Tua bin kh (Gas Turbine) -Phn 01

Thit b tuabin kh l ng c nhit trong ha nng (nng lng

lin kt ha hc) ca nhin liu c bin i thnh c nng nh
nhng b phn ca my quay c cnh. Qu trnh chuyn i nng
lng trong ng c ny c th thc hin bng nhng chu trnh
nhit ng khc nhau, trong c hai loi chu trnh c bn thc s
c ngha l:
- Chu trnh vi qu trnh chy ng p, l chu trnh Bragton.
- Chu trnh vi qu trnh chy ng tch, l chu trnh
Hunphrey.
 Tuabin kh 3 trc

Lch s pht trin thit b tuabin kh nhng thi k u c lin

quan n vic tm kim chu trnh thch hp v trong phm vi gii
hn ca vt liu ch to cng nh mc pht trin thp ca kh ng
hc.

Nu nh d tho thit k thit b tuabin kh c t trc th k 20

th cch thit k thch hp vi thc t phi n u th k 20 mi
thc hin c: nm 1902 Moss ch to tuabin kh dng
quay qut np khng kh cho ng c t trong kiu piston. Trong
nm 1905 Armangen v Laval a vo vn hnh thit b tuabin kh
vi cng sut 400KW c nhit vo 5600C lm vic theo chu
trnh ng p.
Nm 1909 Holzwarth cho vn hnh thit b tuabin kh vi cng
sut 150KW vi chu trnh ng tch.

Nhng tuabin t ng p u tin c hiu sut khong 3%, do

hiu sut thp ca qu trnh nn v nhit thp ca sn phm
chy. Nhng thit b tua bin kh vi qu trnh chy ng tch lc
u c hiu sut tt hn nhng khng vt 14% vi iu kin vn
hnh kh hn.

S hon thin tua bin kh v mt vt liu ch to cng nh mu

thit k thch hp cng r rng sau nhiu nm vn hnh v nhng
ln th c ngha.

Nm 1922 Pescara pht minh t hp ng c piston t trong

khng cn c cu thanh truyn vi tuabin kh c dng lm
ngun cng sut hu ch.

Bng cch b tr ny c th t c hiu sut cao hn trong cc

my pht nng lng vi nhit tng i thp v nguyn liu
li r hn.

Nh pht minh ni ting Whittle nm 1930 thit k mt thit b

tua bin kh cho ng c my bay. u im ni bt ca thit b ny
khi dng cho my bay so vi cc ng c t trong kiu piston l
hiu sut nhit cao hn. Nm 1973 di s lnh o ca nh pht
minh a vo vn hnh ng c my bay kiu tua bin u tin.

Nm 1938 hng BBC a vo vn hnh thit b tua bin kh chy

my pht in vi cng sut 4000KW, trong nh my in ngm
d tr ca Thy S.
Nhp iu pht trin ca tua bin kh c bit tng nhanh trong
chin tranh th gii th hai, cc nc tham chin u tm kim
nhng phng tin c bit mnh v cc loi ng c c sc ko
tri hn dng cho cc my bay chin u vi tc cao. iu
ny thc y tc pht trin tua bin kh.
S pht trin ca tua bin kh sau chin tranh cng su v mnh hn
theo nhng hng ch yu trong chin tranh th gii ti mc
ch trong thi gian rt ngn, tua bin kh dng cho my bay loi
ng c piston ra khi lnh vc quc phng v sau l cc my
bay dn dng, ri ti nhng my mc nh c bit c cng sut
thp.

S pht trin ca tua bin my bay c bit y nhanh s pht trin

kh ng hc phn truyn dng kh (cc dy cnh) ca my nn v
ca tua bin, ca thit b t v vt liu ch to. Tt c nhng vn
trn thc y v tp hp nhiu ngnh, khoa hc k thut khc
nh lnh vc ca cc my quay c cnh qut trong cng nghip,
giao thng vn ti ngy cng pht trin v xch li gn nhau hn.

S pht trin thit b tua bin kh trong cng nghip lc u mt mt

do nh hng ca kinh nghim t tua bin my bay yu cu gn,
nh v d thit k ( nh ca hng General Electric). Hng khc
do nh hng ca cu to thit b tua bin hi trong nh my nhit
in vi cch phn chia thnh tng phn t cu thnh ring trong
t t hp. Thc t thng phi thit k theo hai hng trn do yu
cu s dng trong cng nghip nhng ngun nng lng c nh
hay di chuyn c.

Ngy nay thit b tua bin kh c s dng rng ri. N ang chn
p nhng ng c kiu piston trong phm vi cng sut cao nht v
thit b hi nc trong phm vi cng sut thp (nh cc trm pht
in b ti ngn hoc d tr).

Nhng lnh vc s dng thit b tua bin kh:

1. Trong vn ti, c th l ngnh hng khng, ng st v
ng thy (hin ang bt u vi ng c t).
2. Ngnh nng lng Cc nh my nhit in
3. Ngnh vn chuyn du v kh trong khong cch ln.
4. Ngnh cng nghip ha hc v luyn kim.
5. Cc t hp thit b ph bm, truyn ng hay vn chuyn
6. Cc qut np kh ca cc ng c nhit kiu piston.
7. Trong cc lnh vc mi nh nng lng ht nhn k thut tn
la, thin vn v v tr hc.
Thit b tua bin kh l ng c nhit chy bng sn phm chy vi
t s c bit ca cng nn trn cng hu ch c nhng c im
l:
- u im:
1. B cc gn, s dng khng gian v din tch pha trc cao,
yu cu nguyn vt liu nh.
2. Tnh c ng vn hnh cao, nh m my nhanh kh nng thay
i ti ln.
3. ng c vi nhng vt th quay (rotor).
4. Vn hnh khng cn nc hoc yu cu nuc t hn so vi
thit b hi.
- Nhc im:
1. Cng sut gii hn nh hn thit b hi nuc.
2. Gi thnh nhin liu cao.
3. Gi thnh vt liu chi ph sn xut cao hn.