Professional Documents
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Filipino Cluster 1 - Kakayahang Linggwistika PDF
Filipino Cluster 1 - Kakayahang Linggwistika PDF
GENERAL EDUCATION
FILIPINO
Kakayahang
Linggwistika
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DALAWANG KAKAYAHAN SA WIKA
1. Kakayahang Linggwistika (Lingusitic Competence)
– Ang kakayahan ng tao na makabuo ng mga pahayag na may
wastong kayariang pambalarila.
2
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ANG WIKA AY NAHAHATI SA SUMUSUNOD:
3
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ALFABETONG FILIPINO
May 28 letra
Ang mga letrang pangkatinig ay: Bb, Cc, Dd, Ff, Gg, Hh,
Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Vv,
Ww, Xx, Yy at Zz
4
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EBOLUSYON NG ALPABETO
A. ALIBATA
– palabaybayang hatid ng Malayo-Polinesyo
– binubuo ng 17 titik (3 patinig; 14 katinig)
– gumamit ng simbolo at hindi mga letra
5
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EBOLUSYON NG ALPABETO
C. ALPABETONG INGLES (Panahon ng Amerikano)
– 26 na titik (5 patinig; 21 katinig)
– ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
D. ABAKADA
– batay sa Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa ni Lope K. Santos
– 20 titik (5 patinig, 15 katinig)
– ABKDEGHILMNNgOPRSTUWY
6
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EBOLUSYON NG ALPABETO
E. ALPABETONG PILIPINO (1987)
– 28 titik (5 patinig; 23 katinig)
– ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ + Ñ Ng
7
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PONOLOHIYA
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PONOLOHIYA
Tinatalakay sa ponolohiya ang mga tunog sa isang
wika.
9
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MGA PRINSIPAL NA SANGKAP SA PANANALITA
10
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KATINIG AT PATINIG
Mga katinig:
Panlabi – B, P, M
Pangipin – D, N, T
Panggilagid – L, R, S
Pangngalangala – K, G, Ng, W
Pasutsot – H
Mga Patinig:
A, E, I, O, U
11
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PONEMANG SEGMENTAL
Mga tunog na may katumbas na letra upang mabigkas.
12
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NOTASYONG
PONETIK – PARES MINIMAL
Ito ay mga pares na salita na magkakatulad
ang bigkas maliban sa isang ponema at dahil
dito ay nagbabago ang kahulugan
13
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DIPTONGGO
Bunga ng kombinasyon ng mga katinig na
sinusundan ng malapatinig ang diptonggo.
14
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ARKIPONEM
Tinatawag na arkiponem ang mga simbolong
/I/ o /U/ na maaaring sa pagsulat o pagbikas
ay nagkakapalitan ang /e/ at /i/.
– lalake – lalaki
15
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SILABIKASYON
Sa larangan ng pantig, mahahati sa dalawang uri ang
pantig: KP, KPK. Sa pagkakaroon ng klaster ang
pagpapantig ay magiging KKP, PKK AT KKPK o KPKK.
KP + KPK ba-hay
KKP tsi-ne-las
PKK eks-tra
KKPK trak
KPKK nars
KKPKK trans-por-tas-yon
16
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KLASTER
Ang klaster (kambal-katinig) ay ang magkakabit
na dalawang magkaibang katinig sa isang pantig.
Matatagpuan ito sa lahat ng posisyon ng pantig:
sa unahan at sa hulihan.
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KLASTER
/w/ /y/ /r/ /l/ /s/
/d/ dwende dyalogo droga
/g/ gwantes gyera grasya glorya
/m/ mwebles myembro
/n/ nwebe banyo
/l/ lwalhati lyab
/r/ rweda dyaryo
/s/ swerte syampu
/h/ Hwes relihiyon
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PONEMANG SUPRASEGMANTAL
19
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PONEMANG SUPRASEGMANTAL
1. Tono o pitch – Ito ay tumutukoy sa taas-baba ng bigkas
ng pantig ng isang salita.
20
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PONEMANG SUPRASEGMENTAL
Halimbawa (Diin)
1. kasa. ma – companion
2. kasama- tenant
3. magnana.kaw – thief
4. magna. na. kaw – will steal
5. magna.nakaw – will go on stealing
HALIMBAWA (Antala)
– Hindi malaki – It’s not big
– Hindi, malaki – No, it’s big
21
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MORPOLOHIYA
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MORPOLOHIYA
• Ang morpolohiya ay pag-aaral ng mga morpema ng
isang wika.
23
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MORPEMA
Ang morpema ang pinakamaliit na bahagi ng wika na
nagtataglay ng sariling kahulugan.
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MORPEMA
Ang morpema ay maaaring isang salita o bahagi
lamang ng isang salita.
25
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MORPEMANG PANLAPI
Ito ay tinatawag na di malayang morpema.
26
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MORPEMANG PANLAPI
Malayang morpema.
27
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MORPEMANG
BINUBUO NG ISANG PONEMA
28
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PAGBUBUO NG SALITA - PAGLALAPI
1. Unlapi
2. Gitlapi
3. Hulapi
29
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PAG-UULIT
1. Di-ganap o parsyal – kung inuulit lamang ang unang
pantig ng salitang-ugat.
Hal. asa – aasa, takbo – tatakbo, lima – lilima
30
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PAGTATAMBAL
Nabubuo ang ibang salita sa pagtatambal ng
dalawang salitang-ugat, maaaring may linker o
walang linker ang isang salitang-ugat.
31
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PAGBABAGONG MORPOPONEMIKO
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PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
Ang pagbabagong morpoponemiko ay nagaganap
dahil sa mga sumusunod:
1. Impluwensiya ng kaligiran
33
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ASIMILASYON
Ito ay uri ng pagbabagong morpoponemiko na kung
saan nagaganap ang pagbabago ng ponema dahil sa
impluwensiya ng kasunod na ponema.
34
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Pang -, Mang-, pam-,mam-,kasim- pan-,man-,kasin-
Kasing
a,e,i,o,u,k,g,h, p,b d,l,r,s,t
m,n,w,y
7/26/2011 35
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PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA
Napapalitan ang ponema sa pagbubuo ng mga
salita at kung minsan nagkakaroon din ng
paglilipat diin.
36
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PAGLILIPAT DIIN
Nagaganap ang paglilipat diin kung ang
pangngalan ay nilapian at naging pandiwa.
37
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METATESIS
Paglilipat ng lugar ng ponema.
38
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METATESIS
Atip + -an > atipan > atpan > aptan
tanim + -an >taniman > tanman > tamnan
7/26/2011 39
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PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMA
Pagkawala ng isang ponema sa gitna o
hulihan ng salita.
Unahan: ipaki + abot > ipakiabot > pakiabot
40
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PAG-AANGKOP/
PAGPAPAIKLI NG SALITA
Pagsasama ng dalawnag salita at nagpapahayag
ng kabuuang diwa ng dalawang salita. May
pagkakaltas pa ring kasama rito.
41
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PAG-AANGKOP/
PAGPAPAIKLI NG SALITA
Paglalagom ng mga salita o pagsasama-sama ng
mga salita.
Hal. Tapsilog
Punlay
Banyuhan
42
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SINTAKS
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SALITA
Yunit ng wika na nagdadala ng kahulugan.
45
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SUGNAY
May simuno at panaguri na maaring may buong diwa o
hindi (clause).
46
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PANGUNGUSAP
SIMUNO
bahaging pinagtutuunan ng pansin sa pangungusap.
PANAGURI
bahaging nagbibigay impormasyon sa paksa.
47
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URI NG PANGURI
PANAGURING PANGNGALAN
Tungkol sa nakaraang eleksiyon ang balita ngayon.
PANAGURING PANGHALIP
Sila ang mga nanalo sa nakaraang eleksiyon.
PANAGURING PANG-URI
Mainam sa kalusugan ang page-ehersisyo.
48
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URI NG PANGURI
PANAGURING PANDIWA
Naglaan ng pondo ang opisyal.
PANAGURING PANG-ABAY
Bukas na ang dating ng mga hurado.
49
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URI NG PAKSA/SIMUNO
PAKSANG PANGNGALAN
Naghihintay ng ulan ang mga magsasaka.
PAKSANG PANGHALIP
Gumagawa sila ng mga tarpaulin para sa halalan.
PAKSANG PANG-URI
Ang magaganda ay laging napapansin ng lahat.
PAKSANG PANDIWA
Ang nag-aaral ay huwag mong istorbohin.
50
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PAKSANG PARIRALA
PARIRALANG PAWATAS
Nakakaaliw ang paghuni ng ibon sa kagubatan.
PARIRALANG PANG-UKOL
Ang para sa amin ay para sa inyo na rin.
51
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PAKSANG PARIRALA
SIMUNONG TAMBALANG SALITA
Talagang kahanga-hanga ang makatao, maka-Diyos at
makabayan.
52
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PAMPALAWAK NG PANGUNGUSAP
Ang simuno at panaguri ay binubuo ng mga maliliit na
salita na pinagsama-sama upang makabuo ng
pangungusap.
53
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PAMPALAWAK NG PANGUNGUSAP
Pagpapalawak sa pamamagitan ng MGA PANINGIT
O INGKLITIK
Alam mo ba ang dahilan ng kanilang paghihiwalay?
54
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SINTAKS
Pag-aaral ng pagbubuo ng mga pangungusap
o sentens.
55
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PAGPAPANAGURI
Pangungusap na may simuno/sabjek/tapik/paksa
at panaguri/koment/predikeyt.
SIMUNO – pinag-uusapan
56
7/26/2011 56
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PANGUNGUSAP
Sa linggwistika, ang pangungusap ay lipon ng
mga salita na nagpapahayag ng buong diwa.
57
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MGA AYOS NG PANGUNGUSAP
May dalawang ayos ang pangungusap:
karaniwan at di-karaniwan.
Kung panaguri ay nauuna kaysa simuno, ang
pangungusap ay nasa karaniwang ayos; at kung
ang simuno naman ang nauuna kaysa sa
panaguri, ang pangungusap ay nasa di-
karaniwan ayos.
Ang panandang "ay" ay kadalasang makikita sa
mga pangungusap na nasa di karaniwang ayos.
58
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MGA AYOS NG PANGUNGUSAP
Karaniwan:
Bumili ng bagong sasakyan si Elsie.
Di- Karaniwan:
Si Elsie ay bumili ng bagong sasakyan.
59
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DI-PAGPAPANAGURING PANGUNGUSAP
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PENOMENAL
Nagsasaad ng kalagayan ng panahong dulot ng
kalikasan.
Umuulan.
Umaaraw.
Lumilindol.
Mainit.
Maginaw.
Madilim.
61
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TEMPORAL
Nagsasaad ng kalagayang panandalian o
panahunan lamang.
Bukas na.
Taglagas na.
Tagtuyot na.
Tagsibol doon.
Mayo na.
Pasko na.
Linggo na.
62
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EKSISTENSYAL
Nagpapahayag ng pagkamayroon o wala.
63
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PAGHANGA
Nagpapahayag ng damdaming paghanga.
64
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SAMBITLA/PANDAMDAM
Tumutukoy sa mga iisahin o dadalawahing
pantig na nagpapahayag ng matinding
damdamin.
Aray!
Naku!
Aba!
Saklolo!
Holdaper!
65
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PAMANAHON
Nagsasaad ng oras o uri ng panahon.
Maaga pa.
66
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PORMULARYONG PANLIPUNAN/
AMENIDAD
Mga pagbati, pagbibigay-galang, atbp. na
nakagawian na sa lipunang Pilipino.
67
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AYON SA GAMIT
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AYON SA GAMIT
Ang pangungusap ay may apat na uri ayon
tungkulin, ito ay:
A. Pasalaysay
B. Patanong
C. Pautos
D. Padamdam
69
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PATUROL
Ang paturol na pangungusap ay tinatawag ding
pasalaysay.
Halimbawa:
Si Jose Rizal ay kinikilalang bayani ng ating lahi.
Magkikita-kita ang aming pamilya sa pagdating
ni Rene.
70
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PATANONG
Ang pangungusap na patanong ay nagpapahayag ng
pagtatanong o pag-uusisa.
Halimbawa:
71
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PAUTOS
Ang pangungusap na pautos ay nagpapahayag
ng pag-uutos o nakikiusap. Ito’y gumagamit ng
tuldok tulad ng pasalaysay.
Halimbawa:
Sagutin mo agad ang liham ni Joy.
Dalhin mo ang gamot sa ospital.
72
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PADAMDAM
Ang pangungusap na padamdam ay nagpapakilala ng
isang matinding damdamin ng pagkabigla, pagkainis o
pagkagalit.
Halimbawa
Naku! Binasag mo pala, ang mamahaling plorera.
Kay ganda ng bansang Pilipinas!
73
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AYON SA KAYARIAN
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AYON SA KAYARIAN
Ang pangungusap ay may apat na kayarian:
A. Payak
B. Tambalan
C. Hugnay
D. Langkapan
75
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PAYAK
Ang payak na pangungusap ay nagpapahayag ng
iisang kaisipan, maaaring tambalan ang simuno
at panaguri na pinag-uugnay ng at.
Halimbawa:
Mega star si Sharon.
Mang-aawit si Lea at Charice.
Artista at mang-aawit si Sharon.
Artista at mang-aawit sina Lea at Sharon.
76
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Ilan pang mga halimbawa:
77
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TAMBALAN
Ang tambalang pangungusap ay binubuo ng dalawa o
higit pang sugnay na makapag-iisa. Samakatuwid ay
nagpapahayag ng dalawang diwa at pinag-uugnay ng at,
ngunit, datapwat, subalit.
Mga Halimbawa:
Mega star si Sharon at International star si Lea.
May kapansanan siya subalit napaglabanan
niyang lahat ang pagsubok sa buhay.
Matanda na siya datapwat malakas pa ang tuhod
niya.
78
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Ilan pang halimbawa:
79
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HUGNAYAN
Ang hugnayang pangungusap ay binubuo ng
isang sugnay na makapag-iisa at isa o dalawang
sugnay na di-makapag-iisa.
7/26/2011 80
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Halimbawa:
81
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Halimbawa:
82
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LANGKAPAN
Ang langkapang pangungusap ay binubuo ng
dalawa o mahigit pang sugnay na makapag-iisa
at isa o mahigit pang sugnay na di-makapag-iisa.
Halimbawa:
Ang buhay sa mundo ay pansamantala
lamang at may hangganan din ang lahat ng
bagay kaya't dapat na tayo ay magpakabuti
upang makamit ang kaligayahan sa
kabilang buhay.
83
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Dumating na ang panahon ng taggutom at ang
kanilang ama ay nababahala kung saan sila
kukuha ng pagkain.
84
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BAHAGI NG PANANALITA
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BAHAGI NG PANANALITA
PANGNILALAMAN PANGKAYARIAN
1. Mga Pang-ugnay
1. Mga Nominal
a. Pang-angkop
a. Pangngalan
b. Panghalip b. Pangatnig
2. Pandiwa c. Pang-ukol
3. Panuring 2. Mga Pananda
a. Pang-uri a. Marker
b. Pang-abay b. Panandang
Pampanaguri
86
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BAHAGI NG PANANALITA: PANGNILALAMAN
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PANGNGALAN
Mga pangalan ng tao, hayop, pook, bagay,
pangyayari.
Ito ay ginamit sa pagtawag sa pangalan ng mga
hayop, tao, atbp.
a. Marker: Nominatib, posesib, obkektib
b. Kaurian: Pambalana at pantangi
c. Kailanan: Isahan, dalawahan, maramihan
d. Kasarian: Panlalaki, pambabae
88
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PANGHALIP
Paghalili sa pangngalan.
89
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PANDIWA
Binubuo ng salitang-salitang ugat at
panlaping makadiwa ang pandiwang
nagsasaad ng kilos.
91
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POKUS NG PANDIWA
92
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POKUS NG PANDIWA
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1. POKUS AKTOR/TAGAGANAP
Ang pandiwa ay nasa pokus sa tagaganap
kapag ang paksa ng pangungusap ang
tagaganap ng kilos na isinasaad sa pandiwa.
94
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2. POKUS SA LAYON/GOL
Ang pandiwa ay nasa pokus sa layon kung
ang layon ay ang paksa o ang binibigyang-diin
sa pangungusap.
95
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3. POKUS SA TAGATANGGAP/
BENEPAKTIB
Ito naman ay tumutuon sa tao o bagay na
nakikinabang sa resulta o kilos na isinasaad ng
pandiwa.
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5. POKUS SA KAGAMITAN/
INSTRUMENTAL
Ito ay tumutukoy sa kasangkapan o bagay na
nakikinabang sa resulta ng kilos o pandiwa na
siyang paksa ng pangungusap.
99
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7. POKUS SA DIREKSYON/
DIREKSYUNAL
Pinagtutuunan ng pandiwa ang direksyon o
tinutungo ng kilos.
100
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7. POKUS SA DIREKSYON/
DIREKSYUNAL
Halimbawa – Pinuntahan nila ang Laguna.
Puntahan mo ang kusina.
101
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8. RESIPROKAL POKUS
Halimbawa
Nagmamahalan ang mag-asawa.
Nagsuntukan ang magkalaban.
Nag-iibigan sina KC at Piolo.
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ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA
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ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA
1. PERPEKTIBO O PANGNAGDAAN
Ginanap na o natapos na
2. IMPERPEKTIBO O PANGKASALUKUYAN
Ginaganap at hindi pa natatapos
3. KONTEMPLATIBO O PANGHINAHARAP
Gaganapin o hindi pa nasisimulan ang kilos.
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URI NG PANDIWA AYON SA KAUKULAN
1. PAYAK
Ito ay ipinalalagay na ang simuno.
Halimbawa: Lubos na masiyahan ang mga may tiyaga sa buhay.
2. KATAWANIN
Ito ay may simuno ngunit walang layong tumatanggap.
Halimbawa: Ang masipag at determinado ay nagtatagumpay.
3. PALIPAT
Ito ay may simuno at tuwirang layon.
Halimbawa: Naglinis ng silid si Juan.
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MGA URI NG PANDIWANG
DI-KARANIWAN
1. MAYKALTAS - Ito ay kapag may titik o pantig na kulang sa
salita. Kunin (kuhanin), damhin (damahin), bathin (bati-hin)
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MGA GAMIT NG
PANGNGALANG PANDIWA
Ang pangngalang-pandiwa ay binubuo ng panlaping pag-
at salitang ugat.
– pag + sukat = pagsukat
– pag + tulong = pagtulong
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MGA GAMIT NG
PANGNGALANG PANDIWA
3. Bilang Kaganapang Pansimuno
Halimbawa:
Ang susi sa tagumpay ay pagtitiis.
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PANG-URI
Mga salitang-ugat na nagpapahayag ng katangian o
mga salitang naglalarawan.
1. Kaantasan: lantay, pahambing, pasukdol
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PANG-ABAY
Pang-abay: nagbibigay-buhay sa pandiwa, pang-uri
o kapwa pang-abay
1. Pamanahon – nagsasaad ng panahon ang uring ito
(kailan).
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PANG-ABAY
A. Kataga // Ingklitik: mga katagang sumusunod
sa unang salita ng pangungusap
man, kasi, sana, nang, kaya, yata, tuloy, lamang //
lang, din // rin, ba, pa, muna, pala, na, naman, daw //
raw
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PANG-ABAY
C. Pamaraan: sumasagot sa tanong na paano
ginanap, ginaganap o gaganapin ang isang kilos
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PANG-ABAY
F. Panang-ayon: nagsasaad ng pagsang-ayon
– oo, opo, tunay, talaga
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BAHAGI NG PANANALITA: PANGKAYARIAN
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PANGATNIG (CONJUNCTION)
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PANGATNIG (CONJUNCTION)
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PANGATNIG (CONJUNCTION)
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PANG-UKOL (PREPOSITION)
Mga katagang iniuugnay sa lugar, direksyon at
kinauukulan. Nagsasaad ng kaugnayan ng
pangngalan o panghalip sa ibang salita sa
pangungusap.
Hal. Ayon sa, alinsunod sa, ukol sa, laban sa, para
sa, ukol sa, laban sa, alinsunod sa, labag sa, ayon
sa, batay sa, tungkol sa, sang-ayon sa, ukol kay //
kina, para kay // kina, laban kay // kina
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PANG-ANGKOP (LINKER)
Dalawa ang anyo ng linker: na at ng
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PANG-ANGKOP (LINKER)
Pang-angkop: mga katagang nag-uugnay sa
panuring at salitang tinuturingan
A. na: ginagamit kapag ang unang salita ay nagtatapos
sa katinig maliban sa n; ito ay hindi ikinakabit sa
salita
B. -ng: ginagamit kapang ang unang salita ay
nagtatapos sa patinig; ito ay ikinakabit sa unang
salita
C. -g: ginagamit kapag ang unang salita ay nagtatapos
sa katinig na n; ito ay ikinakabit sa unang salita
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PANANDA
Mga marker: ang, ng, sa, ay
ay – panandang pampredikeyt (matatagpuan
lamang ito kung hindi normal ang ayos ng
pangungusap.
Pantukoy – mga katagang laging nangunguna sa
pangngalan o panghalip na ginagamit na
simuno.
Hal. si/sina, ang/ang mga
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SEMANTIKA
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SEMANTIKA
Sistema ng pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga
pangungusap.
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MGA URI NG KAHULUGAN
1. DENOTASYON – tumutukoy sa literal na
pagpapakahulugan sa grupo ng mga salita o
pangungusap. Ito ay ang kahulugang
matatagpuan sa diksyunaryo.
2. KONOTASYON – tumutukoy sa di-literal na
pagpapakahulugan sa grupo ng mga salita o
pangungusap. Ikalawang kahulugan na
ikinakapit sa salita. Ang konteksto ng kahulugan
ay iba sa nakaugalian o nakagawian na.
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MGA URI NG KAHULUGAN
3. SINONIM – salitang may magkatulad o magkaugnay na
kahulugan.
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