Soil and Foundation 3

Deep Foundations Piles Design
1 Pile foundations
1.1 For clay soil

1.1.1 Step 1 determining the compression bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 0.35 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 9 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = =
3 3
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 0.12 ∗ 𝑞𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑡
Allowable design compression pile capacity is the minimum

1.1.2 Step 2 determining the tension bearing capacity for the pile
For soil parameters:
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑓
Allowable design tension pile capacity is the minimum

1.1.3 Step 3 design the pile cap
Determine the required number of piles:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 ∗ 1.2
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
(𝑆) = 3 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
Pile cap depth:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 ∗ 1000
𝜏 = 8 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 =
2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑡 = 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 + 10
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝐶 * V
P
Pact = t ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
np
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = =
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) (𝑎 + 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 ) ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 )
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡
1
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 )
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑀1−1
𝐴𝑠 =
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 of Bond:
𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 @ 𝑀
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ≤ 10 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ∑ 𝑂
Details of Reinforcement:
Figure 1: vertical section in pile cap
Figure 2: horizontal section for pile cap
step 4 calculate the settlement

1.1.3.1 The settlement for single and group piles:
𝑄𝐹
% 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇
% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − % 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑆𝑜 = 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑆𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
(𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝜉 𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) 𝐿𝑝
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 =
𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝
𝐶𝑝 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑𝑝
𝐴𝑝
Cp coefficient
Soil type 𝐶𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 Driven pile 𝐶𝑝 𝑓𝑜𝑟 Bored pile
2
Sand 0.03 0.13
Clay 0.025 0.045
Silt 0.04 0.011
𝐶𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐿𝑝
𝐴𝑝
𝐿𝑝
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) 𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑝
1.1.3.2 Pile settlement for group piles:

𝐵𝑔 2
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜 √ = 0.6√ = 1.34 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑝 0.4
1.1.3.3 Piles group settlement using the group performance:

𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝜎0 + ∆𝜎
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎0
𝜎0 = ∑ 𝛾 ℎ
𝑃𝐶 150 + 16
∆𝜎 = = = 3.16 𝑡/𝑚2
(𝐵 + 𝑍) ∗ (𝐿 + 𝑍) (2 + 4.67) ∗ (3.2 + 4.67)
𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆 𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾
1+𝑒 𝑤
1.1.3.4 Group efficiency:

𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑏
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑛 𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑏 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 9 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝐵
1.1.3.5 Step 5 determine the lateral bearing capcity for the pile
1.1.3.5.1 The lateral bearing capacity for a single pile
1.1.3.5.1.1 Lateral pile capacity in cohesive soil:
1.1.3.5.1.1.1 Piles in cohesive soil (clay soil)
1.1.3.5.1.1.2 Free-headed piles:
• Assume the pile is short pile
3
Figure 3: short pile in cohesive soil
𝐿 𝑒
𝑔𝑒𝑡 the value of ( )&( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑒
𝐿 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑎)&(𝑑) 𝐻𝑢
( )→
𝑑 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑔𝑒𝑡 the value of Hu
Check of short pile:
𝐻𝑢
𝑓=
9*Cu*d
𝑀max = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (𝑒 + 1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max ≤ 𝑀yeild → ok
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒.
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
• 𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max > 𝑀yeild

the pile isn’t short
• The pile is long
𝑀yeild 𝑒
3
Cu*d 𝑑
𝑒
𝑀yeild 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑏)&( )
𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( 3) →
Cu*d 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
4
Hu
∴ Hall = & 𝐹. 𝑆 = 2 → 3
𝐹. 𝑆
Figure 4: long pile in cohesive soil
1.1.3.5.1.1.3 Fixed-headed piles:

𝐿
𝑔𝑒𝑡 the value of ( )
𝑑
𝐿 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑎)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( )→
𝑑 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
∴ 𝑔𝑒𝑡 the value of Hu.
𝑀max = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (0.50𝐿 + 0.75𝑑)
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max ≤ 𝑀yeild → ok
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
𝑖𝑓 Mmax > 𝑀yeild
• The pile isn’t short

• Assume the pile is intermediate
𝑀𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 2.25𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑔2 − 9 ∗ 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)
5
𝑔 = 𝐿 − 1.50𝑑 − 𝑓
𝑀𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 2.25𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝐿 − 1.50𝑑 − 𝑓) 2 − 9 ∗ 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)

∴ Get ⇒ 𝑓
𝐻𝑢
𝑓=
9*Cu*d
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (𝑓 + 1.50𝑑)
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max < 𝑀yeild → ok
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ Mmax > 𝑀yeild
• The pile isn’t intermediate

𝑀yeild
Cu*d3
𝑀yeild 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑏)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( 3) →
Cu*d 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑2
Hu
∴ Hall = &𝐹. 𝑆 = 2 → 3
𝐹. 𝑆
6
1.2 For sandy soil
1.2.1 Step 1 determining the compression bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∑ 𝜎0𝑓 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓 + 𝜎𝑡 𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐 = =
3 3
𝜑+40
𝜑∗ = for driven piles , 𝜑 ∗ = 𝜑 − 3 for bored piles
2
𝜑 ∗ 25 30 35 40
𝑁𝑞 15 30 75 150
Pile type 𝐾𝐶 𝐾𝑡
H section steel driven pile 0.5-1.0 0.3-0.5
Driven 1.0-1.5 0.6-1.0
Driven with variable section 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.3
Jet bored pile 0.4-0.9 0.3-0.6
Normal bored pile 0.7-1.5 0.4-1.0
1+𝑒 𝑤
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝛾
1+𝑒 𝑤
𝜑 𝐷C
° 5𝑑
< 32
° ° 10𝑑
32 − 36
36° − 40° 15𝑑
> 40° 20𝑑
For material parameters:

For standard penetration test parameters:
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓 + 90 𝑁𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑁𝑐1 = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (𝑁 − 15)

Allowable design compression pile capacity is the minimum
7
1.2.2 Step 2 determining the tension bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 ∑ 𝜎0𝑓 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 = =
3 3
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑛𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓
Allowable design tension pile capacity is the minimum

1.2.3 Step 3 design the pile cap
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑈𝑠𝑒 (𝑆) = 3 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
column dimension:.
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 0.018 ∗ 𝐴𝑐
Pile cap depth:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 ∗ (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 )
𝑡 = 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 + 10
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝐶 * V
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
Pact = 𝐹𝑝 = ± ± < 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑛 ∑𝑌
2
∑𝑋
2
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑀∗𝑥
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = ∓
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) 𝐼
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 of Punching shear:
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝 )
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 of shear
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
8
𝑀1−1
𝐴𝑠 =
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 @ 𝑀 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ≤ 10
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ∑ 𝑂 𝑐𝑚2
1.2.4 Step 4 determine the settlement
1.2.4.1 Pile settlement for group piles:

𝐵𝑔 2.37
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜 √ = 0.623√ = 1.36 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑝 0.5
1.2.4.2 Piles group settlement using the group performance:
Figure 7: drawing for determining the settlement
0.96∗𝑞∗𝐼∗√𝐵
𝑆𝑔 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑁60
𝑝
𝑞= = 333.1 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝐿𝑃
𝐼 = 1−
8 𝐵𝑔
1
𝑁60 = (𝑁𝑐1 𝐿1 + 𝑁𝑐1 𝐿1 )
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
1.2.4.3 Group efficiency:

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = >1
9
1.2.5 Step 5 determine the horizontal bearing capacity for the pile
1.2.5.1 Piles in friction soil

1.2.5.1.1 Free-headed piles:
Figure 8: short pile in friction soil

𝐿 𝑒
𝑑 𝐿
𝑒
𝐿 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(2−𝑎)&( ) 𝐻𝑢
𝐿
( )→
𝑑 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷
𝐾𝑝 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷
𝐻𝑢
𝑓 = 0.82√
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (𝑒 + 𝑓)
3
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ Mmax ≤ 𝑀yeild → ok
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒.
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
10
• 𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max > 𝑀yeild
the pile isn’t short
Figure 9: long pile in friction soil
𝑀yeild 𝑒
𝑔𝑒𝑡 the value of ( 4 )&(𝑑 )
Kp*𝛾*d
𝑒
𝑀yeild 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(2−𝑏)&(
𝑑
) 𝐻𝑢
( 4 ) →
Kp*𝛾*d Kp*𝛾*d3
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
1.2.5.1.2 Fixed-headed piles:

𝐿
𝑑
𝐿 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(2−𝑎)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( )→
𝑑 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷
𝐾𝑝 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷

2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿
3
𝑖𝑓 Mmax ≤ 𝑀yeild → ok
𝑖𝑓 Mmax > 𝑀yeild
11
• 𝑀yeild = 0.50 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿3 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿)

Check of intermediate pile:

𝑀max = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝑓
𝐻𝑢
𝑓 = 0.82√
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑
𝑖𝑓 Mmax < 𝑀yeild → ok
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
𝑖𝑓 ⇒ Mmax > 𝑀yeild
The pile is long
𝑀yeild
Kp*𝛾*d4
𝑀yeild 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(2−𝑏)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( 4) →
Kp*𝛾*d Kp*𝛾*d3
Hu
∴ Hall =
𝐹. 𝑆
12
1.3 Exercises
1.3.1 Ex1
Determine the single pile settlement for 0.4 m in diameter concrete pile in clay soil with
unconfined compression strength 1.5 kg/cm2 and mass volume density 1.8 t/m3. The pile length
is 20.0 m. The column load is 263 ton.
The modulus of elasticity for the pile material is 15*105 t/m2.
Solution:
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 = 𝑄𝐹 + 𝑄𝐵
𝑄𝐹 = 𝛼 𝐶 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖 = 0.35 ∗ 17 ∗ 4 ∗ .4 ∗ 15 = 142.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑏 = 9 𝐶 𝐴𝑝 = 9 ∗ 15 ∗ .4 ∗ .4 = 21.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 = 142.8 + 21.6 = 164.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝐹 142.8
% 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 87 %
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 164.4
% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − 87 = 13 %
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 164.4
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 54.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑆 3
𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
263 ∗ 1.2
𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = = 5.75 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 6 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
54.8
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙+𝑊𝑝𝑐 263+2.5∗(5∗0.4∗8∗0.4∗2)
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = 51.83 𝑡𝑜𝑛 < 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑁𝑝 6
𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.13 ∗ 51.83 = 6.74 𝑡𝑜𝑛
13
𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.87 ∗ 51.83 = 45.1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝
(6.74 + 0.5 ∗ 45.1) ∗ 20

15 ∗ 105 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .4 ∗ .4 ∗ .25
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.00311 𝑚
𝑑𝑝
𝐴𝑝
Cp coefficient
Sand 0.03 0.13
Clay 0.025 0.045
Silt 0.04 0.011
0.025 ∗ 6.74
𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 0.00245 𝑚
21.6
0.40 ∗
3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .4 ∗ .4
𝐿𝑝
𝐴𝑝
𝐿𝑝
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) 𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑝
20
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) ∗ 0.025 = 0.0515
0.4
0.0515 ∗ 45.1
𝑆𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.000675 𝑚
21.6
20 ∗
3.14 ∗ .4 ∗ .4 ∗ .25
𝑆𝑜 = 0.311 + 0.245 + 0.0675 = 0.62 𝑐𝑚
14
1.3.2 Ex2
: for above example determine the group settlement?
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎0
𝜎0 = ∑ 𝛾 ℎ
𝜎0 = 0.8 ∗ 18 = 14.4 𝑡/𝑚2
𝑃𝐶 263
∆𝜎 = = = 7.02 𝑡/𝑚2
(𝐵 + 𝑍) ∗ (𝐿 + 𝑍) 5.2 ∗ 7.2
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.65 + 𝑒
1.8 = 1.0
1+𝑒
1.8 + 1.8 𝑒 = 2.65 + 𝑒
0.8 𝑒 = 2.65 − 1.8
0.8 𝑒 = 2.65 − 1.8
𝑒 = 1.06
0.3 ∗ 8 14.4 + 7.02

𝑆𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 0.20 𝑚
1 + 1.06 14.4
𝐵𝑔
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜 √
𝑑𝑝
1.2
𝑆𝑔 = 0.0062√
0.4
𝑆𝑔 = 0.01 𝑚
15
1.3.3 Ex3
: A vertical driven concrete pile, 0.5 m in diameter is embedded to a depth of 18 m in a sand soil
(field standard penetration N=39, γsat=20 t/m3). Check stability for horizontal and vertical loads
on the structure in Figure 10. (G.W.T.=0.00).
Figure 10: a structure on 14 piles
Solution:
Step1 : determine the axial bearing capacity for a pile
From NSPT, specify Ncorrected =15+0.5*(N-15) =15+0.5*(39-15) =27
From table of sandy soil, Find the friction angle;
𝜑 = 35 °
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ∑ 𝜎𝑖 ∗ tan(0.7𝜑) ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 𝜎0𝑡 ∗ 𝑁𝑞 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 (𝑡𝑜𝑛)
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 90 ∗ 𝑁𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 (𝑘𝑁)

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑘𝑔)
250
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = ∗ 3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ 50 ∗ 50 = 98125 𝑘𝑔 = 98.1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
5
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 27 ∗ (18 − 2 − 1) ∗ 3.14 ∗ .5 + 90 ∗ 27 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .5 ∗ .5 = 1112.7 𝑘𝑁
= 111 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ∑ 𝜎𝑖 ∗ tan(0.7𝜑) ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 𝜎1 ∗ 𝑁𝑞 ∗ 𝐴𝑡
16
𝜑 + 40 35 + 40
𝜑∗ = = = 37.5°
2 2
𝑁𝑞 = 112.5
𝜎1 = 1 ∗ 𝐷𝑐 = 1 ∗ 10 ∗ .5 = 5 𝑡/𝑚2
2+5
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ∗ tan(0.7 ∗ 35) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3 + 5 ∗ tan(0.7 ∗ 35) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 12 + 5
2
∗ 112.5 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .5 ∗ .5 = 160.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
160.8
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 53.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 53.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑉 580∗1.2
𝑛𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑄 = = 13 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 < 14 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
𝑎𝑙𝑙 53.6
Step 2 : specifying the horizontal bearing capacity of piles

Fixed-headed piles:
Assume the pile is short pile
𝐿 16
( )= = 32 & 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
𝑑 0.5
𝐻𝑢
= 200
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3
17
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 35) 1.57
𝐾𝑝 = = = = 3.65
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 35) 0.43
𝐻𝑢
= 200 ⇒ 𝐻𝑢 = 91.25 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3.65 ∗ 1.0 ∗ (0.5)3

2 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿 = ∗ 91.25 ∗ 16 = 973 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3 3
𝑀yeild = 𝜎steel bars ∗ 𝐴st ∗ 0.8 ∗ 𝑑p = 2000 ∗ 6 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 1.6 ∗ .8 ∗ 50 = 965000 𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑔 = 9.65 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Mmax > 𝑀yeild
Assume the pile is intermediate

𝑀yeild = 0.50 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿3 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿)
9.65 = 0.50 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 163 ∗ 3.65 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 16)
Hu=233 ton

𝐻𝑢 233
𝑓 = 0.82√ == 0.82√ = 9.26 𝑚
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3.65 ∗ .5 ∗ 1
𝑀max = 233 ∗ 9.26 > 𝑀yeild
The pile is long
𝑀yeild 9.65
( )= = 42.0
Kp*𝛾*d4 3.65 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.54
18
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 & 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢

→ = 50
Kp*𝛾*d3
𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 50*3.65*1*0.5^3=22.8 ton
Hult 22.8
Hall = = = 7.6 ton
F. S. 3
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐻 100
𝑛𝑝 = = = 13.2 < 14 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Hall 7.6
19
1.3.4 Ex4
A steel pile 0.5 m in outer diameter, 0.48 inner diameter and 20 m long is constructed in clay soil
with unconfined shear strength equal to 1.20 kg/cm2. Determine the safe horizontal capacity.
Solution:
The pile is free head
𝐿 20
= = 40
𝑑 0.50
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑎)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
40 → = 60
𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
𝐻𝑢
= 60 ⇒ 𝐻𝑢 = 90 𝑡𝑜𝑛
6 ∗ (0.50)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (0.50𝐿 + 0.75𝑑)
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 90 ∗ (0.50(20) + 0.75(0.50)) = 933.75 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚
𝐼 3.14 3.14
𝑀yeild = 𝜎steel ∗ = 12000 ∗ ∗ (𝑑𝑜 4 − 𝑑𝑖 4 ) = 12000 ∗ ∗ (0.54 − 0.484 )
0.5𝑑 64 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 𝑑 128 ∗ 0.5
M𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 55.4 m ton
Mmax > Myeild

The pile is long
𝑀yeild 55.4
3 = = 73.9
Cu*d 6 ∗ (0.50)3
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑏)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
73.9 → = 30.
𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
𝐻𝑢
= 30.0
6 ∗ (0.50)2
𝐻𝑢 = 45 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Hu 45
𝐻all = = = 15.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐹. 𝑆 3
20
1.4 Pile Cap Design
Transfer the load from the column to piles
Methods of design of pile cap:
1. Beam Method.
2. Finite Element Method (FEM).
Required data for design of pile cap:
1. Pile Diameter and Length.
2. Pile allowable bearing capacity (in Compression & Tension).
3. Column Load (Normal vertical load & Moment & Horizontal load).
4. Column Dimension.
1.4.1 Normal load only:

Design steps:
Determine required number of piles:
𝑃𝐶𝑂𝐿 ∗ 1.20
𝑛𝑃 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Load
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 → 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 pile capacity
Arrangement of piles:
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔(𝑆) = (3 → 7) ∗ 𝑑𝑃
𝑑 → 𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 Diameter
Examples of Pile arrangement:

If Pile number (n)=2.00
Figure 13: two piles group
21
Figure 14: three piles group
Figure 15: four piles group
22
Figure 16: five piles group
Figure 17: six piles group
Pile cap Preliminary Depth (approximate thickness of pile cap:

𝑃𝐶𝑂𝐿
𝜏=
𝑑 ∗ 2 ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑎)
𝜏 → 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 stress
𝜏 = 8 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑏&𝑎 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Dimensions
𝑑 → Depth of pile cap
𝑡 → thickness of pile cap
𝑡 = 𝑑 + cover&cover = (7-10)cm
Check forces in piles:

𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 = < 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑛𝑝
23
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑛𝑝 → 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Check of punching shear:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏= ≤ 8𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝑑 ∗ 2 ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑑)
𝑏&𝑎 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Dimensions
𝑑 → Depth of pile cap
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = =
𝐴𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ (𝑎 + 𝑑) ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑑)
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 =
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑄𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 =
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
Figure 18: stresses in pile cap
Check of shear:
𝑄𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐1
𝜏𝑠ℎ = ≤ 8𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
Design for Moment:
𝑀1−1
𝑑 = 𝐾1 ∗ √
𝐵1
𝑀2−2 0.18
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∗𝐵∗𝑑
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 100
Check for Bond:
24
Qsh sec2
τsh = ≤ 8Kg/cm2
0.87 ∗ d ∗ ∑ 𝑛𝑠𝑡 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 𝑑𝑠𝑡
1.4.2 Ex1
Design a suitable pile cap for:
Column load=200 ton,
Column Dimension (40*85),
Vertical pile capacity =40 ton,
Pile Diameter =50 cm
Solution:
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
200 ∗ 1.2
𝑛𝑝 = = 6.0
40
Pile cap arrangement:
𝑈𝑠𝑒 (𝑆) = 3 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
𝑆 = 3 ∗ 0.50 = 1.50𝑚
Figure 19: pile cap dimensions
25
Pile cap depth:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
200 ∗ 1000
8=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (40 + 85)
𝑑 = 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 110 𝑐𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 Forces in piles
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝐶 * V = 2.50*2.50*4.0*1.10
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 27 ton
P 200 + 27
Pact = t = = 37.8𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≺ 40 𝑡𝑜𝑛 Safe
np 6
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑)
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 − 𝑄𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 2
40
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 200 − ∗ 0.45 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .25 ∗ 2 = 164 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .25
164000
𝜏= = 3.6𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 Safe
2 ∗ 100 ∗ (40 + 85 + 100)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 200
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = = 77.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) (𝑎 + 𝑑) ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑑) (0.4 + 1) ∗ (0.85 + 1)
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 = 2.50 ∗ 1.10 = 2.75 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 40
𝑄𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = = = 203.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝐴𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 . 25 ∗ .25 ∗ 3.14
26
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
𝑓𝑜𝑟 section 1-1
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 2 ∗ 40 − .75 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 2.75 = 74.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
74.8 ∗ 1000
𝜏𝑠ℎ = = 3.4 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 Safe
0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 100
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 for moment:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 section (2)
𝑀1−1
𝑑 = 𝐾1 ∗ √
𝐵1
0.85 1.76 1
𝑀2−2 = (2 ∗ 40 ∗ (1.5 − )) − 2.75 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 1.76 ∗ − 77.2 ∗ ∗ 1.4 ∗ 0.25
2 2 2
𝑀2−2 = 61.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚
61.8 ∗ (10)5
100 = 𝐾1 ∗ √ → 𝐾2 = 1200
250
𝑀2−2 61.8 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 51.5 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 100
𝐴𝑠 51.5
𝐴𝑠/𝑚′ = = = 20. 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚
𝐵1 2.50
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 = 10𝛷16/𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 100 = 18 = 9𝛷16/𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟 section (3-3)
1
𝑀3−3 = (3 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.55) − (2.75 ∗ 4 ∗ 1.05 ∗ 1.05/2) − 77.2 ∗ ∗ 1.85 ∗ 0.25
2
𝑀3−3 = 42.1 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚
𝑀1−1 42.1 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 35 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 100
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 35
′= = = 8.8 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚
𝑚 𝐵1 4.00
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 9𝛷16/𝑚′
∑
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑂
27
1
𝑄bond = (2 ∗ 40) − 2.75 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 1.76 − 77.2 ∗ ∗ 1.4 = 13.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2
13.8 ∗ 1000
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 1.27 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 10𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 Safe
0.87 ∗ 100 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 10 ∗ 2.50
1
𝑄bond = (3 ∗ 40) − (2.75 ∗ 4 ∗ 1.05) − 77.2 ∗ ∗ 1.85 = 37 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2
37 ∗ 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 2.35 ≺ 10 Safe
0.87 ∗ 100 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 9 ∗ 4.0 𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚2
28
29
1.4.3 In case of Normal & Moment load (N+M):
Types of moments:
Moment due to structural:
w t/m
F
M
N
Fixed Base
M
Moment Due to structural system

Moment due to eccentricity:
(C.G of piles)&(C.G of column)
C.G of Piles C.G of Column
M=N*e
e
N
Moment Due to Eccentricity
30
In case of moment due to structural systems:
Design steps:
Pcol *1.20
n=
Qall
Pcol → Column Load
Qall → allowablepile capacity

𝐹𝑝 = ± ± ⊳ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
𝑁𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑜𝑤𝑛 (𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝)
𝑛 → 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝑥&𝑦) → 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of pile accordind to C.G of piles
C.G of Piles C.G of Piles

& Column & Column
1 2 1 2
X1 X2
Y2
Y1
X3 X5
Y3
Y5
4
Y
3 4 5 3 4 5
X 4 = 0.00 & X 1 = X 2 & X 3 = X 4 Y1 = Y2 & Y3 = Y4 = Y5
stresses
31
P2
P3 P1
2 1
Mx
My
X
P4 N
3 4
P6
P5
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑥 ∗ 𝑌 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑋
𝑞𝑐1 = + +
𝐴𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
𝑞𝑐2 = + −
𝑞𝑐3 = − −
𝑞𝑐4 = − +
𝑞𝑝𝑐 = 𝛾𝑅𝐶 ∗ 𝑡𝑅𝐶 (𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2 )
𝑁 𝑀𝑋 ∗ 𝑌1 𝑀𝑌 ∗ 𝑋1
𝑞𝑝1 = + +
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
𝑁 𝑀𝑋 ∗ 𝑌21
𝑞𝑝2 = +
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2
𝑞𝑝3 = + −
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
𝑞𝑝4 = − −
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
𝑁 𝑀𝑋 ∗ 𝑌5
𝑞𝑝5 = −
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2
𝑞𝑝6 = − +
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
32
1.4.4 Ex 2:
Design a suitable pile cap for the column if the given data are
Column Dimension (30*80)
(Qall)=55 ton (Qall)Tension=30 ton Pile Diameter =50 cm
V2=15.00 ton
0.60
H=5.00 ton
V1=185.00 ton
5.00
0.80
Solution:
𝑁 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 185 + 15 = 200 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = (5 ∗ 5.00) + (15 ∗ 1.00) = 40 𝑡. 𝑚
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 ∗ 1.20
.𝑛 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
200 ∗ 1.20
𝑛= = 4.36
55
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 = 5.00 Piles
33
𝑈𝑠𝑒 (𝑆) = 3.00 ∗ 𝛷
𝑆 = 3.00 ∗ 0.50 = 1.50𝑚
Y
2.08
0.50
0.5
0
1.80
4.15
0.50 X
0.50
1.50 1.50
3.58
Pile cap preliminary depth:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
200 ∗ 1000
10 =
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (30 + 80)
𝑑 = 90.9𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 100𝑐𝑚 → 𝑑 = 92𝑐𝑚
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 Forces in piles :.

𝑂𝑤𝑛(𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 cap) = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 *A*t
3.58 + 4.15 4.15 + 2.08
𝐴=( ∗ 0.50) + ( ∗ 1.80) = 7.5395 𝑚2
2 2
𝑂𝑤𝑛(𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 cap) = 2.50 ∗ 7.5395 ∗ 1.00 = 18.848ton
Nt 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑋
Fpile = +
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2
∑ 𝑋 2 = {2 ∗ (1.50)2 } + {2 ∗ (0.75)2 } = 5.625 𝑚2
𝑁𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑜𝑤𝑛(𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 cap) = 200 + 18.848 = 218.848𝑡𝑜𝑛
218..848 40 ∗ 1.50
𝑞𝑝1 = − = 33.1029 ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ⇒ 𝑜𝑘
5 5.625
34
218..848 40 ∗ 0.75
𝑞𝑝2 = − = 38.436 ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ⇒ 𝑜𝑘
5 5.625
218..848 40 ∗ 0.00
𝑞𝑝3 = + = 43.7696 ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ⇒ 𝑜𝑘
5 5.625
218..848 40 ∗ 0.75
𝑞𝑝4 = + = 49.1029 ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ⇒ 𝑜𝑘
5 5.625
218..848 40 ∗ 1.50
𝑞𝑝5 = + = 54.436 ≺ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 ⇒ 𝑜𝑘
5 5.625
Y
0.75 0.75
4 2
My
X
5 3 1
1.50 1.50

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 200 ∗ 1000
𝜏= =
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑) 2 ∗ 92 ∗ (30 + 80 + 92)
𝜏 = 5.4 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾 Safe
Stresses :
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑋
𝐼1−1 = +
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) 𝐼𝑦
3
1.22 ∗ (1.72)
𝐼𝑦 = = 0.5173
12
200 40 ∗ 0.86
𝐼1−1 = + = 161.806𝑡/𝑚2
(1.22 ∗ 1.72) 0.5173
200 40 ∗ 0.86
𝐼1−2 = − = 28.8148𝑡/𝑚2
(1.22 ∗ 1.72) 0.5173
𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 = 2.50 ∗ 1.00 = 2.50𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
35
0.86
1.22
1.72
I 1-1
I 1-2
Check of Shear:
1
0.30
Fp4 Fp2
8
0.52
2.0
0.7
5
5
2.6
0.87
Fp5 Fp3 Fp1
0.50
0.29 I1-1=161.8 Ia
N I1-2=28.81
1
0.30 1.42
1.72
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (𝐹𝑝4 + 𝐹𝑝5 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 )

0.29 + 0.87
𝐴2 = (2.08 ∗ 0.75) + ( ∗ 0.50) = 1.85𝑚2
2
𝐴1 = 0.50 ∗ 0.52 ∗ 0.30 = 0.078𝑚2
𝐼𝑎 = 28.814 + 𝑁
36
𝑁 1.42
= ⇒ 𝑁 = 109.79
(161.8065 − 28.8148) 1.72
𝐼𝑎 = 28.814 + 109.79 = 138.61𝑡/𝑚2
138.61 + 161.806 + 161.806
𝐼1 = = 154.074𝑡/𝑚2
3
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (49.1029 + 54.436) − (1.85 ∗ 2.50) − (0.078 ∗ 154.074)
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 86.896𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
86.896 ∗ 1000
𝜏𝑠ℎ = = 4.09𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾 Safe
0.87 ∗ 265 ∗ 92
𝑓𝑜𝑟 section 2-2:
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (𝐹𝑝5 + 𝐹𝑝3 + 𝐹𝑝1 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 )

3.58 + 4.15 4.15 + 3.87
𝐴2 = ( ∗ 0.50) + ( ∗ 0.25) = 2.935𝑚2
2 2
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (54.436 + 43.7696 + 33.10299) − (2.935 ∗ 2.50) − (28.814 ∗ 1.72 ∗ 0.34)
1
− { ∗ 1.72 ∗ (161.8065 − 28.814) ∗ 0.34}
2
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 68.233𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
68.233 ∗ 1000
𝜏𝑠ℎ = = 2.20𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾 Safe
0.87 ∗ 387 ∗ 92
37
Fp4 Fp
2
3.87
0.25
0.34
2 2
Fp5 Fp Fp
3 1
0.50
3.58
4.15
I1-1=161.8
I1-2=28.81
1.72
Design For Moment:

1
0.64 0.35
Fp4 Fp2
1.80
0.66 0.46
2.30
1.22
1.68
Fp5 Fp3 Fp
1
0.50
1.10
1.39
1
I1-1=161.8 I1-1=161.8 Ib
I b=126.238
N I1-2=28.81
0.46 1.26
1.72
𝑀1−1 = (𝐹𝑝5 ∗ 𝑋5 + 𝐹𝑝4 ∗ 𝑋4 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ∗ 𝑋2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 ∗ 𝑋1 )
38
1.39 + 1.68 1.68 + 0.64
𝐴2 = ( ∗ 0.50) + ( ∗ 1.80) = 2.8555𝑚2
2 2
𝐼𝑏 = 28.814 + 𝑁
I1-1=161.8
Iav
I b=126.238
I av = 161.8+126.23 =144.01
2
𝑀1−1 53.55 ∗ (10)5

𝐴𝑠 = = = 48.5 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 92
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 48.5
= = = 21𝑐𝑚2
𝑚′ 𝐵1 2.30
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 = 11 𝛷16/𝑚′
92
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ ∗ 100 = 16 𝑐𝑚2 = 8 𝛷16/𝑚′
100
𝐹𝑜𝑟 section (2-2):
1.72
Fp4 Fp2
0.37
0.37
3.73
2 2
0.46
Fp5 Fp Fp1
0.43
3
0.50
3.58 I1-1=161.8
4.15
I1-2=28.81
1.72
𝑀2−2 = (𝐹𝑝5 ∗ 𝑋5 + 𝐹𝑝3 ∗ 𝑋3 + 𝐹𝑝1 ∗ 𝑋1 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ∗ 𝑋2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 ∗ 𝑋1 )

3.58 + 4.15 4.15 + 3.73
𝐴2 = ( ∗ 0.50) + ( ∗ 0.37) = 3.3903𝑚2
2 2
𝑀2−2 = {(54.436 ∗ 0.37) + (43.7696 ∗ 0.37) + (33.10299 ∗ 0.37)}
0.46
−(3.3903 ∗ 2.50 ∗ 0.43) − (28.815*0.46*1.72* )
2
1 0.46
−( ∗ [161.8 − 28.81] ∗ 1.72 ∗ 0.46 ∗ )
2 2
𝑀2−2 = 27.4844𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚
39
I1-1=161.8
Iav
I1-2=28.81 I av = 161.8+28.81 =95.3
2
𝑀2−2 = {(54.436 ∗ 0.37) + (43.7696 ∗ 0.37) + (33.10299 ∗ 0.37)}

0.46
−(3.3903 ∗ 2.50 ∗ 0.43) − (95.3*0.46*1.72* )
2
𝑀2−2 = 27.6𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚
𝑀2−2 27.4844 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 24.9 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 92
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 24.9 6.7𝑐𝑚2
= = = = 4𝛷16/𝑚′
𝑚′ 𝐵1 3.73 m
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 8𝛷16/𝑚′
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 @ 𝑀
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ≤ 10𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ∑ 𝑂
𝑄shear = (𝐹𝑝5 + 𝐹𝑝4 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 )

𝑄shear = (54.436 + 49.1029) − (2.8555 ∗ 2.50) − (126.238*0.46*1.22)
1
−( ∗ 35.568 ∗ 0.46)
2
𝑄shear = 17.376𝑡𝑜𝑛
17.376 ∗ 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 1.7 2
≺ 10 ⇒ 𝑂𝐾 Safe
0.87 ∗ 92 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 11 ∗ 2.30 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚2
𝑄shear = (𝐹𝑝5 + 𝐹𝑝3 + 𝐹𝑝1 ) − (𝐴2 ∗ 𝐼2 ) − (𝐴1 ∗ 𝐼1 )

𝑄shear = (54.436 + 43.7696 + 33.10299) − (3.3903 ∗ 2.50) − (28.815*0.46*1.72)
1
−( ∗ 132.99 ∗ 1.72 ∗ 0.46)
2
𝑄shear = 47.423𝑡𝑜𝑛
47.423 ∗ 1000 𝑘𝑔 10 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 3.95 2
≺ ⇒ 𝑂𝐾 Safe
0.87 ∗ 92 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 8 ∗ 3.73 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚2
40
41
1.4.5 In case of moment due to Eccentricity:
Design steps:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 ∗ 1.20
𝑛=
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 Load
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 → 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 pile capacity
C.G of Piles C.G of Column
Mx My
ey
N
ex
𝐹𝑝 = ± ± ⊳ 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑛 ∑ 𝑌2 ∑ 𝑋2
𝑁𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 + 𝑜𝑤𝑛 (𝑃𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝)
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑒𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑒𝑥
𝑛 → 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝑥&𝑦) → 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of pile accordind to C.G of piles
42
1 2 3 1 2 3
Y2
Y3
Y1
X1 X3
2
Y4
Y6
Y5
X4 X6
4 5 6 4 5 6
𝑋2 = 𝑋5 = 0.00&𝑋1 = 𝑋3 = 𝑋4 = 𝑋6 𝑌1 = 𝑌2 = 𝑌3 &𝑌4 = 𝑌5 = 𝑌6
43
1.4.6 Ex2:
A pile foundation layout is given in the following figure. The pile cap is underground. The
foundation is subjected to a vertical load of P = 16000 kN, a bending moment of M =800 kN.m.
Calculate the distributed load on piles.
Determine the C.G of piles:

(4 ∗ 1.00) + (2 ∗ 2.00) + (2 ∗ 3.00) + (2 ∗ 4.00) + (2 ∗ 5.00)
𝑋=
16
𝑋 = 2.00𝑚
44
Datum
0.40
C.G of Piles
C.G of Column
1.33
4.00
4.80
1.33
e=0.50m
x X=2.00m
1.33
0.40
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.40 0.40
5.00
5.80
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Due to Eccentricity = 𝑀Ecc

𝑀Ecc = 𝑁 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 = 16000 ∗ 0.50 = 8000𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 8000 + 800 = 8800𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥
𝐹𝑝 = ±
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2
∑ 𝑋 2 = {4 ∗ (2)2 } + {4 ∗ (1)2 } + {2 ∗ (1)2 } + {2 ∗ (2)2 } + {2 ∗ (3)2 }
∑ 𝑋 2 = 48
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 of piles in axis 6
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 2
𝐹𝑝 = + = − = 633.33𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 1
𝐹𝑝 = + = − = 816.66𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 0
𝐹𝑝 = + = − = 1000𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 1
𝐹𝑝 = − = + = 11833.33𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 2
𝐹𝑝 = − = + = 1366.66𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
45
𝑁𝑡 𝑀𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 16000 8800 ∗ 3
𝐹𝑝 = − = + = 1550.00𝐾𝑁
𝑛 ∑ 𝑋2 16 48
1.00
2.00
C.G of Piles
Y
My
3.00
2.00
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6
46
Q1 (30 points):
For the given construction in Fig. (1) and Design data in Table (1), for a timber pile (0.4 m
diameter), find:
1. The allowable bearing capacity to resist the compression and tension loads?
2. Vertical and horizontal section showing all steel requirements and dimensions for
pile cap to sustain column load=150 ton?
3. The single pile settlement and piles group settlement?
4. The group efficiency?
5. The total horizontal load which can be sustained by the pile group?
Figure 23: vertical group piles in cohesive soil

Table (1): Design Data
Parameter Value
Allowable compression strength for the pile material 26.0 kg/cm2
Allowable tension strength for the pile material 30.0 kg/cm2
Unconfined compression strength for the soil 2.0 kg/cm2
Cone friction resistance 100.0 kg/cm2
Cone penetration resistance 25.0 kg/cm2
The pile tip cross section is increased by 30 % within 0.5 m
47
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 9 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 (𝑡𝑜𝑛)
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 0.12 ∗ 𝑞𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑡 (𝑘𝑁)
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑘𝑔)
Solution:
Step 1 determining the compression bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 9 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑡
𝑞𝑢𝑛 2.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝐶= = = 1.0 2 = 10.0 2
2 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 𝜋 𝑑 𝐿𝑓
𝐿𝑓 = 2.5 − (−20.5) − 1.0 − 2 ∗ 0.4 = 21.2 𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 21.20 = 26.6 𝑚2
𝜋𝑑𝑡 2 3.14 ∗ (1.3 ∗ 0.40)2

𝐴𝑡 = = = 0.212 𝑚2
4 4
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 10 ∗ 26.6 + 9 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.212 = 112 𝑡𝑜𝑛
112
3
𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 26.0 = 260.0
𝑐𝑚2 𝑚2
𝜋𝑑𝑝 2 3.14 ∗ 0.402
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = = 0.1256 𝑚2
4 4
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 260.0 ∗ 0.1256 = 32.656 𝑡𝑜𝑛
For cone test parameters:
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 0.12 ∗ 𝑞𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑡
𝑘𝑔 𝑡 𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑐 = 100 2
= 1000.0 2 = 10000.0 2
𝑐𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
48
𝑞𝑐 = 25.0 = 250.0 = 2500.0
𝑐𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 10000 ∗ 26.6 + 0.12 ∗ 2500.0 ∗ 0.1256 = 66537.7 𝑘𝑁 = 6653.77 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Allowable design compression pile capacity is 32.656 ton
Step 2 determining the tension bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓
𝑞𝑢𝑛 2.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝐶= = = 1.0 2 = 10.0 2
2 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 𝜋 𝑑 𝐿𝑓
𝐿𝑓 = 2.5 − (−20.5) − 1.0 − 2 ∗ 0.4 = 21.2 𝑚
𝐴𝑓 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 21.20 = 26.6 𝑚2
𝜋𝑑𝑡 2 3.14 ∗ (1.3 ∗ 0.40)2

𝐴𝑡 = = = 0.212 𝑚2
4 4
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.35 ∗ 10 ∗ 26.6 = 93.1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
93.1
3
𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 30.0 = 300.0
𝑐𝑚2 𝑚2
𝜋𝑑𝑝 2 3.14 ∗ 0.402
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = = 0.1256 𝑚2
4 4
For cone test parameters:
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑓
𝑓𝑐 = 100 2
= 1000.0 2 = 10000.0 2
𝑐𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑃𝑇 = 0.25 ∗ 10000 ∗ 26.6 = 66500 𝑘𝑁 = 6650 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Allowable design tension pile capacity is 31.00 ton
49
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
150 ∗ 1.2
𝑛𝑝 = = 5.5 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 6.0
32.656
𝑈𝑠𝑒 (𝑆) = 3 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
𝑆 = 3 ∗ 0.40 = 1.20𝑚
Figure 24: pile cap dimensions
Pile cap depth:

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
50
150 ∗ 1000
8=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (40 + 65)
𝑑 = 89 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑 = 90 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 90 + 10 = 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝐶 * V = 2.50*2.0*3.20*1.00
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 16 ton
P 150 + 16
Pact = t = = 27.7 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≺ 32.656 𝑡𝑜𝑛 Safe
np 6
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = = 74.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) (𝑎 + 𝑑) ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑑) (0.4 + 0.9) ∗ (0.65 + 0.9)
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 = 2.50 ∗ 1.00 = 2.50 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
Figure 26: sections positions for moment, shear and bond

𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑)
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 − 𝑄𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 2
27.7
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 150.0 − ∗ 0.6 ∗ 3.14 ∗ .20 ∗ .20 ∗ 2 = 116.7 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3.14 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 0.2
51
116700
𝜏= = 3.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 Safe
2 ∗ 90 ∗ (40 + 65 + 90)
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3 ∗ 27.7 − 2.5 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 3.2 − 0.25 ∗ 74.4 = 59.7 𝑡𝑜𝑛
59.7 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 320 ∗ 90
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 2 ∗ 27.7 − 2.5 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 2 = 52.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛
52.4 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 200 ∗ 90
𝑀1−1
𝑑 = 𝐾1 ∗ √
𝐵1
0.8 0.45
𝑀1−1 = (3 ∗ 27.7 ∗ (0.4)) − 2.5 ∗ 0.8 ∗ ∗ 3.2 − 74.4 ∗ ∗ 0.45 ∗ 1.55
2 2
𝑀1−1 = 19 𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚
19 ∗ (10)5
100 = 𝐾1 ∗ √ → 𝐾2 = 1200
320
𝑀1−1 19 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 17.6 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 90
= = = 5.5 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚
𝑚′ 𝐵1 3.2
𝐴𝑠 = 3𝛷16/𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 100 = 18 = 9𝛷16/𝑚
1.28 0.45
𝑀2−2 = (2 ∗ 27.7 ∗ 0.875) − (2.5 ∗ 1.28 ∗ ∗ 2) − 74.4 ∗ ∗ 0.45 ∗ 1.3
2 2
𝑀2−2 = 34.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚

𝑀2−2 34.6 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 32 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 90
52
𝐴𝑠′ 𝐴𝑠 32
= = = 16 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚 = 8𝛷16/𝑚′
𝑚 𝐵1 2.00
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 9𝛷16/𝑚′
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ∑ 𝑂
𝑄bond = (3 ∗ 27.7) − 2.5 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 3.2 − 74.4 ∗ 0.45 ∗ 1.55 = 24.9 𝑡𝑜𝑛
24.9 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 90 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 9 ∗ 3.2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 section 2-2
𝑄bond = (2 ∗ 27.7) − (2.5 ∗ 1.28 ∗ 2) − 74.4 ∗ 0.45 ∗ 1.3 = 5.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛
5.5 ∗ 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 0.8 2
≺ 10 Safe
0.87 ∗ 90 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 9 ∗ 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚2
53
The settlement for single and group piles:

𝑄𝐹 93.1
% 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 83 %
𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 112
% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − 83 = 17 %
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 27.7 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝
(4.7 + 0.5 ∗ 23.0) ∗ 21.2

15 ∗ 105 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.4 ∗ .25
54
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.0018 𝑚
𝑑𝑝
𝐴𝑝
Cp coefficient
Sand 0.03 0.13
Clay 0.025 0.045
Silt 0.04 0.011
0.045 ∗ 4.7
19.08
0.40 ∗
3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ .4 ∗ .4
𝐿𝑝
𝐴𝑝
𝐿𝑝
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) 𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑝
21.2
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) ∗ 0.045 = 0.094
0.4
0.094 ∗ 23
19.08
21.2 ∗
3.14 ∗ .4 ∗ .4 ∗ .25
𝑆𝑜 = 0.181 + 0.067 + 0.35 = 0.60 𝑐𝑚
Pile settlement for group piles:

𝐵𝑔 2
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜 √ = 0.6√ = 1.34 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑝 0.4
Piles group settlement using the group performance:
55
Figure 29: drawing for determining the settlement layer
56
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎0
𝜎0 = ∑ 𝛾 ℎ
𝜎0 = 3.5 ∗ 1.8 + 0.8 ∗ 16.83 = 19.76 𝑡/𝑚2
𝑃𝐶 150 + 16
∆𝜎 = = = 3.16 𝑡/𝑚2
(𝐵 + 𝑍) ∗ (𝐿 + 𝑍) (2 + 4.67) ∗ (3.2 + 4.67)
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.65 + 𝑒
1.8 = 1.0
1+𝑒
1.8 + 1.8 𝑒 = 2.65 + 𝑒
0.8 𝑒 = 2.65 − 1.8
0.8 𝑒 = 2.65 − 1.8
𝑒 = 1.06
0.3 ∗ 9.33 19.76 + 3.16

𝑆𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 0.0875 𝑚 = 8.75 𝑐𝑚
1 + 1.06 19.76
Group efficiency:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑏 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑓 + 9 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝐵
Figure 30: section plane for group dimensions
57
𝐴𝑓 = 2 ∗ (1.6 + 2.8) ∗ 21.2 = 186.6 𝑚2
𝐴𝐵 = 1.6 ∗ 2.8 = 4.48 𝑚2

𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑏 = 10 ∗ 186.6 + 9 ∗ 10 ∗ 4.48 = 2269.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
2269.2
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = 3.38
6 ∗ 112
The lateral bearing capacity for a single pile
Fixed-headed piles:
Figure 31: lateral load for a short pile in cohesive soil
𝐿
𝑑
21.2 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑎)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( = 53) → = 60
0.4 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
∴ Hu=60*10*0.4*0.4= 96 ton.
𝑀max = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (0.50𝐿 + 0.75𝑑) = 96 ∗ (21.2 ∗ 0.5 + 0.75 ∗ 0.4) = 1046 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐼 3.14 404
𝑀yeild = 𝜎tension ∗ = 30 ∗ ∗ = 188400 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑚
𝑦 64 20
58
𝑀max > 𝑀yeild
• The pile isn’t short

𝑀𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 2.25𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑔2 − 9 ∗ 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)
𝑔 = 𝐿 − 1.50𝑑 − 𝑓
𝑀𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 2.25𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝐿 − 1.50𝑑 − 𝑓) 2 − 9 ∗ 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)
1.88 = 2.25 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.4 ∗ (21.2 − 1.50 ∗ 0.4 − 𝑓) 2 − 9 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50 ∗ 0.4 + 0.50𝑓)
∴ 𝑓 = 8.19 𝑚
𝐻𝑢
𝑓=
9*Cu*d
Hu=8.19*9*10*0.4 =294.7 ton
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑢 ∗ (𝑓 + 1.50𝑑) = 294.8 ∗ (8.19 + 1.5 ∗ 0.4) = 2591.3 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Mmax > 𝑀yeild
• The pile isn’t intermediate

Figure 32: lateral load for a long pile in cohesive soil

𝑀yeild
Cu*d3
59
𝑀yeild 1.88 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡(1−𝑏)&𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢
( 3) = = 2.94 → = 3.8
Cu*d 10 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.4 ∗ 0.4 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 2
∴ Hu=3.8*10*0.4*0.4=6 ton
Hu 6
∴ Hall = = = 2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐹. 𝑆 3
∴ Hall for six piles = 6*2 = 12 𝑡𝑜𝑛
The total horizontal load which can be sustained by the pile group is 12 ton
Figure 33: Bending moment for fixed head long pile in cohesive soil
60
Q2 (10 points):
For the given construction in Fig. (1) and Design data in Table (1), for a concrete pile (0.5
m diameter), find:
1. The allowable bearing capacity to resist the compression and tension loads?
2. Vertical and horizontal section showing all steel requirements and dimensions for
pile cap to sustain column load=300 ton?
3. The single pile settlement and piles group settlement?
4. The group efficiency?
5. The total horizontal load which can be sustained by the pile group?
Figure 34: vertical group piles in cohesive soil
Table (2): Design Data

Parameter Value
Concrete compression strength at 28 days 200.0 kg/cm2
Soil friction angle 33°
61
Standard penetration number above the ground water level 35
Standard penetration number under the ground water level 38
Saturated unit weight for the soil 1.85 t/m3
The pile tip cross section is reduced by 40 % within 0.6 m
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ∑ 𝜎0𝑓 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓 + 𝜎𝑡 𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑡 (𝑡𝑜𝑛)
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓 + 90 𝑁𝑡 𝐴𝑡 (𝑘𝑁)

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑘𝑔)
Solution:
Step 1 determining the compression bearing capacity for the pile
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = ∑ 𝜎0𝑓 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓 + 𝜎𝑡 𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑡
𝜑 = 33°
𝜑+40
𝜑∗ = for driven piles , 𝜑 ∗ = 𝜑 − 3 for bored piles
2
𝜑 ∗ 25 30 35 40
𝑁𝑞 15 30 75 150
33 + 40
𝜑∗ = = 36.5
2
𝑁𝑞 = 80
Pile type 𝐾𝐶 𝐾𝑡
H section steel driven pile 0.5-1.0 0.3-0.5
Driven 1.0-1.5 0.6-1.0
Driven with variable section 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.3
Jet bored pile 0.4-0.9 0.3-0.6
Normal bored pile 0.7-1.5 0.4-1.0
𝐾𝐶 = 1.25
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.65 + 𝑒
1.85 = 1.0
1+𝑒
1.85 + 1.85 𝑒 = 2.65 + 𝑒
62
0.85 𝑒 = 2.65 − 1.85
𝑒 = 0.94
𝐺𝑠
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝛾
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.65
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = ∗ 1 = 1.37 𝑡/𝑚3
1 + 0.94
Figure 35: the effective stresses along the pile length
𝜑 𝐷C
° 5𝑑
< 32
° ° 10𝑑
32 − 36
36° − 40° 15𝑑
63
> 40° 20𝑑
𝐷C = 10𝑑 = 10 ∗ 0.5 = 5.0 𝑚
𝜎4 𝑚 = 𝛾dry ∗ ℎdry = 1.37 ∗ 4 = 5.48 t/𝑚2
𝜎5 𝑚 = 𝛾dry ∗ ℎdry + 𝛾sub ∗ ℎsub = 1.37 ∗ 4 + 0.85 ∗ 1 = 6.33 t/𝑚2

𝜎4 𝜎5 + 𝜎4
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓1 + 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓2 + 𝜎5 𝐾𝐶 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓3
2 2
+ 𝜎𝑡 𝑁𝑞 𝐴𝑡
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 + 𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏

5.48 5.48 + 6.33
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 = ∗ 1.25 ∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3 + ∗ 1.25
2 2
∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 1 + 6.33 ∗ 1.25 ∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5
∗ 15 = 98.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛
(0.6 ∗ 0.5)2
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑏 = 6.33 ∗ 80 ∗ 3.14 ∗ = 35.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛
4
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 98.5 + 35.8 = 134.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 98.5
% 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 73 %
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 134.3
% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − 73 = 27%
134.3
3
200 𝑘𝑔 2000.0 𝑡
𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 400.0
5 𝑐𝑚2 5 𝑚2
𝜋𝑑𝑝 2 3.14 ∗ 0.502
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = = 0.196 𝑚2
4 4
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓 + 90 𝑁𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑁𝑐1 = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (𝑁 − 15) = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (35 − 15) = 25

𝑁𝑐2 = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (𝑁 − 15) = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (38 − 15) = 26.5
64
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 𝑁𝑐1 𝐴𝑓1 + 𝑁𝑐1 𝐴𝑓1 + 90 𝑁𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇

(0.6 ∗ 0.5)2
= 25 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3 + 26.5 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 16 + 90 ∗ 26.5 ∗ 3.14 ∗
4
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 951.9 𝑘𝑁 = 95.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Allowable design compression pile capacity is 44.8 ton
Step 2 determining the tension bearing capacity for the pile
𝜎4 𝜎5 + 𝜎4
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 = 𝐾𝑡 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓1 + 𝐾𝑡 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓2 + 𝜎5 𝐾𝑡 tan(0.7𝜑) 𝐴𝑓3
2 2
5.48 5.48 + 6.33
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 = ∗ 0.8 ∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3 + ∗ 0.8
2 2
∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 1 + 6.33 ∗ 0.8 ∗ tan(0.75 ∗ 33) ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 15
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 = 63 𝑡𝑜𝑛
63
3
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝑛𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.018 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 50 ∗ 50 ∗ 0.25 = 35 𝑐𝑚2 = 13𝜑19
𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1200.0 2
= 12000.0 2
𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 12000 ∗ 13 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.0192 ∗ 0.25 = 44 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 𝑁𝑐1 𝐴𝑓1 + 𝑁𝑐1 𝐴𝑓1
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 25 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 3 + 26.5 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 16

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = 783.0 𝑘𝑁 = 78.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Allowable design tension pile capacity is 21.00 ton
65
𝑛𝑝 =
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙
257 ∗ 1.2
𝑛𝑝 = = 6.9 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 7.0
44.8
𝑈𝑠𝑒 (𝑆) = 3 ∗ 𝑑𝑝
𝑆 = 3 ∗ 0.50 = 1.50𝑚
Figure 36: punching area in the pile cap
column dimension:.
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 0.018 ∗ 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = 257 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 1000/(0.35 ∗ 200 + 0.67 ∗ 0.018 ∗ 3600)

𝐴𝑐 = 3399 𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑐 = 40 𝑐𝑚
3399
𝑏𝑐 = = 85 𝑐𝑚
40
Pile cap depth:
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 )
66
257 ∗ 1000
8=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (40 + 85)
𝑑 = 128 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑 = 130 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 130 + 10 = 140 𝑐𝑚
Figure 37: cap dimensions to calculate the weight
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝐶 * V = 2.50*1.4*(0.5*2.52*0.38*2+0.5*(5.23+3.5)*2.37)
𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 39.6 ton
P 257 + 39.6
Pact = t = = 42.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ≺ 44.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛 Safe
np 7
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = = 65.7 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
𝐴(𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ) (𝑎 + 𝑑) ∗ (𝑏 + 𝑑) (0.4 + 1.30) ∗ (1.0 + 1.30)
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝛾𝑅.𝐶 ∗ 𝑡 = 2.50 ∗ 1.40 = 3.50 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
67
Figure 38: sections positions for moment, shear and bond

𝜏=
2 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑑)
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙 − 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 2.8
𝑄𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ = 257.0 − 42.4 ∗ 2.8 = 138.3 𝑡𝑜𝑛

138.3 ∗ 1000
𝜏= = 1.97 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 ≺ 8.00 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 Safe
2 ∗ 130 ∗ (40 + 100 + 130)
𝜏𝑠ℎ =
0.87 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 4 ∗ 42.4 − 65.7 ∗ 2.34 ∗ 0.56 − 3.5 ∗ 5.48 ∗ 0.75 = 69.1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
69.1 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 537 ∗ 130
68
𝑄𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3 ∗ 42.4 − 65.7 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.89 ∗ 1.54 − 3.5 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 2.37 ∗ 2.58 = 71.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛
71.5 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 273 ∗ 130
𝑀1−1
𝑑 = 𝐾1 ∗ √
𝐵1
0.75 0.67
𝑀1−1 = (4 ∗ 42.4 ∗ 0.36) − 3.5 ∗ 0.75 ∗ ∗ 5.48 − 65.7 ∗ ∗ 0.67 ∗ 2.34
2 2
𝑀1−1 = 21.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑚
21.2 ∗ (10)5
100 = 𝐾1 ∗ √ → 𝐾2 = 1200
524
𝑀1−1 21.2 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 13.6 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 130
′
= = = 2.6 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚
𝑚 𝐵1 5.24
𝐴𝑠 = 2𝛷16/𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 130 = 23.4 = 9𝛷19/𝑚
1.91 0.67
𝑀2−2 = (42.4 ∗ 1.75 + 42.4 ∗ 1 + 42.4 ∗ 0.25) − (3.5 ∗ 1.91 ∗ ∗ 2.37) − 65.7 ∗
2 2
∗ 0.67 ∗ 1.54
𝑀2−2 = 89.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚

𝑀2−2 89.4 ∗ (10)5
𝐴𝑠 = = = 57.3 𝑐𝑚2
𝐾2 ∗ 𝑑 1200 ∗ 130
𝐴𝑠′ 𝐴𝑠 57.3
= = = 24.2 𝑐𝑚2 \𝑚 = 10𝛷19/𝑚′
𝑚 𝐵1 2.37
for section 1 − 1
𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 @ 𝑀 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ≤ 10
0.87 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ∑ 𝑂 𝑐𝑚2
𝑄bond = (4 ∗ 42.4) − 3.5 ∗ 0.75 ∗ 5.48 − 65.7 ∗ 0.67 ∗ 2.34 = 52.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
69
52.2 ∗ 1000
0.87 ∗ 130 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.90 ∗ 9 ∗ 5.24
𝐹𝑜𝑟 section 2-2
𝑄bond = (42.4 ∗ 3) − (3.5 ∗ 1.91 ∗ 2.37) − 65.7 ∗ 0.67 ∗ 1.54 = 43.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛
43.6 ∗ 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜏𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 3.2 ≺ 10 Safe
0.87 ∗ 130 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1.60 ∗ 10 ∗ 2.37 𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚2
70
The settlement for single and group piles:

𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓 98.5
% 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 73 %
𝑄𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 134.3
% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − 73 = 27%
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 42.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑝 𝐴𝑝
(11.4 + 0.67 ∗ 31.0) ∗ 19.4

15 ∗ 105 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.5 ∗ .25
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.00212 𝑚
𝐶𝑝 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑑𝑝
𝐴𝑝
Cp coefficient
71
Sand 0.03 0.13
Clay 0.025 0.045
Silt 0.04 0.011
0.03 ∗ 11.4
35.8
0.50 ∗
3.14 ∗ .25 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.5
𝐶𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑝
𝐴𝑝
𝐿𝑝
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) 𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑝
19.6
𝐶𝑓 = (0.93 + 0.16 √ ) ∗ 0.03 = 0.058
0.5
0.058 ∗ 31
35.8
19.6 ∗
3.14 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.5 ∗ .25
𝑆𝑜 = 0.212 + 0.05 + 0.375 = 0.637 𝑐𝑚
Pile settlement for group piles:

𝐵𝑔 2.37
𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑜 √ = 0.637√ = 1.4𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑝 0.5
Piles group settlement using the group performance:
72
Figure 41: drawing for determining the settlement
0.96∗𝑞∗𝐼∗√𝐵
𝑆𝑔 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑁60
2570
𝑞= = 285.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
2.08∗(5.37+3.29)∗0.5
𝐿𝑃 0.5
𝐼 = 1− = 1 − (5.37 + 3.29) ∗ = 0.74 𝑚
8 𝐵𝑔 8∗2.08
1 25∗2.4+17∗26.5
𝑁60 = (𝑁𝑐1 𝐿1 + 𝑁𝑐1 𝐿1 ) = = 26.3
𝐿1 +𝐿2 19.4
0.96∗𝑞∗𝐼∗√𝐵 2.080.5
𝑆𝑔 = = 0.96 ∗ 285.4 ∗ 0.74 ∗ = 11.12𝑚𝑚 = 1.112𝑐𝑚
𝑁60 26.3
Group efficiency:
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = >1
73
The lateral bearing capacity for a single pile
Fixed-headed piles:
𝐿 19.4
( )= = 38.8 & 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
𝑑 0.5
𝐻𝑢
= 200
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 33)
𝐾𝑝 = = = 3.39
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛷 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 33)
𝐻𝑢
= 200 ⇒ 𝐻𝑢 = 72 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3.39 ∗ 0.85 ∗ (0.5)3

2 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿 = ∗ 72 ∗ 19.4 = 931.2 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
3 3
𝑀yeild = 𝜎steel bars ∗ 𝐴st ∗ 0.8 ∗ 𝑑p = 2000 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 1.6 ∗ .25 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 50 = 1607680 𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑔
= 16.08 𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Mmax > 𝑀yeild
Assume the pile is intermediate

𝑀yeild = 0.50 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿3 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿)
16.08 = 0.50 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 19.43 ∗ 3.65 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 19.4)
Hu=291 ton
74

𝐻𝑢 291
𝑓 = 0.82√ = 0.82√ = 11.65 𝑚
𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 3.39 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.5
𝑀max = 291 ∗ 11.65 > 𝑀yeild
The pile is long
𝑀yeild 16.08
( 4) = = 89.3
Kp*𝛾*d 3.39 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 0.54
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 & 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑢

→ = 55
Kp*𝛾*d3
𝐻𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 55*3.39*0.85*0.53 =19.8 ton
Hult 19.8
Hall = = = 6.6 ton
F. S. 3
∴ Hall for six piles = 6.6*7 = 46.2 𝑡𝑜𝑛
The total horizontal load which can be sustained by the pile group is 46.2 ton
75

Soil and Foundation 3

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Soil and Foundation 3

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Deep Foundations Piles Design

1.1 For clay soil

Allowable design compression pile capacity is the minimum

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐

Allowable design tension pile capacity is the minimum

Pile cap depth:

Figure 1: vertical section in pile cap

Figure 2: horizontal section for pile cap

step 4 calculate the settlement

% 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 100 − % 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑆𝑜 = 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑆𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

Clay 0.025 0.045

Silt 0.04 0.011

1.1.3.2 Pile settlement for group piles:

1.1.3.3 Piles group settlement using the group performance:

1.1.3.4 Group efficiency:

Figure 3: short pile in cohesive soil

• 𝑖𝑓 ⇒ 𝑀max > 𝑀yeild

Figure 4: long pile in cohesive soil

1.1.3.5.1.1.3 Fixed-headed piles:

𝑖𝑓 Mmax > 𝑀yeild

• The pile isn’t short

𝑀𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑 = 2.25𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ (𝐿 − 1.50𝑑 − 𝑓) 2 − 9 ∗ 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ (1.50𝑑 + 0.50𝑓)

𝑖𝑓 ⇒ Mmax > 𝑀yeild

• The pile isn’t intermediate

For material parameters:

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓 + 90 𝑁𝑡 𝐴𝑡

𝑁𝑐1 = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (𝑁 − 15)

𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑃𝑇 = ∑ 𝑁𝑓 𝐴𝑓

Allowable design tension pile capacity is the minimum

𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 0.018 ∗ 𝐴𝑐

Pile cap depth:

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.18 ∗ 𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑝

Figure 5: vertical section in pile cap

Figure 6: horizontal section for pile cap

1.2.4 Step 4 determine the settlement

1.2.4.1 Pile settlement for group piles:

1.2.4.2 Piles group settlement using the group performance:

Figure 7: drawing for determining the settlement

1.2.4.3 Group efficiency:

1.2.5.1 Piles in friction soil

Figure 8: short pile in friction soil

Figure 9: long pile in friction soil

1.2.5.1.2 Fixed-headed piles:

Check of short pile:

𝑖𝑓 Mmax > 𝑀yeild

• 𝑀yeild = 0.50 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿3 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 − (𝐻𝑢 ∗ 𝐿)

Check of intermediate pile:

The pile is long

𝑄𝐹 = 𝛼 𝐶 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖 = 0.35 ∗ 17 ∗ 4 ∗ .4 ∗ 15 = 142.8 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑈𝐿𝑇 = 142.8 + 21.6 = 164.4 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.13 ∗ 51.83 = 6.74 𝑡𝑜𝑛

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = % 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑆𝑜 = 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 + 𝑆𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑆𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

(6.74 + 0.5 ∗ 45.1) ∗ 20

Sand 0.03 0.13

Clay 0.025 0.045

Silt 0.04 0.011

𝑆𝑜 = 0.311 + 0.245 + 0.0675 = 0.62 𝑐𝑚

𝜎0 = 0.8 ∗ 18 = 14.4 𝑡/𝑚2