;.
153
O rpwpjsT kQ;rs;> xU gpb gr;rhprpAld; mk;khd; gr;rhprp
,iy 200 fpuhk; Nrh;jJ ; miuj;J> Njq;fhapd; xU fz;izj;
Jisapl;L> miuj;j rhw;iw mjDs; Cw;wp 3 ehl;fs; %b
itf; f Ntz; L k; . gpwF Njq; f hia cilj; J > miuj; J 3
ehl;fSf;F fhiy> khiy ,U NtisAk; nfhLj;J te;jhy;
ghy; mjpfk; fwf;Fk;.
(mofh; r hkp> Nfhlhq; f pgl; b > Njdp)
O Cw itj;j cSe;jk;gUg;G miuf; fpNyhTld; xU
Njq; f hiar; Nrh; j ; J miuj; J f; nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . fk; G >
jl;ilg;gaW ,uz;ilAk; Cwitj;J Ml;bf;nfhLg;gjhYk;
ghy; ed;whf Ruf;Fk;.
( nry; t f; F khh; > nrk; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O nkhrf; f poq; F > Ruf; f ha; > mtiuf; nfhl; i l
(nkhr;irg;gaW) ,itfis xt;nthd;Wk; fhy; fpNyh msT
vLj;J miuj;J xU Ntis cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(uh[g; g h> vUkj; j dg; g s; s p> jUkGhp)
O rPe;jpf;jz;L miuf;fpNyh> gdq;fUg;gl;b fhy;fpNyh
Mfpatw;iw miuj;Jg; gRtpd; ghy; fhy; ypl;lhpy; fiuj;J
nfhLj;jhy; ghy; mjpfk; Ruf;Fk;.
(tp.Mh; . Iag; g d; > Rf; f hk; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
154
O Rz; z hk; G f; f y; xU fpNyhit 5 ypl; l h; ePhpy;
kz;ghidapy; Cwy; itj;J njspe;j ePiu 200 kp.yp. vLj;J
thuj;jpw;F ,U Kiw gUFk; ePhpy; fye;j tplyhk;. jpdKk;
200 kp.yp. ePh; kz;ghidapy; Cw;wpnfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;.
(Nfhkjpehafk; > Gspaq; F b> ney; i y)
O fk;G miuj;Jk;> fopT fj;jphpf;fha; 1 fpNyh msTk;
nfhLj;jhy; ghy; CWk;. Fr;rpf; fpoq;if 100 -200 fpuhk;
vLj;J ,bj;J jpd;df; nfhL;f;fyhk;. Riuf;fhia eWf;fp
Ntfitj;Jj; jtpl;Lld; nfhLj;jhy; ghy; mjpfk; Ruf;Fk;.
crpye;jioia 5 fpNyh jpd;d tpl;lhy; khL Eiuahd ghYld;
mjpfkhfTk; Ruf;Fk;.
( MWKfk; > nfhisahg; g l; b > jpUkak; > GJf; N fhl; i l)
O Jyf;f Ntk;G vdg;gLk; kiy Ntk;G ku (Melia dubia)
,iyia khl;Lf;F 5 - 10 fpNyh tiu jpd;df; nfhLj;jhy;
ghy; cw; g j; j p mjpfkhFk; . Ml; L f; F 5 fpNyh tiu
nfhLf;fyhk;. ,k;kuj;jpd; jioia fyg;gpd gRf;fs; tpUk;gp
rhg;gpLk;. vUik khLfs; tpUk;gp ,j;jioia rhg;gplhJ.
(Mh; . kjiy Kj; J > NrRuh[Guk; > njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jUkGhp)
155
O gUj;jptpij 200 fpuhk;> fhzk; (nfhs;S) 200 fpuhk;>
gr;irf;fliy 200 fpuhk; %d;iwAk; Cwitj;J Ml;b ePhpy;
fyf; f ptpl; l hy; fhis khl; L f; F gyk; cz; l hFk; . ,Nj
jPtdj;;ij gRkhl;bw;F nfhLj;jhy; ghy; mjpfk; Ruf;Fk;.
kf; f hr; N rhs khit miu gb msT FbePhpy; fye; J
nfhL;jj; hYk; ghy; cw;gj;jp $Lk;.
( tp.Mh; . Iag; g d; > Rf; f hk; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )
O kdKUf;fp gr;rpiy (ghy; ngUf;fp / ,iyapy; g+j;jhd;
/ gpby; ,iy) nrbapd; xU ifasT ,iyia miuj;J 1
ypl;lh; ghYld; fye;J fhiyapy; kl;Lk; 3 ehl;fs; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; Cl;lrj;J epiwe;j czT nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O nts; i s g+yhd; gok; 1 fpNyh> fk; G miu fpNyh>
cSe;jk; gUg;G 250 fpuhk;> nte;jak; 100 fpuhk;> mtiu gaW
100 fpuhk;> Riuf;fha; 1 Mfpatw;iw nkhj;jkhf Ml;b 3
ghfkhf gphpj;J fhiy> khiyahf 3 Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(rpd; d z; z d; > Ngluy; y p> jUkGhp)
O rjhthp vdf; $wg; g Lk; jz; z Ph; tpl; l hd; fpoq; F
nghJthf ghy; cz;lhf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; $l;Lk;. ,jid
Nrhjpj; J g; ghh; f ; f Kk; i gapYs; s fhy; e il kUj; J tf;
fy; Y hhpapy; Nrhjid Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l J. ,jd; g b ghy;
nfhLf;Fk; vUikf;F rjhthp fpoq;if Jhs; nra;J 25 fpuhk;
156
xU ehisf; F 2 Ntis fyg; G j; jPtdj; J ld; fye; J
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 10 ehl;fs; njhlh;eJ
; nfhLf;fgl;ljpy;
3/4
7 ypl;lh; tiu ghy; nfhLj;j vUikfs; 81/2 ypl;lh; tiu
$l;b je;jjhfj; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.
(gRjhd; gpg; u thp -2005)
ghy; Ruf;Fk; MLfSf;F
O Ml;bw;F epyf;fliyAk; cSe;jk; gUg;igAk; miuj;Jf;
nfhLf;f ghy; mjpfkhfr; Ruf;fpd;wJ. nte;jaj;ij miuj;Jr;
rh;ff
; iu Miyg;ghFld; fye;J nfhLg;gjhy; ghy; Ruf;Fk; jpwd;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
( Xrh> kj; j pa Ml; L Muha; r ; r p epiyak; > kJuh)
O Mzf; F j; j io> KRl; i lj; j io> mfj; j pjio> mk; k hd;
gr; r hprp jio> nghd; d hq; f z; z p jio Nghd; w itfisj;
jPtdkhff; nfhLf;f ghy; mjpfk; CWk;.
(jq; f uh[; > rpj; j NuT> jpz; L f; f y; )
157
31. Fjpiu typg;G Neha;
mwpFwpfs;
ehd; F fhy; f Sk; Rz; b ,Of; F k; ; khh; g py; typ
,Uf;Fk;; fz; RUq;fp ,Of;Fk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O Ntypg; g Uj; j p ,iyia 200 fpuhk; msT vLj; J >
miuj;J 200 kp.yp. Ntg;ngz;nzapy; fye;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(nts; i sr; r hkp> vUikf; F sk; > Gytha; f ; f iu> tpUJefh; )
O #uj;jtiuf; fPiuia 200 fpuhk; msT vUik Nkhhpy;
miuj; J ,U Ntisapy; %d; W ehl; f Sf; F cs; S f; F s;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O Ntg;ngz;nza; 1ypl;lh; msT vLj;J ed;F fhaitj;J
gpd;dh; Ntypg;gUj;jp ,iyia Jzpapy; fl;bf; nfhz;L fha;ej
;
vz;nzapy; Jzp %l;ilia eidj;J vLj;J fhy;eil
fSf;F xj;jlk; juNtz;Lk;.
(jq; f r; r hkpj; Njth; > Mthuq; F sk; > tpUJefh; )
158
O nfhbf;fs;sp ,iy 50 fpuhk;> fz;le;jpg;gpyp 25 fpuhk;>
Xkk; 25 fpuhk;> rhk;gpuhzp 10 fpuhk;> khk;gok; 1> cj;jhkzp
,iy 100 fpuhk;> g+z;L 50 fpuhk;> kpsF 50 fpuhk;> vUf;fk;
nkhf;F 25 fpuhk; midj;ijAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J miuj;J 2
Ntis 3 ehl;fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(n[fe; e hjd; > Ma; % h; > ehfg; g l; b zk; )
O Ntg; n gz; n za; 1 ypl; l h; > ,Yg; i g vz; n za; 100
kp.yp.>nts;is kpsF 100 fpuhk;> jpg;gpyp 50 fpuhk;> thy;kpsF
100 fpuhk;> $l;L ngUq;fhak; 10 fpuhk; vLj;J jplg;nghUs;fis
vy;yhk; Nrh;j;Jg; nghbahf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; vz;nzAld;
Nrh;j;Jf; fha;r;r Ntz;Lk;. fha;r;rpa vz;nzia 100 kp.yp.
mstpw;F cs;kUe;jhf nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Kiwia
fhiy. gfy;> khiy vd ehs; xd;Wf;F 3 Ntis tPjk; 5 ehs;
tiu njhlh; e ; J nfhLf; f Ntz; L k; . khl; i l Fspg; g hl; l f;
$lhJ.
(nghpa xr; r h%g; g h; > tisak; g l; b > vUkhh; g l; b > kJiu)
O <];tu%ypif ,iy 1 ifg;gpb msT vLj;J miuj;J
Gspj;j ePh; 1 ypl;lh; fye;J xU ehisf;F 2 Ntisahf 3
ehl;fs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iu Nfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
159
32. jtis Neha;
mwpFwpfs;
jtisiag; Nghy; jj;jp jLkhwp elf;Fk;. gLj;jhy;
vOe;J epw;fKbahJ> njhg;Gs;> khh;G> ,t;tplq;fspy; fl;b Nghy;
tPq;Fk;.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O Klehhp vd; w thjklf; f p ,iy xU fpNyh> rpW
ntq;fhak; fhy; fpNyh> rPufk; 100 fpuhk; Mfpatw;iw miuj;J
xU gb ePhpy; fye;J xU ehisf;F 2 Ntisfs; FzkhFk;
tiu Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b. fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)
O fw;g+uty;yp ,iy> rq;fk; ,iy xt;nthd;Wk; 200
fpuhk; vLj;J rhW vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kQ;rs;> fy; cg;G> kpsF>
Xkk; xt;nthd;Wk; 10 fpuhk; vLj;J miuj;J Nkw;gb rhw;wpy;
fye;J xU ehisf;F ,U Ntis nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid
1 thuk; nra;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(ruNge; j puh; itj; j pa Kiwfs; - 1986)
160
 33. fuiz Neha;
mwpFwpfs;
fuiz Neha; te; j fd; W fs; > khLfSf; F jbj; j >
ePl;lkhf Nuhkk; mg;gp KJFg;Gwk; fhzg;gLk;. Flypy; GO
itj;Jtpl;lhy; kaph; nrq;fhpj;J ePl;lkhf> rpyph;j;J nfhz;L
,Uf;Fk;. ,J ntapy; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
itj;jpa Kiw
,jw;F kiyapYs;s Fl;b ntl;b fpoq;;if nfhz;L
te;J kw;w nghUl;fSld; Nrh;jJ
; itj;jpak; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
Fl;bntl;b fpoq;F (Eulophia epidendraca)
161
Fl;b ntl;b fpoq;F - 500 fpuhk;> nfhy;yq;Nfhit
fpoq;F 200 fpuhk;> Gspatusp fpoq;F 100 fpuhk;> rq;fq;Fg;gp
xU ifg; g pb ,iy> $th ,iy xU ifg; g pb Nghd; w
nghUl;fis vLj;J miuj;J nte;ePupy; fye;J xU khl;bw;F
cs;Ns ju Ntz;Lk;.
Fl;b ntl;b fpoq;F 1 fpNyh> rpd;d ntq;fhak; 1 fpNyh>
fUg;gl;b fpNyh Nru;jJ
; miuj;J ftskhff; nfhLf;fyhk;.;
,e;j Neha;f;F kUe;J jUk; 3 ehl;fspYk; gr;ir jz;zPu;
juf;$lhJ. ntJntJg;ghd nte;ePu; kl;Lk; ju Ntz;Lk;.
( fpU\; z ehaf; f u; > mUshl; r p> thRNjtey; Y}
Y }u; > ney; i y)
Y}u;
162
 34. vy;yh Neha;fSf;Fk; jug;gLk;
Cwy; kUe;J
,J rhPu gyk; jUk;. rg;ig Neha;. nehz;b Neha;> tapW
cg; g prk; > fopr; r y; ; > fha; r ; r y; > thjk; Nghd; w midj; J
Neha;fSf;Fk; epthuzkspf;Fk;.
( 3 nfhl;lhd;) vLj;J khl;Lf;F ve;j Neha;f;Fk; nfhLj;J
tuyhk; . ,e; j Kiwia gy tPLfspYk; tisahk; g l; L
fpuhkj;jpy; filgpbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
(gl; l k; k hs; > tisahk; g l; L > nrq; f k; > jpUtz; z hkiy)

rpW FwpQ;rhd;> ngUq;FwpQ;rhd;> rpwpaheq;if> nts;sUF>

nts;isfhf;ful;lhd;nfhb> tpyhhp> njuzp> GuR> nghlfdhhp
,iy> jOjhio> kpsfuiz> Fz;L gpuz;il> rhjhgpuz;il>
Midf;fspKdpahd;> ngUq;fs;sp nfhSe;J> fUld; nfhb
,iy> fpoq;F> rptdhh; Ntk;G> Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio> fz;typg;g+>
Gspahuizf;fpoq;F> gr;irkQ;rs;> Gspaq;fha;> rPufk;> Rf;F>
kpsF> rpj;juj;ij> guq;fpgl;il> jhrthhjhuk;> fUe;Jsrp>
Mlhnjhil> epygdq;fpoq;F> fhl;L thif> ney;ypf;fha;>
fLf;fha; Nghd;w %ypifg; nghUl;fs; ,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLk;
%ypifj; jiofis xt;nthd;Wk; xU fpNyh tPjKk;> gl;il
vd;why; fhy; fpNyh tPjKk;> filr;ruf;F vd;why; 100 fpuhk;
tPjKk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

xU nghpa kz;ghidapy; Nkw;fz;l %ypifg; nghUl;fis ,l;L

mhprp fOTk; jz;zPh; kw;wk; NrhW tbj;j fQ;rp jz;zPiuAk;
,jpy; Cw;wNtz;Lk;. ,e;j ghidia epyj;jpy; Gij;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;ghid epoy; gFjpapy; rw;W <uk;gjk; nfhz;l
,lj; j py; Gijf; f g; g l Ntz; L k; . 30 ehl; f s; Cwpa gpd; G
Njitahd ehl;fspy; miu gb %ypifj; jz;zPh;

163 164
 35. nrk;kwpMl;L ePy ehf;F Neha; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j kUe;ij Neha; te;j MLfSf;F vYkpr;rgo
msT cUz;il nra;J epj;jk; 5 ehl;fs; ju Ntz;Lk;. ,ijNa
Neha; tUk; Kd; jLg;G kUe;jhfTk; juyhk;. ePy ehf;F Neha;
mwpFwpfs; te;j 100 nrk;kwp MLfis fhg;ghw;wpAs;Nsd;.
( Mh; . Khhpag; g f; ; N fhdhh; > jpUf; f Ufht+h; > jQ; r ht+h; )
<wpy; Gz; ,Uf;Fk;; ehf;F ePy epwkhf khWk; ; elf;fhJ; ePh;
Fbf;Fk;; NkahJ; ehf;fpy; eahigrh msT Gz; ,Uf;Fk; ;
thapy; ePh; tbAk; ; Jhf; f pdhy; Nuhkk; cjpUk; ;
kiof;fhyE;fspy; (Gul;lhrp khjk;) fhzg;gLk;. nre;jz;zPiu
(kioj;jz;zPh; Njq;fpAs;s ,lq;fs;) Fbj;J tpl;lhYk; ,e;j
Neha; Vw;gl tha;gG; z;L. fhy; nehz;Lk;. Mdhy; fhy; Fsk;gpy;
Gz; ,Uf;fhJ.

itj;jpaKiwfs;

O ,e;Neha;fF ; Kjypy; 25 g+td; thiog;goq;fs; thq;fp

miu ypl; l h; ey; u nyz; n zapy; fye; J gpire; J vy; y h
MLfSf;Fk; Cl;lNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Nehapd; Ntfk; FiwAk;.
gpd; Nrhw;Wf;fw;whioia Ks;is rPtp vLj;J thapy; jpzpj;J
tplNtz;Lk;. ,jid 12 ehl;fs; njhlh;e;J nra;J tu ePy
ehf;F Neha; te;j ML gpioj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ke;ijapYs;s gpw
MLfSf;Fk; ,e;Neha; guthJ.
(nghd; D r; r hkp> Xilg; g l; b > xl; l d; r j; j puk; > jpz; L f; f y; )

O fy;gid Tpyhhp jio> khtpyq;fg;gl;il> tpy;t ,iy>

filr;ruf;F (NgWfhyrhkhd;fs; tiff;F Rkhh; 5-10 fpuhk;)
Nrh;j;J njd;dq;fs;spy; ( fhy; ypl;lhpy; fye;J nfhLf;f

165 166
 36. nrk;kwp Ml;L Js;Skhhp Neha;
mwpFwpfs;
jpBnud Js;sp Fjpj;J clNd ,we;J tpLk;.
Neha; tuf; fhuzk;
,J xU tif Ez;Zaphpapdhy; ( Enterotoxaemia )
kiof; fhyj;jpy; MLfisj; jhf;fp ,og;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
nfhba Neha;. ,e;j Ez;Zaph;fs; rhjhuzkhfNt MLfspd;
Flypy; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; kio fhyj;jpy; nropj;J tsUk;
Gy;iy mjpf mstpy; rhg;gpLk;NghJ ,e;Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
MfNt ,J mjpf jPtdNeha; vdg;gLk;. ,J ed;whf ,iu
vLf;Fk; MLfSf;F kl;Le;jhd; tUk;.
37. erpaq;fl;Ljy;
khl;bw;F cz;lhFk; fha;rr; y; (Fe;J)> rsp> nrUkY;fF
;
erpaq;fl;Ljy; rpwe;j KiwahFk;.
Jk;ig 25 fpuhk;> Jsrp 25 fpuhk; Ntypg;gU;jj; p ,iy
25 fpuhk;> Rf;F 10 fpuhk;> kpsF 25 fpuhk;> g+z;L 1> rpd;d
ntq;fhak; 25 fpuhk; midj;ijAk; fye;J ,bj;J mtw;iw
nky;ypa Jzpapy; fl;b> RLePhpy; eidj;J khl;bd; ,U
%f; F fspYk; 100 kpy; y p msT gpopa Ntz; L k; . ,lJ
fz;zpw;Fk;> tyJ fhjpw;Fk; xt;nthU Jsp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gb fhiy khiy ,UNtisAk; nra;jhy; fha;r;ry;> rsp>
nrUky; FzkhFk;.
(Nfhtpe; j d; > nry; y pak; g hisak; > Nryk; )

itj;jpa Kiw
,e; j Neha; jpBnud tUtjhy; kiof; f hyq; f spy;
,e; N eha; tUk; Kd; d h; fPo; f ; f z; l itj; j paj; i j fil
gpbf;fyhk;. Neha; te;j gpd;dUk; nfhLf;fyhk;.
eha; f ; f LF> #uhj; j tiu> <Rtu%yp> rpWJk; i g>
thjklf;fp Mfpa xt;nthd;wpYk; ifg;gpb msT ,iy vLj;J
rPufk; 50 fpuhk; > ntq;fhak; 100 fpuhk;> kUjk;gl;il 100 fpuhk;
Nrh;j;J Ml;b rhW vLj;J 2 Ntis tPjk; 2 ehl;fSf;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(ma; a hj; J iuNfhdhh; > b.fpU\; z hGuk; > kJiu)

167 168
 II. Nfhop kw;Wk;
gwitfSf;F tUk; Neha;fs
s;
m[{uzk
m[{uzk;
mwpFwpfs;
tapw;wpy; ,iur;ry; cz;lhFk;. Mfhuj;ijr; rhpahf
cl;nfhs;shJ. nrhpahky; the;jp vLf;Fk.;
itj; j paKiw
O epyNtk; G > jpg; g pyp> kpsF fz; l j; j pg; g pyp> nte; j ak; >
nghhpj;jntq;fhuk; rk msT vLj;J Ntfitj;J ePh; tplhJ
miuj;J Rz;ly; msT khj;jpiuahf cUl;b epoypy; cyh;jj ; p
itj; J f; n fhz; L jpdKk; xU khj; j piu tPjk; 3 ehl; f s;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O nte;jak; 2 fpuhk;> Rf;F 2 fpuhk;> ngUq;fhak; 2 fpuhk; >
tha;tplq;fk; 2 fpuhk;> jpg;gpyp 2 fpuhk; ,tw;iw ,bj;J nghb
nra; J KUq; i f ,iyr; rhw; w py; fye; J miuj; J rpwpa
khj;jpiufshf;fp itj;Jf;nfhz;L ehs; xd;Wf;F xU khj;jpiu
tPjk; nfhLj;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(RuNge; j puh; itj; j pak; > jQ; r ht+h; ru]; t jp k`hy; - 1986)
Nfhop nts;isf; fopr;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
cw;rhfkpd;ik> jiyia njhq;ftpl;Lf; nfhz;L xNu
,lj; j py; cl; f hh; e ; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; . nfhz; i l fUg; g hf
,Uf; F k; ; js; s hbf; n fhz; L elf; F k; . nts; i s epwj; j py;
fopr;ry; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; ; fopAk; rkak; gPr;Rk; rj;jj;Jld;
tUk;. nkype;J Ngha; ,Uf;Fk; jpBnud;W kuzk; Vw;gLk;.
,e; j Nehia cz; l hf; F k; fpUkpahdJ epyj; j py;
gykhjq;fs; capNuhL ,Uf;Fk;.
itj;jpaKiwfs;
O Fbf; F k; jz; z Phpy; 1 rjk; nghl; l hrpak; ngh; k hq; f
Ndl;Lk;> gbfhuKk; fye;J jpdk; 3Kiw nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; G j; J iw nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954> nrd; i d)
O epyNtk;G nrb xd;W vLj;J ePh;tpl;L miuj;J ,uz;L
ifg;gpb msT mhprpAld; fye;J gwitfSf;F jPdpahff;
nfhLj; J te; j hy; ,e; j Neha; jhf; f hJ. ,j; J ld; rpwpa
ntq;fhaj;jpidr; rpW Jz;Lfshf eWf;fp czthf nfhLj;J
te;jhy; ,e;j Neha; jhf;fhJ.
( Mrpah fhy; eil %ypif itj; j pa ifNaL 1994)
O Ntypg;gUj;jp ,iyr;rhiwf; Nfo;tuF khTld; fye;J
,e; j Neha; tUk; Kd; d h; Nfhopf; F jPtdkhff; nfhLf; f
Ntz; L k; . ,e; j Neha; te; j gpd; d h; nts; N tyk; g l; i lr;
rhuhaj;ij Neha; jPUk; tiu 3 kp.yp. Cw;wp tu Ntz;Lk;.
(,uh[g; g h> njd; f dpf; N fhl; i l> jh; k Ghp)

169 170
O Vs; 20 fpuhk; vLj; J Nkhhpy; miuj; J tbfl; b
cs;Sf;Fg; Gfl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 7 ehs; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nkhiu Ntz;ba msT nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;ff; FzkhFk;.
(RuNge; j puh; itj; j pak; > jQ; r ht+h; ru]; t jp k`hy; 1989)
,uhzpf;fl; fopr;ry;
mwpFwpfs;
fopr;ry; Jh;ehw;wj;Jld; gr;irf; fyhpy; ntsptUk;>
ehrpapy; ePh; tbe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Nfhopfs; ,wf;f NehpLk;.
itj; j paKiw
O f];Jhhp kQ;rs; 1 fpuhk;> fhpagtsk; 1 fpuhk;> rhjpypq;fk;
1 fpuhk;> cg;G 1 fpuhk; > fw;fz;L 10 fpuhk;> vYkpr;rk; go urk; 5
nrhl;L> tz;zhj;jpg; g+r;rp 2 ,itfis xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J
ed;whf miuj;J kpsF msT cUz;il nra;J> cyh;j;jp
Mfhuj;jpw;F Kd; xU khj;jpiuia jz;zPUld; Nrh;jJ ; Gfl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
(RuNge; j puh; itj; j pak; > jQ; r ht+h; ru]; t jp k`hy; - 1986)
O mUfk; Gy; > Mthuk; g +> ney; y pf; f ha; > fPohney; y p
,tw; i w epoypy; cyh; j ; j p nghb nra; J itj; J f; n fhs; s
Ntz;Lk;. Njitg;gLk; rkak; ,j;Jld; ntq;fha;jijr; Nrh;jJ ; fh; . fh;.vd;W Fwl;il tpLtJ Nghd;w rg;jk; Nfl;Fk;.
miuj;J kpsF Nghy; cUl;b 2 cUz;il tPjk; nfhLf;f
fopr;ry; rhpahFk;.
([p.nry; t p> nrhh; z f; f hL> Nguht+uzp> jQ; r ht+h; )
171
O Fl; b tpyh jio> fPohney; y p Mfpatw; i w rksT
miuj;J Fb ePUld; fye;J tplfopr;ry; rhpahFk;.
( ghY> ew; r he; J gl; b > jQ; r ht+h; )
ehl;Lf; Nfhop rhjhuz fopr;ry;
O ew;rPufk; 10fpuhk; kl;Lk; miuj;J cs;Ns juNtz;Lk;
( ,uhkrhkp> xuj; j ehL> jQ; r ht+h; )
thd;Nfhop ,uj;jf; fopr;ry;
O ntq;fhak; 50 fpuhk;> rPufk; 25fpuhk; miuj;J cs;Ns
ju Ntz;Lk;.
thd; Nfhop nts;isf; fopr;ry;
fPohney;yp ,iyia miuj;J Neha; tUk; Kd;Gk;
my;yJ Neha; te;j gpd;Gk; juyhk;. ,k;kUe;J nfhLf;Fk;
rkak; jz;zPh; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ.
(,uhkrhkp> xuj; j ehL> jQ; r ht+h; )
RthrNeha;fs;
Nfhopg; gz;izfspy; NfhopfSf;F tUk; rsp Nfhopg;
gz;izahsh;fSf;F xU jPuhj gpur;rpidahFk;. Nfhopfs;
rhpahfj; jPtdk; vLf; f hJ. Vil FiwAk; > %f; f pypUe; J
mt;tg;NghJ rsp xOFk;. ,utpy; Nfhopf;nfhl;ilapypUe;J
172
O Nfhtpy;gl;b gFjpiar; rhh;e;j Nfhopg;gz;izahsh;fs;
,jw;F xU vspa itj;jpa Kiwiaf; ifahSfpwhh;fs;. Rkhh;
100 fpuhk; Jsrp ,iyia miuj;J FbePhpy; ehs; xd;Wf;F
xU Kiw tPjk; %d;W ehl;fSf;F nfhLj;jhy; rspFiwfpwJ.
100 fpuhk; Jsrp 1000 nghpa NfhopfSf;Fg; NghJkhdJ.
ehs;gl;l rspj;njhe;juthf ,Ue;jhy; Nfhopfspd; jiy
tPq;fpf; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j rkaj;jpy Rkhh; miu fpNyh nre;jl;b
Ntiug; nghb nra;J 100 NfhopfSf;fhd jPtdj;jpy; ,uz;L
ehl;fs; fye;JnfhLj;jhy; rsp FiwAk;. gpd; fUg;gl;b 100
fpuhk; my;yJ gdq;fw;fz;il ,uz;L ehl;fs; Fbf;Fk; ePhpy;
fye;J itj;jhy; rsp Kw;wpYk; FzkhFk;.
( KUNfrd; > fhy; e il Muha; r ; r p ikak>; kJiu)
O ,Q;rp 10 fpuhk; vLj;J miuj;J fhy; ypl;lh; ePhpy;
fye;J gdq;fUg;gl;b 10 fpuhk; fiuj;J 10 NfhopfSf;Ff;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid jpdKk; njhlh;e;J nfhLj;J tu
Ntz;Lk;.
( Mrpah fz; l fhy; e il %ypif itj; j pa ifNaL - 1994)
fPhpg;g+r;rpfs;
,g;g+r;rpfs; Flypy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L gy cghijfis
cz;L gz;Zk;. ,it nkype;J ePskhd Ehy; khjphpahd
g+r;rpfs;> ngz; g+r;rpfs; Mz; g+r;rpfis tpl nghpait. Neha;
fz; l gwitfs; Nrhh; e ; J ,Uf; F k; . fopr; r yhtJ>
kyge; j khtJ V w; g Lk; . FQ; R fspy; jhd; ,t; t pahjp
mjpfkhapUf;Fk;. g+r;rpfs; gwitapd; Flypy; Kl;ilapLk;.
Kl;ilfs; gwitapd; vr;rj;Jld; fye;J ntspNaWfpd;wd.
173
$z;bd; rpW ntbg;Gfspy; Kl;ilfs; xU Mz;L tiuf;Fk;
$l capUldpUf;Fk;. ,it fhw;W> kz;Zld; fye;J ,iu
my;yJ FbePh; %ykhf gwitfspd; FlYf;Fs; nry;fpd;wd.
Flypy; Kl;il nghhpj;J %d;W ehd;F thuq;fspy; nghpa
Kjph;e;j g+r;rpfshfpd;wd.
itj;jpa Kiwfs;
O tpahjpte; j gwitfSf; F ghjp tapw; ; W f; N f ,iu
nfhLj;J kWehs; khiy tiuf;Fk; gl;bdp Nghl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF
fPo;f;fz;lgb kUe;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. EhW NfhopfSf;F
miu fpNyh vilAs; s Gifapiyf; fhk; G fis mjp
EZf;fkha; eWf;fp mitfis eidj;J ghj;jpuj;jpypl;L %o;fp
epw;Fk;gbahd msT ePhpy; ,uz;L kzp Neuk; tiu Cwg;Nghl;L
tbj;j rhw;iw gpd; EhW NfhopfSf;F cs;s ,iuapy; ghjp
,iuAld; ed;wha; fye;JNfhopfSf;F cz;zf; nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; . ,uz; L kzpf; F g; gpwF xU Nfhopf; F miu
Njf;fuz;b tPjk; vg;rk; ]hy;l; (Ngjp cg;G) fiuj;j jz;zPiuf;
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
O ,Nj khjphpaha; ,uz;L %d;W thuq;fspy; kWKiwAk;
itj;jpak; nra;ayhk;. Vr;rj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Kl;ilfspd; %yk;
kWgbAk; gwitfSf; F Neha; mDfh tz; z k; $z; b y;
jsj; j py; ,uz; L mE; F y Mok; kl; L k; jiuia Ruz; b
vLj;Jtpl;L NtW kz; Nghl Ntz;Lk;. $z;ilAk; g+r;rpf;
nfhy;yp kUe;Jfshy; ed;wha; fOt Ntz;Lk;. gwitfis
fk;gptis jsj;jpy; cl;fhur; nra;tjhy; vr;rj;jpypUe;J tpahjp
jpUk;g cz;lhfhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; G j; Jiw nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954> nrd; i d)
174
O nfhl;ilg; ghf;F ehd;F> tpuyp kQ;rs; fpoq;F 100
fpuhk; msT vLj;J Jhs; nra;J ePhpy; fye;J 10 NfhopfSf;F
nfhLf;fyhk;. ,jid khjk; xU Kiw ju Ntz;Lk;.
O ,uq;$d; ky;ypif ,iy kw;Wk; tpijfis xU fg;
msT vLj;J ,j;Jld; ,U klq;F ePh; Nrh;j;J 15 epkplk;
nfhjpf;f tpl;L xU Nfhopf;F 1 Njf;fuz;b tPjk; khjk; xU
Kiw juNtz;Lk;.
O nts;isg;g+z;L 6 gy; vLj;J ,bj;J ePhpy; fye;J
10 NfhopfSf;F nfhLf;fyhk;. ,jid khjk; xU Kiw ju
Ntz;Lk;.
(Mrpa fz; l fhy; e il %ypif itj; j pa ifNaL1994)
jl;ilg;g+r;rpfs;
mwpFwpfs; :
gwitfSf; F grpAk; jhfKk; mjfkha; ,Uf; F k; .
mikjpapy; y hikapdhy; Nfhopfs; ,isj; J fhzg; g L; k ; .
tpahjp nfh^ukha; ,Ue;jhy;> rpyph;jj
; rpwFfs;> njhq;fpg;Nghd
,wf;iffs;> jd; rfhf;fistpl;L gphpe;J jdpj;J ,Uj;jy;>
rPjj;Jld; fye;j fopr;ry; Mfpait mwpFwpfs;. fopr;ry;
Kjypy; nts;isaha; njsptha; ,Uf;Fk;. nfhQ;r ehl;fspy;
mOf;file;j kQ;rs; epwkha; Eiuj;jpUf;Fk;.;
175
itj; j paKiw
O Mkzf;F tpij 5 fpuhk;> nfhl;ilg; ghf;F 10 fpuhk;>
miuj;J ePUld; fye;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; miu
Njf;fuz;b vg;rk; rhy;l; (NgjAg;G) ePhpy; fye;J nfhLf;f
Ntz; L k; . tpahjp tuhkypUg; g jw; F gwitfspd; vr; r j; i j
nay;yhk; Nrfhpj;J Rz;zhk;G kw;Wk; rhk;gy; ,itfspy;
Nghl; l kf; f itj; J tpl Ntz; L k; . g+kpapy; Rz; z hk; G
njspg;gjdhy; nry; Kjypa g+r;rpfis mopj;J tplyhk;.
(fhy; e il guhkhpg; G j; J j; J iw nra; j p Fwpg; G - 1954> nrd; i d)
fhaq;fs;
Nfhopfs; rz; i lapl; L xd; i wnahd; W nfhj; j pf;
nfhs;tjhYk;> $h;ikahd nghUl;fs; Fj;jptpLtjhYk; fhak;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
itj; j paKiw
O kQ;rs; fpoq;Fld; (Gjpjhf mWtil nra;ag;gl;lJ)
nts;isg;g+z;L xU gy; miuj;J Njq;fha; vz;nzapy; Fog;gp
fhaq;fspd; Nky; jlt Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ Nrhw;Wf; fw;whio
NrhW> kQ;rs; Jhs; Nrh;j;J miuj;J fhaj;jpd; Nky; g+rp
tplyhk;. fhak; MWk; tiu ,ij nra;J tu Ntz;Lk;.
(eluhrd; > nfhLKb> <NuhL)
Nfhopg;Ngd;fs;
Fsph; fhyj;jpy; NfhopfSf;Fg; Ngd;fs; %yk; njhy;iy
tUk;. Nfhopfs; myfhy; jd;idj; jhNd nfhj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;.
,jdhy; Nfhop ,wFfs; cjph;eJ ; tpLk;. ,jid fl;Lg;gLj;jf;
Nfhop $z; b w; F s; fha; e ; j nehr; r pj; j io my; y J
176
vUf; f e; j ioia gug; g p itj; j jhy; Nfhop nry; f s; xl; b f;
nfhs;Sk;> gpd;dh; vspjhf mg;Gwg;gLj;jp tplyhk;.
O fha; e ; j nehr; r pj; jio my; y J vUf; f e; j ioia
my; y J Gifapiy jioia gutyhff; Ftpj; J %l; l k;
Nghl;lhy; Nfhopg; Ngd;fis tpul;btplyhk;.
O ,uz;L gq;F Ntg;ngz;nza; my;yJ Ntg;g,iy> xU
gq;F rhk;gy; xU gq;F rhjhuz cg;G Nrh;j;J miuj;Jg; g+rp
tuNtz;Lk;.
(Mrpafz; l fhy; e il %ypifitj; j paifNaL 1994)
III . ML> khL RopfSk; > Fzq
Fzq;fSk;
fSk;;
jiy vOj; J ed; w hf ,Ue; j hy; vy; y hk; ed; w hf
,Uf; F k; vd; g h; . mJ Nghy; khL thq; F k; NghJ mJTk;
Fwpg; g hf ehl; L khLfis thq; F k; n ghOJ Ropfs; ed; w hf
mike;jpUe;jhy; vy;yhk; ed;whf ,Uf;Fk; vdw; ek;gpf;if
coth; ngUkf; f s; kdjpy; Mokhf gjpe; J s; s J. cotj;
njhopYf;F mr;rhzpahf tpsq;FtJ vUJ khLfNs MFk;.
VdNt jhd; coth; ngUkf; f s; jq; f splk; cs; s coT
vUJfs; jPa Ropfs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gitfis kl;LNk Ngzp
tsh;gg; h;. ghy; khLfspYk; Rop ghh;gg; th;fs; cz;L.

Nfhop mk;ik
O mk; i kahy; Vw; g l; l nfhg; G sq; f s; Nky; rpwpJ
kQ;risAk;> Ntg;gpiyiaAk; Nrh;jJ
; miuj;J g+rpdhy; Neha;
FzkhFk;. Fbf;Fk; jz;zPhpy; Ntg;g ,iyr; rhw;iw fye;J
tplNtz;Lk;.
(tP.Mh; . Iag; g d; > Rf; f hk; g l; b > jpz; L f; f y; )

Nfhop rsp / Jk;ky;

nfhd;iwapiyia ,bj;J gpope;J 50 kp.yp. vLj;J
mj;Jld; 50 kp.yp. Ntg;ngz;nza; Nrh;j;J ed;whf fye;J
%f;fpy; rpy Jspfs; tpl;L Mfhuj;Jld; rpwpJ vz;iz
fye;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(RuNge; j puh; itj; j pak; > jQ; r ht+h; ru]; t jp k`hy; - 1986)

177 178
khLfspd; ed;ik jUk; Ropfs;
1. NfhGu Rop : jpkpypd; NkYk; jpkpYf;F Kd; Gwj;jpYk;
(jpkpypd; Kd; G wk; vjpNu epd; W ghh; j ; j hy; ; njhpAk; ; gbahf
,Ug;gJ) my;yJ jpkpYk;> KJFk; NrUkplj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ
NfhGur;RopahFk;. ,ij uhIhr;Rop vd;Wk; $Wth;. ,r;Rop cs;s
khl;il cilNahh; kpFe;j nry;tj;Jld; uhINghfkhf tho;th;.
2. nyl;Rkp Rop : fOj;jpd; xU gf;fj;;jpy; nfhQ;rk;
js;sp ,Ug;gJ nyl;Rkp RopahFk;. ,e;j Rop cs;s khL kpfTk;
mjph;\l; j;ijf; nfhLf;ff; $baJ. Mdhy; ,t;tpj khLfs;
fpilg;gJ mhpJ.
3. jhkzpr; R op : jhkzpr; Rop vd; g J khl; i lg;
gpizf;Fk; jhk;G (fapW) my;yJ jhkzp vdg;gLk; eLKJFj;
jz;by; ePskhf xU NfhLk; Nfhl;bd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk;
,uz;L RopfSk; ,Ue;jhy; jhkzp Rop vdg;gLk; my;yJ
Kd;dq;fhy;fSf;Fk;> fOj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; miy jhbapd;
,UGwq;fspYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,r;Rop cs;s khl;il thq;Fgtd;
NkYk; NkYk; Vuhskhd khLfis thq; f f; $ Lk; vd; W
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
4. tphpRop : KJFjz;bd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk;
,Uf;Fk; Rop tphpRop. ,ij thq;fpath;fSf;F gy ed;ikfs;
cz;lhFk;.
5. ,ul;ilf; fth;Rop: fpwJ Kd;dq;fhy; Kl;bapd;
,Ugf;fj;jpYk; ,uz;L gpsTNghy; ,Ug;gJ ,ul;il fth;r;
RopahFk;. ,J thq;Fgth;fSf;F kpFe;j ed;ikiaj;jUk;.
,uz;L gpsT ,y;yhky; xU gf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; gpsT
,Ue;jhy; tPl;by; ,Uf;Fk; vy;yh khLfSk; moptNjhL
179
khl; L f; F nrhe; j f; f huh; kuzk; milayhk; vd; W k;
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
6. ghrpq; Rop : ,U fz;fSf;F Nky; new;wpapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
,r;Rop ,ul;ilahapUe;jhy; ghrpq; Rop my;yJ NI[b Rop
vdg; g LfpwJ. ,r; R op cs; s khLilath; f Sf; F
fy; a hzkhfhky; ,Ue; j hy; rPf; f puk; fy; a hzkhfp tpLk; :
fy;ahzkhdth;fs; thq;fpdhy; ,uz;L kidtp Vw;glyhk;.
my;yJ kidtpia ,oe;jtd; kWtpthfk; nra;J nfhs;s
NehpLk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
7. VWg+uhd; Rop : KJfpd;kj;jpapy; g+uhd; Nghd;W kaph;
gpsT ,Uf;Fk;. mr;Rop Kd;gf;fkhf te;J Kbe;jpUe;jhy; VW
g+uhd; Rop vdg; g Lk; . ,r; R op cs; s khL ,Ue; j hy; rfy
nry; t j; i jAk; . ey; y mjpU\; l j; i jAk; jUk; vd; W
ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
8. tpg+jpr; Rop : ,U fz;fSf;Fk; eLtpy; ,uz;L
Ropfs; ,U GUtf; N fhLfspd; fPopUf; F k; . ,r; R op cs; s
khl;il thq;f
; patDf;F gy ed;ikfSk; RfKk; cz;lhFk;.
.nfhk;Gjhdhr; Rop : ,J nfhk;Gfspd; fPo;gg; f;fj;jpy;
9.nfhk;
,Uf; F k; . ,r; R opAs; s khLila khl; L ke; i japYs; s
midj;J khLfSf;F Neha; mz;lhJ. RfkhfTk;> khLfspd;
vz;zpf;if mjpfkhFk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ
10. VWehfr;Rop : thypd; Nky;gf;fk; KJFNehf;fpj;
njhlh;eJ Ropj;Jr; nry;tJ VW ehfr; Rop vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
,r; R op cs; s khl; i l thq; F gth; f Sf; F ed; i k gaf; F k;
my;yJ kq;fskhd nray;fs; elf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
180
 11. ePh;r;Rop : %j;jpuj;Jthuj;jpw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; fhis
khLfSf;F ,Uf;Fk; Rop ePh;rR ; op. ,ij ey;y Rop vd;Wk;
nfl; l Rop vd; W k; nrhy; y KbahJ. rpy rkaq; f spy;
thq;fpatDf;F ed;ikfs; MWNghy; ngUfpdhYk; ngUFk;.
My;yJ ePW (rhk;gy;) Nghy; Fb ehrkhdhYk; MFk;
jPik gaf;Fk; Ropfs;
12. Kf; f d; Rop / mf; f pdp Rop : ,U fz; f Sf; F
eLtpy; Kf;Nfhz tbtpy; fhzg;gLk; ,r;Rop Kf;fd; Rop
vdg; g Lk; . ,r; R op cs; s khL cs; s FLk; g j; j py; gy
,ila+Wfs; Vw;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
13.. FilNky; Fil Rop : new;wpapy; xU Ropapd; kPJ
kw;nwhU Rop ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F FilNky; Fil Rop vd;W
$Wth;. ,r;Rop cs;s khL Fil Nky; Fil my;yJ ,b
Nky; ,b vd;gJ Nghy; jPik gaf;Fk; Ropahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
14. tpyq;F Rop : Kd;dq;fhy; my;yJ gpd;dq;fhypd;
gpd;GwNkh my;yJ fZf;fhy;fspNyh fopj;J ,Ug;gjw;F
tpyq;F Rop vd;W $Wth;. ,r;Rop cs;s khl;il thq;fpatd;>
tpyq;fpg;gl;L rpiw apyilf;fg;gLthd; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
15. ghil Rop: khLfspd; KJfpd; gpd;gFjpapy; thypd;
Kd;gf;fkhtJ my;yJ gpd;gf;fkhtJ fhzg;gLtJ ghil Rop
vdg; g LfpwJ. ,J kpfTk; nfl; l RopahFk; . ,r; R opAs; s
khl;bd; nrhe;jf;fhuh; ,wf;f NehpLk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
6.ngz; b oe; j hd; Rop : thypd; cl; g f; f k;
16.ngz;
kyj; J thuj; j pw; F eLtpy; xd; W my; y ,uz; L Ropfs;
,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F ngz;boe;jhd; Rop vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
181
Rop cs;s khl;by; tPl;bw;F vIkhdp my;yJ jiytp ,wf;f
NehpLk; vd;w fUjg;gLfpwJ.
17. ehfg;gl Rop : njhilfspd; gpd; tistpy; ghk;G
glnkLj;jJ Nghy; fhzg;gLk; Rop ehfg;gl Rop vdg;gLfpwJ.
,J Nky; gf;fk; njhlh;e;jhy; Kd; ehfk; vd;Wk;> fPo;g;gf;fk;
,wq;fpdhy; gpd;ehfk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uz;LNk
nfl;l RopfshFk;.
18. jl; L r; Rop : ,Lg; G NrUkplj; j py; > KJfpy;
fhzg; g Lk; ,r; R op vdg; g LfpwJ. ,r; R op cs; s khl; i l
thq;fpatd; ve;j tpahghuk; nra;jhYk; e\;lk; mila NehpLk;
vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
19. Jilg; i g Rop: thy; Muk; g pf; F k; ,lj; j py;
cs;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,r;Rop FLk;gj;jpd; nry;tj;ij Rj;jkhfj;
Jilj;JtpLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
20. Gl; l hzpr; Rop : ,Lg;Gf;Fk; thy; Muk;gkhFk;
,lj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpapypUf;Fk; Rop Gl;lhzpr; Rop vdg;gLk;.
,r;Rop cs;s khl;bdhy; v[khdDf;Ff; NfL Vw;gLk; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
21. gilf; f l; L Rop : ,J cjl; b ypUf; F k; nfl; l
RopahFk; . ,r; R op cs; s khL ,Uf; F k; ke; i jf; F k; >
FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; jPq;F NehpLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
22. vr;Rg;Gs;sp : kyj;Jthuj;jpw;Fk;> thy; Muk;gkhFk;
,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ntz;Gs;sp ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j khl;il
thq;fpatd; tpahjpahy; gPbf;fg;gl;L rpukg;gl NehpLk; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.
182
 23. ,wq;Fg+uhd; Rop: g+uhd; Nghd;w kaph; gpsT KJfpd; Ml;L Ropfs;
kj;jpapy; Muk;gpj;J thy; gf;fk; njhlh;eJ ; KbAk;.
1. new;wpr;Rop: new;wpapd; Nky; mjhtJ eLgFjpapy;
24. g+uhd; nfsty; Rop: xU fhjpd; fPo; kl; L k; fhzg;gLk; Rop new;wpr; Rop vdg;gLfpwJ. ,r;Rop cs;s MLfs;
,Uf;Fk; Rop g+uhd; nfsty; MFk;. gy jPikfisr; ,Ue;jhy; FLk;gj;jpw;F nfLjy; cz;lhFk;.
Nrh;f;Fk;.
25. thy; Klq;fpr; Rop: thypd; cl;Gwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
2. gl;br;Rop (KJFr; Rop): MLfspd; KJfpy; fhzg;gLk;
xw;iwr; Rop. FLk;gj;ijNa mopj;JtpLk;.
Rop ed;ik jUk; Fwpg;ghf eL KJfpy; ,Ue;jhy; kpfTk;
26. ,wq; F ehfr; Rop: thypd; Nky; ,Uf;Fk; Rop. ey;yJ.
fPo;g;gf;fkhfj; jiuia Nehf;fp ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F ehfr; Rop
vd;W ngah;. cah;ej; FLk;gj;jpd; nry;thf;ifnay;yhk; mopj;J
jho;e;j Fbahf;fptpLk;. 3. thy; R op: MLfspd; thypd; ve; j ,lj; j py; Rop
,Ue;jhYk; nfLjy; jUgit. thypy; Rop ,Uf;Fk;. MLfs;
27. fUehfr; Rop : fOj; i jr; Rw; w p kzpf; f apw; i w
re;ijapy; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyf;Nf tpw;gidahFk;.
mofhff; fl; b aJ Nghy; ,Uf; F k; . ,k; k hl; i l
thq;fpatDf;Ff; nfhba Jd;gq;fs; cz;lhFk;. FLk;gKk;
(nkl; b y; g l; b Kdparhkp>
erpAk;.
gl; b Njtd; g l; b rPdp ehaf; f h; >
28. nkd;dpg;gpbr; Rop : fOj;jpd; fPo;gf;fj;jpd; ,uz;L Rg; i gahehaf; f h; > GJ}u; > J}j; J f; F b khtl; l k; )
kaph;g;g;psTfs; nkd;dpiag; gpbg;gJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij
thq;fpatDf;F nkd;dpiag; gpbg;gJ Nghd;w gy f\;lq;fs;
tUk;. khL thq;FtJ kw;Wk; tpw;gjpy; IjPfq;fs;
$wpath; f s; ; : jpU.nrtD> 1. gR QhapW md;W fd;W <d;why; chpikahsUf;F
jpU.jpUg; g jpehaf; f h; >
MfhJ.
jpU.uhkrhkpehaf; f h; kw; W k;
jpU.rPdp - Ntg; g k; g l; b > kJiu. 2. Gjd; fpoikfspy; gRf;fis tpw;;fkhl;lhh;fs;. mg;gb
RuNge;jpuh; itj;jpa Kiwfs; Gj;jfk;. tpw;why; kw;w gRf;fSf;F ghjfk; cz;lhFk;.
Vd; . FkhuNtY> fhl; L g; g hf; f k; > fhy; e il Muha; r ; r p ikak;
3. khL tpw;Fk;nghOJ tpw;gth; %f;F fapiw mtpo;j;Nj
nfhLg;gh;. thq;Fgth; Gjpa fapW fl;b khl;il nfhz;L
nry;th;.

183 184
4. coT vUJfSf;F thy; Fl;ilahf Koq;fhYf;F Nky;
,Ue;jhy; MfhJ. Mdhy; fwit khLfSf;F ,J
nghUe;jhJ.
5. vUJfSf;F cNuhkk;> nfhk;G> Njhy;> fz;kdp> Fsk;G
nts;isahf ,Ue;jhy; mJ rpwg;gy;y
IV. ke;jphpj;J Fzg;gLj;Jjy;
khl;L fz;jpU\;bf;F> fz;gl;L tpl;lhy;
rpyhpd; nfl; l ghh; i tahy; khl; b w; F fz; jpU\; b
gl;LtpLk; ,jw;F fPo;ff
; z;l ke;jpuj;ij $Wjy; gyd;jUk;.
Fd;djpu Nka;eJ
; Fykjpu jz;zPh; Fbj;J
kz;zjpu tUfpw khNl MWNGhy;
ghy; fwe;J Nrh;Nghy; ntz;iz vLj;J
fd;Wf;fpwq;fp fz;Nz gl;lJNk
ehNt gl;lJk; nte;ePuha; Nghf rpt
xU fyrj;jpy; ePh; vLj;J Ntg;g ,iyfis Nghl;L
,e;j ke;jpuj;ij #hpaid Nehf;fp ke;jpuj;ij 3 Kiw cr;rhpf;f
Ntz; L k; . gpd; fyrj; j pYs; s ePhpy; Ntg; g ,iy nfhz; L
khl;bd; Nky; gLkhW jPh;jj ; k; njspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ML khL nrhf;fpajw;F
1. Nrhsg; gaph; jpd;W nrhUfpf; nfhz;l ML> khLfSf;F
fPo; f ; f z; l ke; j puj; i j nrhy; y p Fzg; g Lj; J k; Kiw
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
%f;F tpL> ehf;F tpL> njhz;il tpL
gy;Ytpl;Lg; Nghf rpt
xU fyrj;jpy; ePh; vLj;J Ntg;g ,iyfis Nghl;L>
,e;j ke;jpuj;ij #hpaid Nehf;fp ke;jpuj;ij 3 Kiw cr;rphpf;f
Ntz; L k; . gpd; fyrj; j pYs; s ePhpy; Ntg; g ,iy nfhz; L
Ml;bd; Nky; gLkhW jPh;jj ; k; njspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(vk; . rilag; g d; > rpj; j NuT> jpz; L f; f y; )

185 186
 2. khl;bd; chpikahsh; khl;bw;F nrhUfpf; nfhz;lJ
vd;W ek;kplk; nrhd;dTld;> mtuhy; jz;zPh; Fbf;Fk; msT
1 lk;sh;/ nrk;gpy; ePh; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jz;zPhpy;
rpW Fr; r pia itj; J fPo; f hZk; ke; j puj; i j 6 Kiw
nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
xk; ekrptha nghd; ,Ujhuk; g+tpUjhuk;
nghd;Dk; ePUk; nghUe;jpa jhuk;
Nrhsg;gaph;jpd;w ,q;Nf ePh; Fbf;f
eQ;rj;J gpQ;rj;J eQ;Rk; gpQ;Rk;
gpQ;rhf Nghf rptha ek`:
ke;jpuk; 6 Kiw nrhy;yp Kbj;jTld; khl;bd; chpikahsh; Xjpa
jz;zPiu Fbj;J tpl;L tPl;bw;F Ngha; NehAz;l khl;il ,U
Kiw jl;bdhy; nrhUfy; rhpahfptpLk;. (epiwa khLfSf;F
nrhf;fy; ,Ue;jhy; khL vd tUk; ,lj;jpy; khLfs; vd
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;)
tapW tPf;fk; my;yJ Kl;lilg;ghDf;F
,jw;F fPo;fz;l ke;jpuj;ij cr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lk;
ma;Ak; fpspAk; nrsTk; rptha ek`
vUf;fisr; nrbia ,iyapy;yhky; ePf;fp 2 mb Fr;rp
vLj; J KJfpy; mbj; J f; nfhz; N l fz; > fhjpy; ,e; j
ke; j puj; i j 6 Kiw cr; r hpf; f Ntz; L k; . gpwF khl; i l
fz;fhzpg;gth;> 10 fpuhk; kpsF vLj;J ed;whf nkd;W khl;bd;
fz;> fhJ> %f;fpy; Cjptpl;lhy; Kl;ilg;ghd; FzkhFk;.
(rPdp ehaf; f h; > ,uhkrhkpGuk; > mUg; G f; N fhl; i l> tpUJefh; )
187
tp\f; f bf; F :
krp erp> rpt rpt KUfd; Mizg;gb
nfhba tp\q;fs; vy;yhk;; ,wq;f rpth.
Nkw;fz;l ke;jpuj;ij 108 jlit $wp ke;jphpj;J jiyr;RUsp
Ntiu ,bj;J ePhpy; fye;J cs;Ns nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( khhpag; g d; > Nrhofd; F bfhL> jQ; r ht+h; )
gQ;rft;ahtpd; kfpik
gQ;rft;ah vd;gJ Md;kPf rlq;Ffspy; jPl;Lf; fopg;gjw;Fk;>
clk;G> kdk; Mfpatw;iw Rj;jg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU Rj;jpfupg;G
nghUshf rh];jpuq;fspy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gQ;rft;ahit
Ntshz;ikf;F jput cukhfTk;> g+r;rp> Neha; jLg;G kUe;jhfTk;
ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;if tptrhapfs; fil gpbj;J tUfpd;wdu;.
gQ;rft;ahtpd; Rj;jp fupf;Fk; jd;ikfs;> jahupf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wp
Ntj jh; k rh]; j ; u ghpghydrig>Fk; g Nfhzk; ntspapl; l
]; k ; U ; j ; j p Kf; j hgyk; g; u harpj; j fhz; l k; Gj; j fj; j py;
];
(1955) tpsf;fkhff; nfhLf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s
tptuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW :
gQ;rft;ah ghgq;fisg; Nghf;Fk; epth;j;jpahf rh];j;jpuq;fspy;
$wg; g l; L s; s J. gj; j hapuk; fhaj; h p n[gk; > gd; d puz; L
gpuhkzh;fSf;F Ngh[dk; nra;jy;> 200 g;uhzhahkk;; nra;jy;>
cgth]k; ,Uj; j y; > Ntjghuhazk; > Gz; z pa ]; j yj; j py;
ejpapy; ePuhLjy; ,itfSf;F epfuhf gQ;rft;a mUe;JtJk;
ghgk; Nghf; F k; . rJh; j \pap; y ; cgthrk; ,Ue; J ngsh; z kp
fhiyapy; gQ;rft;ak; mUe;j Ntz;Lk;.
188
Nfh (gR) %j;uk;> Nfhkak; (rhzp)> ghy;> japh;> nea; jh;gg; [yk;
,it midj;Jk; Nru;ej ; J gQ;rft;ak; vdg;gLfpwJ. fWg;Gg;
gRtpd; %j;uKk;> nts;isg; gRtpd; NfhkaKk;> jhk;uth;zg;
gRtpd; ghYk;> rptg;Gg; gRtpd;japUk;> fgpyg;gRtpd; (fhuhk; gR)
nea;Ak; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xU gyk; %j;uk;> miuf;
fl;iltpuysT Nfhkak;> VO gyk; ghy;> %d;W gyk; japh;>
xU gyk; nea;> xU gyk; jh;g;ig [yk; vd;W Nrh;f;fTk;.
fhaj; h pahy; Nfh%j; u Kk; > fe; j j; t huhk; vd; w ke; j ; u j; j hy;
NfhkaKk; > Mg; a ha]; t vd; w ke; j ; u j; j hy; ghYk; >
jjpf;uhtpz;z : vd;w ke;j;uj;jhy; japUk;> Rf;uk]p vd;w
ke;j;uj;jhy; nea;Ak;> Njt];aj;th vd;w ke;j;uj;jhy; jh;g;g
[yKk; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpjk; ke;j;uj;jhy; Rj;jkhd
gQ; r ft; a j; i j mf; d papd; vjphpy; itf; f Ntz; L k; .
MNgh`p\;l vd;w ke;j;uj;jhy; fyf;fp> khd];NjhNf vd;w
ke; j ; u j; i j [gpf; f Tk; . VOf; F f; FiwahkYs; s Jk; >
EdpAs;sJk;> fpsp Nghy; gr;ir epwKs;sJkhfpa jh;gg; q;fshy;
gQ; r ft; a j; i j vLj; J tpjpg; g b N`hkk; nra; a Ntz; L k; .
,uhtjP. ,jk; tp\; Z :> khd]; N jhNf> rk; t jP vd; w
ke;ju; q;fshy; N`hkk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gb N`hkk; nra;J>
gpwF kPjpAs;sij mUe;j Ntz;Lk;. g;uztj;jhy; fyf;fp.
g; ; u ztj; j hy; mgpke; j ; h pj; J > g; u ztj; j hNy vLj; J >
g; u tzj; j hNyNa gUf Ntz; L k; . gyhr kuj; j pd; eL
,iyahyhtJ jhkiu ,iy nfhz; L ,jpy; Cw; w p gpd;
mUe; j Ntz; L k; . gpuhzpfSf; F Nj`j; j py; Njhy; >
vYk;Gfspy; ve;j ghtk; ,Uf;FNkh mjid Nghf;f ty;yJ.
mg;ghtk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gQ;rft;ak;> [;typf;fpd;w neUg;G
tpwif vhpg;gJ Nghy; vhpf;Fk;. %Tyfq; fspy; gupRj;jkhfpaJ.
Nfh%j;jpuj;jpy; tu;zZk;> rhzpapy; mf;dpAk;> japupy; thATk;>
189
ghypy; re; j puDk; > nea; a py; #upaDk; trpf; f pwhu; f s; vd; W
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
tajhd khLfs; ,wf;Fk; jUthapy; ,Ue;jhy;
tajhd khLfis mbkhLfshff; nfhLj; J tplhky; vd;
gz;izapNyNa ,aw;ifahf capu; gpupatpLNtd;. khLfs;
rhtjw;F Kd; kpFe;j f\;lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; gftj; fPij
RNyhfq;fis khl;blk; nrd;W gbg;Ngd;. gbj;J Kbj;j rpy
kzp Neuq;fspy; mikjpahf capu; gpupAk;. ,jid khl;Lj;
njhOtj;jpy; Fop Njhz;b Gijf;Fk; rkak; ghypy; kQ;rs;
fye;J khL kPJ njspj;J kz; Nghl;L %b tpLNthk;. fPij
gbj;jhy; rPf;fpuk; Klq;fptpLk; vd;gJ vd; mDgtk;. vdf;F
thupR fpilahJ. ,t;thW capu; gpupAk; gRf;fspy; xd;W
kWgpwtpapy; ; gf; f j; J Cupy; (fy; y kehaf; f d; g l; b ) xU
thj;ahUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;J gpd;du; vdJ gRf;$l;lj;ij
ghJfhg;gjhf vdf;F ,iwthf;F te;Js;sJ.
(jTlk; k hs; > fhf; f pthld; g l; b > rptfhrp)
ghAk; fhisf; F
,uh[];jhd; ju;ghu;f;fu; khl;L ,d fhis xd;W mUshr;rp
nry;yg;gehaf;fu; fpilapy; nfhLj;jpUe;Njhk;. ,e;j fhisapd;
%yk; Rkhu; 200-f;F Nkw;gl;l khLfs; rpidgpbj;J fd;Wfs;
gpwe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,f;fhis Ml;fis gha Muk;gpj;jJ.
,f;fhisia guhkupj;J tUk; nry;yg;g ehaf;fiuNa 2 jlit
Jhf;fp Nghl;ljpy; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt ghAk; fhisia
190
~~jpUk;g vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;|| vd;W $wptpl;ldu;. gha;tij
epWj;j VJTk; itj;jpak; cs;sjh? vd;d nra;tJ? fhisia
fpilf;F khLfSld; mDg;ghky; 2 thuq;fs; njhOtj;jpNyNa
fl;b Nghl;ljhy; fhis nkype;J tpl;lJ. Mdhy; gha;tij
epWtj;jtpy;iy. ,e;j epiyapy; xU Nahridg;gb khl;Lj;
njhOtj;jpy; ~gftj; fPij| Gj;jfk; gbf;fyhk; vd;w vz;zk;
te;jJ. gftj; fPijapd; 18 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; RUf;fkhf
vOjp itj;jpUe;Njhk;. ,jid 3/4 kzp Neuj;jpy; gbj;J
Kbj;Jtplyhk;. ,jidr; nra;J ghu;j;Njhk;. gpd;du; khL
ghahky; gof Muk;gpj;jJ. Mdhy; 1 khjk; fopj;J kPz;Lk;
Kl;Ltjw;F Kide;jJ. xU Ntis njhlu;eJ ; thuj;jpw;F 1
KiwahtJ gbj; J te; j pUe; j hy; rupahfpapUf; F Nkh
njupatpy;iy. ghAk; me;j fhisia ~Nrth| gz;izf;F
nfhz;L nrd;W tsu;jJ ; tUfpNwhk;. ,q;F ghahky; cs;sJ.
(ng. tpNtfhde; j d; > Nrth> kJiu)
191
V. fhy;eilj; jPtdk;
khq;fpSit fhy;eilj; jPtdk;
fpSitapy; gy tiffs; cz; L . kiyapy;
,aw; i fapNyNa fhzg; g Lk; . khq; f pSit vd; w ,ufk;
cs;sJ. ,J ey;y gr;ir epw jz;Lld; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd;
,iyfis Efh;eJ ; ghh;jj; hy; kh ku third tUk;. ,k;kuk;
10 -15 tUlq;fs; tiu itj;jpUf;fyhk;. gpd;dh; kuk; gpse;J
tpLk; . ,jid khjj; j pw; F xU Kiw mhpf; f p (fhthj; J )
,iyfis fhy;eilfSf;F jPtdkhf mspf;fyhk;.
,k; k uq; f is ge; j y; fhYf; F CNl el; L ge; j y;
mikf;Fk; rkak; fk;gp itj;J fl;l gad;gLfpwJ. 10 mb
Jhuj;jpy; ,k;kuq;fspd; Fr;rpfs; Cd;wg;gLk;. Xh; Vf;fUf;F
Rkhh; 250 - 300 kuq;fs; cz;lhf;fyhk;. ,g;ge;jypy; mtiu>
ghfy; gaph; nra;ayhk;. Mbapy; Fop Nghl;L mtiu el;L khrp
khjk; tiu fha;gG; ,Uf;Fk;.
fpSit ku ,iyfis nts; s hLfSf; F 5 fpNyh
tPjKk;> khLfSf;F 20 fpNyh tPjKk; mspf;fyhk;. ,jdhy;
MLfSf;F tsh;r;rp mjpfkhFk;> khLfSf;F ghy; fwit
$Lk;. 50 kuq;fisf; nfhz;L 5 nts;shL my;yJ 2 ghy;
khLfSf;F jPdp nfhLf;fyhk;.
fpSitia ge;jYf;F gad;gLj;jp fhy;eilfSf;Fj;
jPtdkhfTk; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw gy Ehw;whz;Lfshf nrk;gl;b>
nfhil NuhL gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fpSit kuk; tdq;fspy;
,aw;ifahf tsh;fpwJ.;
192
,jid rpy fpuhkq; f spy; cs; s tptrhapfs; kl; L Nk
Njhl;lj;jpy; el;L gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;.
(NtYr; r hkp> n[.nkl; ^ h; > nfhilNuhL> jpz; L f; f y; )
khLfSf;F crpiy jPtdk;
crpiy vd; W $wg; g Lk; JUQ; r h kuj; j pd;
,iyapypUe; J mug; G nghb jahh; nra; J FspaYf; F
gad;gLj;JNthk;. ,e;j kuj;jpd; jioia vUik khLfs;
tpUk;gp czthff; nfhs;Sk;. ,ij rhg;gpLk; vUik khl;bd;
ghy; EiuAld; nfhOg;G mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;.
,jid gRkhLfSf;Fk; jPtdkhff; nfhLf;fyhk; vd
nfhisahg;gl;b MWKfk; $Wfpwhh;. ,th; jdJ 2 fyg;gpd
gRf; f Sf; F k; Rkhh; 10 fpNyh tiu crpiy jioiaj;
jPtdkhff; nfhLj;J mjpfkhf ghy; cw;gj;jpia vLf;fpwhh;.
,e;j jio rhg;gpLk; khl;bd; ghy; nfhOg;G rj;J $bapUf;Fk;.
ghYk; ,e;j jio kzj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk;. nfhisahg;gl;bapy;
gyh; Ntg; g e; j io> fhQ; r hue; j ioia gRkhLfSf; F j;
jPtdkhff; nfhLj;J gof;fg;gLj;jp cs;sdh;.
( f. MWKfk; > nfhisahgl; b > jpUkak; > GJf; N fhl; i l)
khl;Lf;F kiyNtk;Gj; jio jPtdk;
kiy Ntk;gpy; ,uz;L tifahd ufq;fs; cs;sd.
Xd;W cUz;ilahd fha;fis nfhz;l kuk;. ,jid njd;
khtl;lq;fspy; kiy Ntk;G (Melia azadarach) Vd;W
nrhy; t h; . kw; n whU tif kpf caukhf tsUk; . ,jd;
nfhl;ilfs; Nfhitf;fha; Nghd;w ePz;l tbtkhapUf;Fk;.
,jid Jsf;f Ntk;G my;yJ rilNtk;G (Melia du-
193
bia) vd; W nrhy; Y th; . ,t; t ifahd kuk; jh; k Ghp
khtl;lj;jpy; njd;fdp Nfhl;il gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,jDila jioia gRkhLfSf;F jPtdkhff; nfhLj;jhy;
ed;F cz;Zk;.
,k; k uk; tpij %ykhf tsUk; . khdhthhpapy;
tsh; f ; f yhk; . Kjy; %d; W tUlq; f s; ,k; k uj; i j
tsutplNtz;Lk;. %d;W tUlj;jpw;F gpd;G kuj;jpd; jioia
jPtdj; j pw; f hf xbj; J g; Nghlyhk; . ,k; kuj; i j 15 mb
,ilntspapy; elyhk;. 7 tUlkhd kuj;jpw;F 3 Kok; Rw;wsT
nfhz;l gUkd; fpilf;Fk; 10 tUlkhd kuj;jpd; gUkd; 3
miu Kok; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;kuj;jpd; %yk; ngQ;R ehw;fhyp
Nghd;wit nra;a KbAk;.
,k;kuj;jpd; jioia fyg;gpd gRf;fs; tpUk;gp rhg;gpLk;.
vUik khLfs; mt; t sT rhpahf tpUk; g p vLf; f hJ. xU
khl; L f; F 10 fpNyh jioia jPtdkhff; nfhLf; f yhk; .
Ml;Lf;F 5 fpNyh tiu nfhLf;fyhk;.
,j; j ioapd; %yk; 2 gRkhLfs; tsh; f ; f Rkhh; 50
kuq;fs; elT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jioia nfhLg;gjhy; ghy;pd;
msT $Lfpd;wJ. rpid gpbf;fhj khLfSf;F fh;g;gg;ig
tsh; r ; r p nfhLj; J rpid gpbf; f cjtp nra; f pd; w J. kio
fhyj; j py; Njhd; W k; Gjpa jsph; ,iyfis jPtdkhff;
nfhLf; f f; $ lhJ. ed; F Kw; w pa ,iyfisNa nfhLf; f
Ntz;Lk;.
194
 ,k;kuj;jpd; tpijfis ehw;wq;fhypy; Mokhd 11/2
miu mb Fop Njhz;b (5-6 mb tiu mfyk;) Fg;ig> nrk;kz;
Nghd;witapl;L ePh; njspj;J te;jhy; Kisj;J tpLk;. Rkhh;
1- 2 mb tiu tsh;e;j fd;Wfs; Nth; mWglhky; gpLq;fp
kiof; fhyj;jpy; epyj;jpy; elyhk;.
(kjiy Kj; J > njd; f dpNfhl; i l> jUkGhp)
#ghGy; jio jPtdk;
#ghGy; jioiaf; nfhLg;gjhy; gRkhl;L ghypd; msTk;> ghypd;
nfhOg;Gr; rj;Jk; $Lfpd;wJ. xU ehisf;F 10 fpNyh msT
,jid NtW jPtdq; f Sld; fye; J nfhLf; f yhk; . 2
gRkhLfSf;F Rkhu; 500 kuq;fs; tsu;f;fyhk;. ,k;kuj;ij
Rkhu; 5-6 mb cauk; mile;jTld; mjw;F Nky;gFjpapy;
tsUk; jiofis ntl; b jPtdkhf khLfSf; F mspf; f
Ntz;Lk;. 40 ehl;fs; ,ilntspapy; jioia kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
ntl;b Nghlyhk;.
ee; j Nfhghy; > nfhz; N l fTz; l d; g hisak; >
nghs; s hr; r p jhYfh> Nfhit khtl; l k; .
nfhwq;fhL Nka;r;ry; epyk;
nfhwq;fhL vd;gJ <NuhL> Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lq;fspYk;>
jpz;Lf;fy;> f&u; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; rpy gFjpfspYk;
fhy; e il Nka; r ; r Yf; F tptrhapfshy; njhd; W njhl; L
ghuk;gupakhf guhkupf;fg;gLk; epykhFk;. ,j;jifa nfhwq;fhL
Kiw <NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; fhq;fak; jhYfh kw;Wk; jhuhGuk;
jhYfhtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
195
nghJthf cotu;fs; epyj;ij coT Xl;lhky; NtW ve;j
Ntshz; i kAk; nra; a hky; mg; g bNa Gw; f s; Kisf; f
tpl; L tpl; l hy; mjid nfhiw vd; W $Wthu; f s; . me; j
Kiwapy; nfhwq;fhL gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ~~nfhOf;fl;ilg;
Gy;|| jhdhf Kisj;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. mij fhy;eilfs;
tpUk; g p cz; g jhy; mjid Ntyp milj; J ghJfhj; J
te;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiw %yk; ,jw;F nfhwq;fhL vd;w
ngau; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.
nfhwq;fhL gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs;
nfhwq;fhLfspy; Kf;fpakhf nfhOf;fl;ilg; Gy; tsu;f;fg;
gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,jpy; jhjuh> nrg;G neUQ;rp> fhl;L eupg;gaW>
rTupf;nfhb Mfpait ,aw;ifahfNt Kisf;fpd;wd. NkYk;
,jpy; nty;Nty; kuk; ,aw;ifahfNt Kisf;fpwJ. ,J jtpu
Kisf;Fk; NtW Gw;fis fisahf mg;Gwg;gLj;jp tpLthu;fs;.
nfhs; S > eupg; g aW Nghd; w tw; i w nfhwq; f hl; b y;
nfhOf;fl;ilg;Gy;Yf;F CNl cotu;fs; tpijj;J mWtil
nra; J fhy; e ilfspd; czTf; F g; gad; g Lj; J fpd; w du; .
nty; N ty; kuk; fhy; e il fspd; czTf; F k; > epoYf; F k;
gad; g LtNjhly; y hky; cotu; fspd; tpw; g idf; F g;
gad;gLfpwJ.
ghJfhg; G Ntyp
xt;nthU tptrhapAk; mtutu; epyj;jpy; Xuq;fspy; Rw;wpYk;
196
fpSit Ks; i s Cd; w p tsur; nra; J nfhwq; f hl; i l gpw
fhy;e
; ilfs; te;J Nka;eJ; tplhky; ghJfhf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j
Ntypfspy; Ntg;gkuk;> CQ;ry; Nghd;w kuq;fs; Kisf;fpd;wd.
,tw;iw tpw;gidf;F jFe;j epiy tUk;NghJk; tpw;W cgup
tUkhdk; nra;fpd;wdu;. NkYk; ,f;fhLfspy; Kisf;Fk;
kpd;d kuq;fis mjd; fpisfis ntl;b MLfis milf;f
gl;b vd;w fpilNghlg; gad;gLk; juk;G Ntyp nra;a gad;gLj;J
fpd;wdu;.
xt;nthU cotUf;Fk; ruhrupahf Fiwe;jJ 5 Vf;fu; Kjy; 10
my;yJ 15 Vf;fu; tiu nfhwq;fhL Nka;rr; y; epyk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,jpy; 5 Vf;fu; Nka;rr; y; epyk; ,Ug;gjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;
mjpy; 20 nrk;kwp MLfs my;yJ 2 gR 4 fd;Wfs; my;yJ
2 vUik khLfs; tsh; g ; g h; . nfhwq; f hl; b y; NkAk;
fhy; e ilfSf; F rpid gpbf; f hj gpur; r id nghJthf
,Uf;fhJ. nfhwq;fhl;by; NkAk; khLfspd; ghy; jukhfTk;>
$LjyhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
197
gpw; n ru; f ; i f
nrk;kwp ML guhkupg;gpy; %ypif
itj; j pak;
- Flw;GO kUe;J nfhLj;jy;
- ePyehf;F Neha;f;F kUe;J
nfhLj;jy;
- krhyh cUz;il nfhLj;jy;
Kd; D iu
nrk; k wp ML tsh; g ; G ,d; W Vio vspa kf; f Sf; F ey; y
tUkhdk; jUk; njhopyhf cs;sJ. fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf
twl;rpahd gFjpapy; my;yJ fhy;eil tsu;g;ig KO Neuj;
njhopyhf nfhz; l tu; f Sf; F nrk; k wp ML tsu; g ; G
tho; t hjhuj; i j mspj; J tUfpwJ. nrk; k wp ML
tptrhapfSf;F cgup tUkhdk; jUk; njhopyhfTk;> KONeu
fpilf;fhuu;fSf;F Fyj;njhopyhfTk; cs;sJ. jkpo;ehl;by;
nrk; k wp Ml; L ,dq; ; f spy; Kf; f pakhf ~~ntk; g +u; ,dk;
J}j;Jf;Fb tpUJefh; khtl;lq;fspYk;> ~~fPof;fupry; ,dk;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYk;> ~~Nkr;Nrup ,dk; Nryk;> <NuhL
khtl; l q; ; f spYk; ~~fr; r f; f l; b fUg; G ,dk; kJiu
khtl;lj;jpYk;> ~~FWk;ig ,dk; Nfhit khtl;lj;jpYk;
kw;Wk; ~~,uhkhehjGuk; nts;is ,dk; njd; khtl;lq;fspy;
gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ehl;L ,dq;f ; isg; guhkupj;J
tUgtu;fspilNa nrk;kwp MLfs; jpBnud ,we;JtpLk;. ,J
Fwpg;ghf kiy fhyj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. nrk;kwp
198
MLfSf; F fpilf; f huu; f s; kUe; J filapy; epy; t h; k ;
my;yJ my;ngd;lNrhy; Nghd;w Flw;GO ePf;f kUe;ij
thq;fp gad;gLj;Jthu;fs;. ,k;kUe;J nfhLj;j ehspy; ML
fpuf;fkhf ,Ue;J gpd;dh; njspAk;.
,J Nghd; w rkaj; j py; nrk; k wp MLfis ,aw; i fahd
Kiwapy; ed;F guhkhpj;J Neha; tuhky; ghJfhf;f top
apUf;fpwjh vd;W ghh;jj ; hy; topfs; epr;rak; cz;L vd $wj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. Rfhjhu Kiwapy; guhkhpg;G Kiwfs;> kiof;
fhyj;jpy; Gw;fspy; cs;s ePh;j;Jsp fha;e;jgpd; rw;W Neuk;
jho;j
; j
; p Nka;rr; Yf;F nfhz;L nry;Yjy;> Rj;jkhd ePh; Fbf;f
tpLjy; > fl; L j; j iuia Rj; j khf itj; j y; > ,utpy; rpy
ehl;fs;py; ,lk; khw;wp mkh;j;Jjy; Nghd;wd filgpbj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;. ,it jtpu Neha; tUk; Kd; ,aw;if top jPh;T ;
Kiwahd %ypif kUe; J nfhLf; F k; ghuk; g hpa topapy;
guhkhpg;gJ jw;rkak; mhpjhf cs;sJ. ,isa jiyKiwf;F
%ypif itj;jp;ak; nra;tJ njhpahky; cs;sJ my;yJ ,jpy;
ek;gpf;ifAk; ,y;iy. vspa top jPh;T Kiwfis ifahStij
vLj;Jf; $w ahUk; Kd;tutpy;iy.
fhy; e il kUj; J tf; fy; Y hhp ghlj; j pl; l j; j pYk; Mq; f py
kUe;J %yk; jPh;TfhZk; Kiw kl;Lk; cs;sJ. ~~Nrth
njhz;L epWtdk; fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; rpy mDgtkpf;f tajpy;
Kjph; e ; j fhy; e il %ypif itj; j pah; f spd; itj; j pa
mDgtq;fis njhFj;J te;Js;sJ. ,e;j mDgtq;;fis
,isajiyKiwapdUf;Fk;> tptrhapfSf;Fk; vLj;Jf; $wp
,jd; %yk; nrk;kwp ML njhopy; el;lk; Vw;glhky; Fwpg;ghf
jpBnud nrk;kwp MLfSf;F ,wg;G Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f Xh;
Muha;rr; pia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; gb nrk;kwp ML guhkhpg;gpy;
Flw;gO kUe;J nfhLj;jy;> krhyh cUz;il nfhLj;jy;>
199
ePyehf;F Neha;f;F kUe;J nfhLj;jy; ,itfspy; cz;lhd
mDgtj;ij gfph;e;J nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwhk;.
Flw;GO kUe;J nfhLj;jy;
<NuhL khtl;lj;jpy; ey;yhk;ghisak; fpuhkj;jpYk;> kJiu
khtl;lj;jpy; fr;rf;fl;b fpuhkj;jpYk;> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy;
ntk; g +h; > nkl; b y; g l; b > fPof; f ue; i j> Nkyf; f ue; i j>
gl;bNjtd;gl;b> khtpypg;gl;b fpuhkq;fspy; 72 tptrhapfs;
my;yJ ML guhkhpj;J tUk; egh;fisj; Njh;T nra;Njhk;.
,th;fsplk; 2385 nrk;kwp MLfs; cs;sd. nkhj;jk; 2385
nrk;kwp MLfSf;F khjk; xUKiw %ypif jput kUe;Jk;>
mLj;j khjk; krhyh cUz;il vd;w Kiwapy; khwp khwp;
nfhLj;J te;Njhk;.
kUe;J nfhLj;j Kiw
1Kjy; khjk; (Vg;uy; 08) - Flw;GO %ypif kUe;J
nfhLj;jy;
2 tJ khjk; (Nk 08) - krhyh cUz;il mspj;jy;
3 tJ khjk; ([{d; 08 ) - Flw;GO %ypif kUe;J
mspj;jy;
4 tJ khjk; ([{iy 08 ) -krhyh cUz;il mspj;jy;
5 tJ khjk; (Mf];l; 08)- Flw;GO %ypif kUe;J
nfhLj;jy;
6 tJ khjk; (nrg;lk;gh; 08) - krhyh cUz;il mspj;jy;
200
Flw;GO kUe;J jahh; nra;jy; kUe;J nfhLj;j Kiw rhzj;jpy; GO Fiwe;j rjtPjk;
Flw; G O kUe; i j <NuhL khtl; l k; fUf; f k; g hisak;
fpuhkj; j pYs; s jpU. nry; y Kj; J mth; f splkpUe; J ey; y hk; g hisak; ntk; g +h;
fiuryhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk;. nry;yKj;J Flw;GO kUe;ij %ypif kUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;l ML 73. 65% 88.64%
fPo;fz;lthW jahhpj;J nfhLf;fpwhh;.
~ngd;gz;Nlhry;| nfhLf;fg;gl;l ML 94.18% 78. 87%
kUe;J nghUl;fs; msT
gPehhp rq;F
; nrb 1 fpNyh MLfSf;F krhyh cUz;il mspj;j tptuk;
vUf;fis 1 fpNyh
Ntg;gq;nfhl;il 1 fpNyh Nrth fsg;gzpahsh;fs; %yk; MLfSf;F ngUney;ypf;fha;
Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio 1 fpNyh msT krhy; cUz;ilfs; jahh; nra;ag;gl;L Xh; Ml;Lf;F Xh;
nehr;rp jio 1 fpNyh cUz;il vd mLj;jLj;j khjk; ( 2 khjq;f; Sf;F xU Kiw)
Nghlg;gl;lJ.
xt;nthd;Wk; 1 klq;F ; vd;w tpfpj;jpy; vLj;J Nru;jJ
; Ml;b
rhW vLj;J tbfl;b itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;. ,e;j %ypif
fiuriy ML> khLfSf; F Flw; G O ePf; f kUe; j hff; krhy; cUz;il jahh; nra;Ak; tpjk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. nrk;kwp MLfSf;F (tsh;e;j ML) 30 fz;lq;fj;jphp> rpWJk;ig> Fg;igNkdp> tPyp> ngUe;Jk;ig>
kp.yp.> Fl;bfSf;F 10 kp.yp. vd;w mstpy; fhiyapy; ntWk; crpiy> Jsrp> Mthuk; g + tpuhyp> %q; ; f py; ,iy>
tapw;wpy; Cw;w ntz;Lk;. Gspak;gpuz;il> Jj;jp> KRKRf;if> nfhSQ;rp> kQ;rzj;jp>
rpy MLfSf;F Mq;f ; py kUe;jhd ngd;gz;Nlhry kl;Lk; Ntypg;gUj;jp> epyNtk;G> nfha;ah nfhOe;J ; ,iy> ntw;wpiy
( xU Ml; b w; F 10 kp.yp. tpfpjk; ) nfhLf; f g; g l; l J. rpy Mfpatw;wpy; tiff;F 50 fpuhk; (xU ifg;gpb msT) vLj;Jf;
MLfSf;F ve;j tpj kUe;Jk; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. nfhz;L ed;whf ,bf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpg;gpyp> rPufk;> Nrhk;G>
Nkw;$wg;gl;l 3 tif gphpT MLfspypUe;Jk; rhzk; khjphp ngUq;fhak;> thy; kpsF> Rf;F> kpsF> kpsfha;tw;wy;> frfrh>
ngwg; g l; L rhzpapy; GOf; f s; cs; s dth vd; W Nrhjid ,ytq; f k; > nte; ; j ak; > Xkk; > ky; y p> khtpyq; ; f k; g l; i l
nra;ag;gl;lJ. MLfs; Nka;gG; j;j ; d;ikaAk;> NghLk; GOf;ifAk; Mfpatw;iw tiff;F 10 fpuhk; vLj;J ,bf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghh; f ; f g; g l; l J. gpd; d h; Nrhjid KbT fPo; f ; f z; l thW ,itfSld; thiog;G 1> fy; mj;jpf;fha; 100 fpuhk;> Nrhw;W
,Ue;jJ. fw;whio fpNyh> gpuz;il fpNyh> rpWntq;fhak;
fpNyh> Njq;fha; 1> nts;isg+z;L 100 fpuhk;> nfhy;yq;Nfhit
fpoq;F 100 fpuhk;> nty;yk; 100 fpuhk; ,itfis ePh; Cw;whky;

201 202
nkhj; j khf Ml; b cUz; i lfshf; f p itj; J f; nfhs; s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;;j cUz;ilfs; xt;nthd;Wk; Rkhh; 100 fpuhk;
msT ,Uf; F khW gpbf; f Ntz; L k; . MLfSf; F k; >
fd; W fSf; F k; 50 fpuhk; msT cUz; i lfshf gpbj; J
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;;j cUz;ilfis kQ;rs; Jhspy;
cUl;b vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid 4 ehl;fs; tiu nflhky;
itj;jpUf;fyhk;. fhy;eilfSf;F fhiy khiy 3 ehl;fs;
tiu nfhLj;J tuyhk;. ,J khLfspd; ,isg;G> milg;ghd;>
tapw;Wf; fpUkp Mfpatw;iw ePf;fg; gad;gLk;. krhy; cUz;il
nfhLj;j gpd;G FbePh; NghJkhd msT Fbf;ff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. FbePh; Fbj;j gpd;Gk; NkYk; ePh;; Fbf;f ehf;fpy;
Nrhj;J cg;ig Nja;jJ ; tpl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;qdk; 2-3 ehl;fs;
njhlh;e;J nra;J tu Ntz;Lk;. (krhy; cUz;il jahupf;Fk;
Kiwia kJiu khtl;lk; jpUkq;fyk; jhYfh> Nky cug;gD}u;
fpuhkj;jpYs;s itj;jpau; %f;fd; mtu;fsplkpUe;J gofpf;
nfhz; N lhk; . ,k; K iwia filgpbj; J ,Jtiu Rkhh;
15>000-j;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ML> khLfSf;F nfhLj;J ey;y
gyd; ngw;wij ehq;fs; ghh;j;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. Nrth %yk;
nfhLj;j gapw;rpapy; gy khzth;fSf;F ,jid fw;Wf;nfhLj;J
mth;fSk; jq;f ; s; ,lq;fspy; nfhLj;J ghh;jj
; jpy; ey;y gyd;
fpilj;jij njuptpj;Js;sdu;).
krhy; cUz;il jug;gl;l MLfspd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;lwpjy;
rhj;Jhhpy; cs;s muR Ml;Lg; gz;izapy; 3 - 4 khj nrk;kwp
Ml;Lf; Fl;bfSf;F krhyh cUz;il jug;gl;lJ ([{iy -
Mf];l; 08). krhy; cUz;il jug;gl;l MLfspy; cly; vil
rw;W $Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. Xh; Ml;bw;F
rPikf;fUNty; tpijfis mstpw;fjpfkhf jpd;W tpl;ljhy;
tapW Cjptpl;lJ. ,e;j Ml;bw;F 3 krhyh cUz;il ju 1
203
kzp Neuj;jpy; tapW Cjy; rhpahfptpl;lJ.
KbTiu
%ypif Flw;GO ePf;f kUe;Jk;> krhyh cUz;ilAk; 2385
nrk; k wp MLfSf; F 6 khjq; ; f s; khwp khwp khje; N jhWk;
nfhLf; f g; g l; l J. ,jw; F 72 nrk; k wp ML tsh; f ; F k;
tptrhapfs; my;yJ fpilf;fhuh;fs; xj;Jiog;ig ey;fpdh;.
,e; j Muha; r ; r p <NuhL khtl; l j; j pYs; s jhuhGuk; gFjp
ey;yhk;ghisak; fpuhkj;jpYk;> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; GJ}h;
tl;lk; ntk;g+h; gFjpapYk; Vg;uy; 08 Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 08 tiu
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd;gb fPo;f;fz;l KbTfis
vLj;J fhl;bAs;Nshk;.
%ypif kUe; J > krhyh cUz; i l jug; g l; l
MLfs; ed;whf Nka;rr; iy vLj;jd> RWRWg;ghff;
fhzg;gl;ld> ngUQ;rhzp Nghl;L fopahky; GOf;if
Nghl;ld.
kUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;l MLfspy; ePyehf;F Neha;>
jiu fopr; r y; > ntf; i f Neha; > Js; S khhp>
Ml;lk;ik> fhy;fhiz> tha;ff ; hiz Neha; Nghd;w
Neha; vJTk; jhf;fg;gltpy;iy.
0 Flw; G O kUe; i j vspjpy; tptrhapfs; my; y J
Ml;Lf;fhuh;fNs jahhpf;fyhk;. nehr;rp> Ntk;G> vUf;fis>
Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio> gPehhpr;rq;;F xt;nthd;Wk; rkgq;F vLj;J
Ml;b tbfl;b itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
0 Mq;fpy kUe;ij Flw;GO ePf;fj;jpw;fhf jUk; rkak; nta;apy;
fhyq;;fspy; kaf;f epiyia cz;lhf;Fk;. kUe;jpd; msT
mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpl;lhy; ,wg;G cz;lhFk; tha;gG; z;L.
,j;jifa tpghPjk; %ypif kUe;jpw;F cz;lhfhJ.
204
0 Mq;fpy kUe;J gad;gLj;Jk; rkak; nrk;kwp Ml;L
khkprj;jpy; urhadg;nghUs; Njq;Fk; tha;gG; z;L. ,J ,iwr;rp
cz;gtu; cly; eyj;jpw;F CW tpistpf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w
epiyik %ypif kUe;ij cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; rkak; Vw;glhJ.
0 Mq;fpy kUe;jhd my;ngd;lNrhy;> ngd;gz;lNrhy;
nghd;wtw;iw njhlh;eJ
; nfhLj;Jtu Flw;gOf;fSf;F vjph;gG;
rf;jpia mspj;J kUe;J gadpy;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;. Mdhy;
%ypif kUe;JfSf;F ,Jtiu vjph;g;G rf;jp cz;lhfpa
epiyik Vw;gl;ljpy;iy.
ed; w p
,e; j Muha; r ; r pf; F nrd; i d fhy; e il kUj; J tf;
fy;YhhpapYs;s fhy;eil cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik Jiw
cjtp nra;jJ. ,jw;fhd Muha;r;rp epjp cjtpia kJiu
~~lhlhjhd; mfhlkp
mfhlkp toq;;fp Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;s
%y fhuhzkhapUe;jJ.
205
VII. khL rpidgpbj;jij vspa Kiwapy; fz;lwpjy;
rhjhuzkhf xU gR my; y J vUikia rpidf; F Crp
my;yJ fhisf;F Nghl;l gpd;du; rpid gpbj;Js;sjh vd;gij
fz;Lnfhs;s Mu;tkha; fhj;jpUg;Nghk;. eilKiwapy; xU
fhy;eil kUj;Jtiu my;yJ cjtpahsiu mZfp iftpl;L
ghu;ff
; r; nrhy;fpNwhk;. ,jw;F gjpyhf fu;gg;igf;Fs; iftpl;L
ghu;f;fhkNyna vq;qdk; Nrhjpf;fyhk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; gy
tUlq;fshf Muha;r;rp nra;j jpUkjp tPzh vd;w ngz;kzp
jhd; ntw;wpfukf Nrhjid nra;jijf; $Wfpwhu;.
vfpg;J ehl;by; ,NaR gpwg;gjw;F 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du;
mq;F cs;s gpukpLfspy; gpspz;lu;]; gPl;lup vd;gtu; %yk;
fz; L gpbf; f g; g l; l xU Xiyr; Rtbapy; ngz; f s;
fUTw;wpUg;gij vq;qdk; fz;lwptJ vd;w tptuj;ij jpUkjp.
tPzh fhz Neupl;lJ. ,jd;gb fUTw;w ngz;kzpapd; rpWePiu
ghu;yp> NfhJik tpijfspy; njspj;J Kisf;ftpl Ntz;Lk;.
tpij Kisg; G j; jpwd; kw; W k; ehw; W caukhf ed; F
tsu;rr; paile;jhy; fUTw;wpUf;fpwhu; vd;Wk;> ghu;yp ehw;W rw;W
tsu;rr; p $Ljyhf fhzg;gl;lhy; ngz; rpRthfTk;> NfhJik
ehw;W $Ljyhd tsu;rr; pAld; fhzg;gl;lhy; Mz; rpRthfTk;
,Uf;Fkhk;. ,Nj Kiwia gad;gLj;jp khLfspy; rpid
gpbj; j pUg; g ijf; fhzNt tPzh Muha; r ; r p Nkw; n fhz; l hu; .
khLfspy; rpidgpbj;jpUg;gijf; filgpbf;f fPo;f;fz;lthW
Nrhjid nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpidf;Fg; Nghl;l 25 - 30 ehl;fs;
fopj;J khl;bd; rpWePu; (Nfhkpak;) gpbj;J ,ij 4 gq;F ePupy;
fye;J xU fz;zhb Ftisapy; cs;s NfhJik my;yJ
Nrhsk; my;yJ ghrpg;gaW tpijfspy; Cw;wp Kisf;f itf;f
206
Ntz;Lk;. kw;nwhU fz;zhb Ftisapy; ntWk; jz;zPu;
kl;Lk; njspj;J Kisf;f tpl Ntz;Lk;. 3tJ Ftisapy;
rpid gpbf;fhj khl;bd; Nfhkpak; vLj;J 4 klq;F ePu; Nru;jJ
;
tpijf;fhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpijfspy; njspj;J Kisf;ftpl
Ntz;Lk;. Rkhu; 3-5 ehl;fs; fopj;J tpijapd; Kisg;Gj; jpwd;
kw;Wk; ehw;wpd; tsu;rr; p mjhtJ cauk; ,itfisf; nfhz;L
rpid mile;jij epu;zak; nra;ayhk;.
rpid gpbj;j khl;bd; Nfhkpaj;jpy; Kisg;Gj; jpwd; XusT
Fiwe; J k; > ehw; w pd; tsu; r ; r p Fd; w pAk; ,Uf; F k; . ntWk;
jz; z Pupy; tsu; f ; f g; g l; l tpijfspd; Kisg; G jpwd; ;
$LjyhfTk; (80 %) ehw; W tsu; r ; r pAk; $LjyhfTk;
,Uf; F k; . rpidgpbf; f hj khl; b ypUe; J Nrfupf; f g; g l; l
Nfhkpaj; j py; tsu; f ; f g; g l; l ehw; W f; f s; Rkhuhd eLj; j u
Kisg;Gj; jpwDk; (50%) eLj;ju tsu;rr; pAlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
,e;j Nrhjidia ehd; Rkhu; 200 rpid khLfSf;F Nrhjpj;Jg;
ghu; j ; J cWjp nra; J s; N sd; . ,e; j Kiwiag; gad; g Lj; j p
vUik> MLfspYk; rpidgpbj;jij cWjp nra;a KbAk;.

Address:Smt . Veena, Dept. Veterinary Biochemistry,

Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560 024
Ph: (R) 080- 23636412 ; (o) 55345278 (Extn.206)
veenahabilis@rediffmail.com

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