14/9/2017 i cng v nhim sc th | Hc trc tuyn

l thuyt trc nghim (/trac-nghiem/dai-cuong-ve-nhiem-sac-

the.207/) hi p (/hoi-dap/dai-cuong-ve-nhiem-sac-the.207/)
bi tp sgk (/bai-tap-sgk/dai-cuong-ve-nhiem-sac-the.207/)

I CNG V NHIM SC TH

I. Tng quan v NST

1. Khi nim NST
- Nhim sc th l cu trc mang gen ca t bo (nm trong nhn t bo), ch c th
quan st c chng di knh hin vi, c bit l vo k gia ca nguyn phn khi
cc NST co xon cc i.
- NST c kh nng bt mu khi nhum bng thuc nhum c tnh kim.
- NST = ADN + cc loi pr khc nhau

2. Hnh thi nhim sc th

- SV Nhn s: vt cht di truyn l phn t ADN trn (ADN dng vng, mch kp,
trn)
- Virut: vt cht di truyn l ADN hoc ARN 1 si
- SV Nhn thc: vt cht di truyn l cc Nhim sc th (NST), c cu to t cht
nhim sc do ADN lin kt vi cc protein (ch yu l histon) to nn.
Cu to NST:
- Cu to NST gm cnh, tm ng, u mt:
Tm ng: c trnh t nucleotit c bit, l v tr lin kt vi thoi v sc, gip
NST di chuyn v cc cc ca t bo trong qu trnh phn bo. Ty v tr ca
tm ng m c cc loi NST: tm cn, tm lch, tm mt, tm u,..
u mt: bo v cc NST v lm cho cc NST khng dnh vo nhau.
Cnh: cc gen phn b dc theo cnh ca NST.
Kch thc NST ( k gia ca nguyn phn, khi cc NST xon cc i):
- Di: 0,1 30 m
- ng knh: 0.2 2.0 m

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S lng NST:

ng vt Tn khoa hc 2n Thc vt Tn khoa hc 2n

Giun trn A. megalocephala 2 Nm mc bnh mMucorheimalis 2

Thit lp chin dch
Rui gim D. melanogaster 8 Nm penicilli um P. notatum 4

Ong ci Apis mellifera 32 u xanh Pisum sativum 14

Mo Fells domestica 38 Ng Zea mays 20

Ngi Homo sapiens 46 La Oryza sativa 24

Ch Canis familiaris 78 C chua Lycopersicon 24

Chim b cu Columbia livia 80 Khoai ty S. tuberosum 48

Amip Amoeba proteus 250 Ma S. offtinalis 80

Trng tia Aleucantha 1600 Dng x Ophioglossum 1262

- B NST lng bi 2n v c trng cho loi (s lng, hnh thi, cu trc,...). phn
ln cc loi lng bi, NST trong t bo soma thng tn ti thnh tng cp tng
ng, ging nhau v hnh thi, kch thc v trnh t cc gen (gi l b NST lng
bi 2n). S lng NST khng th hin mc tin ha cao hay thp, m ch yu do
cc gen trn .
VD: Ngi 2n = 46, rui gim 2n = 8
*Lu :
http://image.hoc247.vn/fckeditor/upload/images/Capture(400).PNG

B NST lng bi: 2n

B NST n bi: n
NST kp: NST gm 2 cromatit nh nhau ti tm ng
NST n: Ch c 1 chic
Cromatid: 1 si n trong cu trc NST kp

3. Phn loi NST

- NST gm 2 loi:

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NST thng
NST gii tnh

http://image.hoc247.vn/fckeditor/upload/images/Capture(398).PNGV d:
B NST ca ngi 2n = 46 = 23 cp.

NST thng: Cc cp NST tng ng, ging nhau v

NST gii tnh gm 1 cp hay 1 chic khc nhau v c trng cho gii
tnh mi gii.

4. Chc nng NST

NST = ADN + Pr
- NST lu tr, bo qun v truyn t thng tin di truyn
- Tham gia iu ha hot ng gen, gip t bo phn chia u vt cht di truyn cho
cc t bo con (qua nguyn phn) v cho cc th h c th theo c ch: nguyn
phn, gim phn, th tinh.

II. Cu trc NST

1. Cu trc hin vi
Quan st hnh thi NST r nht vo k gia ca nguyn phn

http://image.hoc247.vn/fckeditor/upload/images/Capture(401).PNG

Hnh thi NST gm:

- NST c tm ng Eo l ni NST gn vo dy t v sc (di chuyn v 2 cc t bo)

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- u nt NST: Bo v NST

2. Cu trc siu hin vi

NST = ADN + Prtin Histon

http://image.hoc247.vn/fckeditor/upload/images/Capture(402).PNG

- ADN qun 1 vng quanh khi cu protein Histon (8 phn t Histon) to ra cu

trc nuclxm
- Cc cu trc nuclxm kt hp nhau cu trc xon bc 1 (Si c bn = 11nm)
- Si c bn tip tc xon cu trc xon bc 2 (Si nhim sc = 30 nm)
- Si nhim sc tip tc co xon cu trc xon bc 3 (Si siu xon = 300 nm)
- Si siu xon cromatid (700 nm)
S xon t ADN cromatid lm gim kch thc ADN xung t 15000 - 20000
ln gip cho cc c ch di truyn din ra thun li hn.

Cc kha hc ni bt: Xem ti y! (https://goo.gl/FPNYNn)

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