KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN

~SUB STRUKTUR~
Fungsi & Rekabentuk Abutment

Penceramah:
Ir. Zainudin Bin Sulaiman
Bahagian Jambatan, Cawangan Kejuruteraan Awam, Struktur dan Jambatan
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 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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Pengenalan Proses Rekabentuk Jambatan

1) Lawatan Tapak
2) Pengiraan Hidraulik dan Hidrologi
3) Rekabentuk Konsep
4) Pengiraan Rekabentuk
- Beban - D.L (Komponen Jambatan)
- L.L (HA & HB)
- Horizontal Load (Breaking,
Earth pressure & Surcharge
Pressure)
- Analisis & Design
i. Super Structure - Grillage
(Staad Pro/Midas Civil/Sam Leap)
ii. Sub Structure (Manual/Prokon/Sam Leap)
5) Rekabentuk Foundation
6) Penyediaan Lukisan Tender
5) Pengiraan Taking Off
6) Penyediaan Bill Of Quantity
7) Penyediaan TTD
Rekabentuk Pembinaan
8) Penyediaan Lukisan Pembinaan
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Abutment
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ABUTMENT
 The basic components of abutment are:
a) Abutment Wall
b) Capping Beam
c) Wing Walls
d) Parapet
e) Approach Slab
f) Bearing

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Abutment
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Abutment & Fungsi

 Merupakan penyokong super-struktur di kedua-dua hujung

jambatan.
 Fungsinya;
 i) Menyebar tindak balas dari super-struktur ke bahagian
asas.
 ii) Sebagai tembok penahan tanah tambakan.
 iii) Sebagai penghubung di antara super-struktur dengan
jalan tuju.
 Penentuan jenis tembok landas/Abutment adalah
bergantung kepada keadaan tebing sungai ataupun profil
tanah
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Jenis-Jenis Abutment
 Jenis-jenis tembok landas/abutment adalah seperti
berikut:-
 i) Bank Seat

 ii) Retaining wall

 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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Abutment
 “The primary function of an abutment wall is to transmit all
vertical and horizontal force from a bridge deck to the
ground, without causing overstress or displacement in the
surround soil mass”

 “The abutment wall also serves as an interface between the

approach embankment and the bridge structure, so it must
also function as a retaining wall”
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Abutment
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Abutment
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Wing Wall
 Struktur dinding konkrit bertetulang pada kedua-dua sisi
abutment
 Fungsi ~ bertindak untuk menahan tambakan tanah
daripada runtuh
 Jenis-jenis Wing Wall:-
 i) Horizontal cantilevered wall
 ii) Vertical cantilever free-standing wall
 Pemilihan jenis bergantung kepada kos material dan kos
kerja korekan
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Wing Wall
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Wing Wall
Parallel to abutment At angle to abutment Perpendicular to abutment
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Curtain Wall
 Struktur dinding konkrit bertetulang yang dibina di atas
kedua-dua sisi abutment dan pier

 Fungsi ~ Mengelakkan rasuk dari terjatuh jika berlaku

sebarang pergerakan
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Curtain Wall
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Corbel
 Struktur berbentuk tiga segi yang bersambung dengan
ballast wall.
 Fungsi ~ sebagai alas untuk approach slab serta bertujuan
untuk pengagihan beban
 Dowel bar disediakan di atas corbel bagi tujuan
penyambungan approach slab untuk mengelakkan sebarang
pergerakan sisi (transverse movement)
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Corbel

Corbel
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Approach Slab
 Slab yang dibina di bawah jalan tuju pada bahagian hujung
abutment
 Disambung dengan dowel bar di atas corbel pada dinding
abutment
 Fungsi :-
 Mengurangkan kesan enapan kebezaan (differential
settlement) yang mungkin berlaku di antara abutment
dan jalan tuju
 Menghasilkan peralihan yang selesa (smooth transition)
di antara struktur fleksibel dan struktur rigid
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Approach Slab
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ABUTMENT DESIGN
British Standards
 BS 5400: Part 2: Specification for Loads
 BS 5400: Part 4: Code of Practice for the Design
of Concrete Bridges
 BS 8002: Code of Practice for Earth Retaining
Structures
 BS 8006: Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and
Other Fills

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ABUTMENT DESIGN

Design Manuals

 BD30: Backfilled Retaining Walls and Bridge

Abutments

 BD37: Loads for Highway Bridges

 BA41: The Design and Appearance of Bridges

 BA42: The Design of Integral Bridges

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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Design Manuals

 BD42: Design of Embedded Retaining Walls and

Bridge Abutments

 BD57 and BA57: Design for Durability

 BD70: Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and Other

Fills for Retaining Walls and Bridge Abutments

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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Design Step:-
 Compute the vertical load due to:

a) Self weight of abutment

i) Weight of abutment seating & Abutment wall
ii) Weight of wing walls
iii) Weight of curtain wall
iv) Weight of parapets

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ABUTMENT DESIGN

Design Step:-
 a) Compute the vertical load due to:
i. Weight of approach slab (acting on the abutment)
ii. Weight of soil acting on base abutment
iii.Weight Dead Load acting on one abutment
- Deck + Premix
- Parapet + Handrail
- Services

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ABUTMENT DESIGN

Design Step:-
 Compute the vertical load due to:

iv. Weight of LL (HA-KEL) acting on one

abutment
v. Weight of LL (HB) acting on one
abutment

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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Design Step:-

 Compute the horizontal load due to:

a) Surcharge due to approach slab

- In the absence of more exact calculation
the normal allowance of 0.6m of surcharge
may be assume to cover full HA loading.
This value increase 1.2m for 45
unit HB. These value are base on a
density 18.64kN/m3
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 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Design Step
 Compute the horizontal load due to:

b) Active earth thrust due to pressure at rest K0 = 0.5

c) Live Load (due to HA and HB Load) respectively
d) Shrinkage force

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ABUTMENT DESIGN

Design Step
 Compute the horizontal load due to:

e) Resultant force due to action of creep in

concrete (beam or slab)
f) Force Include due to temperature changes on
beam
g) Force due to traction
h) Force due to the action of wind on the
superstructure
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ABUTMENT DESIGN

 DL - Dead Load of
Superstructure
 DL (Beam) - Dead Load of Beam
 HA - HA Live Load (UDL+KEL)
 HB - Max HB Live Load
 Wa - Weight of abutment
 Wp - Weight of approach
Parapet

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ABUTMENT DESIGN
 Ww - Weight of wing wall
 Wcw - Weight of curtain wall
 Pa - Active earth thrust
 Ppm - Mobilised passive earth pressure
 Pas - Thrust from approach slab
 PSHA - Thrust due to HA Surcharge

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ABUTMENT DESIGN

 PSHB - Thrust due to HB Surcharge

 W - Win Load
 Tr - Traction
 S - Force due to shrinkage
 T - Force due to temperature change
 C - Force due to creep
 Ws - Weight of approach slab

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 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Abutment (Load Case 1)- During Construction

WA
Self Weight during construction
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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Abutment (Load Case 2)- Deck is loaded with Full HA loading

DL + HA
PSHA
Tr + Fstc + W
1/3 Pa

WA 41
 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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ABUTMENT DESIGN
Abutment (Load Case 3)-Deck is loaded with Full HB
loading
DL + HB
PSHB
Tr + Fstc + W
1/3 Pa

WA
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 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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STABILITY ANALYSIS

1. Check factor of safety against overturning.

2. Check factor of safety against sliding.
3. Check of safety against settlement.

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CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR OVERTURNING

 Check factor of safety against overturning
Overturning is checked by taking moment
about the toe when the most adverse load
combination is acting on structure. A minimum F.O.S
of 2.0 is normally adopted providing the resultant
reaction lies within the middle third. If there is
‘tension’ in the bearing pressure at the heel, then a
higher F.O.S. may be used as further precaution.

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 KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK JAMBATAN
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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR OVERTURNING
• Overturning moment is
calculated from :
Where  is unit weight of soil,
Ka is active pressure
coefficient, and H is the
height from top of earth to
bottom of footing, q is
surcharge.
 The resisting moment is
calculated as :
where Ws,Wf,We,Wk,Wq are
weight of stem, footing, earth,
key and surcharge,
Xs,Xf,Xe,Xk,Xq are distances
from the center of stem,
footing, earth, key, and
surcharge to the rotation point
at toe. 46
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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR OVERTURNING

 The factor of safety against overturning is determined

from :

FoS = Resisting Moment = MR

Overturning Moment = Mo

FoS should be > 1.5

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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING

 When passive resistance in front of toe can be relied

upon, the minimum F.O.S taken in design is normally
2. If the passive pressure contribute is neglected, then
the minimum F.O.S against sliding is usually 1.5. A
shear key is something provided in the base slab
when the resistance to sliding is inadequate.

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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING

 The driving force for sliding is calculated as

 The friction resisting force at the base of

footing is calculated as FR= μW
 Where  is friction coefficient between
concrete and soil.  is often taken as
tan(2/3 ).  is internal friction of the soil.
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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING

 The passive resistance (if any) at the toe of retaining wall
is calculated as

 Where Kp is passive earth pressure coefficient, h

is the height from top of soil to bottom of footing
at toe. If a key is used to help resist sliding, h is
the height from top of soil to the bottom of the
key. 50
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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING

 The factor of safety is calculated as

 Resisting Force, F > Sliding Force, μW

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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SETTLEMENT

 The centre of the total weight from the edge of
toe is

 Where W is total weight of retaining wall

including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
 The eccentricity, e = B/2-X, where B is width
of base footing.
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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SETTLEMENT

W

Eccentricity, e = B/2 –X

B/2
Either,
X
e ≤ B/6 or e > B/6

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FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SETTLEMENT

 If e  B/6, the maximum and minimum footing

pressure is calculated as:

 Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum

footing pressure, B is the width of footing.

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE

 Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
a) Abutment Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Capping Beam

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Wing Wall

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DESIGN EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Wing Wall

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DESIGN EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Wing Wall

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DESIGN EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Wing Wall

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WORKED EXAMPLE
 Design of Reinforcement
b) Wing Wall

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 ~ THE END ~

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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