TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

HCM
KHOA IN IN T

VT LIU K THUT IN

TI:

TN HAO IN MI

(DIELECTRIC LOSS)

GHVD : TS. Phm nh Anh Khi

SVTH : Nhm 4 Lp BK13HTD

TP.HCM, THNG 3 NM 2016

2

MC LC
1 Khi qut v tn hao in mi............................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Khi nim tn hao in mi .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Tc hi ca tn hao in mi ........................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Dng tn hao in mi................................................................................................................... 1
1.3.1 Tn hao in mi trong in p DC .................................................................................. 1
1.3.2 Tn hao in mi trong in p AC .................................................................................. 1
1.4 Tn hao in mi trong cc s thay th .................................................................................. 2
2 Cc nguyn nhn gy tn hao in mi ............................................................................................... 4

2.1 Tn hao in mi do dng in r ................................................................................................ 4

2.2 Tn hao in mi o phn cc...................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Tn hao in mi do ion ha......................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Tn hao in mi do cu to khng ng nht ........................................................................... 6
3 Hng s in mi ................................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Khi nim ....................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 c im ......................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Hng s in mi trong cht kh .................................................................................................. 8
3.4 Hng s in mi trong cht lng ................................................................................................. 8
3.5 Hng s in mi trong cht rn .................................................................................................. 8
3.6 Quan h gia hng s in mi v cc yu t khc .................................................................... 9
3.6.1 Tn s................................................................................................................................... 9
3.6.2 Nhit .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.6.3 p sut ............................................................................................................................... 10
3.6.4 m ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.6.5 in p ............................................................................................................................... 10
4 Quan h gia tan v cc yu t khc ............................................................................................... 11

4.1 Quan h gia tan v nhit .................................................................................................... 11

4.2 Quan h gia tan v tn s in trng .................................................................................. 11
4.3 Quan h gia tan v m khng kh ..................................................................................... 12
4.4 Quan h gia tan v in p ..................................................................................................... 12
5 Cc phng php o tn hao in mi .............................................................................................. 12

5.1 Cu o Schering ........................................................................................................................... 13

5.2 Cu o Wagner ............................................................................................................................ 14
6 Tn hao in mi trong cht kh ........................................................................................................ 14
 6.1 Ion ha cht kh ........................................................................................................................... 14
6.2 in dn ........................................................................................................................................ 14
7 Tn hao in mi trong cht lng ...................................................................................................... 15

8 Tn hao in mi trong cht rn ....................................................................................................... 16

8.1 Tn hao in mi c cu to phn t ......................................................................................... 16

8.2 Tn hao in mi c cu to ion ................................................................................................. 17
8.3 Tn hao in mi trong in mi xecnhet ................................................................................. 18
8.4 Tn hao in mi trong cht rn c cu to khng ng nht ................................................ 18

Ph lc: Mt s thut ng ting Anh Vit

STT T (Cm t) ting Anh T (Cm t) ting Vit

1 Dielectric loss Tn hao in mi
2 Solid Cht rn
3 Liquid Cht lng
4 Gas Cht kh
5 Nonpolar Khng phn cc
6 Friction S ma st
 1

1 Khi qut v tn hao in mi

1.1 Khi nim tn hao in mi

Khi in trng tc ng ln in mi, trong in mi xy ra qu trnh dch chuyn cc in tch

t do v in tch rng buc khi trong in trng xut hin dng in dn v dng in phn
cc chng tc ng ln in mi, lm cho in mi nng ln v truyn nhit vo in mi. Nh
vy, tn hao in mi l phn nng lng tn ra trong in mi trn 1 n v thi gian lm cho
in mi nng ln khi c in trng tc ng.

1.2 Tc hi ca tn hao in mi

Khi in mi c tn hao in mi ln th nhit pht nng trong in mi tng dn ln, n mt

lc no vt qu mc cho php s lm cho in mi b phn hu nhit v in mi b mt tnh
cht cch in, m ta gi l phng in do nhit gy nn.

Nu in p t ln in mi khng ln to nn nng qu mc cho php do tn hao in

mi gy ra th trong trng hp ny tn tht in mi vn a n nhng tc hi nghim trng
nh lm tng in dn ca in mi, cc tham s ca vt liu thay i, s mch in cng thay
i

Tn tht in mi lin quan cht ch vi hng s in mi, thng thng nu hng s in mi

ln th tn tht in mi cng ln.

Ngoi ra, tn tht in mi cn c th c xc nh thng qua sut tn hao, l gi tr cng

sut tn trong 1 n v th tch hoc sut tn hao.

1.3 Dng tn hao in mi

1.3.1 Tn hao in mi trong in p DC

Trong in mi khng c s phn cc theo chu k, nn nng lng tiu hao ch do gy nn,
ngha l cht lng ca vt liu xc nh bng tr sut b mt v khi lng ca vt liu .
2
2
= =

1.3.2 Tn hao in mi trong in p AC

Trong in p AC th ngoi trong in mi cn c phn c gy nn. Do phi dung cc t

tnh khc xc nh vt liu cch in.

= . = = .
U
-Trong : IC = X . tan = U. . C
C
2
=> P = U . . C. tan
2

Gc tn hao ( = 90o - ) l tham s quan trng ca in mi.

Gc tn hao cng ln th tn hao cng ln. Thng thng gi tr tan c cho trc, tan cht
lng cao c gi tr khong 0,001 thm ch bng 0,0001 dng s dng tn s cao. Cn vt
liu cht lng km hn th tan hng phn trm hoc cao hn na dng tn s thp.
IR
tan =
IC
Ta nhn thy cng sut tn tht t l thun vi tan, do vy tan c gi l h s tn tht
cng sut.

Trong trng hp l tng, s sm pha hn

mt gc = 90 , = 0, = 0 (khng sinh
ra tn hao in mi P cng ln khi cng b).

1.4 Tn hao in mi trong cc s thay th

Khi t in p ln in mi, trong in mi thng xut hin ba loi dng in, l: dng in
r (Ir), dng in chuyn dch do phn cc nhanh (Icd) v dng in hp th do phn cc chm
(Iht). Nh vy:
I = Ir + Icd + Iht
Khi in mi t di in p 1 chiu, th dng in phn cc ch xy ra khi ng hay ngt ngun
in, cho nn tn hao in mi ch yu l do dng in r (Ir) gy nn. Nhng khi in p l
xoay chiu, dng in phn cc v dng in r c sut trong thi gian t in p. Khi tn
hao in mi va do dng in r v va do dng in phn cc gy nn.

Da vo tnh cht trn, trong tnh ton ta c th thay th in mi bng s mc song song in
tr v in dung v biu vect gia in p v dng in

Do yu cu v mc ch tnh ton, in mi c tn hao c th biu din bng cc s thay th

hoc song, hoc ni tip 1 t in vi 1 in tr tng ng. Trong thc t:

Khi c in p cn phi tnh dng in IR v IC, ta dng s song song.

Khi c dng in cn phi tnh in p UR v UC, ta dng s ni tip.

a) S thay th in mi b) Biu vect gia in p v dng in

 3

S thay th in mi gm 2 thnh phn in dung C v in tr R. Cc s thay th c

chn phi tho mn 2 iu kin:

Cng sut tn hao trong s phi bng cng sut tiu hao trong in mi
Gc lch pha gia dng in v in p ca s phi bng gc lch pha trong thc
t in mi khi c cng in p v tn s.

Nh vy: tans = tanthc t

Tn ti 2 s n gin l s u song song 2 phn t R//, C// v s ni tip 2 phn t Cnt,
Rnt
Trong s mc song song R// vi C// ta c:
IR 1 g
tan = = =
IC C R b

1
vi: g = ; b = C

R// Cnt Rnt

C//

IR = u/R// I

1
uC = Cnt
I
uR = IRn
IC = UC//


u
u

S mc song song R// vi C// S mc ni tip Rnt vi Cnt

Nh vy y tan s gim i khi tn s tng ln. Cng sut tn hao c tnh:

P// = U.I.cos = U2.g = U2.b.tan = U2..C.tan
s mc ni tip Cnt vi Rnt ta c:
UR Rnt 1
tan = = .Cnt.Rnt = vi Xnt =
UC Xnt Cnt

Cng sut tn hao trong s ny c tnh:

Pnt = U2..C.tan = I2.Rnt
T iu kin tng ng ca 2 s P// = Pnt = P v tans = tanthc t , khi cn chuyn i s
ni tip sang s song song hay ngc li th cc tham s in dung v in tr c tnh
bng cng thc chuyn i sau:
4

Cnt 1
C// = v R// = Rnt.(1 + )
1+ tan2 tan2

2 Cc nguyn nhn gy tn hao in mi

2.1 Tn hao in mi do dng in r

Trong in mi k thut bao gi cng cha cc in tch v in t t do. Di tc dng ca in

trng cc in tch k trn s tham gia vo dng in dn v to nn dng in r. Trong in
mi rn c dng in r i trn b mt v trong khi in mi, cn in mi kh v lng ch c
dng in khi. Nu dng in r ln th tn hao trong in mi c tr s ng k. Tr s tang ca
gc tn hao in mi trong trng hp ny c th tnh theo cng thc:
1,8.1012
tan =
.f.

Trong : f - tn s ca in trng [Hz]

- in tr sut [.cm]
Tn hao dng ny ph thuc vo tn s ca in trng.

Tan gim theo quy lut hyperbolic khi tn s tng

Khi nhit tng ln, in dn ca in mi s tng theo quy lut hm s m, do vy tn hao

in mi cng tng theo quy lut ny:
b
PT = A.e( t )
Trong A v b l cc hng s ca vt liu. Hoc ta c:
Pt = Poet
Trong : Pt - tn hao cng sut nhit toC
Po - tn tht nhit 20oC
- hng s m ca vt liu
t - nhit [oC]

2.2 Tn hao in mi o phn cc

Dng tn hao in mi ny thy r cc cht c phn cc chm: trong cc in mi c cu to

lng cc v in mi c cu to ion rng buc khng cht ch.

Tn hao in mi do phn cc chm c gy nn bi s ph hu chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn

t di tc ng ca cng in trng. S ph hu ny lm pht sinh nng lng tiu tn v
in mi b pht nng.

Tn hao in mi trong cc in mi cc tnh tng theo tn s ca in p t ln in mi v biu

hin r rt nht tn s v tuyn v tn s siu cao. Khi cc tn s cao, tn hao in mi c tr
s ln ti mc ph hu vt liu. Do vy, khng nn dng in mi cc tnh mnh tn s cao
trong k thut in.
 5

Quan h ca tan vi nhit ca cc in mi cc tnh c gi tr cc i 1 nhit no c

trng cho mi loi vt liu. nhit ny thi gian phn cc chm ca phn t in mi gn
trng vi chu k bin i ca in trng xoay chiu t ln in mi. Nu nhit c tr s cao
cho thi gian phn cc chm ca phn t ln hn thi gian na chu k bin i in p xoay chiu
mt cch ng k, th chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t s yu i v tn hao in mi gim. Nu
nhit c tr s cao cho thi gian phn cc lng cc nh hn thi gian na chu k bin i ca
in p xoay chiu mt cch ng k th cng chuyn ng nhit s ln, mi lin kt gia cc
phn t gim, do tn hao in mi cng gim.

Tn hao in mi trong cht xcnht lin quan ti hin tng phn cc ngu nhin (phn cc t
pht). Do tn hao in mi xcnht c tr s ng k nhit thp hn im Quyri. Tn hao
in mi dng ny tng theo tn s ca in p t ln in mi. nhit cao hn im Quyri,
tn tht nng lng trong in mi xcnht gim xung. S ho gi v in theo thi gian ca in
mi xcnht cng lm gim tn hao in mi.

Trong cc loi in mi c tn hao do phn cc cn phi k n hin tng gi l tn hao cng

hng biu hin tn s nh sng. Dng tn hao ny thy r trong 1 s cht kh khi 1 tn s xc
nh c s hp th nng lng in trng. Tn hao cng hng cng c th xy ra cht rn khi
tn s dao ng cng bc do in trng gy nn trng vi tn s dao ng ring ca cc ht
cht rn. S tn ti im cc i trong quan h tan vi tn s cng c trng cho c c ch cng
hng, nhng trong trng hp ny nhit khng nh hng n v tr im cc i.

2.3 Tn hao in mi do ion ha

Tn hao in mi do ion ho xy ra trong cc im mi trng thi kh. Dng tn hao ny xut

hin trong cc in trng khng ng nht khi cng in trng cao hn tr s bt u ion
ho ca loi kh .

V d: khng kh xung quanh dy dn ca ng dy ti in trn khng in p cao, u cc

ca cc thit b cao p, bt kh trong in mi rn hoc lng khi chu n p cao,...

Tn hao do ion ho c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

Pi = A.f.(U - Uo)3
Trong : A - hng s
f - tn s ca in trng
U - in p t vo
Uo - in p tng ng vi im bt u ion ho
Tr s in p ion ho Uo ca cc cht kh khc nhau th cng khc nhau. Tr s ny ph thuc vo
p sut cht kh khi p sut tng tr s in p bt u ion ho tng.

Qu trnh ion ho cc phn t kh s tip thu 1 nng lng in trng lm cho nhit in mi
kh tng ln v sinh ra tn hao ion ho. Khi b ion ho trong cht kh c thm nhiu in tch v
in t t do lm cho in dn cht kh tng ln, chng gp phn to nn tn hao mi.
6

Mt iu ng ch v quan tm l trong khng kh c cha xy (O2). Khi b ion ho O2 bin

thnh O3 (zn), n kt hp vi nit v nc thnh axit nitric (HNO3). Nu qu trnh ion ho lin
tc th nng axit HNO3 s tng ln c th gy nn s n mn ho hc ca vt liu v lm cho
thi gian phc v ca vt liu gim i.

2.4 Tn hao in mi do cu to khng ng nht

Loi tn hao ny c rt nhiu ngha trong thc t, v vt liu cch in ca cac thit b in
thng c cu trc khng ng nht. Do tnh cht a dng v cu trc v thnh phn ca vt liu
cch in, nn khng th c 1 cng thc chung tnh ton tn hao in mi ny.

Trong trng hp n gin nht c th hnh dung in mi khng ng nht di dng 2 lp ni

tip nhau.

Tr s in dung tng ng C1 v C2 ph thuc vo hng s in mi ca cc lp ny v kch

thc hnh hc ca chng. in tr R1 v R2 c xc nh bi in tr sut v kch thc hnh
hc in mi cc lp.

a) S in mi mc ni tip b) S ng tr thay th in mi
Phn tch s (b) c th ch ra i lng tan c xc nh bi cng thc:
2 n+m
tan =
M+ 2 N
Trong : m = R 1 + R2
n = C22 R22 R1 + C12 R21 R 2
M = C1R21 + C2R22
 7

N = C22 R22 C1 R21 + C12 R21 C2 R22

Trong trng hp nu R1, R2, C1 v C2 khng ph thuc vo
tn s, tn hao ch do in dn gy nn, th sau khi ly o
hm tan v cho n bng 0 gii, ta c biu thc m t
thy r rng tan c cc tiu v cc i trong quan h ca tan
vo tn s. Gi tr cc i ca tan quan st thy tn s 2 :

Mn3Nm+
2 =
2Nn

Cc tiu tn s 1 :

Mn3Nm
1 =
2Nn

Trong : = (Mn - 3Nm)2 - 4MNmn

Tr s tan ca in mi nhiu lp khi cc lp mc ni tip c th tnh bng cng thc:
N
i=2 Ci .tani
tan = N
i=1 Ci

Trong : tan h s tn hao in mi ca cc lp tng ng vi tn s cho.

3 Hng s in mi

3.1 Khi nim

Hng s in mi hay cn gi l in thm tng i, l mt i lng phc.

K hiu: =

Trong :
: l phn thc v l i lng phn nh tn hao, c tnh nh sau:

= vi l in thm ca mi trng;

109
l in thm ca chn khng v bng 36

: phn o v c tnh bng:
. , .
=

Vi: l in dn sut tch cc ca in mi in p xoay chiu:
= . ..tan [simen/m]
f l tn s [Hz]

3.2 c im

c trng cho cht lng in mi v cho tnh cht in ca mi trng v l i lng

8

khng c n v.

Ph thuc vo:
Nhit
p sut
m
Tnh cht ca in mi
Cu trc tinh th ca vt liu
Cu trc in t ca nguyn t
Cng in trng trong in mi
Khng ph thuc vo:
in trng ngoi
ln v khong cch gia cc in tch

3.3 Hng s in mi trong cht kh

Cc cht kh c mt phn t rt nh nn s phn cc ca cht kh khng ng k v hng s

in mi gn bng 1.
1 .
T phng trnh Claudiut-Mxpchi: = suy ra c cng thc sau:
+2 3.0
. .
= 1+ = 1+
0 ..0
Trong :

N = .: mt phn t
P: p sut (atm)
T: nhit mi trng(oK)
: h s phn cc
K = 1,38.10-23 (J/oK) hng s Boltzmann

3.4 Hng s in mi trong cht lng

in mi lng trung tnh: hng s vo khong 2-2.5, ch ph thuc vo nhit m khng ph

thuc vo p sut v tn s.

in mi lng cc tnh: thng dng phng trnh Claudiut-Mxpchi xc nh

1 N m20
= (e + )
+2 3. 0 3. K. T

3.5 Hng s in mi trong cht rn

in mi rn rt a dng v cu trc v thnh phn nn hng s in mi c gi tr ln v nm

trong di rng.
 9

Gm: in mi rn trung ha, in mi rn c kt cu tinh th ion, in mi rn hu c cc tnh,

in mi rn c cu to khng ng nht, in mi xenhitTrong , in mi rn trung ha c
nh nht.

Hng s in mi ca mt s cht:

CHT HNG S IN MI

S 5,5
Du thu du 4,5
Du my bin p 2,2
Cao su 2,3
Du ha 2,1
Khng kh 1,00085

3.6 Quan h gia hng s in mi v cc yu t khc

3.6.1 Tn s

in mi khng cc: in mi khng cc c trng tm ca cc in tch dng trng vi trng

tm cc in tch m.Cc in tch hon ton c trit tiu cho nn cc in tch khng chu tc
ng ca tn s.

= const.

f (Hz)

in mi c cc:
vng tn s f < f0 : khng ph thuc vo tn s ( do cc phn t lng cc
kp xoay theo hng in trng).
vng tn s f > f0 : gim( do cc phn t lng cc c qun tnh, chng
khng kp xoay theo hng in trng.

.
fo =
8... 3
trong : T: nhit (0K)
: nht ng
r : bn knh nguyn t
1 K = 1,38.10-23 (J/0K) hng s Boltzmann

fo f (Hz)
10

3.6.2 Nhit

.
Hng s in mi c tnh bng cng thc: = 1+
0
in mi khng cc: khi nhit tng c s dn n nhit lm cho
khong cch gia cc phn t tng dn n s phn t trn mt n
v th tch gim => gim.

in mi c cc: khi nhit tng c s dn n nhit nn lc lin T

kt ca cc phn t gim nn s xoay hng ca chng d dng hn
=> tng n gi tr nhit Tk no th t cc i.

Nu nhit tip tc tng thm th gim xung do nhit cao cc
phn t lng cc chuyn ng nhit tng ln v cn tr s xoay
hng ca chng. T
TK

3.6.3 p sut

Hng s in mi c tnh bng cng thc: = 1 + A.p (A: hng s, p: p

sut).

in mi khng cc: theo nh lut Clausisius-Mosotti: khi p sut tng dn
n mt phn t tng nn cng tng theo.
in mi c cc: khi p sut tng c nhiu phn t lng cc xoay theo hng
in trng lm cho tng v t gi tr cc i ti mt gi tr pk no . P
Nu p sut tip tc tng s lm gim do mt phn t qu cao, lm cn
tr s xoay chuyn ca cc phn t.

P
PK

3.6.4 m

Khi m tng ln th tng rt nhanh.

Khi s lm gim tnh cht khc ca in mi nh: in tr sut gim, tn hao in mi tng
ln.

3.6.5 in p

Theo l thuyt hng s in mi khng ph thuc vo in p. Tuy nhin, trn thc t ngi ta o
c hng s in mi in p cao c gi tr nh hn khi o in p thp.
 11

4 Quan h gia tan v cc yu t khc

4.1 Quan h gia tan v nhit

(1) in mi trung tnh hoc c cc tnh yu

(2) in mi cc tnh mnh, in dn nh
(3) in mi cc tnh mnh, in dn cao

i vi in mi trung tnh hoc cc tnh yu, tn tht in mi ch yu do dng in r gy

nn.

i vi in mi cc tnh mnh nhng c in dn nh, tn tht in mi ch yu do dng

phn cc gy nn. min tn s thp, cc phn t lng cc c nh hng hon ton,
nhng min tn s cao cc phn t lng cc khng kp nh hng theo hng in trng
do vy tn tht in mi gim.

i vi in mi cc tnh mnh v c in dn cao, vng tn s thp tn tht in mi ch

yu do dng r gy nn, vng tn s cao li ch yu do dng phn cc, khi tn s qu cao
cc phn t khng kp nh hng nn tan gim.

4.2 Quan h gia tan v tn s in trng

(1) in mi trung tnh hoc c cc tnh yu

(2) in mi cc tnh mnh, in dn nh
(3) in mi cc tnh mnh, in dn cao

i vi in mi trung tnh hoc cc tnh yu, tn tht in mi ch yu do dng in r gy nn.

i vi in mi cc tnh mnh nhng c in dn nh, tn tht in mi ch yu do dng phn

cc gy nn.

i vi in mi cc tnh mnh v c in dn ln, vng tn s thp tn tht in mi ch yu

do dng r gy nn, vng tn s cao li ch yu dng phn cc. Khi tn s qu cao cc phn
t khng kp nh hng nn tan gim.
12

4.3 Quan h gia tan v m khng kh

Khi in mi t trong mi trng c m %, sau mt thi gian

in mi s b ngm m, hoc hp ph mt lp hi nc trn b
mt, iu lm tng in dn khi v in dn mt ca vt liu
v lm tn tht in mi tng khi % tng.

hn ch s hp th v hp th nc vo vt liu cch in,

trong cng ngh ch to thit b in thng dng cc bin php
sy v tm bng cc loi vt liu chng m.

4.4 Quan h gia tan v in p

tg
Ti im A: Hnh thnh phng in hay vng quang
B
Ti im B: Hnh thnh vt cht mi hay ph hy cch in
in mi cch in tt khi Umin cng cao. A

Umin U

vng in p thp (U < UA) tn tht in mi gn nh t ph thuc vo in p.

in p tng cao (UA < U < UB) qu trnh ion ha din ra mnh lm tn tht in mi tng nhanh.

Khi in p qu cao (U > UB) th in dn ca cht kh tng cao lm cho st p trn n gim i,
do vy tn tht in mi li gim.

5 Cc phng php o tn hao in mi

o h s tn hao nh gi tnh trng (vn hnh) ca thit b in. S dng rng ri bi cc k
s bo tr v trong th nghim nh gi s nguyn vn ca cc h thng cch in
 13

5.1 Cu o Schering

L loi cu xoay chiu dng o in dung v o tn hao in mi ca cch in trong cc thit

b in cao p v t cao p.
1 v 1 l t in v in tr cn o
2 l t in tiu chun
4 l t in bin thin
3 l in tr thun
4 l bin tr
iu kin cn bng: Z1.Z4 = Z2.Z3

Thay cc gi tr Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4:

1 4 3
(1 + )( )=
1 1 + 4 2

1 3
(1 + ) 4 = (1 + 4 4 )
1 2

4 3 4 4 3
1 4 =
1 2 2

Cn bng phn thc v phn o:

3 4
1 =
2

4
1 = 2 .
3

T gin vect ta c th tnh h s tn hao tan

2 4 3 4
tan = 1 1 = = 4 4
3 2
14

5.2 Cu o Wagner

Do cu Schering c nhc im l nhy cm vi cc nhiu do in dung tn vi t, nn ngi ta

s dng cu Wagner khc phc n.

6 Tn hao in mi trong cht kh

Do hai nguyn nhn l ion ha cht kh v in dn.

6.1 Ion ha cht kh

P=Ai.f.(U-Uo)3
Trong : A l hng s i vi tng cht kh.
f l tn s in p t vo.
0 l in p chc thng (in p gy ion ha cht kh).

Tr s 0 ph thuc vo tng loi cht kh, nhit , p sut lm vic. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo
mc ng nht in trng. Cng mt gi tr in p t vo nhng in trng u s kh gy
ion ha hn so vi in trng khng u.

6.2 in dn

1,8.1010
Tan=

Trong : l hng s in mi.

l in tr sut ca khi in mi.
Tn hao in mi trong cht kh cng in trng nh rt nh (in mi c xem nh
in mi l tng).

Ngun tn hao in mi do in dn l ch yu v s xoay chuyn ca cc lng cc khi phn cc

khng gy tn hao nng lng nhng nu xt trn li in cao th th ion ha cht kh l ch yu.
Tt c cc cht kh c in dn rt thp.

in p cao v trng khng ng nht, khi cng in trng v tr khc nhau t gi tr

gii hn, phn t b ion ha. Vy trong cht kh xut hin tn hao do ion ha.
 15

Ion ha cht kh hnh thnh ozon v kh NO2 ph hy cc in mi hu c.

Trn ng dy ti in cao th, tn tht do ion ha khng kh b mt dy dn (hin tng vng

quang) lm gim hiu sut truyn ti.

Hin tng vng quang l mt dng phng in cc b xut hin nh mt qung sng xanh m,
bao quanh cc dy dn, c bit trong mn m hoc c th nghe m thanh nh ting rt khi xy
ra vng quang.
Hin tng vng quang xy ra km theo:
- Vng quang xy ra cng s hnh thnh kh ozon v oxit NO2. Hai cht kh ny phn
ng vi hi m trong khng kh to nn axit gy n mn kim loi.
- Gy h hng i vi cch in trong ng dng cao p hoc trong thit b in.
- Gy ra cc cn mui than m iu ny c th gy nn h quang in.
- Gy nhiu n s truyn pht radio.
gim hao tn vng quang cn gim cng in trng, tng tit din dy dn hoc phn dy
pha thnh dy nh ni vi nhau to ng knh ln.

Bn cnh tc hi th hin tng vng quang cho ta bit ng dy truyn ti in c s hin din
ca bi bn, tp cht ngi vn hnh bit v tin hnh v sinh ng dy.

7 Tn hao in mi trong cht lng

Trong cht lng tn hao in mi l do dng in dn. Nu nh trong cht lng khng cha tp
cht l cc phn t lng cc. Do din dn ca cc cht lng trung tnh rt b, nn tn hao in
mi c tr s rt b.

Cht lng c cc ty theo iu kin nhit v tn s ngoi tn hao do dng in dn cn c tn

hao do phn cc lng cc gy nn. Nu in mi l cc tnh mnh th tn hao ln, tn hao ny
ph thuc nhiu vo tn s v nhit .

in mi lng thng c s dng trong k thut l in mi hp cht ca hai in mi c cc

v khng cc. V d: du nha thng, du thu du, du x vn,

cht lng c cc, tn hao in mi ph thuc vo nht. in dn sut ca cht lng loi ny
thng khong 10-10 10-11 Simen/m. Tn hao in mi cht lng c cc ln hn rt nhiu tn
hao do in dn. Loi tn hao ny c gi l tn hao lng cc tch thot.

Cc phn t lng cc do c s thay i ca in trng, chng c quay trong mi trng c

nht, dn n tn hao nng lng do tn hao ma st v gy ta nhit. Nu nh nht ca in
mi ln th cc phn t khng kp nh hng theo in trng v tn hao lng cc thc t
bin mt, tn hao in mi trong trng ny rt nh. Nu nh nht nh th s nh hng theo
in trng s xy ra t ma st v tn hao trong trng ny cng nh. nht trung bnh tn
hao lng cc l ng k v mt nht no s c gi tr cc i.
16

Khi tng tn s tan max s dch chuyn v cng c nhit cao hn. Tn s cng cao th cn thi
gian tch thot cng nh cn thit tan max v gim thi gian tch thot cn phi gim
nht, hay cn tng nhit . Gi tr cc tiu tng ng vi nht rt nh v s nh hng khng
c ma st, tn hao trong trng hp ny rt nh. Khi nhit c tip tc tng ln th tan cng
tng, iu ny c gii thch l tng in dn sut trong cht lng.

Tn hao cng sut P ca phn cc lng cc tch thot trong in mi tng theo tn s cho ti khi
phn cc kp nh hng theo in trng. Khi tn s ln cc phn t lng cc khng kp
nh hng, chng tr nn bt ng v v th tan li gim xung v tn hao quay li ging tn
hao mt chiu.

Tn hao lng cc tch thot in mi lng c nht thp tn s thp khng ng k v

chng c th nh hn tn hao do dng in r ngay c khi nht c tr s b. Do , cht lng
cc tnh khng th s dng trong trng tn s cao.

8 Tn hao in mi trong cht rn

in mi rn c rt nhiu loi, a dng v cu trc v cc thnh phn, do trong in mi rn c
th c tt c cc loi tn hao in mi. thun tin cho vic nghin cu tn hao in mi trong
vt rn, c th chia chng ra lm 4 nhm c bn sau:

Tn hao in mi c cu to phn t.
Tn hao in mi c cu to ion.
Tn hao in mi trong in mi xecnhet.
Tn hao in mi c cu to khng ng nht.

8.1 Tn hao in mi c cu to phn t

Tn hao in mi trong cc in mi c cu to phn t ph thuc vo loi phn t.

Nu trong in mi c cc phn t trung tnh v khng c tp cht th tn hao in mi nh khng

ng k. Tn hao in mi ca cc vt liu ny do dng in r gy nn; chng c dng lm
cch in c tn s thp v cao. Trong loi in mi ny c: lu hunh, parafin, polietilen,
politetrafloetilen; teflon-4, polistirol v cc cht khc.

Cc in mi c cu to phn t cc tnh ch yu l cc cht hu c c s dng rng ri trong

k thut. Loi ny bao gm cc vt liu da trn c s xenlulo nh giy, ba cactong v cc cht
khc, thy tinh hu c, poliamit, poliuretan, cao su, ebonit, bakelit v mt loi vt liu khc. Tt
c cc cht ny c tn hao ln do phn cc lng cc nht l tn s v tuyn. Cho nn chng
khng c dng tn s cao.

Tn hao in mi trong cc in mi phn t cc tnh c lin quan ti tn s v nhit . mt

vi tr s nhit tn hao in mi c tr s cc i v cc tiu, sau tng ln nhiu khi nhit
cao.
 17

8.2 Tn hao in mi c cu to ion

Trong cc cht c cu to tinh th ion cht ch khi khng

c tp cht tn hao in mi c tr s rt nh. nhit
tng cao trong cc cht ny xut hin tn tht do in dn.
Loi ny bao gm nhiu hp cht tinh th v c c ngha
rt ln trong sn xut gm k thut in hin nay, v d
corunum( bt mi) nm trong thnh phn s cao tn.
Cc tinh th mui m tinh khit c tn hao khng ng k,
song ch cn mt lng tp cht nh s bin dng mng li
tinh th v lm cho tn hao in mi tng ln nhiu.

Cc in mi c cu to tinh th ion rng buc khng cht

ch bao gm mt loi cht tinh khit, c c trng bi
hai loi phn cc chm lm tng tn tht in mi. Trong
cc cht ny c mulit l mt thnh phn ca s cch in,
oxit nhm v khong xilicon nm trong thnh phn ca gm
chu la v cc cht khc nhau: gm, s, thy tinh
a s cc loi gm in lng ion tham gia vo phn cc chm khng ngng tng ln theo nhit
. Do tan tng ln khng c gi tr cc i khi nhit tng.
Tn hao in mi trong cc cht khng kt tinh c cu to ion nh thy tinh c c lin quan ti
hin tng phn cc v s tn ti dng in dn.

Khi nghin cu c ch tn hao in mi thy tinh cn phn bit:

Tn hao in mi t ph thuc vo nhit v tng t l thun theo tng ca tn
s (tan khng ph thuc vo tn s).
Tn hao tng r rt theo nhit , theo quy lut hm s m v t ph thuc vo tn
s (tan gim khi tn s tng).
Cng ngh gia cng nung hoc ti gy nh hng r rt n gc
tn hao in mi ca thy tinh do cu to ca n b bin i.

Nu thy tinh c dng in r cng ln th tng ca gc tn

hao in mi s thy nhit cng thp. Trn hnh 3-12 cho
thy s bin thin ca gc tn hao in mi theo nhit i vi
thy tinh c thnh phn v in dn khc nhau.

Yu t ch yu xc nh tn hao in mi trong thy tinh v c

ph thuc vo cch kt hp ca cc oxit cha trong thy tinh,
bi v cch kt hp nh hng n cu to thy tinh. S tn ti
oxit kim (Na2O, K2O) trong thy tinh khi khng c oxit ca cc
kim loi nng (BaO, PbO) lm tng ng k tn hao in mi
ca thy tinh. a oxit nng vo lm gim tg ca thy tinh
kim.
18

8.3 Tn hao in mi trong in mi xecnhet

Tn hao trong xecnhet cao hn so vi cc in mi khc l do c hin tng phn cc t pht. S

phn cc ny c c im l ph thuc vo nhit v c im cc i mt nhit xc nh
(im Quyri).

nhit cao hn im Quyri, thuc tnh in mi xecnhet mt i v phn cc t pht cng mt.
Tn hao in mi trong in mi xecnhet t bin i theo nhit vng phn cc t pht v gim
t ngt sau im Quyri.

Trn hnh 3-13 cho thy s bin thin ca gc tn hao in mi v hng s in mi theo nhit
i vi hai in mi gm xecnhet c thnh phn khc nhau v im Quyri khc nhau.

Hnh 3-13. Quan h gia hng s in mi v gc vi nhit ca in mi xecnhet

1,2-Metatitanat bari BaO.TiO2 c cc cht ph thm khc nhau

8.4 Tn hao in mi trong cht rn c cu to khng ng nht

Thng cao hn so vi tn hao in mi ca cc thnh phn. in mi khng ng nht bao gm

vt liu m trong thnh phn ca n cha khng t hn hai cht. V d trong gm, s, thy tinh
hay cc t hp cch in khc nhau c cha cc bt kh bn trong. in p cao cc bt kh
sinh ra tn hao in mi do ion ha lm nh hng ti tn hao in mi ca in mi ang xt.

Tn hao in mi trong gm c th tng ln nu trong qu trnh ch to vt liu c cc tp cht ln

bn dn vi tnh dn in bng in t. Tn hao trong gm cng tng ln do ht m khi c cc l
xp h.

Mica l vt liu c cu to nhiu lp. Cc lp bn dn trong mica lm tng tg khi in p xoay

chiu tn s thp.

Giy tm cng thuc loi in mi c cu to khng ng nht. Loi giy ny ngoi si xenlulo
cn cha cc cht tm vi thnh phn khc nhau. Tn hao in mi ca giy tm c xc nh
bi thuc tnh in ca c hai yu t v quan h v lng ca chng.

Hnh 3-14 cho thy s bin thin ca tg theo nhit ca giy tm hn hp du nha thng.
 19

ng cong c hai im cc i: im th nht( nhit thp) c trng cho tn hao in mi

ca bn thn giy(xenlulo); im th hai( nhit cao hn) do tn hao phn cc lng cc chm
ca hn hp cht tm.

Hnh 3-14. Quan h tg theo nhit ca giy t in c tm 80% nha thng v

20% du bin th
Trong k thut in ngi ta cn s dng rt nhiu vt liu khng ng nht khc: cht do, cht
n, micanit, cc lp cch in khc nhau trong cp in v thit b in T hp cc cch in
rt phc tp v a dng, nn khi tnh tn hao in mi cn phi xem xt tng cch in c th.