FLUID MECHANICS: LIST OF FORMULAE

dp
Hydrostatic pressure variation with elevation z: = −γ where γ = ρg
Z dz
Force on surface A due to pressure: F = p dA
A
Tilted surface: F = (γ ȳ sin α)A = p̄ A
where ȳ is the slant distance to the centroid of A
I¯
Location of center of pressure: ycp = ȳ +
ȳA
Z
Discharge: Q = V · dA or Q = V · A for constant velocity
A
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
Total acceleration: ax = u +v +w + (similarly for y and z)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂u
Local acceleration: ax =
Z ∂t
Mass flow rate: ṁ = ρ V · dA
A
dBsys
Z Z
d
Reynolds transport theorem: = bρdV + bρV · dA
dt dt cv cs
 
dMsys
Z Z
d ∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
Mass conservation: = 0 or ρ dV + ρV · da = 0 or − = (ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw)
dt dt cv cs ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z Z
X d
Momentum equation: F = vρ dV + vρV · dA
dt cv cs
Z
X d X X
Momentum equation with input/output ports: F= vρ dV + ṁo vo − ṁi vi
dt cv cs cs
p1 V2 p2 V2 X
Energy equation: + α1 1 + z1 + hp = + α2 2 + z2 + ht + hlosses
γ 2g γ 2g
Power used by pump: ψPpump = ρQghp
dVx
Surface resistance: τ = µ where µ = ρν is the dynamic viscosity
dy
d2 u d

Differential form of momentum eqn., s is coordinate along flow: µ 2 = p + γz
dy ds
UL
Reynolds number: Re = where L is a length scale (e.g., pipe diameter); pipe flow turbulent for Re > 2000
ν
L V2
Darcy-Weisbach equation: hf = f
2 Dg
64
Resistance coefficient for laminar flow: f =
Re
f P LV 2
Head loss for non-circular conduits: hf = where P is wetted perimeter.
4 A 2g
V2
Specific energy in open channels (no head loss, no slope): E1 = E2 where E = +y
2g
Q2
For rectangular channels (width b): E = +y
2gb2 y 2
V
Froude number: F r = √
gy
F IGURE 1: Moody diagram.