Document no : 01 - 42 08 071 -ES

Displacement, LWT and DWT

Attachment
Number of pages

Ir. Dwi Priyanta Ir. Hari

Miftahuddin nur
,MSE Prastowo, Msc.
rev. date Document Title Prepared by Reviwed by Approved by

Electrical Systems and Engine Room

 Project : DESIGN IV
Doc. No : 01 - 42 08 071 - ES
Displacement, LWT and DWT
Rev. No :
page. No : II

Table of contents
1. Introduction…...………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
2. Objective……………...……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
3. Reference………...………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
4. Abbreviation……………...………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
5. Description of calculation…………….....……………………………………………………………….. 2
6. Summary ............................…………………………………………………………………………….. 7

List of attachments
attachments 1 Detail Equipment list code………………………………………………………….. 4
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Displasement, LWT dan DWT
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1. Introduction
1.1. Displasement
Displasemen volume is the total volume of water displaced by the weight of an
object. There are two factors that affect the displacement of the ship, the
weight of the ship components that can be transformed (DWT) and the weight
of the ship components that can not be changed (LWT).

1.2. Light Weight Tonnage

Based on the book "Practical ship design chapter 4" LWT ship explained that
consists of several components:
1.Weight of ship's structural
2.Weight of outfitting
3.Weight of Machinery
4.Recidual Weight

1.3. Dead Weight Tonnage

Is the weight that come from the value of weight displacement minus the light
weight tonnages. That consist of cargo's weight, fuel oil, fresh water, ballast
water, provision and ship's crew weight

2. Objective
The objective of this document is to determine the estimation of displacement, light
weight tonnage, and dead weight tonnage in order to find the relation between

3. Reference
Practical Ship Design, Chapter 4 Weight-Based Designs, D.G.M. Watson
4. Abbreviation
Lpp = Length of between perpendicular
Lwl = Length of waterline
B = Breadth of ship
H = Height of ship
T = Draught of ship
Vs = Ships velocity
Cb = Block coefficient
ρsea water = Sea water density
K = Wet steel weight's constant
SFOC = Specific Fuel Oil Consumption
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W res = Reserve weight

▼ = Displacement volume
∆ = Ships displacement
Wst = Wet steel weight
E = Steel weights parameter
l1 = Length of forecastle deck
l2 = Length of poop deck
h1 = Height of forecastle deck
h2 = Height of poop deck
Woa = Weight of outfit and accomdation
Wm = Machineriy weight
Wd = Main engines weight
MCR = Maximum continous rating (kW)
RPM = Engine RPM
Wr = Auxiliary engines weight
Wres = Reserve weight

5. Description of calculation
5.1 Displacement Calculation
a. Displacement Volume
▼= Lwl x B x T x Cb
where : ▼ = Displacement volume
Lwl = Ships length on the water line
B = Ship width in the middle of ship
T = Draft on fully cargo
Cb = Block coefficients
b. Weight Displacement
∆ = ▼x ρ sea water
where : ∆ = ships displacement
▼ = ships displacement volume
ρ sea water = the density of sea water

5.2 Light Weight Tonnage

a. Weight of ship's structural
According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter 4/4.2.4"by DGM
Watson, to calculate the weight of the structure of the ship can use the
formula :
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Wst = K x E1,36
where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type
E = Equipment Numerical

According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold appropriate as

written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by DGM Watson, referring to the
1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels Herald p. 69A) with
the following formula:
E = L ( B +T ) + 0.85 L ( D -T ) + 0.85 ( l1 h1 ) + 0.75 ( l2 h2 )
Where :
L = legth between perpendicular
B = breadth
T = draft
D = depth
l1 = length of full width erection
h1 = height of full width erection
l2 = length of houses
h2 = height of houses
Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But, this ship have a
Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction .

b. Weight Outfit and accommodation (Woa)

For heavy outfit and accommodation according to Practical Ship Design,
page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen the value of Wo/L xB.For container
ships withLpp 112 m = 0,3

c. Weight of Machinery
Divided into two components: propulsion machinery and remainder.
c.1. Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 108
Chapter 4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with the following
formula :
0,84
Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM)
c.2 Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 110
Chapter 4.5.5, weight of remainder can be estimated with the following
formula :
Wr = K x (MCR)^0.70
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So the result of Machinery Weight is Wd+Wr,

Wm = Wd+Wr
d. Recidual Weight
According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the calculation of
reserves it is necessary to add weight. Weight by 2-3% due to avoid
mistakes in planning and things that might not been included in previous
calculations. So the formula of recidual weight is :
Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt)

Now we know the value - the value of weight above in accordance with the
previous explanation, then we can calculate the value of LWT by summing the
weight calculation remains the ship:
LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres

5.3 Dead Weight Tonnage

According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia" page 28,
Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden water up to a maximum
allowable. This can be formulated with the formula:
DWT = ∆ - LWT

5.4 Payload
Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported by ship to the
income (profit) of a ship. Here are steps in determining the payload.
Payload = DWT - Wtotal
where,
DWT = Dead Weight Tonnage
Wtotal =Weight of fuel oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil, crews and
provision, fresh water
i. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil)
a. HFO's weight
The formula, as follows :
WHFO = SFOC x BHP x time to voyage x constants addition of fuel
Where,
WHFO = weight of heavy fuel oil
SFOC = specific fuel oil consumption (project guide)
BHP = break horse power of main engine (project guide)
constants addition of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5
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b. HFO's tank volume

We should consider about the increasing temperature inside the
tanks of HFO, so we add some alocation of expansion margins
approximately 2% - 3%.
The formula, as follows :
VHFO = ((100%+3%)*WHFO)/ ρHFO
Where,
VHFO = HFO's tanks volume
WHFO = weight of heavy fuel oil
Alocation of expansion = 3%
3
ρHFO = 0.991ton/m
ii. DO (Diesel Oil)
a. DO's weight
estimation of diesel oil's weight is 10%-20% of hfo weight
for the result :
WDO = 20% x WHFO
b. DO's tanks volume
We should consider about the increasing temperature inside the tanks
of DO, so we add some alocation of expansion margins approximately
2% - 3%.
The formula, as follows :
VDO = ((100%+3%)*WDO)/ ρDO
Where,
VDO = DO's tanks volume
WDO = weight of heavy fuel oil
Alocation of expansion = 3%
3
ρDO = 0.85 ton/m
iii. LO (Lubricating Oil)
a. LO's weight
The formula, as follows :

WLO = SLOC x BHP x time to voyage x constant addition of fuel

where,
SLOC = Specific Lubricating Oil Consumption = 0.95 g/BHPh
Constants of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5, take 1.4
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b. LO's tanks volume

We should consider the increasing temperature inside the tanks of
LO,so we add some alocation of expansion margins approximately 2% -
3%.
The formula, as follows :
VLO = WLO / ρLO
where,
3
ρLO = 0.9 ton/m
iv. Fresh Water
a. Consumption for crew
fresh water needs estimation = 20 kg/persons/day
b. Bath and laundry needs
fresh water needs estimation = 200 kg/persons/day
c. Cooking needs
fresh water needs estimation = 4 kg/persons/day
d. Machinery needs
1. main engine
fresh water needs estimation = 7 gr/kWh
2. auxiliary engine
fresh water estimation = 0.2 from main engine's fresh water
Total fresh water machinery = fw ME + fw AE
Total Weight of Fresh Water
= consumption for crew + bath and laundy + cooking + machinery
Total Volume of Fresh Water
= divide the total weight of fresh water by its density.
v. Crew and Provision
a. crew's weight
total crews = 20 persons
average weight of crews = 70 kg
b. provision's weight
average provisions needs = 5 kg/person/day
Weight Total of Ship Supplies
W total = WHFO+WDO+WLO+Wfreshwater+Wcrews+Wprov
PAYLOAD = DWT - W supplies total
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6. Summary
NO CALCULATION SYMBOL RESULT
1 Displacement Volume ▼ 9402,12 m3
2 Weight Displacement ∆ 9637,17 ton
3 Light Weight Tonnage LWT 3953,68 ton
4 Dead Weight Tonnage DWT 5683,49 ton
5 Payload 5538,85 ton
 Attachment 1
Detail Calculation of Displasement, LWT
dan DWT
 Project : DESIGN IV
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LWT dan DWT Rev. No :
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1. Calculation Details
Principal Dimension
Container Ship
Lpp = 112,00 meter h deck = 2,50 meter
Lwl = 117,60 meter Power Engine = 3900 kW
B = 20,00 meter = 5230 HP
H= 8,30 meter Sailing distance = 1487 n mile
T= 6,50 meter Sailing time = 120 Hours
Cb = 0,62
Vs = 16,50 knots
= 8,49 m/s
> Calculation of Ship's Displacement
Volume Displacement
▼ = Lwl x B x T x Cb
= 9402 m³
Weight Displacement
Because the ships operating at sea, then the value of rho(density) was used sea
water rho(density) :
ρ = 1,025 ton/m³
∆=∇xρ
= 9637,2 ton
Determination of the number of crew
In determining the number of the crew should be as efficient as possible, as this
affects the size of the room and the limited amount of supplies of food and fresh
water. Factors that influence the type of ship, large ship, the number of jobs
served by the crew, sailing routes, sisitem existing automation on ships, and
regulations of the country concerned.In determining the number of crew that is
used is 20 people.
Payload
The payload is the cargo on board and pay (making money). The formula can be
used to determine the payload is :
Payload = DWT - WProvision
So to be able to know the payload on the vessel which is designed we must
calculate the first (LWT), which brought supplies and Weight Lightweight
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> Light weight (LWT)

~ Weight of ship's structural
According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter 4/4.2.4"by DGM
Watson, to calculate the weight of the structure of the ship can use the
formula perndekatan as follows:
1,36
Wst = K x E
where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type
E = Equipment Numerical
According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold appropriate as
written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by DGM Watson, referring to the
1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels Herald p. 69A) with
the following formula:

E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) + 0,75 (l2 x h2)

L = Lpp
= 112 m
H= 8,3 m
Lfore = 7,85 m (the length of forecastle)
Hfore = 2,5 m (the height forecastle)
L MAIN DECK = 29,5 m (the length of MAIN DECK )
H MAIN DECK = 3,0 m (the height of MAIN DECK)
LDECK A = 8,0 m (the length of DECK A )
H DECK A = 2,5 m (the height of DECK A)
LDECK B = 8,0 m (the length of DECK B)
H DECK B= 2,5 m (the height of DECK B)
L DECK C = 8,0 m (the length of DECK C)
H DECK C= 2,5 m (the height of DECK C)
L DECK D = 8,0 m (the length of DECK D)
H DECK D= 2,5 m (the height of DECK D)
Lnav = 7,0 m (the length of navigation)
Hnav = 2,5 m (the height of navigation)
l1 x h1 = the length and height of full width erections
l2 x h2 = the length and height of houses
l1 x h1 = Lfore x Hfore
= 20 m2
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l2 x h2 = (LDECK A x HDECK A)+(LDECK B x HDECK B)+(LDECK C x HDECK C)+

(LDECK D x HDECK D)+ (Lnav x hnav)+(L MAIN DECK x H MAIN DECK)
= 186 m2
E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) + 0,75 (l2 x h2)
= 3295,5

K = 0,036 (for container ship)

Wst = k x E1.36
= 2191 Ton
Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But, this ship have a
Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction :
correction of Cb = Cb + ( 1 - Cb x (0,8H - T) / 3T
= 6,662
Thus obtained the weight of steel :
Wst = Wst x [1 + 0,05 (Cb0,8H – 0,7)]
= 2844,4 Ton

~ Weight Outfit and accommodation (Woa)

For heavy outfit and accommodation according to Practical Ship Design,
page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen the value of Wo/L xB. For container ships
with Lpp 112 m= 0,3
Woa = the value of(Wo / L xB) x Lpp x B
= 672,00 Ton

~ Propulsion machinery weight

Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 108 Chapter

4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with the following formula :
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0,84
Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM) BHPMCR = 3900 kW
= 139,6 ton rpm= 210

~ Calculation weight of remainder (Wr)

Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 110
Chapter 4.5.5 , weight of remainder can be estimated with the following
formula :
Wr = K x (MCR)^0.70
= 225,2 ton
K = 0,69 (for bulk carriers and general cargo ship)

~ Weight of generator set (Wmt)

Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson page 111 Chapter

4.5.6 Generator weight can be estimated with the following formula :

Wmt = 0.72(MCR)^0.78 where is : MCR = Maximum
Continous Rating genset
However, because of the power generator to be installed is not known, it is
assumed that the generator will be installed is with the power of 120 kW of
3 sets. So the value can be calculated as follows wmt :
Wmt = 0.72(MCR) 0.78
= 71,00 ton

~ Calculation of Recidual weight

According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the calculation of
reserves it is necessary to add weight. Weight by 2-3% due to avoid mistakes
in planning and things that might not been included in previous calculations.
Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt)
= 1,42 ton

~ Calculation of LWT
Now we know the value - the value of weight above in accordance with the
previous explanation, then we can calculate the value of LWT by summing
the weight calculation remains the ship:
LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres
= 3953,7 ton
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> Dead weight (DWT)

According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia" page 28,
Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden water up to a maximum
allowable. This can be formulated with the formula:
DWT = ∆ - LWT
= 5683,5 ton
> Payload Calculation
Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported by ship to the
income (profit) of a ship.Here are the steps in determining the payload weight.
Payload = DWT - Wconsumable
Where :
Wconsumable = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + WFW + WP + WCP
~ Calculation of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)
Unknown: SFOC = 177 g/kWh
P= 3900 kW
Constanta addition of fuel oil = 1,3-1,5 taken = 1,3
-6
WHFO = SFOC x P x (S/Vs) x constanta addition of fuel oil x 10
= 107,7 ton
Calculation of Volume HFO Tank
VHFO = WHFO/ ρ HFO ρHFO = 1 Ton/m3
3
= 108,66 m
According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section 5" page 65, in
the calculation of the volume of the fuel tank (HFO) will need to add a
margin of 2% ~ 4% to anticipate expansion of fuel because of increases in
temperature in the tank, so that the volume of HFO tanks required:
VHFO = (1+4%) x WHFO)
3
= 111,99 m
~ Calculation of Marine Diesel Oil (DO)
Diesel oil is usually used as fuel for generators and motor process of flushing
the mains when not operated in the long term. Heavy Diesel Oil which is
carried in shipping approximately 0.1 ~ 0.2 of weight carried HFO, in this
case tken 0,2
Weight of Marine Diesel Oil (WMDO)
WMDO = 0.2 x WHFO
= 21,54 ton
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Calculation of tank volume MDO

Selected :
type of DO = DM-A
ρ DO (at 15° C) = 1 ton/m3
VMDO = WMDO/ ρ MDO
3
= 24,20 m
According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section 5" page 65, in
the calculation of the volume of the fuel tank (DO) should be added margin
of 2% ~ 4% to anticipate if fuel (DO) terekspansi because of increases in
temperature in the tank, so that the volume of tank DO required:
V MDO = (1+4%)x VMDO
3
= 25,17 m
~ Calculation Lubricating Oil (LO)
Based on data from "Project Guide Engine (MAN B & W L35MC) " on the
condition of maximum obtained the following data:
unknown :
Lubricating Oil Consumption
System Oil Approximate kg/cyl.24hours Cylinder Oil
2 0,8-1,2 g/kWh
taken = 0,8 g/kWh
-6
WLO = P x SLOC x (S/Vs) x 10
= 0,5 ton
Calculation of Volume LO Tank
Selected :
3
ρ LO = 0,9 ton/m
VLO = WLO / ρLO
3
= 0,52 m
need increase 4% for construction and expansion, so
loss volume = 1,04 x Vlo
3
= 0,541 m

~ Weight of Crew and Provision

Weight provision = Total crew x provision needed per day x Longest trip
Total crew = 20 man
Weight per crew = 70 kg
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Wcrew = 1,4 ton

weight of total crew = total crew x the average weight of crew
where :
porvision need = 3.5 kg ~ 5 kg /man/day
porvision need = 5 kg/man/ day
Sea time = 5,00 day
Wprov= 0,50 ton

~ Freshwater needs
Supplies of fresh water on the ship in this case is calculated on the
maximum demand conditions, namely when the ship set sail and when the
ship was doing loading and unloading. The need for fresh water on board is
divided over the need:
a. Eat and drink of crew
b. Washing and sanitary
c. Cook
d. Cooling Engine
In the design of planned:
Sea time = 5 day
Loading and unloading = 2 day

Based on data used to determine the need is :

a. Eat and drink of crew (Wfwd)
Consumption = 10 kg/man/day
(estimation between 10 - 20 kg/man/day)
Total time = Sea time + loading unloading
= 7 day
∑ Water Needs = 1,4 ton

b. Shower and wash (WFS)

Consumption = 60 kg/man/day (estimation between 60 - 200 kg/man/day)
Total time = Sea time + loading unloading
= 7,0 day
∑ Water Needs = 8,4 ton
c. Cooking (Wfwc)
Consumption = 4 kg/man/day (estimation between 3 - 4 kg/man/day)
Totalize time = Sea time + loading unloading
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= 7,0 day
∑ Water Needs = 0,6 ton

d. Cooling engine
- Cooling main engine (Wfwj)
Taken (c) = 5 kg/kWh
(cooling requirement estimated between 5 - 7 kg/kWh)
-6
Wfwj = P x c x (S/Vs) x 10
= 2,34 ton
- Cooling auxiliary engine (Wfwae)
Taken (c) = 0,15 kg/kWh
(cooling fresh water requirement estimated between 0,1 - 0,2 Wfwj)
Wfwae = Wfwj x c
= 0,35 ton
After knowing the weight of fresh water for each - each needs it, can know
the total requirement of fresh water during travel and handling that is equal
to:
Wfw = Wfwd + Wfws + Wfwc + Wfwj + Wfae
= 13,05 ton
From the calculations above requirement can be further calculated the total
weight by using the following calculation:
W total provision = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + Wcrew + Wprov + Wfw
= 144,64 ton
Calculation of Payload
After knowing the total weight of supplies and deadweight ship, the vessel
can be calculated the amount of payload:
Payload = DWT - W total provision
= 5538,8 ton
Type of container carried = @18 ton (20')
Jumlah kontainer = Payload /container
= 308 Container
So,total 20' container which can be carried is 308 TEUS