I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

----------------------------------------------

TRN HNG CN
NG KIM LOAN

CNG NGH X L KH THI

ng khi

Thp m

Bm hi lu

Qut thi kh

Ca thi trn B hi lu

h ni 2006

1
 MC LC
Trang
DANH MC CC BNG 6
DANH MC CC HNH 7
CHNG 1. NHIM KHNG KH V CC GII PHP GIM THIU 10
1.1. nhim khng kh 10
1.2. Cc dng thi vo khng kh 13
1.3. Cc gii php gim thiu nhim khng kh 14
1.3.1. Cc gii php mang tnh v m 14
1.3.2. Cc gii php mang tnh cc b 15
1.3.2.1. p dng cng ngh sn xut sch 15
1.3.2.2. X l trit kh thi ti ngun 16
1.3.2.3. Duy tr trng thi t nhin ca khng kh 17
1.3.2.4. S dng cy xanh 19
CHNG 2. TNH CHT V C TNH CA MT S CHT THI
VO KHNG KH 20
2.1. Cc kh thi c hi 20
2.1.1. Halogen v cc dn xut 20
2.1.2. Cc hp cht dng kh ca lu hunh 21
2.1.3. Cc hp cht dng kh ca nit 25
2.1.4. Kh cacbon monoxit v dioxit 31
2.1.5. Asin (AsH3), Phosphin (PH3) v Stibin (SbH3) 33
2.2. Cc cht thi dng hi 35
2.2.1. Hi ca cc hp cht v c 35
2.2.2. Hi dung mi hu c 37
2.3. Bi 38
2.3.1. Khi nim v bi 38
2.3.2. Hnh vi ca cc ht bi trong khng kh 40
2.3.3. Bn cht v tc hi ca bi 43
CHNG 3. CC PHNG PHP X L BI 44
3.1. Khi qut v x l bi 44

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3.2. Phng php x l bi da vo lc trng trng 46
3.2.1. Nguyn l 46
3.2.2. Cu to v hot ng ca bung lng n 46
3.2.3. Cu to v hot ng ca bung lng nhiu tng 47
3.3. Phng php x l bi da vo lc ly tm 48
3.3.1. Nguyn l 48
3.3.2. Cu to v hot ng ca mt cyclone n 48
3.4. Phng phpas x l bi bng mng lc 52
3.4.1. Nguyn l 52
3.4.2. Cu to v vn hnh 52
3.5. Phng php x l bi bng dn ma 54
3.5.1. Nguyn l 54
3.5.2. Cu to v vn hnh ca thit b 54
3.6. Lc bi tnh in 56
3.6.1. Nguyn l 56
3.6.2. Cu to v vn hnh 56
3.7. Phng php sc kh qua cht lng 60
3.7.1. Nguyn l 60
3.7.2. Cu to v hot ng ca thit b 60
3.8. Phng php ra kh ly tm 62
3.8.1. Nguyn l 62
3.8.2. Cu to v hot ng 62
3.9. Phng php ra kh kiu Venturry 63
3.9.1. Nguyn l 63
3.9.2. Cu to v vn hnh 64
3.10. Ra kh kiu dng xoy 65
3.10.1. Nguyn l 65
3.10.2. Cu to v vn hnh 65
3.11. Ra kh kiu a quay 66
3.11.1. Nguyn l 66
3.11.2. Cu to v vn hnh 66

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CHNG IV. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C 67
4.1. Phng php tiu hy 67
4.2. Phng php ngng t 69
4.3. Phng php hp ph 71
4.3.1. Hin tng hp ph 71
4.3.2. X l hi v kh c bng phng php hp ph 72
4.3.2.1. Nguyn l ca phng php 72
4.3.2.2. Cc cht hp ph thng dng trong x l kh thi 72
4.3.3. Cc kiu tin hnh hp ph 75
4.3.4. Nhng u v nhc im ca phng php hp ph 76
4.4. X l kh thi bng phng php hp th 77
4.4.1. Nguyn l 77
4.4.2. Cc loi thit b hp ph 78
CHNG V. CNG NGH X L MT S KH THI CNG NGHIP 82
5.1. X l kh lu hunh ioxit (SO2) 82
5.1.1. X l kh SO2 theo ng t 82
5.1.2. X l kh SO2 theo ng kh 83
5.2. X l kh nit oxit (NOx) 85
5.2.1. X l trung ha NOx bng ng t 85
5.2.2. X l NOx bng phng php kh nhit cao 86
5.2.3. X l NOx bng phng php xc tc chn lc 87
5.3. X l ng thi SO2 v NOx 87
5.3.1. Cng ngh x l trong l t 88
5.3.2. Cng ngh x l sau l t 89
5.4. X l ni tip NOx v SO2 91
5.5. X l kh H2S 93
5.5.1. Cng ngh x l H2S theo ng kh 93
5.5.2. Cng ngh x l H2S theo ng t 94
5.6. X l kh CO 96
5.7. X l kh CO2 96
CHNG VI. MT S S CNG NGH X L KH THI CNG

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NGHIP C TRNG 98
6.1. Thit b x l bi bng lc ti 98
6.2. Thit b lc ti x l kh thi (kh l) cha SO2 100
6.3. H thng x l kh thi tng hp (SO2, NOx, HCl, HF) bng phng
php lc ti kh 101
6.4. H thng x l kh l c trang b thp phn ng 102
6.5. H thng x l kh thi bng thp m t 105
6.6. H thng x l kh l cha SO2 bng huyn ph canxi cacbonat 108
6.7. H thng x l kh l cha SO2 s dng magie hydroxxit 110
6.8. Conng ngh x l trc tip SO2 v NOx trong l t 112
6.9. Cng ngh x l kh thi cha NOx s dng xc tc chn lc 114
6.10. S x l bi cng nghip bng cng ngh lng tnh in 118
6.11. H thng x l kh l kiu Ventury in ng 121
6.12. S cng ngh x l ng thi NOx v SO2 s dng chm tia in t 123
6.13. Cc h thng x l mi 125
TI LIU THAM KHO 131

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BNG DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. Cc ngun v cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu
Bng 1.2. Bng phn loi bi, hi v kh theo gii kch thc
Bng 2.1. Ngng v thi gian tc ng ca H2S ln ngi
Bng 2.2. Kch thc ht ca bi, khi v cc h phn tn ph bin
Bng 2.3. T trng ca mt s cht dng khi v dng bt ri
Bng 4.1. Cc phng php x l bi
Bng 4.2. Vng kch thc ph hp v hiu qu x l ca cc phng php
x l bi
Bng 4.3. Nng sut lc bi ca xyclon n v xyclon t hp
Bng 7.1. Kt qu s dng h thng x l 6 trn 31 c s
Bng 7.2. Mt s lnh vc p dng h thng thp m t Kyowa
Bng 7.3. So snh cng ngh x l trc tip ca Hitachi Zonsen kt hp SCR
vi FGD
Bng 7.4. Hiu qu x l vtui th ca thit b x l NOx loi nh
Bng 7.5. Mt vi thng s x l NOx bng SCR ca cc c s ln
Bng 7.6. Cc thng s quan trng ca hai phng php thiu hy

6
BNG DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 2.1. Chu trnh ca lu hunh trong t nhin
Hnh 2.2. S ph thuc ca h s K0 vo chun s Raynon (Re)
Hnh 4.1. Hiu qu x l bi ca cc loi thit bi
Hnh 4.2A. Bung lng n
Hnh 4.2B. Bung lng kp c vch cn tng hiu qu
Hnh 4.3A. Mt ct ng v mt ct ngang ca mt xyclon n
Hnh 4.3B. Cc kiu hng dng trong xyclon
Hnh 4.3C. S h thng xyclon lc bi
Hnh 4.4A. S ng i ca kh v bi qua mng lc
Hnh 4.4B. S thit b lc bi bng mng hnh ng v hnh ti
Hnh 4.4C. M hnh mt thit b lc ti trong cng nghip
Hnh 4.5A. Thit b dp bi theo kiu dn ma
Hnh 4.5B. Thit b dn ma c nhi vt liu m
Hnh 4.6A. M hnh hot ng ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in
Hnh 4.6B. S nguyn l ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in
Hnh 4.6C. S thit b lc tnh in
Hnh 4.7A. S thit b lc tnh in ng
Hnh 4.7B. S thit b lc tm
Hnh 4.8. S thit b ra kh kiu si bt
Hnh 4.9. S hat ng ca mt xyclon t
Hnh 4.10A. S nguyn l ca mt thit b kiu venturi
Hnh 4.10B. Thit b ra kh kiu venturis
Hnh 4.11. Cc cu tht ca venturi nc
Hnh 4.12. S hot ng ca thit b dng xoy
Hnh 4.13. M hnh thit b lc bi kiu a quay
Hnh 5.1. S thit b tiu hy bng nhit
Hnh 5.2. S thit b x l bng phng php nhit xc tc
Hnh 5.3. Cu to ca ca t nhin liu
Hnh 5.4. S X l NOx s dng phn ng c xc tc
Hnh 5.5. S thit b ngng t b mt

7
Hnh 5.6. S thit b ngng t kiu tip xc
Hnh 5.7. S tng tc gia cc phn t trong khi vt cht
Hnh 5.8. ng cong hp ph ng nhit v ng p
Hnh 5.9. ng cong hp ph ca hi t qua ct hp ph
Hnh 5.10. M hnh thp hp ph hi v kh c
Hnh 5.11. M hnh hp ph kiu tng quay
Hnh 5.12. S mt h thng x l hp ph trong cng nghip
Hnh 6.1. S CNXL kh thi cha SO2 theo ng t (FGD)
Hnh 6.2. S CNXL SO2 theo ng kh sau l t
Hnh 6.3. S CNXL SO theo ng kh trong l t
Hnh 6.4. S CNXL NOx theo ng t
Hnh 6.5. S CNXL NOx nhit cao
Hnh 6.6. S CNXL NOx bng xc tc chn lc (SCR)
Hnh 6.7. nh hng ca kch thc ht v phn tn canxi cacbonat n
hiu qu x l SO2
Hnh 6.8. S CNXL ng thi SO2 v NOx trong l t
Hnh 6.9. S nguyn l x l SO2 v NOx s dng chm tia in t
Hnh 6.10. S CNXL ng thi SO2 v NOX s dng chm tia in t
Hnh 6.11. S h thng x l NOx bng phng php xc tc chn lc kt
hp x l SO2
Hnh 6.12. S CNXL H2S theo ng kh
Hnh 6.13. S CNXL H2S theo ng kh
Hnh 6.14. S CNXL H2S bng phng php st(III) theo ng t
Hnh 7.1. Thit b lc ti x l bi kimloi nng ca hng NAVAC
Hnh 7.2. H thng x l bi, kh SO2 v cc kh, hi axit khc bng con
ng kh x dng thit b lc ti hiu sut cao
Hnh 7.3. H thng x kh l bng thit b lc ti kh
Hnh 7.4. nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu x l kh l
Hnh 7.5. H thng x l kh c trong thit b thp phn ng
Hnh 7.6. S ph thuc gia hiu sut x l kh HCl vo nhit v t l mol
ca Ca(OH)2 v HCl
Hnh 7.7. S thit b x l kh theo ng t s dng thp m

8
Hnh 7.8. S mt ct ca thit b thp m
Hnh 7.9. H thng x l kh thi cha SO2 thu hi thch cao
Hnh 7.10. S h thng x l kh thi cha SO2 s dng Mg(OH)2
Hnh 7.11. H thng x l trc tip SO2 v NOx trong kh thi c nhit cao
s dng CaCO3 v ure
Hnh 7.12. S nguyn l ca qu trnh x l NOx bng xc tc chn lc
Hnh 7.13. S c trng ca mt thp SCR
Hnh 7.14. S mt ct ng ca mt thp lc tnh in
Hnh 7.15. S mt ct ngang ca mt thp lc tnh in
Hnh 7.16. S h thng thp lc tnh in kiu kh
Hnh 7.17. S h thng thp lc tnh in kiu t
Hnh 7.18. S h thng x l kh l kiu venturi in ng (EDV)
Hnh 7.19. S h thng x l kh l dng chm tia in t
Hnh 7.20. S ba kiu x l mi bng phng php thiu hy
Hnh 7.21. Hiu sut phn hy ph thuc vo nhit thiu hy ca mt s
cht
Hnh 7.22. S thit b kh mi kiu hp ph v gii hp lin tc

9
 Chng I. nhim khng kh v cc giI php gim
thiu nhim
1.1. nhim khng kh
Th no l nhim khng kh? Mun tr li c cu hi ny th cn
phi thng nht c khi nim v bu khng kh sch hay ni cch khc l
thng nht quy nh v thnh phn nn ca mi trng khng kh. Trong bu
kh quyn ca tri t th tng i lu l gn mt t nht - tng ca gi bo.
Ti tng ny, cc cht nhim thng xuyn c ra sch bi ma v tuyt
ri. Trn tng bnh lu th khc. Do s hp th ca lp zn, s n nh v s
tng ca nhit theo chiu cao; cho nn cc cht nhim khi thm nhp vo
tng ny c chiu hng tn ti lu di hn. Thc ra s nhim khng kh
c hiu ch yu nh l s thay i bt thng thnh phn v nng ca
cc cht trong tng khng kh gn mt t - tng i lu. Do vy ta c th
chp nhn mt nh ngha v nhim khng kh nh sau [1, 2]:
nhim khng kh c ngha l c mt mt hoc nhiu cht gy
nhim trong bu khng kh ngoi tri nh bi, khi, hi, kh hay mi...vi
khi lng, tnh cht v thi gian gy hi i vi s sng ca ngi
hay ng, thc vt, hoc tc hi ti ca ci vt cht hoc cn tr qu mc
i vi s tn ti bnh yn ca s sng v ca ci vt cht trn tri t.
Trong lut v kim sot nhim mi trng khng kh ca bang
Arizna (M) cng a ra mt nh ngha tng t [1]: nhim khng kh
c ngha l s c mt ca mt hay nhiu cht nhim hoc s phi hp ca
chng trong khng kh ngoi tri vi khi lng v thi gian gy hi
hoc c chiu hng gy hi i vi s sng ca ngi, ng, thc vt hoc
ca ci vt cht.
Nhng i km vi nh ngha ny c lit k cc cht nhim l
khi, hi, than giy, bi, m hng, cu gt, khi than, cc kh, m, mi, tia
phng x, cc ha cht c hi hoc bt k vt cht no trong khng kh ngoi
tri. ng thi nh ngha ny cn quan tm n xu th gy hi na.
Nh vy trong thc t c hai ngun gy ra nhim khng kh, l
ngun nhim t nhin v ngun nhim nhn to ngn lin vi cc hot
ng ca con ngi [3, 4].
- Ngun nhim t nhin: Cc hot ng t nhin c th lm tng hm
lng bi ti mt thi im v mt khng gian no nh gi lc, bo sa
mc mang theo bi t ct trn mt t tung vo bu khng kh. Ni la hot
ng c th phun vo bu kh quyn mt lng bi v kh khng l. Nhng
hin tng nh trn xy ra khng lin tc, trong mt khong thi gian ngn
t vng rng ln lm gim nhanh hm lng c ht gy
v pht tn ra m
nhim.

10
 Cc hin tng phn hy, thi ra xc ng thc vt xy ra thng
xuyn trong t nhin a vo bu khng kh cc kh c hi. Nhng hin
tng ny ko di u n theo thi gian pht trin ca hnh tinh chng ta
nn hm lng ca cc c ht c hi thng nm gii hn nn. Nhng nu
hin tng trn xy ra sau mt thm ho no khng thng xuyn v cc
b th n s thi vo khng kh mt lng kh c hi vt qu gii hn nn
trong khong thi gian v khng gian gii hn trong v xung quanh khu vc
xy ra thm ha s gy ra s nhim khng kh.
Cc hin tng sm chp, my ma, bc x trong h mt tri v v tr,
thng qua cc phn ng phn hy hoc kt hp cc cht tn ti trong khng
kh to ra cc cht c hi lm mt cn bng vn c ca bu khng kh cng
c coi l s nhim.
Nhn chung nhim khng kh do thin nhin to ra v khi lng l
rt ln song thng phn b trong mt khng gian rng v kh ng u nn
t gy nguy hi.
Mt khc cc sinh vt trn mt t, qua hng ngn vn nm quen vi
nhng thay i ni trn v thch ng c.
-Ngun nhim nhn to. Cc ngun nhim nhn to nguy him
ch rt d xy ra hin tng cc b vi nng cao gy tc hi n con
ngi, cc sinh vt v ca ci vt cht nm trong vng nhim. Cc ngun v
cc cht gy nhim khng kh do nhn to c khi qut trn bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Cc ngun v cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu

Cht nhim Ngun nhim

1 2
-Cc nh my nhit in
-Cc ngnh cng nghip t nhin liu lm nng lng.
Oxit cc bon (CO,
-Giao thng vn ti.
CO2)
-Cc l t rc v dn dng
-Phn hy, ln men ym kh
-Cc c s khai thc v ch bin than , than g
-t SP nng nghip sau thu hoch v dn dng.
Bi than, tro
-Cc nh my nhit in.
-Cc c s sn xut gm, s
Bi Berili -Ch ha qung v luyn kim.
Bi uranium -Ch ha qung.
-Cc c s luyn kim
Hp cht cha -Cc c s sn xut ha cht
cc kim loi c -Cc c s sn xut thuc tr dch hi
c tnh cao -S dng cc sn phm thuc tr dch hi
-Giao thng vn ti

11
 1 2
-Thuc tr su
Cc hp cht c -Cc c s sn xut ha cht
clo -Cc c s sn xut giy v bt giy
-Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht cha clo hot ng.
-Cc c s sn xut v s dng halogen v ha cht cha
Halogen v cc
halogen
hp cht c v
-Cc c s sn xut phn ln t apatit
c cha halogen
-Cc c s luyn kim...
-t nhin liu
-Cng nghip sn v vt liu ph
-Cc c s sn xut linh kin in t cn lm sch bng
Hydrocacbon dung mi hu c
-In n, sn, v
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht hu c
-Luyn cc...
-t nhin liu
Nit oxit -Cc nh my ha cht
-Cc c s sn xut phn m, phn tng hp NPK
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht
-Cc nh my nhit in
Lu hunh oxit
-Luyn kim
-Cc cng on t nhin liu khc
Cc hp cht c -Cc c s sn xut thuc tr dch hi
phot pho -S dng thuc tr dch hi
-Cng nghip sn xut xi mng
-Cng nghip khai khong
Bi khong v c
-Giao thng vn ti
-Xy dng
-Cc v th ht nhn
Bi phng x
-S d r ca cc c s nng lng ht nhn
-Cc c s sn xut ha cht
Hi kim, hi axit -X l b mt kim loi
-Cc c s s dng axit v kim trong sn xut
-Cc c s sn xut acquy
Bi ch -Luyn kim mu
-Giao thng vn ti
-Cc c s m kim loi
-Khai thc, trch chit vng, bc v cc kim loi qu him
-
HCN v CN khc
-Cc cng on t nhin liu
-Sn xut ha cht

12
 1.2. CC DNG THI VO KHNG KH

Cc cht thi vo khng kh nm di cc dng ch yu l bi, khi,

hi, sol v kh. Ngi ta phn loi chng mt cch n gin nht l da vo
kch thc ht ca chng (xem bng 1.2.) [5]
Bng 1.2. Phn loi bi, hi v kh c theo di kch thc

Di kch
Loi Ngun gc v c tnh
thc (m)

Pht sinh trong qu trnh p, ph, n, mi khoan ..

cc cht rn nh t , qung, than, kim loi .. Mt
s bi c dng si c ngun gc nhn to, thc vt
Bi 0,1 - 75
hoc khong. Cc bi ln, nh kh lng do lc trng
trng. Cc bi nh c khuynh hng bay l lng
trong khng kh.

c to ra do ngng t cc phn t cht rn trong

Khi I 0,001 - 1,0 qu trnh t nhin liu, qu trnh lm nng chy kim
loi hoc cc phn ng ho hc.

c to ra do ngng t cc phn t cht rn trong

Khi II 0,1 - 1,0
qu trnh t chy nhin liu

L sn phm ca qu trnh tp hp t nhin (ngng

Sng 0,01 - 10,0
t) cc phn t cht lng trong khng kh.

L phn th kh ca cc cht lng hoc rn trong

0,0005 -
Hi iu kin bnh thng. S tn ti ca chng ph
0,005
thuc vo iu kin c th ca mi trng.

L dng vt cht m trong iu kin nhit v p

Kh < 0,0005 sut thng thng chng khng tn ti di dng cc
phn t th kh

- Cc cht dng kh: L nhng cht iu kin thng thng tn ti

di dng kh nh: CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, Cl2...
- Cc cht dng hi: L phn dng kh ca cc cht m iu kin
nhit v p sut bnh thng chng dng rn hoc lng.
- Cc cht dng sol kh: L tp hp cc phn t cht lng hoc cht rn
th ri rc tn ti trng thi l lng cng khng kh vi khong thi gian
khng hn nh. Kch thc nh nht ca sol c th ch bng kch thc ca

13
mt phn t ln v cc ht sol ln c th dn vi m. Hm lng ca chng
trong khng kh nm khong t 10 mg n 10 gam trn mt mt khi
- Cc cht dng bi: L cc phn t cht rn th ri rc c to ra do
cc hot ng ca t nhin hay con ngi c kch thc khc nhau (t 1/100
n hng trm micromet). Di tc dng ca cc dng kh hoc khng kh,
trong nhng iu kin nht nh chng chuyn thnh trng thi l lng trong
pha kh.
Cc cht thi l kh, hi, bi hay sol c tc hi t hay nhiu s ph thuc
vo bn thn tnh cht ca chng. Nhng nhn chung cc cht c hi dng
kh thng l nguy him nht do tc ng trc tip v lin tc vo phi qua
h hp.
C nhiu cch phn loi bi, hi v kh . Di gc thu gom v tch
lc, phn loi theo di kch thc c coi l ph hp v hu dng hn c.

1.3. CC BIN PHP GIM THIU NHIM KHNG KH [6]

Gia thin nhin v con ngi trn hnh tinh ca chng ta lun c mt
mi quan h mt thit. Nhng tc ng ngc li ca thin nhin i vi qu
trnh gy nhim bu khng kh do nhng hot ng sng ca con ngi gy
ra c quan h nhn qu vi nhau. Vic s dng cc kh lm hy hoi tng
dn; vic s dng qu mc cc ngun nhin liu ha thch lm tng hm
lng kh CO2 trong bu kh quyn tri t lm cho tri t nng ln do tc
ng ca hiu ng nh knh. S nng ln ca tri t gy ra nhng hu qu
nghim trng mang tnh ton cu nh mc nc bin dng ln s nhn chm
nhng vng t thp, bo lc, hn hn, lt li, s sa mc ha... Chnh v th
m Lin hp quc, nhiu t chc x hi v chnh ph nhiu nc ku gi
mi ngi hy cu ly tri t. Nhng bin php gim thiu nhim bu
khng kh l gii php hu hiu bo v tri t.
Do tnh cht c th ca mi trng khng kh m s nhim t mang
tnh cc b. S pht thi ni ny c th gy nhim nhng ni khc, tu
thuc vo iu kin thi tit, kh hu hay s chuyn ng ni chung ca cc
tng kh quyn. V vy cc gii php chng nhim khng kh cn phi mang
tnh ton cu. Nhng bin php c th c th chia lm hai loi l cc bin
php mang tnh v m v nhng bin php mang tnh cc b.

1.3.1. CC BIN PHP MANG TNH V M

Do nhn thc c nhng him ha ca s nhim khng kh nn hu
ht cc nc trn th gii cng i ti mt tho hip mang tnh chin lc
ton cu v ct gim cc kh thi gy tc ng nh knh v ph hoi tng

14
zn - Ngh nh Kyoto. i vi tng quc gia, cn phi c nhng bin php
hn ch tc ng ca con ngi vo thin nhin nh:
+ Kim sot v hn ch lng thi cc cht gy hiu ng nh knh, cc
cht hy hoi tng zn v cc cht kh c hi khc.
+ Hn ch chy rng. Nhng t chy rng xy ra quanh nm trn th
gii gy ra nhng tc ng ng thi lm suy thoi cht lng khng kh.
Chy rng gy ra nhng lp khi bi trn din rng; sinh ra mt lng kh
CO2 khng l v lm mt cn bng sinh thi. Hu qu ca n l nhng tc
ng dy chuyn nh hng xu n mi trng tri t. Vic hn ch chy
rng ngoi nhng bin php phng nga thin nhin, vic gio dc cng ng
cng c tm quan trng khng km.
+ Hn ch khai thc rng, khai thc khong sn nhm gim thiu nh
hng n s cn bng vn c ca kh quyn v b mt qu t.
+ Chng hoang ha, sa mc ha. Trng cy xanh, trng rng l bin
php ly li s cn bng b mt i do hu qu ca chin tranh v khai thc
qu mc ca con ngi i vi cc thm thc vt - l phi ca tri t.
+ Trng rng cy m ven b bin chng s xm ln ca ct, hi mui
bin vo t lin; trng rng m chng sa mc ha.

1.3.2. CC BIN PHP MANG TNH CC B

1.3.2.1. P DNG CNG NGH SN XUT SCH
Gim thiu pht thi cc cht gy nhim ngay ti ngun l bin php
hu hiu trnh gy nhim khng kh. Gii php u tin l pht trin cc
qu trnh sn xut sch - khng thi hay ni cch khc l ti u ha mi iu
kin sn xut v tn dng trit cc sn phm ph l xu th hin nay v cho
thin nin k mi ny. Pht trin sn xut khng thi khng nhng gim c
ti a gi thnh sn phm m cn c mt li ch rt ln khc ngoi phm vi
ca c s sn xut l bo v mi trng v h sinh thi. y l li ch
khng th ch tnh bng li nhun v sn phm do n mang li m n mang
tnh cht x hi v ton cu.
ng trn quan im v cng ngh, sn xut khng thi c th thc
hin bng cc gii php tn dng v quay vng trit nguyn liu, nc v
nng lng trong phm vi mt nh my v lin kt nhiu nh my tn dng
tt c cc sn phm ph, thm ch ngay c cht thi ca nh my ny s dng
lm nguyn liu cho nh my kia.
Ngoi nhng iu trnh by trn, mt gii php quan trng pht
trin sn xut khng thi l thay th nguyn liu u vo bng nguyn liu
sch v s dng nng lng sch nh nng lng nguyn t, nng lng
t nhin nh sc nc, sc gi v nng lng mt tri.

15
 Vic vn hnh v qun l thit b my mc cng nh quy trnh cng
ngh cng l mt bin php khng ch nhim khng kh. Nghim tc
thc hin ch vn hnh, nh mc chnh xc nguyn vt liu, chp hnh
ng quy trnh cng ngh s lm cho lng cht thi gim xung v c iu
kin qun l cht ch ngun thi v lng cht thi.
Hiu qu ca bin php qun l v vn hnh sn xut ph thuc rt ln
vo nhn thc ca cc cp lnh o v cc nh qun l; sau l k lut lao
ng v tnh t gic ca ngi lao ng. Cc ch ti phc v c lc cho cng
tc ny hin nay ang c p dng rng ri trn th gii v c trong nc l
cc tiu chun ca t chc tiu chun quc t vit tt l ISO (International
Standard Organization) p dng cho cc qu trnh sn xut, vn hnh cng
vic... Cho n nay, cc ISO c coi nh l nhng tiu chun c th nht
nhm gim bt tiu hao nguyn, nhin, vt liu, nng cao cht lng sn
phm lao ng v gim thiu pht thi.

1.3.2.2. X L TRIT KH THI TI NGUN

tin ti mt nn cng nghip sn xut sch cn cn mt khong thi
gian di v mt mt ngun ti ch nh khng l thay th nn cng nghip
hin ti. Hin nay do c tnh k tha v chm i mi, c bit l cc nc
ang hoc km pht trin, nn sn xut cng nghip cn lc hu v pht thi
lng ln cc cht gy nhim vo khng kh. i vi khu vc ny vic
gim thiu nhim khng kh ph thuc ch yu vo trang thit b v cng
ngh x l kh thi ti ngun. Vic x l trit cc ngun kh thi ti ngun
s c kh nng gim thiu ti a nhim khng kh.
X l kh thi ti ngun cho n nay, nhng nm u ca th k 21,
vn l gii php quan trng, ph hp v hu hiu nht hn ch nhim
khng kh v ci thin mi trng khng kh.
Hin nay i vi mi quc gia v nhiu vn chung cho c th gii
hu ht c cc tiu chun quy nh cho mi loi kh thi vi cc quy m v
iu kin khc nhau. Da trn cc tiu chun , nu lm tt khu qun l,
mi trng khng kh s c ci thin ng k.
Trc y khi cc nh my v cc khu cng nghip cn tha tht th
vic xy ng khi v tng chiu cao ca ng khi l mt gii php hiu qu
gim thiu nhim cc b. Nhng khng gian ca kh quyn cng c gii
hn v qu trnh lm sch t nhin cng ch c gii hn ca n. Do vic s
dng ng khi ngy nay khng cn c khuyn co s dng nh l mt bin
php gim thiu nhim khng kh na m u tin l x l trit kh thi ti
ngun trc khi thi vo khng kh.
X l kh thi bao gm cc phng php x l bi, sol kh; x l kh v
x l hi thi c hi. Vi tng i tng c th s dng cc phng php

16
ring r hoc s dng t hp cc phng php nhm t hiu qu x l cao
hn. Cc phng php v cc thit b x l kh thi s c trnh by mt
cch chi tit cc phn sau.

1.3.2.3. DUY TR TRNG THI T NHIN CA KHNG KH

S gim thiu nhim khng kh l lm trong sch hn bu khng kh
ngoi tri. Nhng s nhim khng kh trong khng gian lao ng nh bn
trong cc nh x ng, hm l, phng lm vic hay khng gian ca mt x
nghip, nh my... s gy tc hi trc tip ti ngi tham gia lao ng. y
cng l mt vn cn c gii quyt. Mt bin php hu hiu duy tr
trng thi t nhin ca bu khng kh cc b l thng gi.
Nhim v ca thng gi l m bo trng thi khng kh cho con ngi
sng v hot ng ph hp vi tiu chun v sinh quy nh trong cc khng
t ca ngun gy nhim m la chn cc
gian khp kn. Ty theo tnh ch
phng php thng gi ph hp.
a. Thng gi chung
Mc ch ca thng gi chung l a khng kh t ngoi vo vi lu
lng cn thit nhm pha long cng nhim bi khng kh nng, bi,
hi hoc kh c... trong ton b khng gian nh xng, sau thi ra ngoi.
Nhc im ca bin php ny l to ra mc khng ng u ca
iu kin v sinh ti nhng im khc nhau trong khng gian nh xng;
ng thi d a cc tc nhn c hi t vng ny sang vng khc. V vy,
mt trong nhng yu cu cn thit khi p dng bin php ny l phi n nh
c cc ngun pht thi c hi. Hin tn ti mt s s h thng trao i
khng kh trong phng nh sau:
+ Thi trn ht di.
+ Thi di ht trn.
+ Thi trn ht trn.
+ Thi di ht di.
Ty tng trng hp m p dng s ny hay s khc, nhng phi
tun th theo nguyn tc l dng khng kh phi i theo trnh t:
Khng kh sch Vng th Vng pht sinh kh c Ming ht Thi
b. Thng gi cc b
Mc ch ca thng gi cc b l ht kh, hi hay cc tc nhn gy c
hi khc ngay ti ngun pht sinh. y l bin php hiu qu nht trong vic
m bo trong sch khng kh cho vng lm vic.

17
 Vic thit k hp l cc cc b phn thu cht gy nhim phi tho
mn cc yu cu sau:
+ Khng cn tr thao tc cng ngh.
+ Khng cho khng kh cha cht nhim i qua vng th.
+ Vn tc thu kh ln c th ht trit cc cht c hi ra khi
vng th ca ngi lao ng.
c. Thng gi chng nng
Trong qu trnh hot ng, con ngi lun c s trao i v nhit vi
mi trng. Mc trao i nhit tiu chun i vi ngi trong iu kin
ngh ngi l 100 kcal/gi. V ma h, thi tit nng nn ch c con ng duy
nht cn bng nhit l thot m hi. thu c hiu qu lm mt bng
bc hi m hi th phi c cc iu kin sau:
+ m ca khng kh thp.
+ C go vi vn tc ph hp.
Ti nc ta, m trung bnh tng i cao. Do vy tng hiu qu
bc hi m hi phi dng gi c tc ln; v d:
+ i vi h iu ho khng kh: v = 0,25 - 0,38 m/giy.
+ i vi lao ng: v = 5,00 - 10,00 m/giy.
Ty theo mc yu cu khc nhau v v sinh v cng nghip m p
dng cc gii php thng gi chng nng khc nhau. C th chia lm hai loi:
+ Gii php thng gi t nhin.
+ Gii php thng gi cng bc.
Thng gi t nhin l li dng cc yu t ca t nhin nh vn tc gi
tri, chnh lch t trng ca khng kh to ra cc dng kh vo, ra mt
cch hp l. Ti nc ta, thng gi t nhin ch yu l dng gi tri. Do vy
vic m cc ca n gi, thot gi vi t l ln l vic lm rt quan trng.
Theo cc nghin cu gn y cho thy t l m ca phi t 40 n 60% din
tch tng mi m bo thng gi t nhin theo phng nm ngang c hiu
qu.
Mt vn na cng quan trng l vic hn ch bc x nhit mt tri
truyn qua mi nh. V ma h, lng nhit truyn qua mi c th ln ti 110
- 120 kcal/m2. Nhng bin php c th p dng l phun nc ln mi nh, to
tng cch nhit vi mi nh.
Thng gi cng bc c s dng khi thng gi t nhin khng cn
kh nng p ng c vn cn bng nhit. Thng gi cng bc nhm
to ra vn tc gi thi thch hp, kt hp vi cc thng s nh nhit ,
m... a vi kh hu v trng thi t nhin d chu.

18
 Trong cng nghip, ngoi yu t vn tc gi thi cn c th h nhit
khng kh lm tng hiu qu lm mt. Mt trong nhng bin php n gin
c th p dng l lm mt bng bc hi nc on nhit. Nguyn l chung
ca bin php ny l cho dng khng kh i qua bung phun nc hoc lp
mng t. Nhit ca khng kh lm nc bay hi v t n h nhit xung
nhng m tng i tng ln. Bin php ny c p dng cho nhng
vng c kh hu nng, kh nh min trung v min nam nc ta.
Trong cc gii php thng gi cng bc th iu ha nhit khng
kh l hnh thc cao nht ca k thut thng gi nhm p ng ch ng cc
thng s vi kh hu trong nh m khng ph thuc vo kh hu ngoi tri.

1.3.2.4. S DNG CY XANH

Cy xanh c tc dng rt ln trong vic hn ch nhim khng kh nh
chn gi bi, lc sch khng kh, gim ting n v che chn ting n, gim
nhit khng kh v iu ha thnh phn ca khng kh. Mt s loi cy
xanh rt nhy cm vi nhim khng kh, cho nn c th dng cy xanh lm
vt ch th pht hin nhim. V th nn trng nhiu cy xanh trong khun
vin v xung quanh cc nh my, dc cc ng giao th ng ni b, trong khu
m gia cc khu cng nghip, cc khu thng mi. T l din tch cy xanh
trn din tch khu cng nghip cn t t 15 n 20%.

19
CHNG II. TNH CHT V C TNH CA MT S CHT
THI VO KHNG KH
2.1. CC KH THI C HI
2.1.1. HALOGEN V CC DN XUT [6, 7, 8]
1. S pht sinh.
Cc halogen c hnh thnh ch yu trong cc qu trnh in phn cc
mui halogenua (nh sn xut xt-clo, in phn sn xut kim loi kim,
kim th) hoc di tc dng ca cc cht oxi ha mnh hn trong nhng
iu kin c th (tr flo ch c th gii phng ra bng in phn). Ngoi ra
chng cn c th sinh ra khi phn hy mt s hp cht halogenua nhit
cao.
Th d:
2X- - 2e = X2 (X l halogen)
4Cl- + MnO2 + 4H+ = MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
2Br_ + Cl2 = 2Cl- + Br2
4I- + 2Cu2+ = 2CuI + I2
Ngoi ra mt lng khng nh cc halogen cng nh cc dn xut ca
chng pht thi vo khng kh t cc ngun s dng halogen nguy n t lm
nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut nh cng nghip sn xut plastic (PVC,
PTFE...), clo ha cao su, sn xut thuc tr dch hi, st trng, thuc st trng
v cng nghip ha cht ni chung.
2. Tnh cht c trng.
Halogen nguyn t l nhng cht rt hot ng v c tnh oxi ha rt
mnh. Tnh cht ny th hin gim dn t flo clo brom iot. Flo c th
thc hin phn ng th y cc nguyn t nh oxi, clo... ra khi hp cht ca
n:
SiO2 + 4F2 = SiF4 + O2
Cc halogen tan trong n c, t oxi ha kh to thnh hai axit tng
ng l hypocloric v clohydric.
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl
Trong dung dch 5.10 -3M Cl2 0oC c ti 89% lng clo chuyn thnh cc
axit.
Bn thn gc OCl- cng l cht oxi ha mnh, n c th ph hu cc cht
mu hu c do n thng c s dng nh l tc nhn ty trng cho giy,
vi si v my tre... HClO trong nc b phn hy t t thnh HCl v oxy
theo phng trnh:

20
 HClO = HCl + 1/2O2
Phn ng ny xy ra nhanh hn di tc ng ca nh sng, nht l di nh
sng mt tri v khi c mt ca cht xc tc.
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh cho nn cc halogen rt d phn ng ngay vi
cc cht hu c (nht l trong iu kin m) bn ngoi da v bn trong c th
ng thc vt v con ngi, gy tn thng rt nhanh v li hu qu
nghim trng. i vi cc cht v c c tnh kh ngay c cc cht kh yu,
cc halogen cng rt d phn ng to thnh cc halogenua tng ng kh
bn vng v hu nh khng c hi (tr mt s hp cht ca flo). Halogen tc
dng vi kim to thnh cc mui halogenua v hypohalit.
Cl2 + Fe = FeCl2
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 = 2FeCl3
Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaOCl
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaOCl2 + H2O
CaOCl2 = CaCl2 + 1/2O2
Cc halogen nguyn t thi vo khng kh u di dng cc phn t
kh. Chng l nhng cht oxi ha rt mnh cho nn khi tip xc vi mt hm
lng nh trong khng kh c th b tc ng ng k. Chng lm tn
thng da, hy hoi cc nim mc mt, mi, ming v c bit nghim trng
l gy n
t thng su i vi phi. Tu thuc vo thi gian v nng
halogen trong mi trng tip xc m nhng tn thng c th mc t
vong, vim ph phi, hoi t cc nim mc hoc c th hi phc sau khi cch
ly vi mi trng nhim c. Cc halogen bn thn n l nhng cht c
hi i vi c th sng; cc dn xut ca chng, c bit l cc halogen hu
c cng rt nguy him. Th d nh cc c clo (trong thuc tr su, dit nm,
lm rng l cy, cht c ha hc...) l nhng cht c tc n g ln c th
ng thc vt theo nhng c ch rt a dng.
Cc kh hydrohalogenua (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) trong mi ng tr khan
tng i l km hot ng. Nhng khi c mt ca nc hay hi nc th
chng l nhng axit mnh; tc ng ln ng thc vt theo c ch phn ng
ca cc axit.
Ngoi ra mt s hp cht th kh ca halogen v halogen vi cc
nguyn t khc cng l nhng cht rt c hi; th d nh ClF 3, fosgen,
halogenua silan (SiHxXy)...

2.1.2. CC HP CHT DNG KH CA LU HUNH

Lu hunh hp cht tn ti nhng dng khc nhau tu thuc vo cc
mc ha tr ca n. Th d nu xp theo ha tr t m n dng ta c dy:

21
 H2S - SCN - S - SO2 - SO3 - H2SO4 - H2S2O8
kh kh rn kh kh lng lng
Trong thc t thng gp nht l H2S v SO2 cn cc kh khc rt him
khi thy xut hin trong cuc sng hng ngy.
Kh H2S [6, 9]
1. S pht sinh.
H2S c sinh ra ch yu t nhng qu trnh phn hy vi sinh ym kh
nh cc c s x l cht thi:
Cht hu c cha lu hunh Vi sinh vt
CH4 + CO2 + H2S + ...
Hay t cc c s dt nhum s dng cc mui sunphua lm ph gia tr
nhum hoc nh mu...
Na2S + 2H2O H2S + 2NaOH
FeS + 2H+ = H2S + Fe2+
2.Tnh cht c trng
H2S l kh km nb khi pht tn vo trong kh quyn. Ngi ta
nghin cu v a ra gin v s bin i v thi gian tn ti ca n trong
t nhin nh trn hnh 2.1.
O
H2S + O2
O3
Vi gi
h
SO2 + O
O2

Nhiu gi
hoc vi ngy

SO3 + H2O

Vi giy

H2SO4 + Me

Phn hy VS ym kh
trong t, m ly,
cc dng thy triu MeSO4

Hnh 2.1. Chu trnh ca lu hunh trong t nhin

22
 H2S trong dung dch nc th hin nh mt axit yu, tc dng c vi
cc kim mnh, ng thi n cng rt d tc dng vi nhiu ion kim loi to
thnh cc kt ta sunphua kh tan.
H2S + NaOH Na2S + H2O
H2S + Ca(OH)2 = CaS + 2H2O
H2S + Pb2+ = PbS + 2H+
L mt cht c tnh kh yu cho nn H 2S cng d b oxi ha tr
thnh lu hunh nguyn t hay cc gc sunpht tu theo cht oxi ha s dng
l yu hay mnh.
H2S + 2Fe3+ = S + 2Fe2+ + 2H+
3H2S + 8MnO4- + 2H+ = 3SO42- + 8MnO2 + 4H2O
H2S + 4Cl2 + 10NaOH = Na2SO4 + 8NaCl + 5H2O
Hydrosunphua va l kh kch thch va l kh gy ngt. Nu tc ng
trc tip ln cc nim mc mi v mt n s gy vim ni sn kt mc. Khi
ht vo phi, H 2S s tc ng ln ton b ng h hp, nhng cu trc su
hn s b ph hy su sc v hu qu c th li l bnh ph phi. Nu tip
xc vi hm lng ln hn 1000 ppm (1500 mg/m 3), kh H2S s hp th vo
phi rt nhanh, c biu hin th gp, sau l tru h hp v thng l dn
ti t vong. Nhim c mn tnh i vi H2S nu thng xuyn tip xc vi
hm lng khong 50 100 ppm. Ngng tc ng ca kh H 2S c th tham
kho trn bng 2.1.

Bng 2.1. Ngng v thi gian tc ng ca H2S ln ngi.

Ngng tc ng Nng (ppm) Thi gian tip xc

Pht hin 0,0005 1,3 Vi giy n 1 pht
Chy nc mt 10,5 21,0 6 7 gi
Vim kt mc 50 100 Hn 1 gi
Mt cm gic mi 150 200 2 n 15 pht
Gy ngt 500 700 t hn 1 gi
Cht Trn 900 t hn 30 pht

Kh lu hunh dioxit [6, 10]

1. S pht sinh.
Kh SO2 chim t trng ch yu trong cc kh c hi cha lu hunh
thi vo khng kh. Phn ln SO2 sinh ra do qu trnht cc nhin liu ha
thch c cha lu hunh nh than , du m. Nhng nhin liu loi ny
c s dng vi khi lng rt ln cho cc nh my nhit in, luyn kim,

23
cho cc ng c chy bng xng, du v nhiu lnh vc khc s dng nhin
liu ha thch. Bn cnh n cn cc ngun kh thi ca nhng qu trnh
t lu hunh cng nh cc loi khong sun phua, phn hy khong sun pht
nhit cao v cng nghip lc ha du. Tng lng SO2 thi vo khng
kh hng nm c tnh vo khong 140 triu tn; trong khong 70% do t
than, 16% do t nhin liu t du m v phn cn l i l do cng nghip lc
ha du, luyn kim v cc hot ng khc.
S + O2 = SO2
2CuS + 2O2 = 2CuO + SO2
2H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O
4CaSO4 + 2C = 4CaO + 2CO2 + 4SO2

2.Tnh cht c trng

Lu hunh dioxit nh ni trn, l anhydrit ca axit sunphur do
n tan trong nc to thnh dung dich axit mnh, phn ng mnh lit vi cc
baz, k c nhng baz yu to thnh cc mu tng ng.
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3
H2SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + 2H2O
H2SO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + 2H2O
Bn thn SO2 v gc sunphit l nhng cht c tnh kh tng i
mnh. Nhng SO2 trong khng kh kh rt kh oxi ha thnh SO 3 m mun
oxi ha n phi s dng xc tc thch hp v trong nhng iu kin nht nh.
Ngc li gc SO32- hay cc mui sunphit li rt d dng b oxi ha bng
ngay oxi khng kh trong iu kin thng v qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nhanh
hn khi tng nhit cho phn ng.
SO2 + 2Fe3+ + 2H2O = SO42- + 2Fe2+ + 4H+
SO2 + H2O + CaCO3 + 1/2O2 = CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
MgSO3 + 1/2O2 = MgSO4
Kh SO2 c coi l kh thi nguy him v tnh c hi cng nh s
pht thi lng ln v thng xuyn ca n. SO 2 c tc ng ln ng h
hp bt u t nng 2,1 mg/m3 (0,75 ppm). Tip xc vi thi gian ngn
(24 gi) nng 0,5 mg/m 3 c th gy ra chng ph phi nhng ngi
gi v cc bnh nhn. Tip xc lu di nng 0,1 mg/m 3 c th gy ra cc
triu chng v cc bnh v ng h hp. V vy ngng an ton cho tip xc
ngn hn (24 gi) c hng dn l t 0,1 n 0,15 mg/m3 v cho tip xc
di hn l t 0,04 n 0,06 mg/m3.

24
 Kh lu hunh trioxit [6, 10]
1. S pht sinh.
Kh SO3 thng ch thy trong khng kh ti cc xng np in cho c
quy ch hay sn xut axit sunphuric.
2.Tnh cht c trng
Kh SO3 khi hp nc s to ra axit sunphuric nhng thng dng
m rt kh lng ng; v vy n vn c th tn ti trong kh quyn hoc trong
cc vng vi kh hu m n hnh thnh. Mun hp th SO 3 sn xut axit
ngi ta phi hp th n bng axit sunphuric c khong 98%. SO3 phn ng
rt mnh vi cc baz, mui cacbonat to thnh cc mui sunpht tng ng.
Ngng bt u gy tc ng phn ng ca ng h hp ca SO3 m
l 0,35 mg/m3 v c th gy ra cc triu c hng cng nh cc bnh v ng
h hp l 0,25 mg/m 3. Ngng ch dn an ton i vi SO 3 m l 0,04 n
0,06 mg/m3 cho tip xc di hn v 0,10 n 0,15 mg/m 3 cho tip xc ngn
hn.

2.1.3. CC HP CHT KH CA NIT [6]

Nit cng l nguyn t a ho tr, n tn ti tng i bn di dng
cc ha tr khc nhau. Ta c th th hin tnh cht ca nit theo dy di:
HN3 (CN)2 NH3 N2 N2O NO NO2 NO3
Azidohydric dicyan amoniac nit dinitoxit nitoxit nitdioxit nittrioxit
Trong tt c cc hp cht k trn ca nit th ch c azidohydric th
lng cn li u th kh. Cc kh ny u l cc kh quan trng trong cng
nghip ha cht, cng nghip quc phng v mt s lnh vc khc.

Amoniac [11]
1. S pht sinh
Amonic l mt ha cht cng nghip quan trng c sn xut vo
hng nhiu nht hng nm. Th d M, khi lng amoniac sn xut hng
nm so vi cc ha cht khc ng th t ch sau axit sunphuric, vi v ox y
(khong 25.106 tn vo nm 1990). Thng thng khong 80% sn lng
amonic dng cho vic sn xut phn bn, 10% cho sn xut si nhn to v
cht do, 5% cho sn xut cht n, 1,5% cho thc n gia sc, 0,6% cho cng
nghip giy v bt giy, 0,5% cho cng nghip cao su v phn cn li dng
cho cc lnh vc khc.
Ring M, nhng hot ng cng nghip pht thi amonic vo
khng kh ch yu t cc lnh vc nh: sn xut amoniac v phn bn, cng

25
nghip tinh lc du, luyn cc, sn xut soda v nhng s ri vi, d r khc
ca ngi v cc c s s dng amoniac, hng nm ln ti khong 0,3 -
0,4.106 tn. Ngoi ra mt lng ln amonic pht thi vo khng kh qua cc
qu trnh t chy nh t rc thi, t cc nhin liu ha thch v qu trnh
d ha ca ngi v ng vt cng nh cc qu trnh thi ra, phn hy ym
kh.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Amoniac l cht kh c mi hc, khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch
kim yu. Amonic tan trong nc kh tt; song tan ca n ph thuc rt
mnh vo nhit dung dch. OoC hm lng ca amoniac c th ln ti
50% trong nc, 20 oC gim xung cn khong 35% v 100 oC th tan
ca amonic hu nh bng khng.
NH3 + H2O (NH)4OH
NH3 phn ng mnh vi cc axit to thnh cc mui tng ng, n
cng c th phn ng vi cc oxit axit m ging nh vi cc axit.
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3
2NH3 + H2O + SO3 = (NH4)2SO4
Trong iu kin phn ng ph hp v c mt cht xc tc oxy khng
kh c th oxi ha amonic thnh cc nit oxit; ngc li , s c mt ca nit
oxit cng vi amonic trong iu kin thch hp (c hoc khng c mt ca
cht xc tc) chng s phn ng v nhau to thnh nit v nc.
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O
4NH3 + 6NO = 5N2 + 6H2O
2NH3 + NO + NO2 = 4N2 + 3H2O
Amonic thm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng h hp, n ung v
thm thu qua da. Amoniac i qua cc lp m rt nhanh k c lp biu b
ngoi da v rt linh ng trong cc nim mc v cc dch trong c th. Tc
ng ca amonic trc ht l gy kch thch mnh v ph hy cc nim mc
mi v mt v li hu qu. Khi hm lng amoni trong mu tng ln n
mt mc no ngi ta nhn thy hm lng ca n trong no s t ngt
tng ln; lc n s tc ng ln h thn kinh. Ngi ta ghi nhn c
rng khi hm lng amoni trong no khong 50 mg/kg, xut hin hin tng
co cng cc c v sau la i vo hn m. i vi h tun hon, khi hm
lng amoni tng ln ti khong 100 mg/kg c th th thng li hu qu
nghim trng. Cc con vt th nghim b cht v hi chng nhim c gy x
va tm tht do amonic tc ng trc tip ln tim. Thng thng vi hm
lng nh trong khng kh v tip xc khng thng xuyn th amonic hu
nh vn hi.

26
 Ngng nng nhn bit mi ca amonic sau nhiu th nghim cho
thy vo khong 32 n 37 mg/m3. Song cng c cc kt qu a ra ngng
thy mi ca amonic nh hn nhiu (0,5; 0,7 v 2,7 mg/m3). Khi tip xc vi
nng amonic cao trong khng kh thng c biu hin nh sau: Gy kch
thch cung hng ngay lp tc (280 mg/m3), gy ho (1200 mg/m3), e do s
sng (1700 mg/m3), gy cht ngi (>3500 mg/m3).

Azit v azidohydric
1. S pht sinh
Cc hp cht ca N 3- c hnh thnh khi cho amit ca kim loi kim
(NaNH2) tc dng vi N2O hoc Ag+ tc dng vi dung dch amoniac c.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Azidohydric (azoimit) l cht lng khng mu c mi hc kh chu, si
nhit 35,7oC. Hi HN3 c, ph hy nim mc mt, mi, lm dnh kt
mc v l hp cht khng bn, rt d gy n do phn hy mnh lit, c bit
khi tip xc vi cc vt th c nhit cao.
2HN3 ---> 3N2 + H2 + 141,8 kcal
Trong dung dch, axit azidohydric kh bn v l mt axit yu (yu hn
c axit acetic, ka = 1,2.10-5).
Cc azit ca kim loi chuyn tip hay c c kim loi nng nh azit ch
hay bc cng d gy n khi nung nng hoc va p mnh; v vy m chng
c s dng trong cng ngh lm ht n cho n. Azit ca kim loi kim
nh NaN3 th tng i bn, ch phn hy v gy n khi nung nng mnh.

Dixyan v xyanohydric [6, 12]

1. S pht sinh
c t ca kh ny gy ra bi ion cyanua (CN-). Cc hp cht ca
xyanua c mt s tnh cht rt c bit nn mc du chng rt c song vn
c s dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc nh m in, mt s qu trnh x l
p ha cht (nh tng hp ultramarin...) v
nhit, ti thp, trong cng nghi
trong sn xut mt vi cht hun hay xng khi. Hin nay c bit trong
lnh vc khai thc v ch bin vng cng nh mt s kim loi qu trn th
gii v ang s dng mt lng ln mui xyanua ca kim loi kim nh
NaCN hay KCN.
Dixyan c sinh ra khi t mt s cht hu c nh bt xp
polyurethan, tc, da, sng. Trc tin hnh thnh gc CN sau kt hp li
thnh (CN)2. Trong sn xut cng nh trong cc phng th nghim, nu ion

27
Cu2+ tc dng vi dung dch CN - hay CuCN tc dng vi Fe 3+ s gii phng
ra dixyan.
2Cu2+ + 4CN- = 2CuCN + (CN)2
CuCN + Fe3+ + Cl- = CuCl + Fe2+ + 1/2(CN)2
Trong thc t cuc sng chng ta thng thy hin tng HCN c
sinh ra khi c mt ng thi NH 3 v CO nhit 500 700oC (nh trong
iu kin t gch truyn thng).
NH3 + CO = HCN + H2O
Trong thin nhin, tin cht ca HCN cn tn ti trong ht hnh nhn
ng, l v cc b phn ca cy trc anh o v b ca c sn cy (c m)
di dng hp cht c tn l amygdaline. Mt trong nhng c ch to ra HCN
t cc vt liu ni trn c chp nhn l men emulsine c trong khi phn
hy amygdaline s sinh ra HCN, glucoza v benzaldehyd. HCN cng tn ti
trong kh than (0,1 n 0,3%) v kh t nhin.
Trong cc phng th nghim hay trong cc c s sn xut ha cht c
s dng xyanua (c bit l xyanua ca kim loi kim v kim th), nu
tip xc vi khng kh m, chng s gii phng ra HCN do tc dng ca nc
v CO2; v HCN l axit rt yu (ka = 4,6.10-10).
NaCN + H2O NaOH + HCN
2NaCN + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCN
2. Tnh cht c trng
Xyanua (nhn ngn) l cht kch c, t xa xa n c xp vo
hng u bng ca cc cht c Nht nhn ngn (CN -) nh thch tn (asen).
Hi HCN gy ng c nhanh v mnh hn l cc mui xyanua tan. Ch cn
khong 50 mg xyanua xm nhp vo c th c th gy cht ngi trong vng
vi giy. Xyanua trong phc hay trong cc mui t tan t c hn mui tan ca
n. C ch gy c ca xyanua l c ch cytochrome oxidaza, cn tr qu
trnh oxi ha ca cc m. Xyanua cng tc ng ln h thng iu khin ca
h thn kinh.
Cc triu chng ca ng c xyanua xut hin rt nhanh sau khi c th
tip nhn. Nu c th tip nhn mt lng ln xyanua, nhng triu chng b
ng c th hin nh au u, chng mt, hn m v dn ti t vong ngay lp
tc. Nu tip nhn mt lng nh xyanua, c th c th tiu hy v khng
gy t vong. Nhng thng xuyn tip xc vi xyanua hm lng nh cha
gy t vong th nhng hu qu li thng l thiu mu, suy nhc thn
kinh, chy mu d dy v ph phi.
Dixyan tan tt trong cn, ete v nc. Khi tan trong nc n d b phn
hy thnh cc sn phm khc nhau, th d nh axit oxalic:

28
 NC CN + 4H2O = HOOC COOH + 2NH3
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, dixyan polyme ha to thnh
paraxyan c mu nu en v khng tan trong nc cng nh trong cn.
Ion xyanua c i lc to phc rt ln nht l i vi cc cation kim loi
chuyn tip. Cc phc ny c bn cao nn gim ti a c tnh ca
xyanua. Th d nh phc xyanua st:
Fe2+ + 6CN- = [Fe(CN)6]4-
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4- = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (mu xanh Berlin)
Cc mui tan ca xyanua rt d tc dng vi cc axit to thnh
xyanhydric d bay hi. Ngc li cc kt ta xyanua nh AgCN, CuCN tan t
trong axit, thm ch c axit mnh.
Xyanua th hin nh l mt cht kh. N d dng b oxi ha bi cc
cht oxi ha nh hydroperoxit, permanganat hay persunphat to thnh xyanat
l sn phn hu nh khng c. Trong mi trng hp H 2O2 c coi l cht
chng ch nh i vi xyanua.
HCN + H2O2 = HCNO + H2O
Hi xyanhydric tc dng tt vi kim mnh nh NaOH hoc KOH cho
cc mui xyanua tng ng.
HCN + NaOH = NaCN + H2O

Cc nit oxit (NOx) [13]

1. S pht sinh
N2O, NO, NO2 v N2O4 c sinh ra trong qu trnh oxi ha xc tc
amoniac sn xut axit nitric. Trong qu trnh ny sn phm chnh l NO;
bn cnh mt lng nh kh N2O khng hu ch cng c to thnh.
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
4NH3 + 4O2 = 2N2O + 6H2O
N2O cn c hnh thnh t vic nung phn hy hoc n phn hy cc
vt liu c cha mui NH4NO3.
Trong thc t, s nhim khng kh ca cc oxit nit ch yu do NO
v NO2 gy ra. T l mol ca hai loi kh ny trong khng kh l khong 3 : 7
song tt nhin ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng. Cc nit oxit cn
c sinh ra khi axit nitric c tip xc vi khng kh, c bit l khi c s
tham gia ca nh sng mt tri; khi t cc vt liu hu c c cha nit, khi
n mn khai thc m. Khi tin hnh hn x hay to h quang in trong mi

29
trng khng kh c cha sn oxi v nit th trong nhng iu kin nhit
cao nh vy, cc nit oxit cng c hnh thnh. Ngoi ngnh cng nghip
sn xut axit nitric ra, cc lnh vc sn xut ha cht, phn bn, gia cng kim
loi, x l b mt kim loi... cng sn sinh ra mt lng ln kh nit oxit.
Trong cc phng th nghim, khi s dng axit nitric, c bit l axit nitric c
phn hy mu hay nitro ha, rt cn ch ti s gii phng cc nit oxit.
Trong nhng trng hp nh th tuy tnh v lng th nh song chng thng
xy ra trong mt khng gian hp cho nn tnh cht nguy him ca n cn
c quan tm mt cch thch ng.
2. Tnh cht c trng
N2O l kh c tnh kh; song trong iu kin bnh thng, n khng b
oxi khng kh oxi ha. Khi t chy vi oxi phn ng sinh ra mt nhit lng
rt ln.
Nhng khi c mt ngn la th N2O cng c phn ng chy vi hydro.
N2O + H2 = N2 + H2O + 77,5 kcal.
Hn hp N2O vi amonic em t cng s gy n rt mnh.
3N2O + 2NH3 = 4N2 + 3H2O + 210 kcal
Kh N2O l cht kh khng mu, c mi d chu, c v hi ngt v tan
kh tt trong nc v c bit l trong cn. Nu ht phi lng nh, N 2O to
ra trng thi vui v (kh ci). Nhng nu ht phi mt lng ln, nn nhn c
th b hn m v b ngt.
NO l cht kh rt hot ng; n b oxi kh ng kh oxi ha t r nhanh
thnh NO2; khi tip xc vi clo to thnh nitrosylclorua. NO tan rt t trong
nc v c i lc to phc rt mnh vi cc cation ca kim loi chuyn tip.
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
K3[Fe(CN)6] + NO = KCN + K2[Fe(CN)5NO]
NO hn hp vi NO2 tc dng vi amoniac hoc ngay c vi ur, nht
l trong iu kin c xc tc, s sinh ra nit v nc.
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 = 2N2 + 3H2O
NO2 tan trong nc to thnh axit nitric, mt axit mnh c tnh oxi ha.
3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO
NO2 m tc dng vi cc baz hay mui ccbonat mnh lit nh axit
nitric. ng thi n cng tc dng mnh vi cc cht hu c v c th phn
hy chng. Chnh v th m NO2 tc ng rt mnh ln da, cc nim mc mt,
mi v phi; gy kch thch mnh v rt d li di chng nh ph phi...
2NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O
3NO2 + CaCO3 = Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + NO

30
 Kh nit oxit rt nguy him v ranh gii gia nng gy kch thch
nh v nng gy hu qu nguy him l rt hp. Ngi ta c th ht phi
mt lng gy cht tim tng trong vng t 2 n 24 ting ng h m khng
c bt c mt tc ng biu hin r rt no. Tip xc vi nng 100 n
500 ppm nit oxit trong khng kh c thgy co tht t n gt ph qun v
cht do try h hp. Nu ht th thng xuyn vi nng thp cha gy
cht th cc triu chng xy ra ln lt c th nh sau: kch thch nh, mt
nhn bit, thy nga c, ho v xut hin cc cn co tht lng ngc. Hin
tng ph phi tin trin, nn nhn thy kh th v ho ra m ln mu. Tip
theo, mt vi trng hp c th b thiu mu, xanh xao, tun hon ngng tr
v sau c th l t vong.

2.1.4. KH CACBON MONOXIT V DIOXIT

Cacbon monoxit (CO) [14,]
1. S pht sinh
Kh CO c sinh ra t cc qu trnh t chy khng hon ton cc hp
cht c cha cacbon. Nhng ngun ng k nht l kh thi ca cc ng c
chy bng cc nhin liu ha thch; kh thi ca cc nh my nhit in, luyn
kim, kh ha than v kh sinh ra sau cc v n ch cng nh cc v n hm
l do metan v bi than gy ra trong lng t. Bn cnh cn phi k n
kh sinh ra do un nu, si v cc hot ng khc na. Tng cng lng CO
sinh ra t cc ngun ny c khong t 350 n 600 triu tn mi nm. Ngoi
ra ngun CO t nhin hin ti khng xc nh c.
2. Tnh cht c trng
CO l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v v nh hn khng kh
cht t. CO c th tip tc chy trong khng kh to thnh CO 2. Hn hp ti
hn ca CO trong khng kh c th gy n, c bit l nhit cao hoc c
mt ca tia la.
C + 1/2O2 = CO + 26,64 kcal
CO + 1/2O2 = CO2 + 67,75 kcal
CO tc dng vi hi nc to thnh CO 2 v H2. Trong iu kin
thng, cn bng khng c li cho vic hnh thnh sn phm; song khi c mt
ca cht xc tc th phn ng xy ra hon ton. CO khng phi l anhydric
ca bt k axit no song khi tan vi dung dch kim mnh, nng chng s kt
hp vi nhau v to thnh mui focmit.
CO + H2O --XT--> CO2 + H2
CO + NaOH = Na(CO2H) (natri focmit)

31
 CO kt hp c vi nhiu kim loi to thnh cc cacbonyl; trc ht
nh l st, coban v niken. c bit ngi ta trnh cho clo tip xc vi CO,
nht l c nh sng hoc cht xc tc, v chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh
fosgen (COCl2) rt c
4CO + Ni = Ni(CO)4
h/XT
CO + Cl2 COCl2
Tc ng ng k nht ca CO i vi sc kho con ngi l kh nng
to phc rt ln ca CO i v st trong t bo hng cu. i lc ca CO vi
st trong phn t hemoglobin gp khong 240 ln so vi oxy. Khi ht th
trong bu khng kh nhim bi CO, CO s thm thu rt nhanh qua ng
phi v chim cc v tr phi tr ca oxy trong hemoglobin to thnh
cacboxyhemoglobin lm suy gim nhanh chng kh nng cp oxy ca mu
cho cc t bo trong c th. Nng cacboxyhemoglobin trong mu hon
ton ph thuc vo hm lng CO trong khng kh th, thi gian tip xc v
nhp th ca nn nhn Ngoi ra CO cn c th lin kt vi myoglobin,
cytochrom v mt s enzym na trong c th.
Nng CO trong khng kh nn l 0,01 n 0,9 mg/m3. Tip xc vi
nng ln hn s lm tng nng cacboxyhemoglobin trong mu (BCH).
Khi BCH ln hn 2,5% bt u gy tc ng ln chc nng tun hon. 5%
BCH khng an ton cho s c kho, 10% BC H c th b e da v khi ti 60
n 80% BCH s dn ti t vong. Mc du nn nhn cht do thiu oxi trong
mu nhng t thi khng b tm ti m li c mu ta.

Cacbon dioxit (CO2) [15]

1. S pht sinh
CO2 sinh ra thng qua s t chy cc nguyn, nhi n liu c cha cc
bon trong cc ngnh cng nghip, dn dng, k c s t v chy rng. Bn
cnh mt lng ln CO2 cn c sinh ra trong cc m than, cc b ln
men, cc nh my sn xut ri, bia, nc ngt c ga, cc ni phn, thc
n cho cy trng, vt nui. CO2 c mt khp ni v trong khng kh nn, n
chim khong 0,3%. Hin nay theo s liu ca cc nh khoa hc, hm lng
CO2 trong kh quyn ca tri t ngy mt tng. iu ny lm tng hiu
ng nh knh ca tri t v hu qu l lm tng nhit trung bnh ca tri
t; hu qu ca n l khn lng theo s cnh bo ca cc nh khoa hc.
2. Tnh cht c trng
CO2 l kh khng mu, khng chy, c v hi chua v nng hn nhiu
so vi khng kh . Chnh v vy m CO 2 thng tp trung li dy c hn
nhng ch thp hay phn y ca khng gian ni n c sinh ra.

32
 CO2 tan tng i tt trong nc, nht l nhit thp. CO2 l
anhydrit ca axit cacbonic. CO 2 d dng phn ng vi dung dch kim mnh
nh NaOH hay Ca(OH)2 to thnh cc ccbonat tng ng.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 ; (k1 = 4,01.10-7; k2 = 5,2.10-11)
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
CO2 khi lm lnh p sut kh quyn s ng cng li v khi nhit
xung quanh tng ln n thng hoa ( nhit 78,48 OC) m khng qua trng
thi lng. CO2 rn ( kh) c th gy ra nhng vt bng rt kh lnh.
CO2 hu nh khng c tc ng g ln ng tiu ha song n c tc
ng sinh l mnh m khi thm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp; n lm
tng nhp th thng qua tc ng ca n ln trung tm h hp trong ty sng.
Khi hm lng ca CO 2 trong khng kh th vt qu gi tr 3% s gy kh
th v iu ny cng tr nn r rt khi hm lng ca n vt qu 5%. Vi
hm lng 10% s lm cho nn nhn bt tnh ch trong vng mt pht.

2.1.5. ASIN (AsH3), PHOTPHIN (PH3) V STIBIN (SbH3) [16, 17]

1. S pht sinh
Mt lng ln acsin, photphin, stibin v c boran na c sn xut
dng trong ngnh in t. Cc cht kh ni trn thng c tinh ch n siu
tinh khit nhm thng hoa v phn hy to ra nhng lp phim nguyn t
mng trong cc vi mch. Khi tinh ch v ngay c khi vn chuyn, s d r gy
ra nhim nhng loi kh c ny.
Mt trong nhng ngun pht sinh na l cc qu trnh v phn ng xy
ra vi cc sn phm v x thi sau luyn kim ca cc kim loi hot ng nh
nhm, thic, km... Trong qung ca cc kim loi ni trn lun lun c ln
cc nguyn t arsen, photpho hay antimon di dng cc sunphua ng
hnh hay khong tp. Trong qu trnh luyn kim, cc nguyn t ny to thnh
cc hp cht khc nhau theo x ra ngoi cng vi cc kh oxit lu hunh v
nit hp ph ty theo cc cng ngh c s dng. Ln trong x tt nhin cn
c phn nh kim loi phn tn. Khi gp m hay nc, cc axit c to thnh
t phn kh hp ph. Axit s ha tan cc ht kim loi to thnh mui tng
ng v gii phng ra hydr. Hydr mi sinh s tin hnh kh cc hp cht ca
arsen, photpho v antimon trong xto ra arsin, photphin v stibin thot ra
khi lp x. Hin tng ny thng xy ra trong nh my, ti cc bi x v
gy ra nhng mi nguy him cht ngi i vi cng nhn v nhng ngi
sng ln cn.
i vi photphin, n cn c hnh thnh khi lm ngui st thp bng
nc hoc hi nc, trong sn xut acetylen (canxi photphua nh l tp cht
trong cacbua canxi), thuc dit chut (km photphua), cht bo qun ht ng

33
cc (nhm photphua). Cc photphua kim loi hot ng khi gp nc s sinh
ra photphin; ngc li photphua ca kim loi nng th hu nh khng tc
dng vi nc v i khi ngay c vi dung dch axit long. S phn hy ym
kh ca cc hp cht photpho hu c cng sinh ra photphin (ma tri).
Stibin cn c pht hin vi nhng hm lng kh ln khi ch ha
cc hp kim ca n vi cc kim loi hot ng bng axit.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Asin l cht kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh khong 2,7 ln v c
mi hnh nhn ng hay mi ti. Asin l cht kh mnh; d dng t chy
trong khng kh to ra asen(III) oxit v nc, n cng b phn hy nhit
cao khi khng c mt ca oxi to ra asen v hydro nguyn t.
2AsH3 + 3O2 = As2O3 + 3H2O + 44,2 kcal
10AsH3 + 16KMnO4 + 18H+ = 5Mn3(AsO4)2 + 24H2O + 16K+ + Mn2+
Asen (thch tn) l cht kch c song asin cn c hn nhiu do n
thm nhp nhanh hn vo cc c quan trong c thso vi asen thng qua
ng h hp. Asin l tc nhn hy hoi mu mnh lit. Cc biu hin v
triu chng ca ng c asin u l hu qu tc ng ln mu ca n. Trong
trng hp nhim c nh, khong mt ngy sau khi tip xc s c nhng
triu chng nh bun nn, au u, run ry v au nhi vng thng v.
Bnh vng da xt hin ngy th hai hoc ngy th ba. Hin tng vng da
thng i km vi hin tng au v nhn gan. i khi ngi ta nhn thy
thn b hy hoi. Phn ln cc trng hp t vong sau khi b trng c asin l
do try tim mch. Nhng ngi may mn sng st c th bnh phc song mt
vi trng hp, bnh thn kinh ngoi vi pht trin. Khi tip nhn mt lng
ln asin (ng c cp tnh asin) th t vong l iu khng th trnh khi.
Photphin l mt kh c khng mu, c mi nh mi c n, t tan
trong nc. Bn cnh PH 3 (monophotphin) cn n t ti mt dng na l
diphotphin (P2H4). Diphotphin thng l sn phm i km vi photphin v l
cht lng d bay hi, t bc chy trong khng kh v cng d phn hy thnh
photphin v P2H. P2H (photphohydro rn) l cht bt mu vng v bn trong
khng kh, khng tan trong nc cng nh cc dung mi khc. Monophotphin
tinh khit trong khng kh khng t bc chy nu nhit khng vt qu
150OC v n ch t bc chy khi c ln diphotphin. Khi chy s to thnh axit
photphoric.
PH3 + 2O2 = H3PO4
Khi nng photphin trong khng kh khong 0,2 ppm ta c th pht
hin thy mi ca n (cng c ti liu cho thy ngng pht hin mi ca
photphin cn thp hn na). Khi tip xc vi nng 20 ppm trong khng
kh nn nhn c th t vong ngay lp tc. Trng hp nhim c photphin
thng i km cc triu chng nh au bng, nn ma, mt cn bng, co git,

34
hn m v c th dn ti t vong trong vng 24 gi. Trng hp nhim nh
c th qua khi hon ton sau nhng hin tng ho v b kch thch trong
ngf h hp. Nhim c mn tnh photphin xy ra khi thng xuyn tip
xc vi nng rt thp v triu chng ni b t l cc triu chng v thn
kinh.
Stibin c bit nh l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi kh chu v c
c tnh cao. Ng c stibin rt ging ng c asin. Nhng trong chng mc
no tc ng ca n c i phn nh hn. Song trong vic x l cc trng
hp nhim c stibin vn cn rt quyt lit, thm ch phi truyn mu hay
chy thn nhn to mi hy vng trnh c t vong.

2.2. CC CHT THI DNG HI [8, 18]

Cc cht dng hi thi vo khng kh u c chung mt c tnh l c
kh nng ngng t li trong nhng iu kin p sut v nhit ph hp. Do
nhng tnh cht c th ca cht thi dng ny, chng ta chia chng thnh hai
nhm chnh l nhm cht thi dng hi ca cc hp cht v c v cht thi
dng hi ca cc hp cht hu c thun tin cho vic nghin cu v x l.

2.2.1. HI CA CC HP CHT V C
Cc cht thi cng nghip nguy hi thuc nhm ny c quan tm
nht l hi axit, hi kim, hi thy ngn v hi mt s oxit thng hoa nh
As2O3, PbO. S d hi ca cc cht ni trn c t ln hng u trc ht
do s xut hin thng xuyn ca chng trong nhng hot ng hng ngy
ca chng ta vi khi lng ln; mt khc l do c tnh cng nh cc tc
ng nguy him tim tng ca chng.
1. S pht sinh
Hi axit v hi kim thng xut hin ti cc c s gia cng, x l kim
loi, b mt kim loi; cc c s sn xut ha cht, vt liu c s dng axit v
kim c bit iu kin nhit cao. Tt nhin phi k n cc nh my sn
xut chnh cc axit hoc kim ni trn.
Hi thy ngn thng c pht hin ti cc nh my sn xut xt - clo
s dng in cc thy ngn, ti cc c s khai thc, gia cng, m cc kim loi
qu nh vng, bc, bch kim... c bit trong cc tai nn hay ri ro trong sn
xut, vn chuyn hay ch ha thy ngn kim loi. Trong nhng trng hp
ny hm lng cc b thy ngn rt cao nhng may mn l thng ch trong
khng gian c gii hn mt khc hi thy ngn nng nn pht tn km.
Hi cc oxit thng hoa xu t hin thng xuyn vi mt hm lng
ng k l ti cc khu vc c cc c s luyn kim, c bit l luyn kim mu,
t pyrit, acsenopyrit v k c cc ni sn xut phn ln nung chy. Mt

35
lng ln na cng c pht hin ti cc c s sn xut thuc tr dch hi
ngun gc v c nh thuc dit mi, dit chut, tr c...
2. Tnh cht c trng
Cc cht dng hi c mt c tnh chung l chng u c th c
ngng t li di dng cht gc ca n trong nhng iu kin nhit v p
sut ph hp. Nhng thc cht nu dng sng sau ngng t m khng
c thu gom v x l kp thi th vn khng th trnh c nhng tc ng
nguy hi ca chng.
Hi axit trong iu kin khan tc dng rt km vi kim cng nh vi
cc mui cacbont. Nhng trong iu kin m hay sc vo dung dch th phn
ng li xy ra bnh thng. i vi hi kim th cc phn ng trung ha cng
din ra trong cc iu kin tng t.
Hi axit v hi kim thng gy kch thch rt mnh ln da. Cc triu
chng cm nhn trn da l nga ngy kh chu; c bit hi HF khi thm qua
da s gy ra cm gic nhc but ko di. nhng ngi tip xc thng
xuyn vi hi axit v kim thng xut hin cc nt mn trn da. Mt
ca chng ph thuc vo c a ca tng ngi v vo nng hi tip xc.
Tip xc lu di c th gy ra vim da. K c hi kim v axit u tc ng
ln cc nim mc mt, mi v pha trn ca ng h hp. Cc triu chng
thng l chy nc mt, nga, rt trong mi v hng, ho. Trng hp nng
c th gy nn hin tng c mt do kt mc b tn thng v ph phi.
Hi thy ngn rt d ngng t; song ngay hi bo ha ca thy ngn
trong iu kin bnh thng c th gy nguy him n sc kho v c tnh
mng ca con ngi. Chnh v vy m thy ngn khng bao gi c php
h mt tip xc vi khng kh. Hi thy ngn rt d hp th vo lu hunh
to thnh thy ngn sunphua rt bn v hu nh khng c. N cng d b
hp th vo dung dch st(III) clorua to thnh kt ta calomen (Hg2Cl2) bn
vng.
Hg + S = HgS
2Hg + 2FeCl3 = 2FeCl2 + Hg2Cl2
Hi thy ngn rt c (c hn gp nhiu ln cc dng khc ca thuey
ngn) v n l i d dng thm nhp vo c th bng ng h hp v thm
thu qua da rt nhanh. Thy ngn c kh nng tch lu sinh hc rt cao. C ti
80% lng thy ngn trong kh ht vo c gi li trn ng h hp. Hu
qu ca ng c thy ngn thng l da xanh xao vng vt, thiu mu, run
ry, hn m v t vong do suy nhc.
Hi thng hoa ca acsen, ch oxit hay cc kim loi khc cng rt d
ngng t. Cc oxit axit hay lng tnh chng c th hp th tt trong dung
dch kim mnh v nng.

36
 As2O3 + 6NaOH = 2Na3AsO3 + 3H2O
Hi acsen tc ng ln ngi v ng vt cng ging nh acsin. Cc
dng hi ca ch cng nh cc kim loi nng khc thm nhp vo trong c th
ch yu cng qua ng h hp v i vo mu. Cc c ch tc ng ca n
cng nh nhng triu chng nhim c c trnh by trong phn v kim loi
nng.

2.2.2. HI DUNG MI HU C [19, 20, 21, 22]

Cc cht hu c cho ti nay ngi ta tnh c vo khong 10 triu
cht khc nhau. Nhng s dng nhiu trong cuc sng ca chng ta ch vo
khong vi nghn. Ngoi lnh vc thuc tr dch hi v cht do (plastic) ra
th dung mi hu c chim mt t trng ng k (khng k xng du va
dng lm dung mi va s dng chnh lm nhin liu).
Nhn chung p sut hi bo ho ca cc cht hu c thng kh ln; v
vy vic nghin cu tc ng dng hi ca cc cht hu c l rt quan trng.
Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny chng ta ch xem xt mt s dung mi
hu c c hi quan trng, thng gp.
1. S pht sinh
Hi dung mi thng c mt trong cc c s sn xut, gia cng cao su,
sn xut dy dp, sn, v... Ti cc kho tng, cc c s sn xut, tinh ch
dung mi do d r, thao tc; cc c s ch bin du m cng khng trnh khi
nhng lng hi dung mi thot ra. Trong nhng khong khng gian hp khi
s dng dung mi hay cc loi keo, sn ngi ta cng thng phi tip xc
vi mt hm lng hi kh cao.
2. Tnh cht c trng
Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nhng li l cc k nguy him
ca cc dung mi hu c l d chy. Mc du cc nh cng ngh c
gng tm cc dung mi kh bt chy s dng trong cng nghip nhng
lun lun vn l vn kh khn do nhng i hi kht khe ca cc cng
ngh.
Cc dung mi vi phn cc khc nhau kh i thm nhp vo trong c
th s tp trung vo nhng b phn khc nhau. Cc dung mi khng hoc t
phn cc s tp trung vo cc c quan cha nhiu m, k c h thn kinh v
ngc li cc dung mi phn cc s tp trung vo nhng ni cha nhiu nc
v nh th c ngha l chng c kh nng phn b rng hn trong c th.
Mt lng ln dung mi sau khi hp th vo trong c th s bc ra
ngoi nguyn dng nh ban u nhng trong khong t 15 n 60% ty thuc
loi dung mi v c a tng ngi, chng tham gia vo cc qu trnh bin i
sinh hc.

37
 Ng c cp tnh cng c th xy ra khi nn nhn tip xc vi nng
hi cao. Cc triu chng thng thy l chng mt, chong vng, au u v
nn ma. V d vi nng toluen khong 1000 ppm c th gy chng mt,
mt thng bng v au u d di. Vi nng ln hn na c th gy hn
m. Nu nn nhn khng c kp thi cch ly khi mi trng nhim th
c th t vong.
Cc dung mi hu c cng c th gy ra ng c mn tnh. Benzen l
mt trng hp c theo di tng i h thng. V nguyn tc, benzen tc
ng ln ty xng nu thng xuyn tip xc vi hm lng benzen trong
mi trng vt qu nng cho php. Bc u nhng triu chng thng
khng r rng. Tip theo thng thy mt mi, ri lon tiu ha, ch ng mt;
sau xut hin hin tng chy mu mi v pht ban trn da. Bnh thiu
mu thng tm thy nhng ngi nhim c benzen mn. Giai don u
ty xng vn pht trin sau th khng pht trin na v bt u s ph hy
n cc t bo. Ngi ta cho rng benzen nh hng n qu trnh tng hp
DNA. Cc chromosom l pht trin nhiu nhng ngi thng xuyn tip
xc vi hi benzen v cc ng vt th nghim. Nhim c benzen thng
km theo s pht trin ca bnh mu trng cp. Qu trnh tip din ny
thng xy ra vi nm sau khi tip xc ln cui.
Cc dung mi hu c t nhiu u c tc ng c hi ln c th ngi;
do trnh cc tc ng xu, rt cn thit c cc bin php phng nga v
x l thch ng i vi mi trng lm vic c s dng cc dung mi.

2.3. BI [23, 24, 25]

2.3.1. KHI NIM V BI
Ni n khi nim bi, ta lun lun phi hiu l s kt hp khng
th tch ri nhau ca hai pha l pha kh (thng l khng kh) v pha rn tn
ti dng ht th ri rc v phn b ngu nhin. Cc ht cht rn phn tn
trong pha kh mi c gi l bi; cn nu cng nhng ht cht rn y c
gom li, khng chuyn ng na th thng i vi khi nim l bt, tro hay
b hng.
Nh nh ngha v bi phn trn ta quan tm n dng tn ti v kch
thc ht ca bi; hnh dung v di kch thc ca bi, ta c th tham kho
bng 2.2. so snh gia chng vi di sng in t, vi khun v kch thc ca
tc ngi di y.
Kch thc ca ht bi (d) c biu din qua ng knh ca ht hnh
cu, kch thc l ry m ht bi lt qua hoc kch thc ln nht ca hnh
chiu ca ht. Ngi ta cng s dng khi nim ng knh tng ng (dt)
cho loi ht bi c hnh dng bt k. d t c hiu l ng knh ca mt ht
hnh cu c th tch bng th tch ca ht bi ang xt.

38
 Nu ly tiu chun v kch thc ca ht bi phn loi th ta c th
chia bi ra thnh cc loi nh sau:
1. Bi th (ct bi - grit): l cc ht bi cht rn c kch thc ln hn
75 m
2. Bi (dust): l cc ht bi cht rn coa kch thc t 5 - 75 m.
3. Khi (smoke): l cc th vt cht c th l rn hoc lng thng
c to ra (hoc ngng t) trong qu trnh t nhin liu c kch thc ht t
1 - 5 m.
4. Khi mn (fume): l nhng ht cng c ngun gc nh khi nhng
rt mn; kch thc ht ca khi mn c quy c l nh hn 1 m.

Bng 2.2. Kch thc ht ca bi, khi v h phn tn ph bin

Kch thc / bc sng nh sng [m]

0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1,0 10 100 1000 10000
i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i i i ii i i i i ii
nh Th rn Khi mn Khi Bi (dust)
ngha Th lng Sng (mist) Bi nc
k thut
Khi nha thng
Khi du t Tro bay
Ht / h Khi thuc l Bi than
phn tn CO2 Bi v khi luyn kim
tiu Khi NH4Cl Bi xi mng
biu H2O Ct
Mui than
Bi kh quyn
Bi h hp-

ng Vi khun Vi trng Tc
vt
Sng Tia X Tia cc tm Hng ngoi gn Sng cc ngn
in t Nhn thy Hng ngoi xa

V tnh cht c l, c s khc bit rt ln gia cc ht bi c kch thc

ln v cc ht bi c kch thc cc nh. Cc ht bi c kch thc ln nh
bi th chng hn th chng c kh nng lng ng nhanh nh trng lng
ca chng v gia tc trng trng. Do chng thng b loi khi mi
trng kh mt cch d dng. Ngc li, cc ht bi cc nh th tun theo mt
cch cht ch s chuyn ng ca mi trng kh xung quanh; do chng
tn ti kh lu.
Khi lng n v (t trng) ca mt cht dng nguyn khi v
dng bt vi kch thc ht khc nhau rt khc nhau. Nghin cu dng bt c
th tr thnh bi ca mt s cht, cc tc gi nhn thy r iu ny nh
trn bng 2.3.

39
 Bi c tc hi ln nht n sc kho con ngi l loi bi d thm nhp
v c th qua ng h hp ngi ta thng gi chung l bi h hp. Loi
ny thng c kch thc nh hn 10 m.

Bng 2.3. T trng ca mt s cht dng khi v dng bt ri.

T trng Dng bt
Cht dng ng T trng ng T trng
3
khi knh ht (g/cm ) knh ht (g/cm3)
(g/cm3) (m) (m)
Cadimi oxit 6,5 2,42 2,70 5,96 0,51
Bc 10,5 1,79 4,22 4,30 0,94
Vng 19,3 2,35 8,00 5,54 1,24
Thy ngn 13,6 2,05 10,80 3,08 1,70
HgCl2 5,4 4,53 4,32 3,63 1,27
Manh oxit 3,6 3,26 3,48 7,29 0,35

2.3.2. HNH VI CA CC HT BI
Nh ta ni trn, bi l nhng ht cht rn hoc sol kh tn ti v
chuyn ng trong pha kh (ch yu y s no n l trong khng kh). Bi
c dng kh dung np v mang i.
Cc ht bi c khi lng (kch thc) ln trn ng mang i ca
dng kh s c xu hng lng xung mt t. Ngc li cc ht bi c khi
lng rt nh, c bit l cc ht sol kh th c th tn ti trng thi l lng
trong mt thi gian khng hn nh.
Ht bi chuyn ng trong khng kh, trc tin ta xt ti lc cn ca
dng kh. Trng hp n gin nht ta cho rng dng kh l ng nht, lin
tc v v hn; ht bi l hnh cu chuyn ng vi vn tc (v) khng i th
lc cn (F) ca dng kh ln ht bi s c tnh theo biu thc sau:

1
F = K 0 A dv 2 (2.1)
2
Trong : 1/2.v2 l ng nng ca dng kh chuyn ng vi vn tc v,
A l din tch tit din trc i ca ht vi hng chuyn ng,
K0 l h s t l hay h s sc cn,
l t trng ca dng kh.
i vi ht hnh cu c ng knh l r th A = d2/4 v do ta c:
1
F= K 0 .d 2 v 2 (2.2)
8

40
 T ta c th rt ra biu thc tnh cho h s sc cn K0 nh sau:
8F
K0 = (2.3)
. .d 2 v 2
Thc nghim cho thy h s sc cn ph thuc vo chun s Raynon
(Re).
v.d v.d .
Re = = (2.4)

Trong : l nht ng ca dng kh: = /,
v l nht ng lc v t trng ca dng kh.

Ko 104

103

102

101

10-1
10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103 104 105 106
Re
Hnh 2.2. S ph thuc ca h s Ko vo chun s Raynon (Re)

Khi chuyn ng vi vn tc nh, Re < 1, dng kh trc v sau ht

hnh cu gn nh i xng nhau. Trong vng ny, nh trn hnh 2.2. ta thy
s ph thuc ca Ko vo Re theo h logarit hon ton l mt ng thng v
c biu din bng h thc:
24
K= (2.5)
Re
T (2.3) v (2.4.) ta c cng thc Stokes (2.6) v vng ny c gi l vng
chuyn ng c nht - vng Stokes:
F = 3. . . .v (2.6)
Khi Re > 1, dng chuyn ng sau ht hnh cu bt u xut hin s ri
dng cho n khi Re tng ln n khong 400. Vng ny c gi l vng
chuyn tip. S ph thuc ca h s sc cn Ko vo chun Re c th hin
bng biu thc Kljachko:

41
 24 4
K0 = + 1/ 3 (2.7)
Re Re
(Trong khong 3 < Re <400, Ko tnh theo biu thc trn c sai s khong 2%)
Khi Re ln hn 500 v nh hn 1000, cc dng xoy cun vo tch ra
khi vt cn v c hnh xon c. Lc ny h s sc cn trc i Ko hu nh
khng i nm trong khong 0,38 n 0,50. Vng ny do Newton tm ra v n
mang tn ng.
Khi Re > 2.105 lp chuyn ng bin ca dng kh pha trc ht hnh
cu tr nn khng n nh; nhng dng xon phn cch hnh thnh c pha
trc chuyn ra pha sau vt cn lm cho h s sc cn trc i gim xung
t ngt (n 0,1).
Vn tc ri gii hn ca ht bi hnh cu t c khi lc cn ca
khng kh cn bng vi lc trng trng ca n.
1
F = G = K o . A .v (2.8)
2
2G
T ta c vth = (2.9)
K o . A.

V trong vng Stokes ta c:

1
G = 3 ( b ) g (2.10)
6
Trong b l t trng ca ht bi v g l gia tc trng trng.
T suy ra:
( b ) g 2
v gh = (2.11)
18
Do t trng ca khng kh thng nh hn rt nhiu so vi t trng ca vt
cht lm nn ht bi cho nn ta c th b qua v vn tc gii hn ca ht bi
trong khng kh c th biu hin bng biu thc (2.12):
b .g. 2
v gh = (2.12)
18

Biu thc (2.11) v (2.12) tnh vn tc treo l lng ca ht bi theo

nh lut Stokes v ch p dng cho ht bi hnh cu c ng knh nh hn
70 m; v i vi ht bi c kch thc ln hn, cng thc Stokes cho sai s
tng i ln so vi thc t.

42
 2.3.3. BN CHT V TC HI CA BI
Bi v v phng din no ta c th xem xt ng thi c sol kh.
Ngoi mt s tnh cht c l nh c trnh by phn trn th v mt ha
hc, n mang y cc tnh cht ca cc cht ha hc to nn n. Tc ng
ca bi ln sc kho con ngi chnh v th m cng phc tp hn. C hai
kiu tc ng chnh ca bi l tc ng theo kiu c hc v theo kiu ha hc.
Da trn c s ny ta c th chia bi ra lm hai loi; loi bi tr v loi bi
tan (bi c th tan c trong mi trng nc hoc m).
Bi tr tc ng ln c th con ngi theo kiu c hc. Th d nh bi
bng thy tinh hay aming loi tinh th hnh kim. ng v phng din ha
hc th c hai u l cc vt cht c trng rt tr v ha hc (silicat v
aluminosilicat) nhng chng c coi l loi bi nguy him c th dn n
ung th nu b nhim. Bng ch ng l khi theo di cc nn nhn nhim bi
bng thy tinh hay aming dng hnh kim ngi ta thy nhng ht bi l
nhng mnh gy nh nhn v sc. Khi chng thm nhp vo ti cc ph nang,
khi phi h hp, chng s lin tc gy ra cc vt thng. Cc vt th ng
khng c lnh ny s l mm mng cho cc tm gy ra ung th. Ngoi cc
loi bi ni trn, bi than cng c ni n nhiu v n gy ra bnh bi phi
cho nhng ngi tip xc nhiu nh cng nhn khai thc than, th l... Mc
du nhng bi tr khng c tc ng v mt ha hc nhng hai hin tng
gy tn thng ph nang v bnh bi phi cng lm chng ta quan tm.
Bi tan c th thm nhp vo c th con ngi ch yu theo hai con
ng l h hp v tip xc qua da. Khi vo trong c th, tng loi bi s gy
ra cc tc ng theo c tnh ca n.
Bn cnh hai loi bi k n trn, cn tn ti loi bi mang tnh cht
cng hp; th d nh bi xi mng. Bi xi mng gm phn tr l cc silicat v
phn tan l cc cht kim.

43
 CHNG III. CC PHNG PHP X L BI [23,26,27,29]
3.1. KHI QUT V X L BI
Nh ni n phn trn, bi l nhng ht cht rn c kch thc
cng nh t trng khc nhau phn tn trong khng kh. x l lc sch bi
trc khi thi kh ra mi trng ngi ta nghin cu v s dng nhiu cch
khc nhau. Mi cch (phng php) ph hp vi cc loi bi v kch thc
bi khc nhau v c nhng u nhc im ring. Chnh v vy m ty thuc
vo i tng bi, ngi ta chn phng php x l ph hp. Cc phng
php x l bi c th chia thnh cc nhm nh trn bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1. Cc phng php x l bi
Lc X l bng X l bng X l da vo X l da vo
cht lng tnh in lc ly tm trng lc
-Bung lc -Dn ma Lc tnh -Thit b s dng Bung lng bi
gm -Sc kh in lc qun tnh.
-Lc c vt -a quay -Thit b s dng
liu m lc ly tm
-Lc tng kiu (cyclon).
-Lc ti Venturi
(mng) -Thit b quay

Trn c s phn loi cc phng php x l, ta c th chia cc thit b

x l bi lm 4 dng chnh nh sau:
1. Thit b lc c kh
2. Thit b lc mng
3. Thit b lc t
4. Thit b lc tnh in
Hai loi u (1 v 2) dng x l bi. Thit b lc t (3) c th dng
x l bi hoc hi v kh c. Thit b lc tnh in (4) ch dng x l
bi hoc sol kh.
c trng v hiu qu x l bi ca cc kiu thit b c khi qut trn
hnh 3.1. v bng 3.2..
Bng 4.2. v hnh 4.1. cho thy rng cc thit b x l bng lc qun tnh
v cc cyclon rt tin tch cc ht bi tng i ln. Loi cyclon t hp c
hiu sut ln nht. Dng cc thit b lc in, thit b lc ti v cc thit b lc
t c th t c hiu qu lc kh cao.
Thit b lc bi loi t ch dng khi cht kh cn x l chu c nhit
thp v m. Trong trng hp ny cc thit b lc bi loi t c nhiu u

44
 im hn so vi thit b lc tnh in ch thit b gin n v r tin. ng
dng thit b lc bi loi t trong nh my c nhiu kh khn v y qu
trnh tinh lc c lin quan ti vic thu gom v thi mt lng ln nc c tnh
cht ha l cn phi x l trc khi thi. Thit b lc in l mt loi thit b
lc sch bi c hiu sut cao; trong mun lc cc loi kh thi kh ta dng
loi thit b lc in tm, cn lc sch bi v hi m kh hp th, cng
nh lc sch c tt hn, ta dng loi thit b lc in ng v khi cn lc
sch mt th tch kh ln th dng thit b lc in l hiu qu nht.
100 %

99,9
Lc ti

99
Lc tnh in
95

80

50

20

5
Xyclon
Venturi
1

Dng xoy
0,1
Dn ma
0,01
0,01 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100
Kch thc ht bi, (m)

Hnh 3.1. Hiu qu x l bi ca cc thit b

Bng 3.2. Vng kch thc ph hp v hiu qu x l ca cc phng php.
Stt Thit b x l Kch thc ht ph hp Hiu qu x l
1 Bung lng bi 2000 - 100 m 40 - 70 %
2 Cyclon n 100 - 5 45 - 85
3 Cyclon t hp 100 - 5 65 - 95
4 Lc c vt m 100 - 10 Ti 99 %
5 Thp lc t 100 - 0,1 85 - 99
6 Lc ti (mng lc) 10 - 2 85 - 99,5
7 Lc tnh in 10 - 0,005 85 - 99

45
 C th ha bng 3.2. ta c th tham kho minh ho trn hnh 3.1. Ngoi
ra, ngi ta cn dng cc thit b lc kiu si bt lc sch kh khi bi,
khi v m (ti 90%).
Nh vy mun chn c thit b tch bi v lc sch kh c hiu qu,
phi xut pht t cc yu cu chnh:
1. Thnh phn ht bi v kch thc ht ca n
2. Trng thi v thnh phn ca kh
3. tinh lc kh cn thit

3.2. PHNG PHP X L BI DA VO LC TRNG TRNG

3.2.1. NGUYN TC
S lng bi bng bung lng l to ra iu kin trng lc tc dng
ln ht bi thng lc y ngang ca dng kh. Trn c s ngi ta to ra s
gim t ngt lc y ca dng kh bng cch tng t ngt mt ct ca dng
kh chuyn ng. Trong thi im y, cc ht bi s lng xung.
s lng c hiu qu hn, ngi ta cn a vo bung lng cc tm
chn lng. Cc ht bi chuyn ng theo qun tnh s p vo vt chn v ri
nhanh xung y.

3.2.2. CU TO CA BUNG LNG N

Mt bung lng n c cu to nh hnh 3.2A v bung lng kp
trong cng nghip c m hnh nh trn hinh 3.2B.

Kh Khix l
x l
Kh v bi
Khi cha x l

Hnh 3.2A. Hnh 3.2B.

Bung lng n Bung lng kp c vch cn tng hiu qu

46
 B mt ct ngang ca bung lng c tnh theo cng thc:
V
S = a.h = (m2)
w
Trong : a l chiu rng ca bung lng
h l chiu cao ca bung lng
V l lu lng kh qua bung lng
w l vn tc dng kh qua bung lng.
Nh vy, khi thit din ca bung lng cng tng th vn tc dng kh
cng gim; bi c th lng tt hn.
B mt lng cn thit (F) tnh theo cng thc:
V
F= (m2)
w1

y w1 l vn tc lng bi,
V l lu lng dng kh v bi.
Thi gian lng ca ht bi c tnh theo cng thc:
h
t= (s)
w1

Th tch lm vic ca bung lng (VLV):

VLV = V .t (m3)
Chiu di cn thit ca bung lng (l):
S VLV
l= =
a a.h

3.2.3. CU TO V HOT NG CA BUNG LNG

NHIU TNG
Bung lng nhiu tng l mt dy cc bung lng n l ni tip nhau.
Tng tng n l hot ng ging nh bung lng n. Nh vy chiu dy
tng cng:
H = n.h
Trong n l s tng.
Hiu sut x l tng cng s l:
P = Pi
Trong Pi l hiu sut x l ring phn ca tng bung lng n.

47
 3.3. PHNG PHP X L BI DA VO LC LY TM
3.3.1. NGUYN L
Khi dng kh v bi chuyn ng theo mt qu o trn (dng xoy)
th cc ht bi c khi lng ln hn cc phn t kh s chu tc dng ca lc
ly tm vng ra pha xa trc hn, phn gn trc xoy lng bi s rt nh.
Nu ta gii hn dng xoy trong mt v hnh tr th bi s va vo thnh
v v ri xung y. Khi ta t tm dng xoy mt ng dn kh ra, ta s thu
c kh khng c bi hoc lng bi gim i kh nhiu.
3.3.2. CU TO CA MT XYCLON N
S mt xyclon n v h thng xyclon lc bi c m t nh trn
hnh 3.3A, 3.3B v 3.3C.

Dc

h b
L1 L3

D
Kch thc tng qut ca mt
xyclon thng thng

L2 -ng knh ng v: D Dc
-ng knh ng ra: Dc=1/2 D
-ng knh ng y: Dd=1/4 D
-Chiu cao ng v: L1 = 2 D
-Chiu cao phn nn: L2= 2 D D
-Chiu cao sa vo: h = 1/2 D
-Chiu rng ca vo: b = 1/4 D
Dd -Chiu cao ng ra: L3= 1/3 D

Hnh 3.3A. Mt ct ng v mt ct ngang ca mt xyclon n.

+ Tc lng ca ht bi trong xyclon c tnh theo cng thc:

d 2 .( P1.P2 ).U 2
w0 =
9.P2 .v2 .D

Trong : d l ng knh ht bi (m).

P1 l khi lng ring ca ht,
P2 l khi lng ring ca kh mang,

48
 2 l h s nht ng hc ca kh,
u l tc vng ca dng kh trong xyclon (m2/s),
D l ng knh phn hnh tr ca xyclon.

Kh bn vo

Kh sch ra
Cnh hng gi
Kh bn vo

Bi ra Bi ra

Kiu dng tip tuyn Kiu dng ng trc

Hnh 3.3B. Cc kiu dng trong xyclon

+ ng knh phn hnh tr ca xyclon c tnh theo cng thc:

D = 2.( R1 + 1 + R) (m)
Trong : R1 l bn knh ng dn kh ra (ng trong hnh tr),
ng cch tnh theo
R l kho ng knh gia ng ra v thn
xyclon,
4V
R1 = (m)
.wt

Trong : V l lu lng kh qua hay nng sut ca xyclon,

wr l vn tc dng kh i ra khi xyclon, (trong cng nghip th w 1
thng ly t 4 n 8 m/s).
+ Kch thc ca ng vo:
ng vo thng l hnh ch nht c chiu cao h v chiu rng b. Thng
thng t l h/b bng k v bng t 2 n 4.
Trong :

49
 V
b=
k .wv

Wv l vn tc dng kh trong ng xyclon (thng bng 18 - 20 m/s)

Kh xxl l
Kh Kh
Kh
x x
l l

ng thot
ng thot
Kh v bi
Kh cha x l

Khv
Kh cha
bix l
Cnh hng
Cc cnh hnggi

Thuthu
Ca bi bi
Van

Hnh 3.3C. S h thng xyclon lc bi

+ Th tch lm vic ca xyclon:

VLV = V .t (m3)
Trong t l thi gian lu ca dng kh trong xyclon.
4,06.102 R2
t= 2 2 log (s)
d .w . k . b R + R1

Trong w l tc gc ca dng kh trong xyclon,

wRtb
w=
Rtb

k l t trng ca kh v b l gc vo ca dng kh. R 2 l bn knh v

phn hnh tr, Rtb l bn knh trung bnh ca phn hnh tr ca xyclon.
+ Chiu cao ca phn hnh tr Ht:
Vh VLV
H= = k.
( R2 R1 ).wtb .[ R2 ( R1 + 1 ) 2 ]
2

50
 + Chiu cao phn hnh nn:
H n = ( R2 Ro ).tg o

Trong Ro l bn knh l thot bi ( thng l 0,2 n 0,5 m),

o l gc nghing gia bn knh v ng sinh (thng l 50 - 60o)
Trong thc t ngi ta thng lp thnh t hp nhiu xyclon n li
tng cng hiu qu x l kh thi.
Nng sut lc ca xyclon (m3/h) c th tham kho bng 4.3.

Bng 4.3. Nng sut lc bi ca xyclon n v xyclon t hp.

Loi Nng sut lm vic theo ng knh ca xyclon
xyclon [mm]
400 500 600 700 800
n 1450-1690 2270-2640 3260-3810 4400-5180 5800-6760
Kp - 4540-5290 6520-7620 8800-10400 11600-
13500
Ba - - - 13200- 17400-
15500 20300
Bn 5800-6760 9080-10600 13000- 17600- 23200-
15200 20700 27000

+ Hiu sut lm sch bi ca xyclon:

G G Gc
= .100 = d .100
Gd Gd

Hiu sut lm sch ring phn:

Grp Gd rp Gc rp
rp = .100 = .100
Gd rp Gd rp
.
n rp1 .1 .
rp2 . 2
= rp = + + ...
i =1 100 100

Trong : i l thnh phn ca cc loi (kch thc) bi.

G, G, G c l khi lng bi c x l, khi lng bi
ban u, khi lng bi cn sau khi x l
GRP l khi lng bi ring phn.

51
 3.4. PHNG PHP X L BI BNG MNG LC, TI LC
3.4.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh v bi c chn li bi mng hoc ti lc; ti (mng) ny c
cc khe (l) nh cho cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc ht bi.
Cc ht bi b gi li trn mng l do c kch thc ln h n l (khe) ca
mng hoc dnh li trn b mt ca vt liu do va p, do tip xc trc tip v
do lc tnh in. Chnh v vy m mng lc gi li c c nhng ht bi c
kch thc nh hn l (khe) trng ca mng lc (hnh 3.4.A). Khi lp bi
dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh rung hoc thi ngc
thu hi bi v lm sch mng. S mt thit b lc ti c m t trn hnh
3.4.B.

3.4.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b lc l nhng tm vi (n) hnh ng hay hnh tm c t trn
nhng gi cng bng nha hoc kim loi c cc l thong (an t si hoc
ch to t tm lin c c l).

ng
Trngihp
ca3 ng i ca kh
bi ng i ca kh
ng i ca
bi

Khuch
Trng hptn
1
Tit
Tit din
dinsi
si
Trng Ht
hp bi
2

Hnh 3.4A. S d ng i ca kh v bi qua mng lc

Trng hp 1: Ht bi b gi li do tip xc, Trng hp 2: Do va p,
Trng hp 3: Do lc tnh in
Ti lc bng vi, n c dng ng mt u h kh i vo cn u kia
khu kn. ti c bn hn ngi ta thng t trong mt khung cng
bng li kim loi hoc nha.
Nng sut lc ca thit b ph thuc vo b mt lc, loi bi v bn
cht, tnh nng ca vt liu lm ti (mng).

52
 + Din tch lc c tnh theo cng thc
V
S= .3600
v.

- i vi ti lc: S .D.l + .D2/ 4

- i vi mng lc: S = a.b
Trong : V l lu lng kh (Nng sut lc) qua ti (mng),[m3/s].
v l cng lc ca mt m 2 b mt [m3/m2.h]. Thng thng v
c chn t 15 n 200 m3/ m2.h.
l hiu sut lm vic ca b mt lc. Thng thng c ly
khong 85 %.
D l ng knh ng lc.
l l chiu di ng lc;
a l chiu rng ca ti;
b l chiu di ca ti.

Kh sch

Kh
Kh sch
sch Kh
Kh cha
sch bi
c bi

Ti
ng

Kh Kh
cha
bi
c bi Ti
Mng

Bi
Bi Bi
Bi
Thit b lc ti Thit b lc mng

Hnh 3.4B. S thit b lc bi bng mng hnh ti v hnh tm

.

53
 + Lc cn ca ti (mng) c tnh theo cng thc:
P = A.V n [N/m2].
Trong A l h s thc nghim ph thuc vo nguyn liu lm ti
(mng), c k n bo mn v cn bn. A thng giao ng t 0,25 n
25,00. n l h s thc nghim thng thng bng 1,25 n 1,30.

BBphn chuyn
phn chuyn ng
ng c kh
c kh

Kh Ti lcng
hnh ng
Kh x ll Ti lc
x

Kh
Khx l l
x
Kh xx
Kh l l

Kh cha x x
Kh cha ll

Kh
Khcha xl l
cha x

Hnh 3. 4C. M hnh mt thit b lc ti trong cng nghip

3.5. PHNG PHP X L BI BNG DN MA

3.5.1.. NGUYN L
Dng kh c cha bi i qua mn cht lng (thng l nc). Cc ht
bi gp nc s b thm t v b dm xung hoc cun bm theo, cn dng
kh sch s c i qua. Nc thng c i t trn xung, cn dng kh i
t di ln.
3.5.2. CU TO V VN HNH CA THIT B.
Dn ma l thit b n gin nht dp bi nhng li c hiu qu cao.
Lng nc phun vo c th quay vng tr li sau khi lng bn bi. Thit b
ny thng dng trong cc nh my xi mng hay cc x nghip nghin qung.
S mt thit b dp bi bng dn ma c m t trn hnh 3.5.

54
 Kh sau x l
Kh x l

B chn sol
Thit b thi nc

H thng phun nc
Nc a vo

Kh cha x l
Kh cha x l

Nc nhim bn ra
Huyn ph bi

Hnh 3.5A. Thit b dp bi theo kiu dn ma

Kh sauxx
Khis l l

Nc cp Caphun
Nc phunra nc

Vtliuliu
Vt nnm

Kh
Kh cha
cha x lx l

Huyn ph
Cht lng bi nhim
v cht

Hnh 3.5B. Thit b dn ma c nhi vt liu n

55
 3.6. LC BI TNH IN
3.6.1. NGUYN L
Trong mt in trng u, c s phng in ca cc in t t cc m
sang cc dng. Trn ng i, n c th va phi cc phn t kh v ion ha
chng hoc c th gp phi cc ht bi lm cho chng tch in m v chng
s chuyn ng v pha cc dng. Ti y chng c trung ha v in tr
li. M hnh hot ng ca nguyn l dp bi tnh in c m phng trn
hnh 3.6A v 3.6B.
Ngi ta s thu c bi t cc tm in cc dng; kh i ra l kh
sch bi.

3.6.2. CU TO V HOT NG
Cu to ca mt thit b lc bi tnh in c m ta nh trn hnh
3.6C. Thng thng trong thit b lc bi tnh in kiu in c c tm (hnh
3.7A), ngi ta lm nhiu tng in cc m v dng lin tip nhau. Trong
thit b lc hnh ng (hnh 3.7B), in cc dng l mt ng rng; in cc
m thng l mt dy dn trn, khi hot ng xung quanh dy dn thng c
qung sng do in t ion ho cc phn t kh khi n chuyn ng qua in
cc dng.
i vi kiu in cc tm ta c cc thng s:
+ Khong cch gia hai in cc khc du l L thng t 10; 15 - 20
cm. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo in th, cch in ca mi trng v
cng dng in khi s dng.

Anot
Gi in

Vng hot ng M-
M M- M
M-
Catot

e+
Vng th ng

Gi in

Hnh 3.6A. M hnh hot ng ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in

56
 Lc y ca
e dng kh
Lc y ca dng kh

e
Kh + Bi vo
Kh v bi e Kh ra
Kh + Bi ra

Lc tng hp
Lc tng
hp
Lc trng
Lc in trng
v trng lc
trng

Hnh 3.6B. S nguyn l ca qu trnh lc bi tnh in

+ S in cc dng (in cc lng) c hnh tm hoc li c tnh

theo cng thc:
b
Zd = +1
2L
Trong : b l chiu rng ca bung lc
L l khong cch gia hai in cc
+ S in cc m l:
b
Zc = = ( Z a 1)
2.l
+ Th tch lm vic ca thit b:
V1 = V .t (m),
Trong V l nng sut lm vic ca thit b,
t l thi gian lng ca bi.
+ Tc ca dng kh:
h
w=
t
Trong h l chiu cao lm vic ca thit b,
i vi kiu thit b lc in hnh ng:
+ Th tch ng:
.D 2
V0 = 1.
4

57
Trong l l chiu di ng,
D l ng knh ng.

Catt
Kh sch ra

Kh sch ra

( )
Catot

Kh c bi (+)
Ant
Kh
c bi Bi
(+)
Anot
Bi
S lc tnh in tm
S mt ng lc tnh in

Hnh 3.6C. S thit b lc tnh in

+ S ng c tnh theo biu thc

n = Vl /V0

Trong Vl l th tch lm vic.

+ Tnh in th v cng dng ti cc in cc:
U = E.l
Trong E l gradien in th ( kV/ cm) v s c chn nh sau:
- i vi kh lnh: E t 4,3 n 4,5 kV/cm.
- i vi kh nng: E t 3,8 n 4,0 kV/cm.
I = i.l
Trong i l mt dng theo chiu di (A/m)
l l chiu di hot ng ca in cc m.

58
 Kh v bi
Kh c bi

Kh sch
Kh sch

ng
ngknh
knh ng
ng : 100 - 300 ( mm )
Chiu di ng : 2 - 3 ( m )

BiBi

Hnh 3.7A. S thit b lc tnh in ng

Kh v bi Kh sch
Kh sch
Kh c bi

Bi
Bi Bi
Bi Bi
Bi

Hnh 4.7B. S thit b lc tnh in tm

59
 S ph thuc ca mt dng vo khong cch gia cc din cc c
th tham kho bng sau:
Khong cch gia cc in cc L ([cm]) < 10 < 15 < 20
Mt dng ( i [A/m]) 0,3 - 0,4 0,5 0,6 - 0,7

S nhm in cc trong bung lc in minh ho trn hnh 7.

Cng sut tiu tn cho ton b h lc tnh theo biu thc:
U .I .k . cos
P=
1,41.
Trong : U v I l in p v dng cn cho qu trnh lc,
k l h s chnh lu dng,
l h s hu ch ( = 0,8 v cos = 0,7 - 0,75)
P1 l cng sut tiu tn cho cc hot ng ph nh rung
bi...
1/1,41 l h s bin in p hiu dng.

3.7. PHNG PHP SC KH QUA CHT LNG (NC)

PHNG PHP SI BT
y l mt trong cc kiu lm sch kh thi khi bi bng phng php
t c hiu qu cao (vi bu c ng knh ln hn 5 um, hiu sut lm sch
kh t ti 99 %).

3.7.1. NGUYN L
Kh cha bi i qua mng c l ri qua lp cht lng di dng cc
bt kh. Bi trong cc bt kh b thm t v b ko vo pha nc to thnh
cc huyn ph ri c thi ra ngoi. Kh sau khi c lm sch s thi ra
mi trng.
Thit b lm sch kh kiu ny ph hp vi nng bi khong 200
n 300 mg/m3; cng sut c th ln ti 50.000 m3/h.

3.7.2. CU TO V HOT NG
Cu to n gin ca mt thit b ra kh kiu si bt c m t trn
hnh 3.8.

60
 Kh c i t di ln thng qua mt mng phn phi, li qua nc,
qua mang (li) ra ri ra ngoi. Nc c cp lin tc vo ca nc v ly
ra y cng vi huyn ph bi.

Khxx
Kh l l

Cht(nc)
Cht lng lng
(nc)
Cht lnglng vo
a cht

Tm chn
Tm chn

Kh v bi
Kh nhim

Kh v bi
Kh cha x l

Huyn ph
Cht lng bi
thi ra

Hnh 3.8. S thit b ra kh kiu si bt

+ Din tch mng ( li ) c tnh theo bi thc:

S =V /w
Trong V l lu lng kh qua thit b,
w l vn tc kh.
Vn tc kh thng t 0,7 n 3,5 m/s. Nu w qu nh s khng to
c bt si ln; Khi w ln qu s ph v lp bt (thnh phun). Vn tc w
qua b mt t do ca mng (li) tng i n nh khong 2m/s.
+ ng knh l li khong t 2 n 8 mm.
+ Chiu cao ca lp bt trn li ( mng) tnh theo biu thc:
H = k1 .w.( H o + k 2 ) + 2 H o

Trong w l vn tc kh i qua li.

k1 v k2 l h s thc nghim ( k 1 = 0,35 v k2 = 0,075 - khi
din tch t do ca l li nh hn 18% v k1 = 0,65; k2 = 0,015 - khi din
tch ca l li ln hn 18% v nh hn 30%).
H0 l chiu cao ca lp cht lng ban u.
+ Hiu sut lm sch tnh theo cng thc:

61
 Go G
P= .100
Go

Trong : G0 l hm lng bi ban u,

G l hm lng bi cn li trong dng kh sau khi i qua
thit b.
Trong thc t, thp lc thng c lm nhiu tng lc bi c
sch hn.

3.8. PHNG PHP RA KH LY TM

3.8.1. NGUYN L
Thc t y l thit b kt hp lc ly tm ca cyclon vi s dp bi ca
nc.
Nc c phun p vo thnh hoc t trn xung theo thnh hnh tr
ca thit b, ng thi kh c thi theo dng xoy t di i ln. Bi vng
ra pha thnh b nc cun theo i xung ca thot di y.

3.8.2. CU TO V HOT NG.

Cu to ca thit b c m t nh trn hnh 3.9.
Kh sch ra

Kh thi vo Nc + bn ra Nc vo

Hnh 3.9. S hot ng ca mt xyclon t

62
 3.9. PHNG PHP RA KH KIU VENTURI
3.9.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh c dn qua mt ng tht, ti y tc dng kh tng ln
cao (50 - 150 m/s). Khi vt qua u cp cht lng ng s ko theo dng
sol. Nhng ht cht lng nh b s lm t bi cun theo v ngng li
thnh dng bn i ra theo c di v dng kh ra s l kh sch.

Kh sau x l ra
5
Tch git

Cht lng
4
Kh cha x l vo
3

1 2
Dch sau x l
6

Hnh 3.10A. S nguyn l ca mt thit b kiu Venturi

KhKhsch
x l

KhKh
vbn
bi

Kh v bi
Kh vo
Tia nc
Tia

Ca nc
Nc vo
C hng
C hng Bung n nh

Ca thot
Nchi
vv
hi nc
ra

Huyn ph bi

Hnh 3.10B. Thit b ra kh kiu venture

63
 3.9.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b ra kh kiu Venturi c m t trn hnh 3.10A v 3.10B. Kh
c dn vo theo ca vo 1 qua c tht 2, ti y c t ca cp nc. Sau
khi dn qua ca 3 kh i vo bung lc sol 4; ti y c trang b h thng tch
sol l nhng tm li t xin so vi thnh bung. Sol nc ln bi t tch
t li phn y v c thi ra ngoi theo ca 6. Kh sau khi tch sol v bi
c thot ra ngoi theo ca 5.
Ngc li vi kiu Venturi kh, ngi ta cn dng dng nc thay v
dng kh thit b ra kh kiu ny gi l Venturi nc (hnh 3.11). Dng cht
lng c vn tc ln i qua ca tht s to mt p sut m khong khng
gian gia dng nc v thnh ca tht (nh kiu bm chn khng dng sc
nc); kh thi s b cun vo qua ca tht, tip xc vi dng phun ca cht
lng v qu trnh tch bi xy ra ging nh nguyn l trong thit b Venturi
kh. Nc (cht lng) sau khi tch phn ln huyn ph bi cc ngn b ti
phn y ca thit b c s dng tun hon tr li. Kh i ra l kh sch.
i vi thit b kiu ny, vn tc ca cht lng thng vo khong t 20 n
30 m/s; tc dng kh vo t 10 n 20 m/s. Thit b ra kh ny c th lp
lin tip nhau qua nhiu bc tu theo yu cu sch ca kh ra.

Kh c bi Kh c bi
Cht lng ra
Kh c bi Cht lng ra

Thp ra Ringspait Thp ra Radialstrom

Hnh 3.11. Cc ca tht ca Venturi nc.

64
 3.10. RA KH KIU DNG XOY
3.10.1. NGUYN L
Dng kh c tc ln thi trc tip vo b mt cht lng theo mt gc
xin; di p lc ca dng kh, cht lng s b tung ln, kh v lng tip xc
vi nhau; bi b thm t s gi li trong cht lng v kh sch i ra ngoi.

3.10.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Cc kiu thit b ra kh dng xoy c m t nh trn hnh 3.12. i
vi kiu 1 v 2 tuy cu to c khc nhau nhng qu trnh vn hnh tng t
nhau. Dng kh v i b c dn qua ca 1 vo bung ra ( vi vn tc
thng t 10 n 15 m/s) do cu to c tm chn nh hng 2 nn dng kh
tip xc vi b mt cht lng di mt gc xin. Dng kh v cht lng c
tip xc vi nhau trong vng tip xc 3. Hu ht bi s dc gi li trong
lng cht lng; dng kh cha sol c i qua mng tch sol v i ra ngoi
theo ca 4. Huyn ph bi c thng xuyn ly ra theo ca 5.
Kiu thit b 3 c trang b cnh hng dng hnh xon c nn lm
tng thi gian tip xc gia dng kh bn v sol nc nn hiu qu lm sch
c tng ln. Mt khc do thi gian dng kh v sol i trong cnh nh
hng di hn nn hu ht cc sol c lng li nn khng cn trang b
thm mng tch sol. Kh bn i vo ca 1 theo mt ng lp xin vi thnh
thit b; sau khi tip xc vi b mt cht lng s i vo cnh hng dng 2.
Kh sch i ra theo ca 3. Huyn ph bi c nh k ly ra theo ca 4.
Kh sch ra
Kh thi vo Kh sch ra Kh sch ra 4
4
1 Kh thi vo
1
3 1
3 Kh thi vo
2 3

2
3 2 3

5 5
5

Huyn ph bi

Hnh 3.12. S hot ng ca thit b dng xoy

65
 3.11. RA KH KIU A QUAY
3.11.1. NGUYN L
Bi trong dng kh i qua h thng kh bi gm nhiu tm c l hay
li bng kim loi. Nhng tm li ny lun lun c thm t bng mt
cht lng thch hp v quay trn u trong mt khng gian hnh tr. Nhng
ht bi trong dng kh gp b mt cht lng s b lm t v b gi li ri tri
theo nhng got nc ri xung y.

3.11.2. CU TO V VN HNH
Thit b ra kh kiu a quay c minh ho trn hnh 3.13. Kh thi
c dn vo thit b theo ca kh vo 1 pha di; sau khi i qua h thng
a quay 5 s i ra ngoi theo ca thot 2 pha trn. Cht lng c phun
vo a trn cngbng h thng phun 3 gn trc quay v phn b u trn
my cc a ng thi chy xung pha di. Bi b thm t s chy theo
dng cht lng i xung pha di y thp v c thng xuyn tho ra
theo ca thot 4.

Kh sch ra

Trc quay
Cp cht lng

Cc a quay

Kh bn vo

Huyn ph bi

Hnh 3.13. M hnh thit b lc bi kiu a quay

66
 CHNG IV. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C
[23,29,31]
4.1. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP TIU HU
phn hy mt cht dng kh hoc hi c hi cho mi trng thnh
mt hay nhiu cht khc t hoc khng c hi c th thc hin bng ngun
nhit - phn hy nhit; hoc phn hy nhit c xc tc hay thng qua cc phn
ng ha hc; hoc kt hp c hai nh phng php t.
+ t v phn hu bng nhit.
Phng php ny ph hp vi kh thi ch a cc hp cht hu c nh
cc hi dung mi, hi l cc ho than, hi t... vi iu kin nhit cao,
cc cht hu c s b phn hu thnh than, kh v hi nc. Nu phn hy
t do, nhit phn hy i hi s cao v tc phn hy thng chm. V
vy ngi ta thng tin hnh vi s c mt ca cc cht xc tc.
Mt khc c th tin hnh t vi khng kh. Th d nh t kh ng
hnh trong khai thc du m.

Kh
Khbn
bn

Nhin liu v
Nhin liu v khng
khng kh
kh Trao
Nhit iTB x
Kh
Kh xll
nhit

Kh
Khbn
bn

Hnh 4.1. S thit b tiu hy bng nhit

+ Tiu hy bng ha hc.

y l phng php c s dng kh ph bin i vi cc kh c
hi.
i vi cc cht hu c c hi nh thuc tr dch hi, ngi ta thng
s dng cc phn ng oxy ha kh thay i cu trc phn t hay dng tn
ti ca chng tr thnh cc sn phm t hoc khng c hi i vi ngi v
ng thc vt.
Th d: + Phn ng vi ozn vi s c mt ca tia cc tm. zn ha
kt hp vi chiu tia cc tm l phng php rt c hiu qu i vi cht thi
hu c hoc dung mi.
UV
Cht tr dch hi + O3 CO2 + H2O + Cc cht khng c
+ xy ha bng cc cht xy ha mnh khc:

67
 Cht hu c + KMnO4 Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O + ...
MnO2 + cc sn phm khng c

Cht
Lp xc
xctc
tc
Ca t
Ming t

o
NhinKh
liubn
o
315 - 480 C 425 - 600 C

Khngkhkh
Khng Kh x
Kh xll

Kh x
Kh cha bnl

Hnh 4.2. S thit b x l bng phng php nhit xc tc

nhngn
nh la
ngnla
u
Tia phun hi
hi (kh) uiu
u iukhin
khin
La trc nh cp chy
La bc chy
nh bc
nh chy
bc chy
ng cpgas
Dng cp gas

nh
nhiu
iukhin
khin

ng mi la
ng mi la

ng cp
ng cpgas
gas

Hnhp
Hn hp
To
Rapilot 2
pilot 2

Ra pilot3 3
To pilot

u ni kh
Ni kh

To Ra
pilot 1
pilot 1
3-way plug
Van valves
3 chiu

Hnh 4.3. Cu to ca ca t nhin liu

Thng thng trong thc t, ngi ta s dng tng hp cc phng

php ni trn t c hiu qu x l cao hn. Th d nh x l NO x bng
NH3 vi xc tc ph hp chng ta s thu c sn phm l N2 v nc. S
ca qu trnh x l c m t nh trn hnh 5.4.

68
 NH3 Lp xc tc

NOx NH3 N2 H2 O

Kh thi NOx NH3 N2 H2 O Kh sch

NOx NH3 N2 H2 O

NOx NH3 N2 H2 O

Hnh 4.4. S x l NOx s dng phn ng c xc tc

4.2. PHNG PHP NGNG T

Nguyn tc ca phng php l da trn s h thp nhit mi
trng xung mt gi tr nht nh th hu nh cc cht th hi s ngng t
li v sau c thu hi hoc x l tiu hy.

Cht lmmi
Dung lnh
lnhvo
vo
Kh sch
Kh bn ra ra Kh
Kh bn vo
bn vo

Dung mi
Cht lmlnh
lnh
Cht ngng
Cht ng t ra
t ra (Kh hoc lng)kh)
(nc hay khng
Cht lmmi
Dung lnh rara
lnh

Hnh 4.5. S thit b ngng t b mt

iu kin lm lnh bnh thng, ta c th x l bng ngng t

thng ch thu hi c hi cc dung mi hu c, hi axit. Tt nhin phng
php ny ch ph hp vi nhng trng hp kh thi c nng hi tng i
cao. Trong trng hp nng nh, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php
hp ph hay hp th.

69
 Kh
Kh xll
x

ng
Nc adn
vonc

Kh
Khcha
chax
x ll

Nc vcht
Nc v cht ngng
ngng t ra
t thi

Hnh 4.6. S thit b ngng t kiu tip xc.

Hiu sut ngng t (gi tr tng i) c tnh theo cng thc:

Co C R
= .100
Co

Trong : CR l nng hi u ra,

Co l nng hi ban u.
Gi tr tuyt i ca hiu sut ngng t tnh theo cng thc:
m (C C R ).VR
P= .100 = o .100
C o .V .M i C o .Vo

Trong : mi l khi lng ca cht i c ngng t,

Mi l phn t lng ca cht i,
VR l lu lng kh u ra,
Vo l lu lng kh u vo.

70
 4.3. X L HI V KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH
4.3.1. KHI QUT V HIN TNG HP PH
Hp ph l mt qu trnh xy ra trn b mt tip xc gia hai pha d th
(rn - kh, rn - lng, lng - kh).
Nhng phn t ca cng mt cht nm b mt v bn trong khi cht
c cc trng thi khc nhau dn n hnh vi ca chng cng khc nhau.

Hnh 4.7. S tng tc gia cc phn t trong khi vt cht

Chng hn nh v trng lc, cc phn t bn trong khi vt cht

chu lc tc dng mi pha ng u v nh nhau; cn cc phn t trn b
mt th chu lc tc dng khng u nhau m lun lun c xu th b ko vo
bn trong khi vt cht lm cho b mt khi vt cht c xu hng lun b co
li nh minh ha hnh 5.7.
Khi b mt khi v t cht tip xc vi cc phn t ca pha khc, cc
phn t trn b mt khi vt cht tc dng ln cc phn t ca pha khc
nhng lc hng v pha mnh nhm cn bng v lc theo mi hng. y
chnh l nguyn nhn ca s hp ph cht trn b mt cht khc.
Mt khc, nhiu trng hp t\ng tc gia b mt cht rn vi cc
phn t kh hoc lng khi chung tip xc vi nhau m s tng tc mnh
tng t nh tng tc trong mt phn ng ha hc, chng s to nn mt
hp cht mi trn b mt tip gip - hp cht b mt. Nh vy thc cht c
th chia hp ph lm hai loi: Hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc.
+ Hp ph vt l : L loi hp ph gy ra do tng tc yu gia cc
phn t; n ging nh tng tc trong hin tng ngng t. Lc tng tc l
lc van Der wall.
+ Hp phu ha hc: L loi hp ph gy ra do tng tc mnh gia cc
phn t v to ra hp cht b mt gia b mt cht hp ph v cc phn t b
hp ph.
i vi cht hp ph l cht kh, qu trnh hp ph ph thuc vo nhit
v p sut. Lng kh hp ph l mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin T v P.

71
 a = f (T , P)
Nu gi nhit khng i ta c ng ng nhit:
a = f ' ( P)
Nu gi p sut khng i ta c ng ng p:
a = f ' (T )
Nhit tng lm gim qu trnh hp ph. Ngc li, p sut cng tng
th s hp ph cng tt. Ni cch khc, vic h nhit hoc tng p sut u
c li cho qu trng hp ph.

4.3.2. X L HI V KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH [28]

4.3.2.1. Nguyn l ca phng php
Hi v kh c khi i qua lp cht hp ph, chng b gi li nh hin
tng hp ph. Nu ta chn c cc cht hp ph chn lc, th c th loi b
c cc cht c hi m khng nh hng n thnh phn cc kh khng c
hi khc.
Trong trng hp chung, ta c phng trnh cho lng cht b hp ph
nh sau:
h.k
a = am .
(1 h).[1 + h(k + 1)]
Trong : a l lng cht b hp ph trn mt n v khi lng
cht hp ph, [mol/gam.
am l lng cht b hp ph ng vi s lp y lp n phn t.
h = P/PS vi P l p sut ring phn ca kh b hp ph
PS l p sut hi bo ho ca n.
k l h s v s tng tc ca cht hp ph v cht b hp ph.
Trn b mt phng s ngng t mt cht xy ra khi P/P S > 1. trong
cc vng mao qun ca cht hp ph xy ra qu trnh hp ph; ngha l cc
cht kh hoc hi b gi li (c ngng t) mc du p sut hi ring phn
nh hn p sut hi bo ho ( khi t l P/PS nh hn 1).
4.3.2.2. Cc cht hp ph s dng trong cng ngh x l kh thi
- Than hot tnh. Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph rn, xp, khng
phn cc v c b mt ring rt ln. V bn cht nguyn t, n thuc nhm
graphit - mt dng th hnh ca cacbon- gm cc tinh th nh c cu trc bt
trt t; nhng khc vi graphit l trong tinh th ca than hot tnh cc vng
sau nguyn t cacbon sp xp km trt t hn. V vy than hot tnh c cu
to xp v to nn nhiu l hng nh khng ng u v rt phc tp.

72
 Cu trc l xp phc tp v b mt ring khc nhau ty thuc vo cch
sn xut. Cc l xp c bn knh hiu dng t vi chc n hng chc nghn
anstron. V mt cu to, n c cu to kiu t ong gm mt h l xp mao
qun thng nhau v thng vi mi trng bn ngoa vi cu trc khng gian
ba chiu. C th chia kch thc l xp thnh ba loi sau:
(1) Dng vi mao qun, bn knh hiu dng c 10 A, c b mt ring ln
nht (350 - 1000 m2/gam) v chim phn ch yu trong than hot tnh.
(2) Dng mao qun trung gian c bn knh hiu dng trong khong 100
n 250 A. B mt ring khng ln lm, khong 100 m2/gam.
(3) Dng mao qun ln c bn knh hiu dng khong 1.000 n
10.000 A; dng ny c b mt ring rt nh, khng qu 2 m2/gam.
Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt i vi cc cht khng phn cc
dng kh v dng lng. T lu than hot tnh c s dng lm mt n
phng c, lm sch mu v kh mu cc sn phm du m. Ngy nay trn
th gii than hot tnh c coi nh l mt cht hp ph ch yu trong cng
ngh x l lm sch mi trng bao gm cc lnh vc:
(1) Lm sch nc ung, x l nc sinh hot hoc x l nc
thi ca cc cng trnh t nhim bn. Trong nhng trng hp ny than hot
tnh s gi li cc hp cht hu c ho tan, nht l cc cht gy mi, gy mu
v c vt nhng kim loi nng. Than hot tnh c bit c hiu qu x l cao
i vi nc c b nhim nh cc cht dit tr dch hi.
(2) X l nc thi cng nghip. Ngi ta s dng than hot tnh trong
nhng trng hp hp ph cc cht km hoc khng b vi sinh vt phn hy,
cc cht gy c hi i vi cc vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny x l chn
lc bng than hot tnh ng vai tr nh l qu trinh tin x l cho cc bc
x l sinh hc tip theo.
(3) X l cp ba nc thi cng nghip v th.
Khi than hp ph no, n khng cn kh nng h p ph tip tc na.
i vi than hot tnh, trong trng hp ny khng phi b i m c th ti
sinh v s dng li c. i a s cc cht hp ph trn than hot tnh u
c th gii hp bng nhit. Khi trong mi trng nhit cao (di nhit
bt chy ca than), cc cht hu c cng nh cc phn t axit bay hi v tch
khi b mt ca than. i vi mi mt cht s c mt nhit x l ph hp.
Vi cc hp cht ca kim loi th thng thng phi gii hp bng axit sau
ra bng nc v sy ti sinh.
- Silicagel. Silicagel l gel ca anhydrit axit silisic c cu trc l xp
rt pht trin. Mng li ca gel bao gm cc nguyn t Si nm gia khi
chp tam gic ni vi nhau thng qua cc nguyn t O phn b ti cc nh.
B mt ca gel thay v cc nguyn t oxy c thay bng cc nhm hydroxyl
(OH-); iu quyt nh tnh cht hp ph ca silicagel.

73
 Silicagel d dng hp ph cc cht phn cc cng nh cc cht c th
to vi nhm hydroxyl cc lin kt kiu cu hydr. i vi cc cht khng
phn cc, s hp ph trn silicagel ch yu do tc dng ca lc mao dn trong
cc l xp nh.
Cng nh cc cht hp ph c th ti sinh khc, ch ti sinh c mt
ngha rt quan trng. Ring i vi silicagel, trng thi ha hc ca b mt
gel quyt nh tnh hp ph mnh cc cht phn cc. Trng tha ny ch c
bo ton nhit di 200oC; nu gii hp c tin hnh bng kh kh.
Nu ti sinh silicagel nhit cao hn s dn n s thay i bt thun
nghch ca cu trc v b mt lm mt kh nng
hot ng ca silicagel. Do cu to ca silicagel, c bit l lp lin kt ca
nhm OH-, nu tin hnh gii hp bng kh nng m hay bng hi nc vi
thi gian ko di s lm gim hot tnh hp ph ca chng do nguyn nhn
ch yu l gim b mt ring. Do vy vic gii hp i vi silicagel cn phi
lu hn so vi vic gii hp than haat tnh.
- Zeolit. Zeolit l cc hp cht alumosilicat c cu trc tinh th. Trong
mng li tinh th ca zeolit, mt phn ion Si4+ c thay th bi cc ion Al3+
gy ra s thiu ht v in tch dng do zeolit c th tip nhn cc
cation nht nh ca cc kim loi khc. Mt khc n lm ph v cu trc u
n ca tinh th n cht, gy ra nhng khong khng gian trng v cc lc
in trng khc nhau trong zeolit.
Tnh cht ca zeolit ph thuc vo t l Si v Al v mc to tinh th
ca sn phm cui cng; ng thi n cn chu nh hng ca cc cation kim
loi khc c nhn thm vo trong qu trnh hnh thnh sn phm.
V vy ngi ta c th to ra nhng kiu zeolit khc nhau bng cch
iu ch chng vi cc t l khc nhau ca Si v Al, vi cc iu kin hnh
thnh tinh th zeolit.
Trong cng nghip ph bin nht l cc zeolit A v zeolit X. Cc zeolit
ny c tinh hp ph kh tt v tng i chn lc.
Cc zeolit th hin tnh nhy cm rt r i vi nhit . Th d nh
zeolit cha Ca ch b mt tnh hp ph khi nhit ln ti 800oC, cha Na b
mt hot nhit 700oC cn zeolit cha Li th 640oC.
- Cc cht hp ph t nhin.
Trong t nhin c nhiu khong cht c tnh hp ph nh st, bentonit,
diatomit... song kh nng hp ph ca chng thng c lm tng ln nhiu
sau khi c x l bng cc bin php ph hp. Tnh u vit nht ca cc
cht hp ph t nhin l chng c gi thnh rt thp so vi cc cht hap ph
nhn to.

74
 4.3.3. CC KIU TIN HNH HP PH [26,27]
Trong thc t tin hnh hp ph, ngi ta c th tin hnh theo hai
phng php: phng php hp ph tnh v phng php ng. Do phng
php hp ph ng c hiu sut cao hn v ph hp hn i vi thc tin sn
xut cho nn thng c s dng trong x l kh thi cng nghip.
Qu trnh hp ph thng thng c tin hnh trong cc bung hp
ph c cha cc cht c kh nng hp ph. Kh thi cha cc cht cn hp
ph c dn qua lp cht hp ph. Cc cht cn hp ph s c gi li cn
kh sch s c thi ra ngoi. Nu cht hp ph c hot cn bng l a,
chiu dy ca lp hp ph l L, din tch tit din ngang ca thit b hp ph
l S, kh thi c nng cht cn hp ph l Co v tc dng trong thit b
hp ph l w th lng cht c hp ph s c tnh theo biu thc:
m = a.S .L hay m = w.C o .S .

Trong l thi gian dng kh i qua thit b hp ph.

Ta gi thit rng tc hp ph y l ln v cng, qu rtrnh hp
ph t ti cn bng ngay lp tc khi cht cn hp ph tip xc vi cht hp
ph th ta c th rt ra thi gian cn thit hp ph ht mt lng m cht
thi l:
a
= .L
w.C o

ng biu din qu trnh hp ph trong thp (ct) s c dng nh hnh 5.9.

Kh sch ra

C
V
ct

dy lp
C hp ph Lp vt
liu hp

Dn phn
phi kh
C

0 V V
Ca
Hnh 4.8. ng cong hp ph kh
ca hi c qua ct hp ph b
Hnh 4.9. M hnh thp hp ph

75
 4.3.4. NHNG U V NHC IM CA PHNG PHP X
LBNG HP PH.
Phng php hp ph c kh nng lm sch cao. Cht hp ph sau khi
s dng u c kh nng ti sinh; iu ny d lm h gi thnh x l v y
cng l u im ln nht ca phng php.
Khvv
Kh hihi dung
dung mi
mi vo
ph
My hpMy htquay
quay
Than hot
Than tnh
hot tnh

ng
ngkh ra
kh ra

M t
M t
Lp lc
Lc
ng hiHi vo
vo
Qut
Qut B lm
Lmlnh
lnh
Than hot tnh
Thanhot tnh

Kh vKh
hivdung mi
hi dung mi

Hnh 4.10. M hnh thit b hp ph kiu trng quay

Kh sch
Kh sch
Nc ra
Nc ra
Nc vo
Nc vo
Dng hi
Dng hi Thu
Thuhi
hicht
nhim
cht nhim
Kh
Khcha
cha
xxll Cht nhim
Cht nhim
lc
BLc My thi
Qut thuhi
thu hi

Than hot
Than hot tnh
Than hot
Than hot tnh

Khxx
Kh l l

Dng thpchoquay
pthp
Dng p quayvng
vng

Hnh 4.11. S mt h thng hp ph trong cng nghip

76
 4.4. X L KH THI BNG PHNG PHP HP TH [26,30]
4.4.1. NGUYN L
Nguyn l ca phng php l da trn s tng tc gia cht cn hp
th (kh hoc hi) vi cht hp th l cht lng hoc cc cht khc l cht rn
hoc cht ha tan trong cht lng.
Da vo bn cht ca s tng tc ni trn m ngi ta chia thnh s
hp th vt l hay s hp th ha hc.
- Hp th vt l: L qu trnh da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty;
ngha l ch bao gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong
lng cht lng v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng.
ha tan ca mt cht cn hp th trong lng cht lng lun lun l
mt hm ca nhiu bin s. Nu gi D l tan th ta c th biu din n nh
sau:
D = f (x1, x2... xj, T, S, P, kD,...)
Trong : xi l nng ca cc cht kh hoc hi trong cht lng.
T l nhit lm vic,
S l din tch tip xc gia hai pha,
P l p sut ring phn ca hi hoc kh trong pha kh,
kD l h s khuch tn ca cht c hp th trong pha lng.
Thc t qu trnh hp th tng khi din tch tip xc hai pha tng, v
nhit lm vic gim; ring hiu sut x l th cn ph thuc mnh vo p
sut ring phn ca kh hoc hi v nng ca chng trong pha lng.
tng hiu qu x l, ngi ta thng dng cc kiu thit b lm tng
din tch tip xc ti a, truyn nhit tt v hn ch s tng ca cht ho tan
trong pha lng. Cc kiu thit b thng dng nh: thp hp th c tng m,
thp hp th si bt, thp phun...
-Hp th ha hc. Hp th ha hc l qu trnh hp th lun i km vi
mt hay nhiu phn ng ha hc. Sau qu trnh khuch tn l qu trnh xy ra
cc phn ng ha hc. Nh vy s hp th ha hc khng nhng ph thuc
vo tc khuch tan ca cht kh vo trong chat lng m cn ph thuc vo
tc chun ho cc cht - tc phn ng ca cc cht.
Trong hp th ha hc, cht c hp th c th phn ng ngay vi cc
phn t ca chnh cht hp th. Th d nh: amoniac hay kh sunphur hp
th vo nc:
NH3 + H2O -----> NH4OH
SO2 + H2O -----> H2SO3

77
 Cht cn hp th phn ng vi cc thnh phn hot ng trong cht hp
th ( thng thng l dung dch ca cc cht hot ng). Th d nh hp th
CO2, SO2 trong dung dch NaOH.
CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2 = 2NaHCO3
Vi SO2 cng c phn ng tng t.
Trong trng hp chung ta c th biu din mt cch tng qut nh
sau:
aA + bB + cC -----> mM + nN + ...

Khi t ti cn bng, hng s cn bng phn ng c dng

[M]m.[N]n....
Kcb =
[A]a.[B]b.[C]c...

Kcb cng ln bao nhiu th qu trnh hp th xy ra cng thun li by

nhiu. Gi tr [A] l nng t do ca cht A trong dung dch cha tham gia
vo phn ng.

4.4.2. CC LOI THIT B HP TH

(1) Thit b hp th kiu mng cht lng. Mng cht lng trong thit b
hnh thp c to t hnh khi cho cht lng chy thnh mng theo cc ng,
tm tnh hay a quay b tr hp l trong thp. Cht lng theo mng c th
chuyn ng t trn xung di v kh i t di ln trn; rt t khi s dng
ch chuyn ng cng chiu t di ln trn (ch lm vic ny ch s
dng khi tc ca dng kh thi cao - trn 15 - 20 m/s). Vi thit b mng
ng v mng tm, ngi ta thng p dng cho kh thi c tc trung bnh
t 4 n 5 m/s.
Thit b hp th kiu mng cht lng c u im l to c din tch
tip xc pha kh ln v c kh nng tch, thot nhit tt ng thi vi qu
trnh hp th.
Ngy nay ngi ta t cn dng cc thit b hp th kiu mng ng v
mng tm. Duy cn ph bin hn c t trong trng hp hp th mt s kh
ho tan tt, c nng cao t hn hp kh m c ng thi c s to nhit
mnh nh HCl, NH3.

78
 (2) Thit b mng a quay c cu to ging nh thit b a quay trong
x l bi v sol. Cht lng hp th c phn b u trn cc tng a,
chuyn ng t trn xung v c quay trn lin tc trong sut qu trnh x
l. Thc nghim cho thy tc chuyn khi tng khi tng s vng quay ca
a. Trong thit b mng quay, sc cn thy lc nh v c th lm vic vi
mc tiu hao cht hp th thp. Trong cng nghip, thit b ny vn c s
dng th d nh hp th HCl hay SO2 bng Na2S trong n s xut
natrithiosunphat (Na2S2O3). Thit b c 11 a vi ng knh 800 mm, tc
quay l 150 vng/pht lm vic c vi nng sut l 1.700 m3/h.
(3) Thp hp th m c dng ph bin nht. Trong thp, ngi ta
thng nhi cc vt th lng cng nh c snh s, l so kim loi, vn than
cc... lm tng din tch tip xc hai pha. Khi vn hnh, kh thi c i t
di ln trn cn cht lng th i t trn xung di. Lu lng ca hai pha
lun c tnh ton trc thit b t hiu qu cao nht. Khi cht lng chy
trn b mt cc vt th lm m, v c bn chng c c trng ca mng cht
lng. Tuy nhin v bn cht ca qu trnh vn hnh, gia thit b hp th
mng v thi t b hp th m c s khac nhau. thit b hp th mng th
mng cht lng chuyn ng lin tc theo chiu cao ca thp hp th; cn
trong thit b hp th m th khi mng cht lng chuyn ng t n nguyn
ca vt m ny sang n nguyn khc th mng c b ph v v mng mi
ddc hnh thnh. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li trong sut chiu di ca
thp. Thc t trong thp hp th m, cc mng cht lng khi chuyn t n
nguyn m ny sang n nguyn m khc thng b ph v bi s chuyn
ng ngc chiu ca dng kh. Do vy m thp m phn no cn mang tnh
cht nh mt thp hp th si bt.
S chuyn ng thun dng trong thp m i khi cng c s dng.
l nhng trng hp khi tc kh thi kh ln (khong 10m/s), khng
hoc kh thc hin c i vi kiu ngc dng. S b tr thun dng s
lm tng qu trnh trao i cht, gim tr lc thy ng v gim kch thc
ca thit b.
Trong trng hp s hp th i km vi cc phn ng thy phn hoc
to kt ta th ngi ta thng dng loi thp hp th m ni. Cc lp m
ni (nhng mnh bt xp polyme hay cc qu cu rng lm bng cht do)
c treo l lng bi dng kh trong thp v bi cc tm li . Gia cc
lp m l nhng khong trng m bo cho cc kt ta khng lm tc
nghn s lu thng ca dng kh qua cc lp m. Tt nhin y cht hp
th lng cng c chuyn ng t trn i xung.
Cc nghin cu thy ng hc v chuyn khi trong cc thit b hp th
m ni cho thy, thp hp th kiu ny c th lm vic vi tc dng kh
ln m khng b tc nghn. Nhc im ca thp hp th m ni l kh

79
thot nhit trong qu trnh hp th. Mun tch nhit, ngi ta thng phi s
dng lm lnh tun hon.
Trong cng nghip sn xut axit phosphoric t qung ngi ta s
dng kiu thp hp th m ni hp th kh SiF4 hay SiCl4 vo nc; v
chng to thnh axit silicic khng tan trong nc. Hay dng huyn ph vi
hp th cc kh nh CO2, SO2...
(4) Thp hp th si bt (ging nh thp si bt trong x l bi)
thng c s dng trong trng hp ti lng cao, p sut kh thi ln v
qu trnh hp th c s to nhit, cn c lm lnh.
Cc kiu thp hp th si bt chnh gm (1) si bt qua li (hay vt
xp), (2) si bt qua cc a chp xen k v (3) trn c hc kh v cht lng.
Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim
th tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lng gp phi tr
lc ln. Cc nh thit k c nhiu cng trnh lm gim bt nhng nhc
im trn c th s dng ki hp th ny trong cng nghip v n c h s
chuyn khi rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng
thi cng tng tr lc ca thit b. Thng thng ngi ta khng tng lp cht
lng qu 50 mm.
(5) Thp hp th kiu a chp to ra s chuyn ng i dng ca kh
v cht lng qua tng bc mt. Cht lng i t pha trn a xung y, ri
vo y ca a phi di ri tip tc chy xung pha trn ca a tip theo.
Cn kh th len li cng theo con ng y nhng ngc chiu vi cht lng.
S minh ho n gin c th tham kho trn cc hnh trong phn ph lc.
(6) Thp phun l loi thit b hp th n gin. Trong thp phun, cht
lng c phun thnh bi (sng) t pha trn xung, kh thng i t di
ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng thc t cht cn hp th
trong pha kh gim dn theo chiu t di i ln v nng cht b hp th
trong pha lng c tng dn theo chiu t trn i xung. Qu trnh ny rt c
li cho vic tng hiu qu x l.
Thp hp th phun c th chia ra lm ba kiu khc nhau: (1) thit b
hp th phun kiu thng rng, (2) thit b hp th phun thun dng tc cao
v (3) thit b hp th phun sng kiu c kh.
i vi kiu thng rng, vi phun sng thng c t pha trn
phun xung. Trong trng hp thp hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta thng
t cc vi phun chia ra cc tng khc nhau. Nhc im ca thit b thng
rng l kh thng phn b khng u trong ton b thp dn n lm gim
hiu sut x l. Tuy nhin kh phn b u ngi ta to ra cc b phn
phn phi kh nh phn phi kh qua ming tht, phn phi kh thng qua
mng phn phi xp hay phn phi kh theo dng xoy kiu cyclon...

80
 Thit b hp th thng rng c u im l n gin, u t thp, lc
cn thy ng nh v c th s dng i vi kh thi c nhim bn cao;
cht lng dng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp th no mi thi
cho nn tit kim c cht hp th.
Nhc im ch yu ca loi thit b kiu ny l hiu qu x l khng
cao do h s chuyn khi thp v tc dng kh khng c qu ln (nh
hn 1 m/s) trnh hin tng cht lng b cun theo kh ra ngoi.
Thit b phun thun dng tc cao. Thit b kiu ny ph hp vi
dng kh thi c vn tc ln (khong t 20 - 30 m/s); khi vn hnh cht lng
b cun theo cng dng kh, sau c tch ra bi mt thit b km theo.
Thit b phun thun dng tc cao c dng nh kiu thit b Venturi (ging
nh trong x l bi). Kh thi vi tc cao i qua n g tht, cun theo cht
lng t ca ch di dng bi sng v cng i vo vng khuch tn ri ti
b phnj tch cht lng. Trong vng khuch tan, ng nng ca dng kh
chuyn thnh p lc vi mc hao ht l cc tiu. Thit b Venturi c s
dng kh ph bin trong x l kh thi.
(7) Thit b phun sng kiu c kh t c s dng, n ch ph hp
trong nhng trng hp c bit.

81
 CHNG V. CNG NGH X L MT S KH THI
CNG NGHIP [26,27,28,2931]

5.1. X L KH LU HUNH IOXIT (SO2)

Kh lu hunh ioxit c nhng tnh cht ha hc rt c trng thun li
cho vic x l. SO 2 hp nc s to thnh mt axit mnh d thc hin phn
ng trung ha vi cc dung dch kim hay cc oxit kim loi mang tnh kim.
Mt c trng thun li na ca kh SO 2 l khi hp nc, n chuyn thnh
dng SO32- d dng b oxi khng kh oxi ha thnh SO42- ngay trong iu kin
nhit v p sut thng; mc d trong mi trng khng kh kh, SO2 gn
nh khng phn ng vi oxi. Cc mui sunph it v sunpht ca cc kim loi
kim v amni u tan tt trong nc; nhng ngc li, mui ca chng vi
cc kim loi kim th th li rt t tan. y cng l mt c trng m i khi
l thun li nhng i khi li l bt li cho qu trnh la chn quy trnh x l.
Da vo cc tnh cht c trng trn, trong cng nghip, thng s
dng hai cch x l l x l theo ng t v x l theo ng kh.

5.1.1. X L SO2 THEO NG T (Fuel gas desulfurization - FGD)

Theo cch ny, SO2 thng c hp th vo dung dch kim nh
NaOH, NH4OH, Ca(OH)2 hay Mg(OH)2. Cc kiu thit b hp th c s
dng y thng dng nht l thit b dn ma, thp m v thp si bt.
Vic la chn cht kim no cho qu trnh x l thng ph thuc vo hai
yu t l yu t kinh t v tnh kh thi ca cc gii php cng ngh. Th d:
Ca(OH)2 c gi bn trn th trng l r nht trong bn cht kim nu ra
trn, cho nn v mt kinh t n c u th nht. Nhng sn phm ca qu trnh
x l l CaSO3 hay CaSO4 u l cc cht t tan nn khng th s dng cc
thit b c hiu qu cao nh thp m hay thp si bt c, do kt ta bm
trn vt liu m hay trn cc l to bt kh m ch c th dng thit b dn
ma.
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh x l ln lt nh sau:
- Qu trnh hp nc ca SO2 to ra axit sunphur,
SO2 + H2O <==> H2SO3 <==> 2H+ + SO32-
- Qu trnh trung ha bng kim v oxi ha thnh sunpht c th xy ra
tun t hoc ng thi.
H2SO3 + 2NaOH + 1/2O2 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + 2H2O
CaSO3 + 1/2O2 = CaSO4
H2SO3 + MgSO3 = Mg2+ + SO32- + H2O

82
 SO32- + 1/2O2 = SO42-
S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l SO 2 theo con ng t c m
t nh trn hnh 6.1. v c th tm tt nh sau: SO2 t ngun thi (thng l
cc l t sau qu trnh trao i nhit tn dng tip) trc ht c lm ngui
bng nc lnh va h nhit ca lung kh thi va lm m kh SO2.
Sau kh thi c dn qua thp hp th. Kh sch qua h thng chn sol ri
c thi ra ngoi. Kt ta c qua h thng lng lc, oxi ha ri em ti s
dng hoc thi an ton.

Nc lnh Ca(OH)2/Mg(OH)2
Kh sch ra
Thit b Thp hp Khng kh
lm ngui th
Lng, Sy oxi
Kh thi lc ha
vo Nc lc Sn phm
CaSO4/MgSO4
Nc thi

Hnh 5.1. S cng ngh x l kh thi cha SO2 theo ng t(FGD)

5.1.2. X L SO2 THEO DNG KH

Nguyn l ca cng ngh x l l da vo phn ng gia SO 2 m vi
Ca(OH)2 khan hay CaO to thnh mui canxi sunphit hay sunphat di
dng bi v tch chng ra khi dng kh bng cc thit b lc mng hay lc
ti, kt hp cng x l bi. Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra cng ging nh
phn trn, nhng ch khc l chng xy ra trong pha kh ch khng phi trong
dung dch.
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 + H2O
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3
H2SO3 + CaO = CaSO3 + H2O
X l SO2 bng ng kh c th thc hin theo hai cch. Cch th
nht l x l sau l t v cch th hai l x l trong l t.
X l sau l t
Cng ngh x l SO2 sau l t c th tm tt nh sau: Kh thi i ra t
l t c dn i qua thp lm ngui bng nc lnh. Ti y kh thi ng
thi c lm m chuyn ha SO2 thnh H2SO3 tng ng. Nu trong iu
kin c oxi, H2SO3 c th c chuyn thnh H 2SO4. Kh m tip tuch c

83
i vo thp phn ng. Ti y, Ca(OH) 2 bt khan hay CaO dng bt c
phun vo v trn u nhm to iu kin cho phn ng trung ha xy ra hon
ton. Tip theo, kh v bi c chuyn qua bung lc ti. y bi v bi
mui c gi li, kh sch c thi ra ngoi. Bi mui c tinh ch s
dng hoc dng lm ph gia cho xi mng. S cng ngh x l sau l t
c m t trn hnh 6.2.

Nc CN Ca(OH)2/CaO

Kh sch
Thp lm Thp phn Bung lc
ngui / m ng ti

Kh thi Bi ln Bi, mui

Hnh 5.2. S cng ngh x l SO2 theo ng kh sau l t

X l trong l t
y l mt cng ngh xut kh to bo v thu c kt qu tng
i tt. Theo cng ngh ny, bt CaCO3 c phun thng vo l t. nhit
cao trn 1000oC CaCO3 s chuyn thnh CaO. Khi bi CaO i ra khi l
cng vi SO 2 v hi nc, chng s phn ng vi nhau to thnh mui i ra
cng bi v kh thi. Trong cng ngh ny, kch thc ht ca CaCO 3 v s
phn b ng u trong khng gian l ng vai tr quyt nh hiu sut x l.
Cng on lc ti loi bi v bi mui ging nh cng ngh x l sau l
t. Hnh 6.3. m t lu trnh x l trong l.

Bt CaCO3 Kh sch
Xyclon Thp Bung
L t loi bui lm lc ti
s b ngui
Nhin liu
t l Bui, bi mui
Nc CN Bi ln

Hnh 5.3. S cng ngh x l SO2 theo ng kh trong l t

84
 5.2. X L KH NIT OXIT (NOX)
Kh NOx (ch yu l NO2) va c tnh cht ca mt oxit axit c th
chuyn ha thnh mui nitrat bng phn ng trung ha, va c tnh oxi ha
tham gia nhng phn ng oxi ha kh. Nh trong phn tnh cht ca cc kh
thi trnh by, nu c mt ca cht kh l NH3 hay ure, NO2 hoc hn hp
ca NO v NO2 s phn ng chuyn thnh N2 v nc nhit trn
9000C hoc trn 2000C nu c mt ca cht xc tc. Da trn nhng tnh cht
ny hai hng cng ngh x l c hnh thnh. l cng ngh x l
bng phng php trung ha vi s c mt ca oxi khng kh chuyn hon
ton NO v NO2 thnh mui nitrat. Th hai l cng ngh x l bng phng
php oxi ha kh khng xc tc v c s dng xc tc.

5.2.1. X L TRUNG HA NOX BNG NG T

NO2 tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh to thnh ng thi hai mui
nitrat v nitrit theo phng trnh phn ng:
2NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
nhng trong dung dch kim long hay trong nc, NO 2 ch to thnh mui
nitrat hay axit nitric v kh NO. NO ltmkh khng bn, n d dng tc
dng vi oxi khng kh oxi ha thnh kh NO2.
3NO2 + H2O = 2HNO3 + NO
Kh NO2 va hnh thnh li tip tc phn ng cho n khi nng NO
v NO2 gim xung ti gi tr cn bng trong nhng iu kin c th.

Oxi khng kh Ca(OH)2 dd Kh sch Mui thu hi

Lm ngui, Thu hi
to m, cung Trung ha mui
cp oxi

Kh thi Nc quay vng

Nc CN Nc thi

Hnh 5.4. S cng ngh x l NOx theo ng t

85
 NO trong iu kin thng, hu nh khng tan trong nc, khng tc
dng vi dung dch kim long. Do x l NO, lun lun cn c s tham
gia ca oxi oxi ha n thnh NO2.
Quy trnh x l thng thng gm ba cng on. Cng on mt l
lm ngui, ng thi to m v cp oxi. Cng on hai l trung ha bng
kim vi trong thp phn ng kiu dn ma c trang b lp vt liu m .
Cng on ba l x l thu hi mui v tun hon nc t dung dch thi ra t
thp trung ha. S cng ngh m t nh trn hnh 6.4.

5.2.2. X L NOX BNG PHNG PHP KH NHIT CAO

nhit cao trn 8000C nu thm dung dch ure vo hn hp kh
thi, NOx sinh ra qua qu trnh t s b kh v N 2, CO2 v nc theo cc
phng trnh phn ng sau:
NO + NO2 + (NH2)2CO = 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
(NH2)2CO + H2O => 2NH3 + CO2
2NO + 2NH3 + 1/2O2 = 2N2 + 3H2O
6NO2 + 8NH3 = 7N2 + 12H2O
Cng ngh kh NOx bng ure nhit cao chnh l li dng nhit
cao ca kh thi hoc nhit ngay trong l t gim thiu pht thi kh
NOx. Cng ngh x l ny tuy hiu qu khng cao, nhng i li, chi ph u
t v vn hnh rt thp.
Ton b cng ngh x l kh thi theo cng ngh ny bao gm cc
bc: (1) Kh NOx nhit cao, (2) Trao i nhit, (3) Tch bi th v (4)
x l cui cng tch nt bi nh v kh c khc. S cng ngh m t
s lc trn hnh 6.5.

Dung dch Ure Nhit nng Kh sch

L Trao Tch X l
t i bi s cui
nhit b cng

Nhin liu Thi

Hnh 5.5. S cng ngh x l NOx nhit cao

86
 5.2.3. X L KH NO X BNG PHNG PHP XC TC CHN LC
(SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REMOVAL - SCR)
NO v NO2 l nhng cht kh c tnh oxi ha tng i mnh; bn cnh
nhng hp cht, trong nit mang ha tr m th li c tnh kh, nh
NH3, (NH2)2CO, cc amin... Chnh v th m nhng hp cht mang ha tr m
v ha tr dng ca nit kt hp vi nhau, nhng iu kin nht nh nit
s chuyn tr v nit phn t (N2). Nh trn phn 6.2.2 xt qu trnh oxi
ha kh ny ca cc hp cht nit nhit cao. Khi c mt ca cht xc tc
th nhit yu cu phn ng xy ra thp hn nhiu, trong khong t 180
n 4500C. Cng ngh kh NO x c xc tc thng thng bao gm cc bc:
(1) trao i v n nh nhit, (2) trn u hn hp kh, (3) oxi ha kh c xc
tc v (4) thi, nh s trn hnh 6.6.

Nhit nng Ur / NH3 Kh sch

Trao i Thp Thp iu

v trn xc tc ha v
n nh kh chn lc thi
nhit

Kh thi
Hnh 5.6. S x l NOx bng xc tc chn lc (SCR)

Xc tc trong cng ngh ny c nhiu loi khc nhau nh V 2O5, hn

hp oxit kim loi chuyn tip, zeolit mang kim lai, hp kim platin - rhodi...
Trong thc t, V2O5 c thm TiO2 mang trn nn gm hay li kim loi c
s dng nhiu nht, do xc tc loi ny gi r hn nhng li cho hiu qu x
l cao v d to hnh, lp t.

5.3. X L NG THI SO2 V NOX

Khi x l SO 2 bng phng php trung ha theo ng kh hoc t,
lun lun c mt phn kh NO x c x l, c bit l khi co cp thm oxi.
Trong trng hp cp oxi (oxi khng kh) ngay t u vo cng ngun thi
nhm oxi ha sunpht thnh sunpht th NOx c x l cng SO2 nhiu hn.
Nu qu trnh oxi ha sunpht l cng cn cui cng th lng NO x c x
l khng nhiu. Nh vy, trong mi trng hp x l kh thi cha c SO 2 v
NOx th NOx khng c x l trit , c bit l phn kh NO.
Hin nay ang tn ti hai cng ngh x l ng thi SO2 v NOx c
chp nhn l cng ngh x l trong l t v cng ngh x l s dng chm

87
tia in t nng lng cao. Cng ngh x l trong l t cho hiu qu khng
cao nhng n gin v chi ph thp; cn cng ngh x l s dng chm tia
in t nng lng cao c th x l trit c SO2 v NOx, song cng ngh
phc tp hn v chi ph cao.

5.3.1. CNG NGH X L TRONG L T

y l cng ngh kt hp x l SO 2 trong l t theo ng kh v x
l NOx bng ure nhit cao. Li dng nhit cao trong l t nhin liu
ha thch, ni ang sinh ra cc kh NO x v SO2, nu phun ng thi bi
CaCO3 v dung dch ure v hi nc th ngay ti trong l xy ra cc phn
ng:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2,
SO2 + H2O = H2SO3
CaO + H2SO3 = CaSO3 + H2O
NO + NO2 + (NH2)2CO = 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
(NH2)2CO + H2O => 2NH3 + CO2
2NO + 2NH3 + 1/2O2 = 2N2 + 3H2O
6NO2 + 8NH3 = 7N2 + 12H2O

15m CaO 2m CaO

SO2 (Ti / thng) SO2 (Ti)

SO2 SO2

2m CaO (Tt) 2m CaO (Tt)

Hnh 5.7. nh hng ca kch thc ht v phn tn

canxi cacbont n hiu qu x l SO2

88
 Trong cng ngh ni trn, c ht ca canxi cacbonat phun vo l v
phn tn ng u ca n nh hng rt mnh ti hiu qu x l SO 2. Nhng
kt qu nghin cu minh ho trn hnh 6.7. cho thy; nu c ht l 15 m hay
mc du c ht l 2 m nhng vn li vi kch thc tng t th hiu qu x
l km v cng vi c ht 2 m nhng phn tn th hiu qu x l rt cao.
Sn phm sau x l ca SO2 l CaSO3 hoc CaSO4 dng bi v ca
NOx l kh N2, CO2 v hi nc. Do cng on x l cui cng s dng k
thut lc ti hay lc tnh in l ph hp.

Bt CaCO3 Dung dch U r Nc CN Kh sch

Lm
ngui, Lc ti
L t Lm
m

Nhin liu Bi ln Bi v bi thch cao

Hnh 5.8. S cng ngh x l ng thi SO2 v NOx trong l t

Cng ngh x l ny cho hiu sut x l cc kh khng cao (ti a

khong 90% i vi SO2 v 80% i vi NO x), nhng n gin, u t thp
v d lp ghp. Chnh v nhng l do m n rt ph hp vi vic x l cho
nhng c s s dng l t nh l hay nhng ni hi nh n va s dng
nhin liu ha thch.

5.3.2. CNG NGH X L SAU L T

Cng ngh x l trong l t nh trnh by trn cho hiu qu khng
cao v tt nhin l khng th x l c hon tan kh SO 2 v NOx. x l
trit NOx cng vi SO 2, cng c nhiu phng php c cng b.
Trong phn ny xin gii thiu mt cng ngh tin tin c p dng nhiu
mt s nc nh Nht bn v M; l cng ngh s dng chm tia in t
nng lng cao.
Nguyn l ca cng ngh x l ny l dng nhng chm tia in t c
nng lng cao chiu trc tip vo dng kh thi c cha kh SO2, NOx v hi
nc. Trong iu kin nh th, cc in t s p vo cc phn t kh v H2O

89
to ra cc radical. Nhng radical va hnh thnh s tc dng vi kh SO2
to thnh cc phn t axit sunphuric v vi NO x to thnh cc phn t axit
nitric. Nu ng thi hi amoniac c cp vo bung phn ng th amoniac
s tc dng vi cc axit va hnh thnh to ra cc mui amoni tng ng.
Ton b nguyn l ca cng ngh c m t trn hnh 6.9. S cng ngh
x l ng thi SO2 v NOx sau l t s dng chm tia in t c nng
lng cao c m t nh trn hnh 6.10.

SO2, NOx, H2O

Kh amoniac
O2, H2O OH*, O*, HO2*

Phn ng vi SO2 v NOx

OH*, O*, HO2*

SO2 H2SO4
OH*, O*, HO2*
NOx HNO3

ng phng e
Trung ha bng amoniac

H2SO4 + NH3 = (NH4)2SO4

HNO3 + NH3 = NH4NO3
B pht cao p

Hnh 5.9. S nguyn l x l SO2 v NOx s dng chm tia in t

Nc lnh Kh amoniac Kh sch

Bung
Thp lm x l Thit b
ngui v kh thi lc ti /
lm m lc
kh thi B to tia e tnh in

Kh thi Bi th Bi v mui

Hnh 5.10. S cng ngh x l ng thi SO2 v NOx s dng

chm tia in t

90
 Trc tin kh thi c dn vo thp lm ngui v lm m bng nc
cng nghip c nhit thp. Ti y mt phn bi c kch thc ln c
tch ra v nhit m bo gim xung di nhit ph n hy ca cc
axit v cc mui, c bit l axit nitric v mui amoni nitrat. Kh thi ti p tc
qua bung x l. Do bung x l c chiu bi nhng chm tia in t c
nng lng cao nn cc phn ng ha hc c xy ra y. dn n sn
phm cui cng, trong bung phn ng trc tin phi din ra qu trnh to ra
cc radical do cc in t bn ph cc phn t kh v hi. Tip theo l phn
ng gia cc radical vi cc phn t kh SO2 v NOx hnh thnh cc phn
t axit tng ng. Khi aminiac c cp vo bung phn ng, cc phn t
axit va hnh thnh s tc dng vi amoniac to ra c c phn t mui
amoni. Bc cui cng l cc phn t mui dng rn s kt hp li vi nhau
to ra cc ht bi mui c kch thc ln hn i vo bung lc. Cc qu
trnh trn xy ra rt nhanh, nhng cng cn mt khong thi gian hon
thnh cc phn ng. Do bung x l cn phi c kch thc ph hp c
thi gian lu cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cui cng bi mui v
bi l c tch khi dng kh thi bng lc tnh in hoc lc ti hoc s
dng c hai. Cng ngh x l ny ngoi mc ch x l kh c trong kh thi
cn thu c hn hp mui nitrat lm phn bn rt tt hoc tinh ch cc mui
phc v mc ch khc.

5.4. X L NI TIP NOX V SO2

Trong thc t, kh thi t l t nhin liu ha thch hay tuc bin kh
thng lun cha c kh SO2 v NOx. Nu dng phng php trung ha x
l th mt phn NO2 cng c x l cng vi SO2. Hin tng ny lun lun
c tnh n khi thit k cng ngh x l SO2; nhng khng c xem l
cng ngh x l NO x. Ngoi cc cng ngh x l ng th i SO2 v NOx nh
trnh by trn th cng c th s dng cc cng ngh x l ring bit cho
SO2 v NOx nhng c b tr ni tip nhau x l trit c hai.
Hnh 6.11 m t s cng ngh x l ni tip kh NO x v SO2. S
1 minh ho lu trnh x l NOx bng cng ngh SCR trc, x l bi v SO2
bng cng ngh FGD sau. Theo lu trnh ny th kh l cn nhit 400 -
500oC c tn dng dn ngay vo thp SCR. Trn ng i ca n, amoniac
c phun vo theo t lng c tnh ton trc. Trong thp SCR hu
ht NOx s c chuyn thnh N2 v nc. Sau khi NOx c x l, kh l
c dn tip sang thp trao i nhit sy nng khng kh cp cho l t
ri qua thp lc tnh in loi phn ln lng bi c trong dng kh. Kh
thi t bung lc tnh in i ra tng i sch v ch cn cha SO2. Vic x
l SO2 c tin hnh trong h thng thp m FGD. Ti y ngi ta c th
thu c sn phm thch cao hay magi sunpht sch hn. Vi s ny vic
x l NOx bng cng ngh SCR tn dng c nhit ca kh l; nhng do

91
kh l cha c x l g nn bi v SO 2 nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng
hot ng v tui th ca cc tng xc tc trong thp SCR.

S 1
NH3 ng khi

L hi
SCR EP FGD
AH

S 2 ng khi
NH3
L hi SCR
FGD L
AH EP GGH

Hnh 5.11. S h thng x l NOx bng phng php xc tc chn lc

(Selective
S 2 mCatalytic Removal
t mt lu trnh khc trongktxhp
- SCR) x l
l kh l SO 2 (Fuel
bng cngGas
ngh
Desulfurization FGD)
Ghi ch: AH: t nng khng kh, EP: Lc tnh in, GGH: Sy khng kh bng kh l.

FGD v SCR. Theo lu trnh ny, kh l trc ht c dn qua b trao

i nhit sy nng khng kh cho l t, sau qua lc tnh in, qua h
thng x l SOx bng thp m FGD ri mi i vo thp x l NOx bng
cng ngh SCR. Nh vy khi tin hnh x l NOx kh l c x l kh
sch khi cc thnh phn khc c bit l bi v SOx. Trong iu kin ny cc
tng xc tc c bo v kh tt nn tui th ca chng tng ln ng k.
Nhng c iu sau khi qua thp m, nhit ca kh l b h xun g qu
thp khng cho thp SCR hot ng, do trc khi vo thp SCR, kh l
phi c t nng tr li bng mt l ph t ti nhit cn thit cho
SCR hot ng. Kh thi i ra t thp SCR c nhit cn cao s dng sy
nng s b kh thi trc khi vo l sy ph ng thi lm ng nng cho n
thot ra theo ng khi.

92
 5.5. X L KH H2S
Khc vi cc kh SO2 v NOx, kh H2S khng phi l kh thi sinh ra do
t cc nhin liu ha thch, m n l mt trong cc thnh phn ca kh t
nhin, kh ng hnh t cc m khai thc du kh. Ngoi ra, H2S cn c
sinh ra trong cc qu trnh kh ha than, cc qu trnh phnyh ym kh v
mt s qu trnh sn xut khc. Kh H2S c tnh n mn thit b cao v l tc
nhn gy ng c mnh cc xc tc dng trong trong cng nghip. Do vy
vic la b an ton H2S ra khi kh cng nghip l nhu cu bt buc. loi
kh H2S, thng thng c hai cch l tch loi theo ng kh v theo
ng t.

5.5.1. CNG NGH X L H2S THEO NG KH

Cng ngh x l H2S theo ng kh thng da trn nguyn l
hp ph kt hp oxi ha a S v S nguyn t v c thu hi.
2-

Mt trong nhng phng php c dng sm nht l s dng Fe2O3

xp, c b mt ring ln lm tc nhn hp ph v trao i vi H2S nhit
thng to ra Fe2S3 km n nh theo phn ng:
Fe2O3 + 3H2S = Fe2S3 + 3H2O
hon nguyn Fe2O3 v thu hi lu hunh sau khi lp vt liu hp ph no,
ngi ta dng dng khng kh ngho oxi (2 - 3% O2) thi qua. Lng oxi
c tnh ton sao cho lng oxi bng 1,5 ln so vi l thuyt theo phn ng:
Fe2S3 + 3O2 = Fe2O3 + 6S
Hoc em t vi khng kh thu hi SO2 cho qu trnh sn xut axit
sunfuric. Phng php ny cho hiu qu khng cao, nay rt t c s dng.
Phng php c s dng nhiu v cho hiu qu kh cao l hp ph -
oxi ha trn than hot tnh. Khi tin hnh hp ph H 2S trn than hot tnh, nu
c mt ca oxi, phn ng oxi ha H 2S to thnh S v nc ngay trn b mt
than.
2H2S + O2 = 2H2O + 2S
nng cao hiu qu x l H2S, ngi ta cho thm NH 3 vo hn hp
kh; khi H2S s cn tc dng vi NH3 to thnh amoni sunfua.
2NH3 + H2S = (NH4)2S
Khi b mt than hp ph bo ha, ngi ta dng dung dch amoni
sunfua ra lu hunh ra v ti sinh than hot tnh.
2(NH4)2S + 6S = 2(NH4)2S4

93
 Amoni polysunfua c em phn hy 125 - 130oC v p sut 1,7 -
2,0.105 Pa s thu c lu hunh v amoni sunfua s dng cho nhng ln x
l tip theo
S cng ngh ca phng php kh c m t trn hnh 6.12.

Tc nhn gii hp
Kh sch H2S ph

Thp hp Bung Bung

ph - tch lu ti sinh cht
oxi ha hunh hp ph

X l Lu hunh
Kh cha H2S S/Hp cht ca S thu hi

Hnh 5.12. S cng ngh x l H2S theo ng kh

5.5.2. CNG NGH X L H2S THEO NG T

X l H2S theo ng t c nhiu phng php khc nhau nh trung
ha bng kim mnh, hp th bng metanol/etanol amin, sunfolan, hp th -
oxi ha... Trong khun kh ca cun sch ny, xin gii thiu hai phng php
thng dng cho hiu qu cao nht l phng php ta nanh v phng php
Fe3+.
Phng php ta nanh
Phng php ny da vo phn ng trung ha H 2S bng Na 2CO3, oxi
ha hydrosunfua bng NaVO 3 v kh nng vn chuyn oxi t khng kh ca
ta nanh vo phn ng ti sinh NaVO3. Qu trnh x l H 2S xy ra khi dng
kh tip xc vi dung dch hot ng cha ta nanh (TQ - ta nanh dng quinon
v THQ - ta nanh dng hydroquinon), Na 2CO3 v NaVO3 theo cc phn ng
sau:
2Na2CO3 + 2H2S = 2NaHCO3 + 2NaHS (1)
2NaHS + 4NaVO3 + H2O = Na2V4O9 + 4NaOH + 2S (2)
Na2V4O9 + 2TQ + 2NaOH = 4NaVO3 + 2THQ (3)
2NaHCO3 + 2NaOH = 2Na2CO3 + 2H2O (4)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2H2S + 2TQ = 2S + 2THQ + H2O

94
 Ta nanh dang hydroquinon c oxi ha bng oxi khng kh tr li
dng quinon.
THQ + 2O2 = TQ + 2H2O (5)

Dung dch Ph gia

Kh sch H2S hot ng ha cht

Thp hp Thp oxi Thit b Thp

th - ha ti tch lu iu ha
oxi ha sing dng hunh
H2 S TQ

Kh cha H2S My cp Lu hunh thu hi

oxi

Hnh 5.13. S cng ngh x l H2S bng phng php ta nanh

theo ng t

Trong qu trnh x l sinh ra mt lng nc v cng xy ra cc phn

ng ph sau:
TQ + H2S = THQ + S
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2NaHCO3
2NaHS + 2O2 = Na2S2O3 + H2O
Dung dch hot ng sau khi x l (thc hin t phng trnh (1) n
phng trnh (4)) s c a qua thp ti sinh ta nanh dng quinon theo
phng trnh (5). Dung dch hot ng tip tc c iu chnh ri a tr li
thp hp th u. S cng ngh ca phng php c m t trn hnh
6.13.
Phng php oxi ha bng st(III)
Phng php ny d a trn phn ng ca st(III) vi H 2S trong mi
trng axit yu (pH khong 3,0 n 4,5). Khi kh H2S tip xc vi dung dch
st(III) s xy ra phn ng oxi ha H2S thnh S nguyn t.
H2S + 2Fe(OH)2+ = 2Fe2+ + S + 2H2O

95
 Sau phn ng huyn ph S s c tch ra, dung dch Fe2+ c oxi ha
bng oxi khng kh tr v trng thi ban u v c quay vng tr li.
4Fe2+ + O2 + 4H+ = 4Fe3+ + 2H2O
4Fe3+ + 4OH- = 4Fe(OH)2+
-------------------------------------------------
4Fe2+ + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)2+
S cng ngh ca phng php c m t trn hnh 6.14.

Dung dch
Kh sch H2S Fe(OH)2+

Thp hp Thit b Thp oxi

th - tch lu ha ti Thp
oxi ha hunh sinh iu ha
st(III)

Kh cha H2S
Lu hunh My thi Ph gia
thu hi khng kh ha cht

Hnh 5.14. S cng ngh x l H2S bng phng php st(III)

theo ng t

5.6. X L KH CO
Kh CO c x l ch yu bng con ng t tip chuyn ha
thnh kh CO2 t c hi hn. Trong mt s trng hp, c bit trong sn
xut kh ha than th ngi ta s dng phng php oxi ha xc tc vi s c
mt ca hi nc thu c sn phm l CO2 v H2.
xc tc
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
S dng mt thp xc tc nhiu tng c th chuyn ha gn nh hon
ton CO thnh CO2 (xem phn kh ha than).
5.7. X L KH CO2
CO2 c th tan t rong nhiu dung mi khc nhau; nhng trong thc t
ngi ta thng s dng nc, metanol, dung dch kim, amoniac cho qu
trnh hp th thu hi CO2. Trong metanol CO2 hp th theo kiu vt l. Trong

96
nc, sau khi khuch tn vo nc, CO2 s hp vi nc to thnh cc sn
phm H2CO3 v HCO3-. Nhng sn phm ny rt d phn hy tr li thnh
CO2 v nc theo phn ng thun nghch:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
Nhit tng s thc y qu trnh gii hp. Do vy hp th CO2 tt
nht l tin hnh nhit thp.
Khi s dng dung dch kim hay amoniac th ng thi vi qu trnh
hp th l cc phn ng trung ha to thnh cc mui tng ng.
CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3
Cc sn phm mui c gi tr th c th thu hi. Trong thc t, ngi ta
thng s dng kim vi x l CO2 thu c sn phn bt nh c gi tr
kinh t v an ton cho mi trng.

97
 CHNG 6. MT S S CNG NGH X L KH THI
CNG NGHIP C TRNG [26,28,29]
Trong thc t, kh thi ca mt nh my nhit in, mt nh myt
rc, mt l luyn kim hay mt nh my sn xut phn bn, lun lun l mt
hn hp bi v cc loi kh thi. Chnh v vy m khi xy dng mt phng
n x l c th cho mt i tng no , t tng ch o phi p ng
c mt s tiu ch cn thit nh sau:
1.Phi la chn c cc cng ngh x l ph hp v ti u nht
2.Kt hp c cng nhiu cng tt cc i tng cn x l x l
trn cng mt cng ngh hay/v cng mt thit b.
3.Chi ph xy dng v vn hnh l ti thiu.
4.Cc sn phm sau x l phi khng c hi v phi kim sot c.
Nu ti s dng hoc s dng c vo vic khc th cng c u tin.
5.Dy chuyn hot ng phi c an ton v tin cy cao.
T nhng l do trn, sau y s nghin cu mt s dy chuyn x l
kh thi s dng cc cng ngh hin i, c tnh u vit cao v ang hot
ng ti mt s nc pht trin nh Nht bn hay v M.

6.1. THIT B X L BI BNG LC TI

Cu to ca thit b gm 3 phn chnh: 1. Bung lc, 2. H thng
ng ng, 3. H thng qut ht v 3 b phn ph l h thng dn kh nn
lm vic theo ch thi xung, h thng ng m ca dn kh thi vo ca
hai ngn trong bung lc lm vic trn c s chnh lch p sut bn trong v
bn ngoi ti lc v ca ly bi ra theo ch lin tc.
Bung lc c chia lm hai ngn ging ht nhau v mi ngn u
c chia lm 3 tng. Tng trn cng l khong khng gian ni vi h thng
qut ht thng ra ng khi qua ca lm vic trn v b tr nhng u thi
kh nn vo trong cc tic.
l Tng gia l ni b tr nhng ti lc c nh
trn nhng khung bng thp. Tng di l ni phn phi kh cha bi vo cc
ngn thng qua ca lm vic di v sau i vo cc ti lc.
Vn hnh thit b: Hai ngn ca bung lc lm vic thay i nhau. Kh
thi v bi c dn vo theo ca di v trc ht i vo ngn th nht. Sau
mt thi gian lm vic nht nh, khi cc ti lc ngn th nht b ph
mt lp bi dy lm tn hao p ln th h thng ng m ca lm vic
s t ng ng ca lm vic ca ngn ny li v m ca lm vic ca ngn
th hai. Trong khi ngn th hai lm vic th h thng kh nn s thc hin
nhng t thi xung kh vo ming ti y bi bm trn mt ngoi ca ti

98
ra. Khi cc ti c lm sch, chng sn sng lm vic trong chu k tip
theo.
H thng ng ng ni c bt u t bung lc ti, qua qut ht,
ng gim thanh v x kh sau x l ra ngoi.
Kh nn thng c duy tr p sut cao v lm vic theo ch thi
xung nn t c hiu qu lm sch bi cao.

Bung lc bi

Hnh 6.1. Thit b lc ti x l bi kim loi nng ca hng NAVEC

(Matsushita Seiko Engineering Co., Ltd., Nht Bn)

B phn gom v ly bi ra lm vic theo ch lin tc gm mt

ng vn chuyn bi theo kiu vt v tn v mt ca tho bi. Ca tho bi
c b tr mt trc cnh kh quay u nhm mc ch va cn bi ra va
ng vai tr nh mt van kn gi khng cho kh t bn trong khng lt ra
ngoi.
Thit b ny lm vic rt hiu qu v c p dng rng ri c bit
x l bi kim loi nng. Thit b lc p ng c yu cu kht khe v hm
lng kim loi nng trong kh thi cng nh trong mi trng lm vic.

99
 6.2. THIT B LC TI X L KH THI (KH L) CHA SO2.
H thng x l kh l cha bi v SO2 kiu lc ti lm vic trn nguyn
l bin kh SO 2 thnh CaSO3/CaSO4 dng bi v x l chng cng vi bi
trong kh thi bng lc ti. Thit b gm ba b phn chnh: (1) B phn trao
i nhit bng h thng phun nc lnh ng thi ha m kh SO2 v to
phn ng gia SO2 m vi vi bt - Ca(OH)2 dng bt - to thnh CaSO3,
(2) Bung lc ti v (3) B phn tn thu v ti s dng CaSO4.

ng kh ra ng chia kh
Ca(OH)2
ng khi

Kh thi

H2O

Bng
ti
B sy kh
Lc ti ph
Silo ximng Silo
tro Phu m

B to vin Bm bi
My trn Bng ti
Thng cha

Hnh 6.2. H thng x l bi, kh SOx, v cc kh, hi axit khc

bng con ng kh s dng thit b lc ti hiu sut cao.
(Nihon Spindle Mfg. Co. Ltd, Japan)

100
 Hot ng ca h thng x l nh sau: Kh l trc tin c dn vo
thp lng nhng bi ln, ng thi lm ngui v lm m kh l bng nhng
tia nc lnh phun vo trong thp. Ti y mt phn bi c kch thc ln
c lng xung y thp v c ly ra ngoi bng h thng bng chuyn
dng vt v tn ti b phn thu gom. Kh m sau c dn sang bung
lc ti. Trn ng i, vi bt c phun mt cch nh lng vo dng kh.
Kh SO2 m (thc cht l nhng ht sol H2SO3) lp tc tc dng vi Ca(OH) 2
to thnh CaSO3 dng rn. Nu trong dng kh c mt O2 th canxi sunphit
s chuyn thnh canxi snnphat (thch cao). Ti bung lc ti, bi (tro bay) v
cc ht mui canxi va hnh thnh s c gi li; kh sau x l s c dn
ra ng khi. B phn lc ti hot ng tng t nh h thng lc bi kim loi
nng trn hnh 6. 2.
Bi t bung lc ti v t thp lm ngui ban u c thu gom li v
ti s dng trong sn xut xi mng.
H thng x l c b tr cc ng chia kh nhm mc ch p ng
cho nhng c s lm vic khng lin tc hoc kh l c hm lng kh thi
c hi khng n nh, tng, gim theo chu k sn xut. Trc khi i ra ng
khi kh b ngui khng th t bay ln theo ng khi; do n c t
nng li hoc dng qut y y ra ngoi.

6.3. H THNG X L KH THI TNG HP (SO2, NOX, HCL,

HF) BNG PHNG PHP LC TI KH
M hnh dy chuyn x l trn hnh 6.3. c s dng x l kh
thi t cc l t rc v t cc nhin liu ha thch Nht bn v cc nc
chu u khc. Rc lun lun c thnh phn rt phc tp v khi t s sinh ra
cc loi kh c khc nhau nh SO x, NOx, HCl, HF...Tuy nhin cc kh ny
u c th tc dng vi vi bt to thnh cc sn phm bi kh hu nh
khng c v c th thu li bng phng php lc ti nh trn m hnh hnh
6. 3.
Dy chuyn bao gm nm phn chnh: (1) l l t v b phn tn dng
nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh t; (2) l b phn lm ngui v ha m kh l;
(3) l bung lc ti thu bi, bi mui; (4) l b phn cp vi bt v ha
cht ph tr v (5) l b phn qut y kh ln ng khi.
Qu trnh vn hnh ca m hnh ny nh sau: Kh l c nhit trn
1000 C trc tin c tn dng to ra hi nc qu nhit s dng cho cc
o

qu trnh sy, si m, quay tuc bin... Nhit ca kh l sau vn cn cao

s c s dng sy nng khng kh trc khi thi vo l trong bung t
trnh lm mt nhit, tit kim nng lng. Tuy vy trc khi i vo thit b
lc ti, kh l vn tip tc c lm ngui bng cc tia nc lnh. Vic lm
ngui bng nc lnh y cn c mt tc dng quan trng mang tnh quyt

101
nh i vi hiu qu ca qu trnh x l l bin cc kh c k trn thnh cc
ht sol axit. Trn ng i n bung lc ti, kh thi c tip xc vi vi
bt dng bi c phun vo bng bm thi t cc silo. Chnh nhng ht
Ca(OH)2 dng kh c s tc dng vi cc sol axit mi hnh thnh to
thnh cc ht bi mui. Bung lc ti hot ng nh trnh by trong mc
6.1. v thit b x l bi kim loi nng (hnh 6.1). Qua bung lc ti kh thi
c lm sch; sn sng thi an ton ra ng oi; song do nhit ca
dng kh xung qu thp khng th t bay ln ng khi c cho nn cn
c sy nng hoc dng qut y.

B ha Nc lnh
hi nc ng khi
B lc ti

Thng cha vi/ho cht

Qut

Tro thi
Bi thi
Bm vi/
ho cht
L t

Hnh 6.3. H thng x l kh l bng thit b lc ti kh

(X l SOx, NOx, HCl, HF)
(Hitachi Zonsen Corporation, Osaka, Japan)

Hiu qu x l i vi cc loi kh c t l t thi ra ph thuc rt

nhiu vo nhit ca kh khi phn ng vi canxi hydroxit. Nhng kt qu
nghin cu v nh hng ca nhit phn ng i vi hiu qu x l SO 2
v HCl cho thy nhit cng cao th hiu qu x l cng km. Vi nhit
trn 200oC, hiu qu x l gim rt nhanh. Hiu qu x l t trn 95% khi
nhit phn ng nh hn hoc bng 150oC. Hin tng ny c th chu nh
hng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau nhng quan trng nht l cn bng ca
phn ng hp nc to axit v phn hy ca sn phm axit va to thnh ti
to cc phn t oxit axit khan. Cc oxit axit khan u
h nh khng phn ng
vi Ca(OH)2 kh.
SO2 + H2O <=> H2SO3 <=> 2H+ + SO3-
HCl <=> H+ + Cl-

102
 R (%) R (%)

T l Ca(OH)2 : HCl T l Ca(OH)2 : SO2

Hnh 6.4. nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu x l kh l

Bn cnh t l mol gia Ca(OH) 2 v SO2 cng nh HCl cng nh

hng n hiu qu x l. Lng Ca(OH)2 cung cp vo d so vi t lng
s cho hiu qu cao hn; song n s phi x l tip theo cng vi qu trnh
oxi ha canxi sunphit thnh canxi sunpht. nh hng ca nhit phn ng
v t l mol ln hiu sut x l c minh ho trn hnh 6.4.
Dy chuyn ny cng x l c nhng cht c khc pht sinh khi t
rc nh dioxin, thy ngn... khi s dng nhng ha cht ph gia km theo.

6.4. H THNG X L KH L C TRANG B THP PHN NG

Ba thit b x l kh l bng phng php lc ti k trn (6.1. n 6.3.);
vi bt u c cp vo trn ng ng dn kh thi ti bung lc ti. Bin
php ny tuy n gin hn song nu lu lng kh thi ln s dn n thi
gian tip xc gia cc cht tham gia phn ng qu ngn, c bit li din ra
gia pha kh v pha rn, cho nn khng phn ng xy ra hon ton. Qu
trnh x l kh kim sot v hiu qu khng cao v km n nh. khc
phc nhng yu im ca ba h thng thit b ni trn, h thng m t trn
hnh 6.5 ca NKK Corporation (Nht bn) cho trang b thm thp phn
ng. Kt qu l hiu sut x l tng ln r rt. Cc kt qu th hin trn hnh
6.6. cho thy i vi kh HCl chng hn, khng nhng hiu sut x l cao m
t l phn mol ca canxi hydroxit trn kh (HCl) cng gim ng k.
Qu trnh vn hnh ca h thng x l c th tm tt nh sau: Kh thi
cha kh HCl, SO2 hay kh l, sau khic lm ngui v lm m c dn

103
 vo thp phn ng theo ca di phn y thp v i ra theo ca trn
phn u thp. Bt Ca(OH)2 t silo c cp vo thp bng bm thi xung.
Qua b phn phn phi, vi bt c trn u trong thp cng vi kh l.
Thi gian lu trong thp ln to iu kin cho phn ng trung ha xy
ra hon ton hn. Dng kh sau c dn vo bung lc ti. B phn lc
ti v cc phn tip ni sau hot ng tng t nh trong cc h thng x l
trnh by nhng phn trn.

ng
khi

Silo Thit
cha Thp b lc
viv phn ti
HC ng

B iu
ha tro

Qut b tr

Thi
Kh thi Thng cha tro
Qut thi

Hnh 6.5. H thng x l kh c trang b thp phn ng

(NKK LIMAR, Envir. Industries Engineering Division)

H%

98 140oC

160oC
96
170oC

94 180oC Ca(OH)2

92 190oC

90
0 1 2 3
Ca(OH)2 / HCl

Hnh 6.6. S ph thuc gia hiu sut x l kh HCl

vo nhit v t l mol ca canxi hydroxit v HCl

104
 Bng 6.1. Kt qu s dng h thng x l 6 trn 31 c s p dng

No. Cng sut Lu lng kh HCl u vo HCl u ra Nm

x l (t/24h) thi (m3/h) (ppm) (ppm) lp t
1 400 151.000 1100 <15 2001
2 300 97.000 800 <100 1997
3 115 67.000 1000 <25 1995
4 200 67.000 1000 <50 1995
5 150 53.000 800 <50 1994
6 150 53.000 1000 <20 1998

c im ca h thng ny l n gin v hiu qu; thch hp cho vic

x l kh thi c cha kh HCl v SO2. i vi cc c s sn xut hay s
dng HCl th h thng ny rt ph hp v hiu qu, v kh thi c nhit
khng cao. Trong trng hp lung kh c cha oxi trn 12%, n u ch s
dng vi bt, th ch c th gim nng HCl xung n 40 ppm. Nu mun
gim nng kh HCl xung 25 ppm, th cn thit phi b sung thm cc ha
cht ph gia khc. Bng 6.1. di y lit k mt s thng s ca cc c s
s dng h thng x l ny.

6.5. H THNG X L KH THI BNG THP M T

H thng x l ny do cng ty Kyowa Kako Nht bn sn xut v nm
bn quyn. H thng c lp t gn nh v c nhiu kch c khc nhau ph
hp vi cc c s sn xut ln, nh. Ty thuc vo mc ch x l loi kh
thi no m ta c th chn ha cht dng hp th ph hp. Chnh v linh
hot ca thit b m n c s dng khng nhng x l cc kh c nh
SO2, NOx m cn p dng c cho qu trnh x l cc kh v hi kim, axit
khc. Trong mt s trng hp, h thng ny cn c th s dng x l mi
i vi mt s cht hu c.
H thng x l bao gm ba phn chnh:
(1) B phn ghp ni vi ngun pht thi. B phn ny gm cc ng ni
mm, van iu chnh lu lng kh thi v qut thi kh (cc mc t 7 n
10).
(2) Thp m gm cc phn y thp, thn thp v ming thp. y thp
c ni lin vi b cha cht lng hon lu dng hp th cc cht kh cn
x l, c b tr ca x (bn) v ca trn. Thn thp c b tr ca dn kh thi

105
 vo pha di, sau n cc tng m tng kh nng tip xc. Pha trn
cc tng m l dn phun cht lng lm nhim v hp th kh v hi c.

Kh
thi

Nc thi

Nc cp

Hnh 6.7. S thit b x l kh theo ng t s dng thp m

Ch thch: 1. Thp m, 2. B cha hi lu, 3. Bm hi lu, 4. ng khi,

5. Ca thi, 6. Ca chy trn, 7. Qut thi kh vo, 8. ng ni mm, 9. Van
l, 10. Nm ly mu, 11. Thng cha ha cht, 12. Bm cp ha cht.

ng khi

Thp m
Bm hi lu
Qut thi kh

Ca thi trn B hi lu
S mt ct ngang S mt ct dc
Hnh 6.8. S mt ct ca thit b thp m

106
 Bng 6.2. Mt s lnh vc p dng h thng thp m t Kyowa.

Kiu p Loi kh thi Ni pht sinh Loi nh my, x

dng nghip
p dng -Khi v hi axit Pht tinh t b mt cc -Cc c s m, ty
v iu sunphuric bnh cha axit. ra bng axit,
kin -Hi axit clohydric Nhit cht lng ln -Cc nh my sn
-Hi axit cromic ti 80oC. xut v s dng axit.
-Khi v hi xt, Pht sinh t cc thng -C s m en,
natri xyanua, cha, bng ti cn ra -C s x l b mt
amoniac... axit... Nhit cht kim loi,
lng ti 80oC. -Phng th nghim

Pht sinh t cc thng -Cc nh my ha

-Hi v kh H2S, cha, bng ti cn ra cht v thc phm,
-Khi v hi axit axit... Nhit cht -Cc nh my si
p dng phot-phoric, axit lng ti 80oC. cng nghip,
c iu acetic... -Phng th nghim...
kin
Pht sinh t cc thng -Cc nh my ha
cha, cc thng phn cht
-Khi v hi axit ng, cc l t ... -Cc x nghip dc
sunphuric, -Cc nh my thc
-Hi axit clohydric, phm,
-Hi cromt -Cc phng th
nghim

Pht sinh t b mt -Cc c s nhng

Hi axit nitric, kh cc thng cha nhit nhum kim loi,
NOx ho trn cng thng. -Cc c s ty trng
cc kh k trn kim loi

Nhng i Hn hp cc kh k Pht sinh t b ty -Cc nh my ha

tng c c clo nguyn t, hi ra, thng cha, cc l cht
bit axit nitric, NOx v t... -Cc nh my sn
HF xut kim loi nh,
-Cng nghip thy
tinh
-Cc c s Nhng,
nhum kim loi

Dn phun c ni vi bm hon lu bm cht lng t b hon lu v

phn ha cht b sung t thng cha. Trn cng l b phn chn sol. Ming
thp l ni cho lung kh x l i ra v c ni trc tip vi ng khi
(gm cc mc t 1 n 6).

107
 (3) B phn cp ha cht gm thng cha ha cht (11), bm nh
lng ha cht (12), cc van iu khin v h thng ng dn.
Khi vn hnh, kh thi c qut thi vo ca di, i qua tng m,
dn phun v ra ngoi theo ca (6). Ton b phn ng gia kh c v tc nhn
hp th xy ra y khi kh thi gp dung dch ha cht do bm hon lu cp
cho dn phun. Sau nhng khong thi gian nht nh, khi nng huyn ph
t ti mt gi tr nht nh; hoc nng tc nhn hp th (ha cht)
xung qu thp khng cn kh nng x l na th dung dch hon lu c x
v a i x l tn thu.
Phn nc (dung mi) chy trn hoc sau x l tch huyn ph c
quay vng tr li thng cha pha ha cht hoc thi i. Bm ha cht c
vn hnh bng mt h thng iu khin t ng ni vi b cha dung dch
hon lu iu chnh nng ha cht ph hp cho tng cng on x l.
H thng x l ny c p dng kh rng ri. Bng 6.2. thng k mt
s ng dng c trin khai cho hiu qu tt.

6.6. H THNG X L KH L CHA SO 2 BNG HUYN PH

CANXI CACBONAT
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng ny l cho huyn ph canxi cacbo nt
tip xc vi kh thi cha SO2 trong thp hp th. Canxi sunphit to thnh s
c oxi ha bng oxi khng kh tr thnh thch cao. Phng trnh phn
ng ha hc tng th xy ra nh sau:
CaCO3 + SO2 + 2H2O + 1/2O2 = CaSO4.2H2O + CO2
Kt ta thch cao hnh thnh ngm hai nc c tinh th tng i ln
nn d tch khi nc. Sau khi tch nc, thch cao c s dng lm ph
gia xi mng hoc trong xy dng.
H thng x l ny c lp t cho cc khu cng nghip, c bit l
cc nh my nhit in. Ngoi h thng tin x l nh lc bi v x l bng
tnh in cng vi b phn trao i nhit lm ngui kh thi ra th h thng
x l kh l y bao gm ba b phn chnh l b phn thp hp th - oxi
ha, b phn cp huyn ph canxi cacbont v b phn thu hi thch cao.
Thp hp th - oxi ha c phn y ng vai tr nh b cha dch hi
lu c trang b cc my khuy trnh s sa lng ca huyn ph canxi
cacbont v ca thi khng kh cp cho phn ng oxi ha canxi sunphit thnh
canxi sunphat. Phn gia thp l vng hot ng. Ti y huyn ph canxi
cacbont c phun t trn xung v kh thi cha SO 2 c thi t pha
di ln chng c th tip xc vi nhau mt cch hon ho. Phn u thp
c trang b b phn chn sol v ng ni ra ng khi. Nh ni phn
trn, kh thi t l t i ra trc khi vo thp hp th - oxi ha, n c lm

108
ngui bng trao i nhit vi kh i ra t thp hp th - oxi ha. Qu trnh ny
lm cho kh sau x l i ra nng ln v t y c ra ngoi theo ng khi.
Bm hi lu lm nhim v bm dch cn cha canxi cacbonat cha phn ng
ht ln dn phun hoc bm huyn ph thch cao sang b phn thu hi.

EP Van iu ha ng khi

Thng cha
bt CaCO3
L t Qut

B trao
i nhit

B chn sol
My ly tm

Khng kh Bm hi lu

Thp phun hiu sut cao

B lng Thch cao

H thng oxi ha v hp th H thng thu hi thch cao

Kh sch ra

B chn sol

Dn phun
Cc dng loa phun ma

Kh thi vo

Tm chn
My
khuy

Cu trc ca thp phun

oxi ha - hp th

Hnh 6.9. H thng x l kh thi cha SO2 thu hi thch cao

109
 B phn cp huyn ph vi gm silo cha canxi cacbont; silo ny
cp u n bt vi cho b to huyn ph v t bm cp cho thp phn
ng.
B phn thu hi thch cao gm my ly tm dng tch nc khi
thch cao. Thch cao m c ly ra ti s dng, cn nc lc th thu hi
quay vng tr li ho huyn ph vi.
u im ca h thng x l ny l:
1. Nng SO2 khng i hi n nh m c th dao ng ln; nhng hiu
qu x l SO2 vn t trn 90%.
2. Sn phm ph l thch cao c th ti s dng lm nguyn liu cho sn xut
xi mng hoc dng trong xy dng.
3. vi l mt nguyn liu r tin, sn c c s dng nh mt tc nhn
hp th rt hiu qu i vi SO2.
4. Thp hp th n gin, ng vai tr t hp ca thp m, hp th v oxi
ha. Hn na n cng c th x l c c bi trong kh l vi hiu q u
loi b cao.
H thng x l ny c lp t cho cc nh my nhit in c cng
sut t 100 MW n 1000 MW ti Anh, Trung quc v Tip khc.

6.7. H THNG X L KH L CHA SO2 S DNG

MANH HYDROXIT
Cng ngh x l SO 2 trong kh lt bng nhin liu ha thch s
dng manh hydroxit c pht trin t hn 20 nm trc. Nguyn l ca
cng ngh ny l phn ng ha hc gia SO 2 vi huyn ph manh hydroxit
xy ra trong thp m.
SO2 + Mg(OH)2 = MgSO3 + H2O
MgSO3 + 1/2O2 = MgSO4
Trong nhng nm gn y cng ngh manh hydroxit rt thnh hnh
trn th gii do hiu qu x l SO 2 ca n cao i vi kh thi ca cc l hi
t bng diezen, du FO v than cm. Nhng kiu l hi ny cho nng lc
pht in cao. Sn phm MgSO4 sau khi tinh ch c gi tr thng phm cao.
Quy trnh hot ng c th tm tt nh sau: Kh l hi trc khi vo
thp hp th c lm ngui trong thp tin x l bng cc tia nc mt cung
cp t ngoi vo hoc tch mt phn t dng bm hi lu. Trong thp hp
th, kh l c thi vo theo chiu t di ln; sau khi tip xc hon ho vi
huyn ph manh hydroxit kh sch i qua thit b tch sol s i ra ngoi theo
ng khi. Huyn ph manh hydroxit c cung cp t thng cha vo b
iu ha, trn ln vi dch hi lu i ra t thp hp th. Ti y hn hp c

110
 kim tra pH v nng kim ri c bm (P) bm vo h thng phn
phi phn trn ca thp hp th. Dung dch hp th s chuyn ng theo
chiu t trn xung. Manh sunphit hnh thnh sau phn ng vi SO2, mt
phn c oxi ha thnh sunpht ngay trong thp hp th bng oxi khng kh
thi vo t y thp. Dng khng kh ny thi vo va cp oxi ng thi
va ng vai tr l ng lc khuy trn hn hp huyn ph. Hn hp ny
nh k c bm sang thp oxi ha. Ti y lng HSO 3- hoc Mg(OH)2 d
c trung ha, sunphit c oxi ha hon ton thnh sunpht. Qu trnh hiu
kh thp oxi ha cng c tc dng lm gim gi tr COD xung mc an
ton. Dung dch sunpht sau c dn sang h thng lng, tch nc
thu manh sunpht th. Nc ci c dn tr li thng cha pha
Mg(OH)2 hoc thi an ton ra ngoi.

Kh sch

Mg(OH)2

Nc

Kh Nc
thi lc
Thp lm
lnh
MgSO4
Khng Thp oxi
kh ha
Thp kh sunfua dioxit

Hnh 6.10. S h thng x l kh thi cha SO2 s dng Mg(OH)2

Ghi ch: P: Bm, PH: B iu chnh pH, LC: B kim tra thnh phn dung dch,
M: My khuy, F1: Van phn dng, P1: Thit b tch nc.

Nhng c trng u vit ca cng ngh ny l:

1. Gi thnh ca h thng cp ha cht thp hn so vi cng ngh s d ng
xt v ng lng mol ca phn ng thp lm gim chi ph vn hnh.

111
2. H thng d iu khin v khng nguy him v ha cht s dng ch c
kim nh t c hi v t n mn thit b hn so vi xt.
3. Nguyn liu s dng x l c nhiu trong nc t bin (ng mui) d
dng ly c khi cho tc dng vi vi ti. Chnh v th m lun tho mn
c ngi s dng vi gi c t bin ng v s cung cp n nh.
4. D bo dng, khng bm cn nh trong cng ngh s dng huyn ph
vi v mui manh sunphit v sunpht ha tan tt hn nhiu so vi manh
hydroxit cng nh canxi sunphit v sunpht.
5. Trnh c nhng tc ng kh chu do CO 2 ng cn (nh trong cng
ngh s dng sa vi), v dung dch manh long phn ng vi SO2 trong
mi trng gn nh trung tnh. Chnh v th m thp hp th c th vn
hnh hiu qu hn theo kiu thp si bt.
6. Manh sunpht thu c qua tinh ch n gin s thu c manh sunpht
sch c gi tr thng phm cao hn thch cao.
Do nhng c im u vit k trn m cng ngh x l kh l hi bng
manh hydroxit hin nay c a chung ti nhiu nc trn th gii.

6.8. CNG NGH X L TRC TIP SO2 V NOX TRONG

L HI (CA HNG HITASHI ZONSEN)
tng khi ngun cho nhiu nghin cu v cng ngh x l trc tip
SO2 ngay trong l hi trong mt thi gian di l phun trc tip bt vi hay
lmit vo trong l t loi tr kh SO2.
nhit trn 1000oC trong l, v l thuyt m ni th s xy ra cc
phn ng sau:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 (1)
CaO + SO2 CaSO3 (2)
CaSO3 + 1/2O2 CaSO4 (3)
Nhng qua nhiu th nghim cho thy phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra
khng hon ton nhit cao nh vy. Hiu qu x l SO 2 ti a khng
vt qu gii hn 60% mc du s dng t l mol Ca gp ba ln S. iu
ny c l gii phn no trong cc cng ngh trnh by cc phn trn.
Hng Hitachi Zonsen ng dng v nng cao cng ngh ny bng
cch ng thi x l c NO x trong kh l v t c hiu qu c v cng
ngh ln kinh t. x l NOx hng trang b thm h th ng phun dung
dch ure (NH2-CO-NH2) vo trong l ng thi vi bt vi (nh m t trn
hnh 6.11.). Phn ng kh NO x xy ra khi n tip xc vi ure nhit
cao nh ni trn.

112
 Dung dch ure

B lc ti

ng khi
Tro bay
Nc
Kh nn Thp lm
Nhin liu
t l ngui

Nc lm ngui

Khng kh nn

Hnh 6.11. H thng x l trc tip SO2 v NOx trong kh thi c

nhit cao s dng CaCO3 v ure

NO + NO2 + (NH2)2CO 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O (4)

Lng nc ca dung dch ure v lng nc gii phng ra t phng
trnh (4) to iu kin cho phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra hon ton hn. Kt
qu m hng ny thu c vt qu s mong i ca h. Bng cch ny
SO2 x l c ti 90%, NO x c ti 80% mc du nng ca cc kh
ny trong kh l khng cao. Mt khc cng ngh x l ng thi SO 2 v NOx
cng h thp t l mol gia canxi v lu hunh xung ch cn l 2,0 v gia
ure v nit xung cn 1,5.
Qu trnh vn hnh ca cng ngh x l trc tip SO 2 v NOx c th
tm tt nh sau: Bt vi hay lmit c kch thc mn 1-2 m v dung
dch ure c phun trc tip vo trong l ti vng c nhit cao (1200 -
1250oC). Kh l i ra trc tin c dn qua h thng trao i nhit (GAH)
sy nng khng kh; sau i vo thp lm ngui bng nhng tia nc
lnh ri vo bung lc ti. Bi v cc mui canxi c gi li, thu hi ti s
dng; cn kh sch sau x l th c qut tng cng y ra ngoi theo ng
khi. Trc khi kh thi v bi i vo bung lc ti, chng c b sung thm
oxi t khng kh oxi ha hon ton mui canxi thnh canxi sunpht. Bung
lc ti hot ng tng t nh trnh by cc phn trn.

113
 Cng ngh x l ca Hitachi Zonsen c nhng u im ni bt l:
1. Gi thnh thit b thp v tiu th in nng khng cao,
2. Khng c nc thi,
3. Khng c mui bm trn ng khi
4. D dng ghp ni vi cc l hi hin hnh.
So snh vi cng ngh x l bng xc tc chn lc ghp ni vi thp
m t ng thi x l NOx v SO2 th cng ngh ca Hitachi Zonsen hn
hn v cng ngh v gi thnh tnh trn 1 kWh.
Bng 6.3. So snh gia cng ngh x l trc tip ca Hitachi Zonsen vi cng
ngh xc tc chn lc ghp ni vi thp m t (SCR-FGD).

CN Cng ngh SCR - FGD Cng ngh mi

Ch tiu hin hnh ca Hitachi Zonsen
Qu trnh BSCRBFFGD BCBFS
cng ngh S
(EP)
Hiu sut:
-Loi SO2 < 90%, 80%, 90%,
(Ca/S=1,05) (Ca/S=1,5) (Ca/S=2,0)
-Loi NOx < 80%, 85%, 85%,
(NH3/NO=0,85) (Ure/NO=1,5) (Ure/NO=1,5)
Gi thnh
-Thit b 1,00 USD/kWh 0,14 USD/kWh 0,15 USD/kWh
-Vn hnh 1,00 USD/kWh 0,40 USD/kWh 0,45 USD/kWh

Ghi ch: B k hiu l l hi C k hiu l thp lm ngui

BF l lc ti EP l lc tnh in
S l ng khi FGD l x l SO2 bng thp m t
SCR l x l NOx bng xc tc chn lc theo ng kh.

6.9. CNG NGH X L KH THI CHA NOX S DNG

XC TC CHN LC (CNG NGH SCR)
Trong kh thi t cc l t nhin liu ha thch, t rc..., lun lun
cha mt lng kh nit oxit nht nh. Qu trnh x l ng thi lu hunh
dioxit v nit oxit lun gp mt kh khn v hiu qu x l ring phn i
vi NOx. ci thin vn ny, mt s cng trnh ra i ch yu da vo
tnh cht oxi ha kh ca cc hp cht a ha tr ca nit. c bit l phn

114
ng ca nit oxit vi amoniac hay ure to ra kh nit, nc hay cacbonic
nhit cao hay khi c mt ca cc cht xc tc chn lc.
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 = 4N2 + 6H2O
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 = 2N2 + 6H2O

Hay NO + NO2 + (NH2)2CO = 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O

(NH2)2CO + H2O => 2NH3 + CO2
2NH3 + 2NO + 1/2O2 = 2N2 + 3H2O

NH3 Tng
xc tc

Kh Kh
l sch

Hnh 6.12. S nguyn l ca qu trnh x l NOx bng

xc tc chn lc

Trong thc t, s c mt ng thi ca NO x v amoniac hay ure trong

mt khng gian nht nh, nu nhit ca hn hp cao trn 800oC hoc c
bit nu c mt ca cht xc tc ph hp th phn ng kh NOx thnh N2 v
nc xy ra. Phn ng kh nhit cao khng c mt xc tc thng l
khng trit v rt kh kim sot (phn ng 1). Hiu sut kh NO x ch t
klhong t 30 n 70%. Mt khc nu s dng ure nhit cao th ng
thi cng xy ra phn ng phn hy ca ure. Nu qu trnh phn hy to
thnh NH3 (phn ng 2, thng l nhit khong 800oC) th phn ng kh
tip theo l thun li; cn sn phm phn hy nhit ch yu l nit (phn ng
3) th hiu sut x l s gim mnh, c bit khi nhit trn 1000oC.
Trong dng kh thi t cc l hi lun lun cha bi. Chnh bi l mt
yu t gy tr ngi rt ln i vi hot ng ca b mt xc tc. Vic x l
bi trc khi x l NOx lm tng hiu qu x l ca SCR; song cu to ca
cc tng xc tc s ng vai tr ch yu nng cao hiu sut x l v tui th
ca thit b SCR.

115
 Cc tng xc tc trong thp x l (hnh 6.13) thng c cu to
thnh nhng ng xp st nhau nh hnh t ong hoc nhng tm hnh sng xp
xen k v i nhau. Cu trc kiu nh vy rt thng thong, bi t b gi li v
gy ra gim p thp. Vi cu trc ny kt hp vi s iu chnh dng kh
thi vo thp x l theo ch xung v vn tc ln th hu nh trnh c s
bm bi trn cc tng xc tc.

2 3
10

8
9

5
1
7
7

Hnh 6.13. S c trng ca mt thp SCR

Ghi ch:
1. ng kh l vo, 2. B phn phi kh l, 3. Ngun cp amoniac, 4. B iu khin
lng cp amoniac, 5. B phn tch hm lng NOx, 6. ng kh sch ra, 7. Mt
modul xc tc, 8. Qut thi kh, 9. Li phun amoniac,
10. u thi mui ra khi xc tc

116
 Cng ngh x l NO x bng xc tc chn lc c trin khai p dng
cho rt nhiu ngun kh thi t vic t cc nhin liu ha thch - than v
du ho - c nng NO x kh cao. Th d nh l hi ca cc nh my nhit
in, tuc bin kh, l nung xi mng, cc l t bng du diezen, du
FO...Bng 6.4 v 6.5 di y cho bit mt s thng s v x l NO x bng
cng ngh SCR ca mt vi loi kh l.
Bng 6.4. Hiu qu x l v tui th ca thit b x l NOx loi nh.
CC D LIU TUC BIN KH L T DIEZEN L T DU FO

Thnh phn kh thi

-NOx (ppm) 30 - 150 800 - 1500 100 - 200
-O2 (%) 7 - 15 10 - 13 1-4
-SOx (ppm) 0 - 30 20 - 500 100 - 1500
-H2O (%) 10 10 10
Nng lc x l
-Nhit kh thi (oC) 180 - 450 300 - 480 280 - 400
-Lu lng (m3/h) 5000 - 20000 5000 - 10000 5000 - 10000
-Hiu sut x l NOx (%) > 90 > 90 > 80
-Tui th xc tc (nm) 3-6 2-3 3-6

Bng 6.5. Mt vi thng s x l NOx bng SCR ca cc c s ln

C s Babcock - Nhit in Luyn kim IHI - SCR

Thng s Hitachi K. K. Tokyo Sumitomo Co., Ltd.
Nhin liu Than Gas - du Du Du - than
Lu lng kh thi 3.029.000 1.240.000 90.200 10.000 -
(m3/h) 3.000.000
Nhit , (oC) 420 410 330 200 - 600
Nng NOx 250 50 965 150 - 450
(ppm)
Hiu qu x l, (%) > 80 > 80 90 60 - 95

c im u vit ca cng ngh SCR:

1. D kt ni, lp t v vn hnh
2. Gi thnh x l thp do nguyn liu r v xc tc d kim.
3. Hiu qu x l chp nhn c.
4. Khng gy ra nhim th cp
5. Ph hp vi hu ht cc loi l t s dng nhin liu ha thch.
6. C th kt hp vi x l SOx v bi.

117
 6.10. S X L BI CNG NGHIP BNG CNG NGH
LNG TNH IN
S trn hnh 6.14 v 6.15 l cc mt ct ca mt thp lng bi tnh
in ca hng Sumiko Engineering (SMEC), Nht bn lp t cho cc khu
cng nghip x l kh thi cha bi l lng, m v sol kh kh lng.
tng hiu qu x l, cc in cc c lp t vi khong cch rng hn (0,4
- 0,5 m so vi thp lng thng thng l 0,2 - 0,3 m). Chnh iu ny c
th tng hiu in th ln 80 - 100 kV (so vi 30 - 60 kV cc thp lng
thng thng).
Bn cnh so vi thp lng thng thng, kiu thp lng ca SMEC c gi
in mnh hn, mt dng cao hn, sc ht bi v dng cc mnh hn, c
kh nng x l c cc ht bi c kch thc ti 0,01 m (so vi 0,05 m)
v c th x l bi trong kh thi ti sch 0,005 g/m3 (so vi 0,01 g/m3).
Khong cch in cc rng hn cn to iu kin cho vic lp t cng
nh lm sch in cc d dng hn.
SMEC lp t c hai loi thit b lng tnh in kh v loi lng tnh
in t. H thng lng tnh in kh c p dng cho cc c s nh luyn
kim v cc c s c thnh phn kh thi tng t (nh s trn hnh 6.16).
Vi h thng lng kh, kh thi t l luyn kim c nhit ti 1000oC sau khi
qua thp lm ngui kh, nhit s gim xung khong 300oC c dn ngay
vo thp lng bi tnh in. Ti y bi s c tch loi hu nh hon ton.
Kh thi sau x l c qut b tr (IDF) y ln ng khi.
H thng lng tnh in t c minh ho trn hnh 6.17. X l bi,
SO2, SO3 v m H2SO4 t cc nh my sn xut axit sunphuric bng cng
ngh lng tnh in t ca SMEC rt hiu qu. Kh thi c thnh phn nh
trn, theo cng ngh ca SMEC, trc ht c x l bng dung dch kim
trong thp hp th m. Ti y hu ht SO 2 c loi. Kh thi ch cn mt
lng bi c kch thc nh v m do SO3 sinh ra. Nhng thnh phn ny s
c loi b gn nh hon ton khi i qua thp lng tnh in t. Huyn ph
bi t thp lng tnh in v thp hp th m s c x l tch nc
quay vng hoc thi an ton.
Ngoi kiu lng tnh in ci tin nh ca SMEC k trn, cn xut hin
nhiu kiu ci tin khc nhm nng cao hiu qu lng bi v m, ng thi
tit kim in nng gip gim chi ph vn hnh. Trong s ng k nht l
kiu b tr hai dn in cc qung (l in cc hnh dy) v dn in cc gp
l in cc tm ring bit trong cng mt bung mang li nhng im u
vit nh sau:
1. Hin tng ti hp ion sau qu trnh ion ha kh xy ra, ht bi nhim
in c bn cao nn hiu qu lng cao hn.

118
22

21

Hnh 6.14. S mt ct ng ca mt
thp lc tnh in

1. Kt cu gi , 2. V, 3. in cc
gp, 4. m cc, 5. Trng vt,
6. B n nh m cc, 7. Thanh trt, 8.
Ca phun nc di, 9. Ca phun nc
trn, 10. Ca phun thi, 11. Bng chnh
lu, 12. cp in, 13. Cht gi 14.
Thanh gi ngang, 15. Tm , 16. ng
rng,
17. Bung , 18. Qut kh sch ra, 19.
Qut kh nng, 20. B hi lu. 21.
ng kh thi vo, 22. ng kh thi
ra.

Hnh 6.15. S mt ct ngang ca thp

lc

119
 B iu khin
to v m

Nc CN

Oxi

Qut

L luyn kim B lc in kh ng khi

Thp lm ngui

Hnh 6.16. S h thng lc tnh in kiu kh

Nc
CN

-Kh thi c cha bi,

SO2 v c SO3 trong
sn xut axit
sunphuric,

-L t qung
sunphua trong cng
nghip luyn kim mu

Dch kim

Nc thi ra ni x l Bm hi lu
ti s dng hoc Thp m Thp lc
thi b in t

Hnh 6.17. S h thng lc tnh in kiu t

2. Do cu trc hai dn v lp t in cc qung hnh ng gim ti a hin

tng bi qun v nhiu trong qu trnh lng bi tch in.
3. Qung phng in hot ng n nh, bi lun c np in.
4. Trng sc rng c th to ra do s phng in ca in cc ng.
5. S thu ht mnh cc ht bi mang in tch tri du v pha in cc gp
hnh tm lm tng hiu qu x l bi.

120
6. H thng lng tnh in ny c th gia cng bng nha trnh s n mn
ca mi trng x l nu cn.
Kiu ci tin th hai l to cho bung lng tnh in lm vic lin tc
trong iu kin n nh m khng cn ngng hoc rung in cc gp ly
bi ra khi in cc. thc hin c ny ngi ta thit k in cc
gp chuyn ng nh mt bng ti lin tc trn hai con ln t pha trn v
pha di iu khin bng dy xch. Bi tch in trong vng hot ng s
c gom li trn b mt in cc gp. Khi phn in cc gp chuyn ng
xung ti pha con ln di, bi s c ly ra bng mt i chi qut t
hai pha ca in cc. Cng vi b phn phi kh thi u vo hp l, hiu
sut x l bi ca thit b tng r rt v thit b lm vic rt n nh.
Kiu ci tin ng k th ba khng nhm vo vic ci tin thit b m
nhm tng hiu qu ca vic s dng in nng. l to ra nhng dng
chuyn ng xung bng nhng xung in mt chiu. in trng kiu xung
to ra s chuyn ng c qun tnh ca ht bi mt mt tit kim c in
nng (ch cn mt na n mt phn ba so vi lng tnh in thng), mt
khc trnh c s phng in kn to ra nh trong in trng lin tc. Bn
cnh ci tin ny cn thu hp khng gian ca bung lng xung ch cn t
mt n hai phn ba so vi bung lng tnh in thng thng v nng cao
hiu sut thu bi (lng bi u ra ch cn vi microgram trn mt khi).

6.11. H THNG X L KH L KIU VENTURI IN NG

(EDV)
H thng venturi in ng c gii thiu ln u tin Php nm
1988. y l h thng x l loi bi v hp th cc kh c ng thi vi hiu
qu cao. H thng ny bao gm cc b phn nh sau:
1. Thp kh bi. Trong thp, kh l c dn vo ca t trn u
thp. Ti y nhng ht bi tng i ln v cc kh gy nhi m nh
HCl,HF
c loi khi kh l tip xc vi dung dch tun hon c cha sa vi. Dung
dch huyn ph i ra t thp ny c x l tch phn cht rn ra, phn dung
dch c s dng quay vng tr li. Sa vi c b sung; nhng dung dch
quay vng vn c th hot ng hiu qu khi pH ca n xung ti 1,5 n 2,5.
Kh l sau khi tip xc vi dung dch quay vng, nhit ca n c h
xung rt nhanh.
2. Venturi thu bi. Ti ng vo v ng ra ca venturi u c b
tr nhng nm phun nc. Nhng ht bi nh v m ca nc cha loi ht
c thp kh bi th s c loi ht y. Bi c khng ch sut trong
qu trnh on nhit trong venturi v dc tch loi bng nhng tia nc nh

121
t cc nm phun. Tng t nh thp kh bi, nc thi t venturi cng
c x l v quay vng.

Thp B tch sol

hp th
Thp kh
bi
Ni hi

Venturi
thu bi Module lng tnh in

L t rc
Nc CN

ng khi

B sy kh
Ca(OH)2

NaOH
Nc thi Hi nc Qut
ra ni x l

Hnh 6.18. S h thng x l kh l kiu Venturi in ng (EDV)

3. Thp hp th. Dung dch hp th y l dung dch NaOH trong

nc lnh c phun t trn xung. Kh thi sau khi ra khi h thng venturi
s c dn vo theo chiu t di i ln. Do nhit ca dung dch hp th
tng i thp cho nm m trong dng kh s c gim i ng k. Mt
khc dung dch hp th l dung dch kim mnh, cho nn hu ht cc kh v
hi c sinh ra qua qu trnh t, c bit l t rc sinh hot, tc dng c
vi kim mnh u b gi li.
4. Modul lc tnh in t. Qua ba cng on x l trn, kh thi ch
cn cha cc ht bi nh c micromet ca cc kim loi nng c hi, cc
phn t c clo, cc hp cht v c, hi v khi mn khc. Cc phn t nh b
ny qua b lc tnh in t s b gi li hon ton bi nhng mn nc
mnh chuyn ng trong in trng.
5. B phn cp ha cht. Vi bt c ha tan trong nc thnh dung
dch sa vi c nng khong 5 n 10% cung cp cho thp kh bi v b
sung cho dung dch quay vng ca thp ny. Dung dch xt c nng 10%
c pha t xt k thut dng cp cho thp hp th v dung dch quay
vng ca thp hp th.

122
 H thng x l kiu venturi in ng c nhng u im l:
1. Vng chc, n gin v i hi khng gian khng ln. H thng bao hm
c hai chc nng l kh bi l hp th kh v hi c nh NOx, SOx,
HCl, HF...
2. Cc nm phun cht lng c ci tin c th phun c cht lng dng
bn v khng gy ra s c tc nghn, khng b n mn v t hng hc.
3. Sa vi v huyn ph canxi cacbonat c s dng cho nn gim c
chi ph v ha cht (ch bng mt phn ba so vi chi ph s dng hon ton
bng NaOH)
4. X l c c cc ht bi vi c micromet, k c cc phn t c clo, mui
clo v c v cc phn t nh nht cha cc kim loi nng.
5. Kh thi sau x l p ng c nhng tiu chun kht khe nht hin nay
v k c trong tng lai gn.
6. Nc thi hu nh c quay vng li hon ton, khng c nc thi.

6.12. S CNG NGH X L NG THI NO X V SOX S

DNG PHNG PHP CHM TIA IN T.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu v th nghim ca Chubu Electric Power
Co., Inc. v Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute vo nhng nm u thp
k 90 ca th k trc cho thy di tc dng ca nhng chm tia in t c
vn tc chuyn ng ln cc phn t kh v hi nc s b ion ha hoc
tch thnh cc radical. Nhng radical ny rt hot ng v lp tc chng c
th oxi ha SO2 v NOx ri cc sn phm sau oxi ha hp nc to thnh
cc axit H2SO4 v HNO3 tng ng. Nu trong mi trng c mt amoniac
th cc mui amoni s c hnh thnh. Qu trnh va trnh by cng l
nguyn l c bn ca phng php x l ng thi SO x v NOx bng phng
php chm tia in t.
Trong qu trnh x l kh l s dng phng php chm tia in t th
cng on x l bng chm tia in t ch ng vai tr loi b SO x v NOx.
Cc cng on x l khc c phi hp lm sch trit kh l trc khi
thi ra mi trng. Qu trnh x l theo cng ngh ny c m t mt cch
n gin trn s hnh 6.19. Theo s ny th kh thi t l hi trc tin
c loi bi khi n c dn qua b lng tnh in kiu kh; sau c
lm ngui xung khong 110 oC bng trao i nhit vi khng kh ly kh
nng dng cho vic sy nng li dng kh thi lm ng lc y n ln ng
khi. Kh thi tip tc c dn vo thp lm ngui bng nc lnh nhit
ca n gim xung khong 60 n 70oC. y l nhit ph hp cho qu
trnh x l SO x v NOx bng chm tia in t. S chuyn ha ng thi SOx
v NOx xy ra trong ng qu trnh. Trn thnh ca ng qu trnh c nhng ca

123
s v t cc u in cc phng ra cc chm tia in t. Khi cc in t
phng qua dng kh trongng qu trnh, cc phn ng to radical v to ra
cc axit xy ra.
e-
N2,O2,H2O OH.,O.,HO2.
OH.,O.,HO2.
SOx H2SO4
OH.,O.,HO2.
NOx HNO3

L t
EP
ng khi
Trao i nhit

Nc H thng to tia in t t nng li kh

lnh
EP Lc ti

ng qu trnh

Thp lm ngui, H thng cp NH3

lm m
X l sn phm ph

Hnh 6.19. S x l kh l dng chm tia in t

ng thi vi qu trnh hnh thnh cc hi axit, amoniac c cp vo

trong ng qu trnh. Ngay lp tc cc mui amoni c to thnh.
NH3
H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
NH3
HNO3 NH4NO3
Nh vy kh thi sau khi ra khi ng qu trnh trn 80% lng kh SO x
v NOx c x l thnh cc bi mui tng ng. Bi mui c thu gom
bng h thng bung lng tnh in v bung lc ti lp ni tip nhau sau ng
qu trnh.

124
 H thng x l theo kiu ny c nhng c tnh u vit nh sau:
1. X l ng thi c SOx v NOx trong cng mt h thng.
2. Qu trnh x l hon ton l qu trnh kh, khng c v khng phi nc
thi.
3. Lp t v vn hnh n gin, khng i hi khng gian ln.
4. Khng i hi chi ph cho xc tc kh NO x v gii quyt nhng phc tp
do cc h thng nh thp m hay cc thit b khc to ra.
5. Sn phm ph l cc mui amoni cng nghip c gi tr cao trong vic s
dng lm phn bn ha hc.

6.13. CC H THNG KH MI TRONG CNG NGHIP

Mi thng gy ra bi cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (Volatile
Organic Compound - VOC) nn cng ngh x l mi ch yu c tp trung
gii quyt cho i tng ny. Cc cht v c gy mi thng l cc cht c
nh
H2S, SO2, NH3... hay mt s cc cht hu c c tnh cht hot ng hoc c
tan tt khc c nghin cu x l bng cc cng ngh trnh by
nhng phn trn nh hp th, trung ha, oxi ha kh... c th cho x l mi
(cc VOC) l cc cng ngh thiu hy, hp ph v ngng t c ng dng
nhiu nht hin nay.
Cng ngh thiu hy. Cc hydrocacbon dng hi thng c nhit
thiu hy nm trong khong t 650 n 815 oC v thi gian lu cn thit c h
vo khong mt phn hai giy (t 0,4 n 0,6 giy). Cc sn phm ca s
thiu hy ch yu l nc v CO 2. Trong mt s trng hp c bit c th
cn c cc sn phm khc c tnh cht c hi th sau thiu hy cn x l tip
theo. Trong kh mi bng phng php thiu hy tn ti hai cng ngh. Mt
l kh trc tip bng nhit th nhit hiu dng cho qu trnh thiu hy phi
ln hn 750oC. Hai l kh mi s dng xc tc oxi ha th nhit cn thit
ch nm trong khong t 100 n 280oC. V mt thit b v lu trnh x l th
hai cng ngh ny dng nhau. Nu l cng ngh s dng xc tc oxi ha th
sau bung t c b tr thm cc tng xc tc. Xc tc y cho hiu qu
cao l platin dng li.
Hnh 6.20 l cc s cng ngh kh mi bng phng ph p thiu
hy. Nguyn tc ca qu trnh l dng nhit ca ngn la t bng kh t
cung cp nhit cho vng thiu hy. Hi hu c cn thiu hy s c dn vo
vng ny. Qua thi gian lu trong ng l, hi hu c s b x l gn nh hon
ton. Dng kh ra khi l thiu c nhit cao s c tn dng vo cc mc
ch sn xut hi nc qu la, sn xut kh nng, nc nng, cp nhit cho

125
 mi trng cn nhit cao v sy nng kh thi c cha mi cn kh trc
khi dn vo vng t. Cng ngh t trc tip c nhng u im sau:
1. Hiu qu kh mi tuyt vi. Mc d nng ca cht gy mi dao ng
nhng hiu sut kh mi vn lun lun t trn 99%.

S 1
Hi nc Khng Kh
(10-20 kg/cm3) kh nng sch

Trao i Trao i
M t nhit I nhit II

Nhin liu

Ni hi
Nc mm

Bm Khng kh
Kh thi kh
B cha nc mm

Khng Kh
S 2 kh nng sch

Trao i Trao i
nhit I nhit II
M t L thu nhit

Nhin liu

Kh thi kh
Khng kh

S 3
Khng Khng Kh
kh nng kh nng sch

M t Trao i Trao i Trao i

nhit I nhit II nhit III

Nhin liu

Kh thi kh Khng kh Khng kh

Hnh 6.20. S ba kiu x l mi bng phng php thiu hy

126
2. Kh nng ng dng rng ri. Hu ht cc cht hu c dng hi u p
dng cng ngh ny c, k c cc hp cht gy ng c cho xc tc.
3. H thng thu hi nhit thi a dng v hu dng.
i vi cng ngh thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha, tuy nhit
trong l thiu khng cao song hiu qu x l vn t trn 99% i vi hu ht
cc cht hu c d bay hi s dng thng thng trong sn xut. Hnh 6.21
di y cho bit hiu sut x l ph thuc vo nhit thiu hy ca mt s
cht hu c thng gp. Nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh thiu hy tuy khng ln
song n vn c tn dng nh i vi cng ngh thiu hy trc tip. Bn
cnh thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha cn phi k n cc im u vit
sau:
1. Hiu qu x l cao. Tuy h thng c lp t thm tng xc tc nhng s
tn hao p sut hu nh khng ng k. Do nhit thiu hy thp cho
nn trnh c nhng ri ro gy ra bi cc tc ng ca mi trng nhit
cao.
2. Tit kim nng lng v vt liu mt cch ng k. y mun k n s
tiu hao kh t thp v vt liu ch to thit b i hi khng cao so vi
cng ngh thiu hy trc tip.
3.
H% 100
4
1 7

80
5
2 3 8
9
60
6

40

20
50 100 150 200 250 300
Nhit trong tng xc tc

Hnh 6. 21. Hiu sut x l ph thuc vo nhit thiu hy

ca mt s cht

Ghi ch:
1. Methanol, 2. Cacbon monoxit, 3. Acrolein, 4. MIBK
5. MEK, 6. Toluen, 7. n-Hexan, 8. Amoniac, 9. Etyl axetat

127
4. Thit k vng chc v n gin.
5. Khng to ra nhim th cp nh nc thi nhim bn, kh thi cha cc
cht cn phi x l tip theo...
6. C th thu hi nhit thi sau x l ti a cung cp nhit cho cc mc
ch khc rt thun tin.
7. Thi gian s dng xc tc ko di. Do xc tc lm vic trong iu kin
nhit thp cho nn tn hao khng ng k v nu tng xc tc b bn th
c th ra sch hoc i nhn ci mi.
Bng 6. 6 di y a ra mt s thng s so snh gia hai cng
ngh thiu hy trc tip v thiu hy s dng xc tc oxi ha.

Bng 6.6. Cc thng s quan trng ca hai phng php thiu hy.

CC THNG S THIU HY TRC THIU HY C XC TC

TIP
Lu lng kh thi 100 m3/pht 100 m3/pht
Nhit ca kh thi 130oC 70oC
Nng VOC 1.000 ppm 2.500 ppm
Th tch kh nng thu hi 70 m3/pht 90 m3/pht
Nhit kh nng 172oC 120oC
Th tch nc nng thu hi 960 kg/h -
Th tch hi nc thu hi - 1250 kg/h (P=15kG/cm2)
Nhit dng kh mi 0 kcal/h 403.200 kcal/h
Nhit thu hi t kh nng 231.100 kcal/h 174.700 kcal/h
Nhit thu hi t nc nng 76.800 kcal/h -
Nhit thu hi t hi nc - 750.000 kcal/h
Tng cn bng nhit 307.900 kcal/h 420.700 kcal/h

Cng ngh hp ph. Cng ngh ny cn gi l cng ngh lm giu cc

cht hu c d bay hi trong kh thi. Qu trnh hp ph v gii hp thc cht
mi l cng on tch cc cht hu c dng hi c nng rt thp ra khi
kh thi v lm m c n trong mt th tch nh hn. x l trit cn
thit phi i tip qua mt cng on na l ngng t hay thiu hy. Nhng
cng ngh ny rt c a chung trong vic kh mi cho cc phng iu
ha nhit v mi y khng gy c m ch gy kh chu. Thit b kh

128
mi kiu ny thng l gn nh v c th lp t bn trong my iu ha
nhit rt thun tin.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b kh mi theo phng php hp ph
v gii hp lin tc c m t nh trn hnh 6. 22. B phn hot ng chnh
l mt trng quay c np cht hp ph. Trng quay ny quay u nh mt
giy curoa ni vi mt mt v mt b gim tc tc quay chm cho
cc qu trnh hp th v gii hp thc hin hon ton. Hai mt ca trng quay
c b tr ba ca hnh qut, chia thnh ba vng hp ph, gii hp v lm
ngui cht hp ph. Kh c cha cht gy mi c thi qua tng hp ph
vng hp ph. Ti y cc cht hu c gy mi c gi li hu nh hon
ton v kh i ra l kh sch. Khi tng hp ph hp ph mi s chuyn dn
sang vng gii hp. Ti v ng ny ngi ta dng khng kh nng thi qua
gii hp v thu hi hi gy mi c lm giu li x l tip tc hoc
thi ra ngoi i vi trng hp kh mi cho cc phng iu ha nhit .
Cht hp ph sau gii hp c nhit kh cao cho nn trc khi vo vng hp
ph n c lm ngui bng dng khng kh lnh thi qua; y ng thi
cng l dng khng kh dng gii hp sau khi c t nng thm khi qua
thit b t nng khng kh.

Thit b kh mi kiu hp ph v
Kh sch ra
gii hp lin tc

Vng hp ph

Kh cn x l vo
Thit b t
nng khng kh

Vng lm mt

Vng gii hp

Khng kh vo
Mt v
giy curoa
VOC nng cao
ra ni x l

Hnh 6. 22. S thit b kh mi kiu hp ph v gii hp lin tc

129
 Cht hp ph y thng c s dng l than hot tnh hoc
cc zeolit k nc hoc hn hp c hai. Tui th ca tng hp ph tng i
cao nu hot ng ng ch quy nh cho tng loi thit b.
Cc thit b lm vic theo nguyn l ni trn c lnh vc ng dng rt
rng nh kh mi cho cc c s sn xut cao su, nha, cht do, sn, cc
phng v, cc kho xng du, dung mi hu c v cc phng iu ha nhit
.
Cng ngh ny c nhng u im sau:
1. Hi cc cht hu c c th c tch mt cch kh trit v c lm
giu t nng rt nh trong khng kh th hay kh thi.
2. Hiu qu kh mi rt cao. Kh sau khi x l c sch v n nh cao.
3. Chi ph vnh hnh rt thp.
4. Tui th ca tng xc tc ni ring v ca thit b ni chung rt cao.
5. Thit b kh mi bng cng ngh hp ph kiu ny nu kt hp vi mt l
thiu nh s dng xc tc th s tr thnh mt h thng kh mi l tng.
So snh vi cng ngh thiu hy n thun th s kt hp ny tit kim
c rt nhiu.

130
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Henry C. Perkins. Air Pollution, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, Ltd., Tokyo,

London, Sydney, New Delhi..., 1974
2. http://www.EPA.gov/air/criteria.html. updated June 4th 2007.
3. Noel de Nevers. Air Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
New York, London, Tokyo, Toronto, Sydney..., 1995.
4. Daniel Vallero. Fundamrntals of Air Pollution, 4th Edition, Elsevier, 2007.
5. Air & Waste Management Association, Edited by W.T.Davis. Air
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