‫جامعة بغداد‬

‫لكية هندسة النفط‬

‫رشح وأس ئةل حول مادة الدارة املمكنية‬
‫الكورس الول (حساب مكية النفط يف‬
‫تكوين املرشف حلقل بزراكن)‬
‫‪3012-3103‬‬

‫نسألمك ادلعاء‬
‫"النارش"‬

‫‪2013_2012‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫عند كتابة التقرير يجب مراعاة الخطوات الرئيسية وكمايلي‪:‬‬

‫المقدمة‪ :‬وهي عبارة عن تعريف للتقرير او الحسابات التي تقوم بها وكذلك يحتوي على الغرض‬ ‫‪)0‬‬
‫من التقرير‪.‬‬
‫الملخص‪ :‬وهو ملخص لتقريرك وحساباتك‪.‬‬ ‫‪)3‬‬
‫الرسومات والحسابات‪ :‬اي شي قمت برسمه وحسبته ( وكذلك ما اسم الطبقة؟ والي وحدة؟)‬ ‫‪)2‬‬
‫توضع في التقرير وانتبه جيدا على ان تضع الوحدات في الرسومات والحسابات وكذلك النسبة‬
‫المئوية ان وجدت (‪.)%‬‬
‫المناقشة والنتائج‪ :‬وهي مناقشة لحساباتك ورسوماتك (هل الرسومات والحسابات معقولة؟ هل‬ ‫‪)4‬‬
‫توجد اخطاء؟ ماهي؟ وماهي اسبابها؟ وماذا عملت من اجراء اتجاه هذه االخطاء؟ هل استخدمت‬
‫معادالت او طرق بحثت عنها من مصادر اخرى ليست معطاة من قبل االستاذ؟وكيف كانت‬
‫النتائج اكثر دقة او مقاربة؟ وماذا تقترح؟‪.......‬الخ)‬
‫االستنتاج‪ :‬ما أستنتجته من عملك‪...‬‬ ‫‪)5‬‬
‫مالحظة‪:‬‬
‫ان هذه الملزمة ليست شاملة للمادة (ألن مادة االدارة المكمنية تتطلب الكثير من المصادر والدراية‬
‫في جميع المواد مثال ‪ :‬الحفر ‪,‬االنتاج ‪ ,‬تخطيط االبار والمكامن) لذلك يجب عليك االنتباه‬
‫للمحاضرة جيدا ومتابعة المعلومات من بعد المحاضرة من قبل االساتذة المختصين او غيرهم‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 Reservoir management
Sound reservoir management practice relies on the utilization of available
resources (I.e. Human, technological and financial) to maximize recovery profits
from a reservoir by optimizing recovery while minimizing capital investment
and operating expenses.

What is reservoir management?

1. A program of evaluation, planning, and implementation that begins at

discovery and continues throughout life of field.
2. Integrated program is key to successful operation.

Q/ What are the reservoir management processes?

1. Setting strategy.
2. Developing plan.
3. Implementing. Revising
4. Monitoring.
5. Evaluating.
6. Completing.

Q/ The process of petroleum reservoir management can be approached by

considering the overall steps in management activity. What do these steps
include?

1- Setting goals and objectives.

2- Creating a plan of operations to achieve the goals and objectives.
3- Monitoring and control of operations to achieve the quality intended.
4- Auditing to verify that goals and objectives have been achieved.

Q/ What are the data and step we need to develop a field?

1- Development and depletion strategies.

2- Environmental considerations.
3- Acquisition and analysis data.
4- Geological and numerical model studies.

3
 5- Production and reservoir forecasts.
6- Facilities requirements.
7- Economic optimization.
8- Management approval.

Q/ What is the well cycle (Reservoir life process)?

Discovery
Basin

Play Exploration Delineation

Prospect

Abandonment Development

Tertiary Primary

Secondary

Production

Q/ What are the uses or objective of data management?

1- Maximize profits.
2- Minimizing capital investments.
3- Predict the behavior of reservoir.
4- Make history match.
5- Use the best for production at proper time.

Q/ What are recovery methods? And what its classes?

Another important aspect of reservoir management deals with the methods

utilized to recover petroleum reserves.

Recovery methods may be divided into three classes:

4
 1- Natural energy sources.
2- External energy sources.
3- Combination energy sources.

Q/ what are the elements of reservoir management?

1. Reservoir knowledge.
2. Management or Business environment.
3. Technology.
Q/What do You Mean by ‘Synergy’?
1. More effective results from team working together than from parts
working alone
Reservoir engineering = 1 part
Reservoir geology = 1 part
Reservoir management > 2 parts
2. Multidisciplinary, integrated teams
- Integration is both horizontal and vertical

Buzurgan field
Buzurgan Oil Field is one of the Iraqi oil fields, it is located south-east of Iraq
near the Iraqi-Iranian borders, about 60 kilometers to the south-east of Al-Emara
City, the center of Missan Governorate.
The structure elongates from the northern-west to the southern-east, consist
of two-dome, the southern dome is larger and higher than the northern dome.
The structural contour maps on Mishrif formation show that BUZURGAN oil
field is an anticline fold with 60 KM long and 8 KM width.
The first exploration wells (BU-1) was drilled in the north dome in 1969, the
second exploration wells (BU-3) was drilled in the south dome in 1970. After
the research and studies which focused on Mishrif formation, the decision of
production was taken 1975 by drilling a well in the south dome followed by
another one in the north dome 1976.

Mishrif formation consists of six units: MA, MB11, MB12, MB21, MC1 and
MC2.

5
 Above the Mishrif formation is Alkaseeb formation (it represent as a cap rock
for Mishrif) and under it Alromila formation.

The Mishirif structure is divided into three segments: north dome, south dome,
and saddle.

Q/ Why does MB21 consider very important?

Because it has these properties:

1- Good permeability (less 10 md).

2- The average porosity (13.3-17.6).
3- Contain the most of oil and high amount of reserve.

Q/ What are the main driving forces of Buzurgan field?

The main driving forces for production in Buzurgan field are water drive
and formation expansion.

Q/ What are the main divisions of Buzuragan field? And subdivisions of it? Why
does it subdivide into?

Ans. The main division:

1. Mishrif formation.
2. Alkaseeb formation.
3. Alromila formation.

The Mishrif formation subdivides into six units (MA, Mb11, MB12,
Mb21, MC1, MC2) because variation of composition, petro physical
properties and fluid properties between them.

Contour map
Q/ Define contour map? And what does it include?
A contour map is another name for a topographic map, or a map that
shows the elevation of land on a flat paper surface.

6
These map include essentials:
1- Date: when the map was made.
2- Orientation: direction (north arrow or compass rose).
3- Grid: lines that cross to form squares.
4- Scale: map distance.
5- Title: what, where, and when.
6- Author: who made the map?
7- Index: the part of the grid where specific information can be located.
8- Legend: what the symbols mean.
9- Sources: who provided information for the map?
Q/ Why might this be useful (it’s useful)?
Ans.: Contour maps are a suitable way to visualize flat and high land also
to visualize (anticline, syncline and domes) in subsurface.

Q/ what is RTKB?
RTKB: Is the height of Rotary Table Kelly Bushing from the sea level. It m ust
omit from the depth.

7
 Final well report (FWR)
Final well report is very important for all processes :drilling , production ,
development. Which gives all information about a well . it is included the
following:

1- Purpose of drilling awell such as :production, injection, monitory.

2- Location of the well.
3- Total depth of well and depth of each layers with name estimeated.
4- Types of geological structure.
5- Hole & casing size also setting depth.
6- Types of drilling mud & cementing , also their quantity.
7- Types of completion.
8- Types of bits for drilling & its record.
9- Cost.
10- Problems of (drilling, high pressure of layer, casing design, stuck
problem….etc) .
11- Types of log.
12- Etc.
Q/ What are the information knlowledge that obtain from (FWR)?

- The answer is the pervious points. (‫( الجواب النقاط السابقة‬

Q/ what are the completions of Buzurgan wells?

Ans. Singal and Dual complation.

Q/ What are the casing sizes of Buzurgan wells?

Ans. (20.5, , and ) inches.

Q/ What are the drilling diameter (hole size) of Buzurgan wells?

Ans. (26", 17 1/2", 12 1/4" and 8 1/4") inches.

8
 Cutoffs
Cutoffs :( In petroleum engineering) are limiting points at which the processing
of flowing of fluid is stopped.

Every layer has cutoffs for (Petro physical properties= porosity, permeability
and saturation)

Porosity cutoff is simply defined as less porosity of rock that the fluid can move
in it.

Q/ What is the useful of cutoffs?

Their porpoise is to eliminate those rock volumes that don’t contribute

significantly to the reservoir evaluation product.
*Properties of production zone should be:
• 1-Porosity > cut off.
• 2- Permeability> cut off.
• 3- Water saturation< cut off.

Q/ what does core analysis report include?

1. Depth.
2. Porosity (horizontal, vertical).
3. Permeability (H, V).
4. Density (H, V).
Q/ what does core recovery mean?
Is length of core recovered from a borehole, compared with depth of hole
cored, it is expressed as a percentage.
Q/ On what porosity cutoff depend?
1- Permeability cutoff.
2- Number of available samples (Core samples in analysis report).
Q/ How do you determine porosity cutoff? Explain briefly?
There are two methods to determine porosity cutoff.
First: By cross plot method between (Ø and K) as follow:
1- Get data (Ø and K) for every well and put in excel sheet then determine
interval of (mb21, mc1, mc2).

9
 2- Plot between (Ø and K) just horizontal values putt the k values on y-
axis with logarithmic scale as the following figure.
3- Take best fit line and by (0.01 md) of permeability (k) read porosity
cutoff.

MB21
10000

1000

100
k 10

0.1

0.01

0.001
0 Cutoff=3
5 10 15 Ø 20 25 30 35

Second: By statistical method as follow:

1- Take many intervals for (Ø and K) and made this table for example:
k 0- 5 5- 10 10- 20 30-40 20-30 30-40 >40
Ø
0- 10 n
10- 20
20- 30
30- 40
40- 50
N=

n= relative frequency at any interval of both (Ø and K).

N= sum of (n) for each column.

:‫مالحظة خارجة عن األدارة‬

:‫اذا اردت ان تكتب الشرط الذي سوف يحسب لك مرات التكرار في برنامج االكسل فهو هذا الشرط‬
= COUNTIFS((

10
 2- Find (n/N) and average porosity of each interval put them as show
below :
Average Ø (n/N) (n/N) (n/N) (n/N) (n/N) (n/N) (n/N)
5
15
25
35
45

3- Plot between (av.Ø and n/N) as following figure.

4- From the intercept of curves (the first region of closed curves)
determine porosity cutoff.
‫اول منطقة تقاطع او تقارب المنحنيات‬

0.6
n/N
0.5

0.4
K 0-5
0.3
K 5-10
0.2
K 10-20

K 20 30 0.1

K 30-40 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
K >= 40 -0.1 Cutoff=9
Porosity

Q/ Which method gives correct porosity cutoff? Why?

The statistical method gives correct porosity cutoff because it reduces the
effect of irregular values of (Ø and K) that come from fissure and fracture,
while the first method we assume permeability of sandstone and limestone
(0.01/0.1) and this is not real. As we know the (∅, k) are different form
formation to anther also we take best fit line between (∅, k) which cause
error.

11
 Correlation
Because of differences between the log data and core data, we make correlations

 Between (porosity core& porosity log) to find (Ø predict).

 Between (horizontal permeability &porosity core) to find (K predict).
 Between (depth vs. Ølog and Øcore) for checking shifting depth
between (core data and log data) this calculation is benefit for enhanced
oil recovery.

As following steps:

1- Draw between Ø core and depth from core analysis.

2- Draw between Ø log and depth from CPI data.
3- Draw between (Ø log) and (Ø core) and take best fit line (trindline)
displaying its equation on chart.
4- Draw between (Ø core) and (k core) and take best fit line (trindline)
displaying its equation on chart.
5- Check for shifting depth by using transparence paper on step 1and 2.
6- Determine the (Ø predict) from the correlation between Ø log and Ø core as
shown in figure.
7- Determine the (K predict) from the correlation between (Ø core) and (k core)
as shown in figure.

35
y = 0.9706x
30

25

20
Ø core

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Ø log

12
 ‫في هذه الرسومات في كل بئر نضع (‪ )Trindlines‬ونحدد معادلة هذا الخط ومن ثم نعوض عن قيمة‬
‫(‪ )Ølog‬والتي تمثل (‪ )X‬ونجد (‪ )Y=Øpredict‬والتي سوف نعتمد عليها في الحسابات القادمة ‪ .‬فمثال‬
‫للرسم اعاله كانت المعادلة هي (‪ )Y=0.9706X‬فلو كانت (‪ )Ølog=18‬لكانت (‪)Øpredict=17.47‬‬
‫وهكذا‪..‬‬

‫‪1000‬‬

‫‪y = e0.156x‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪R² = -0.185‬‬
‫‪K core‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪Ø core‬‬

‫نتبع نفس العملية السابقة اليجاد (‪ )Kpredict‬والتي سوف نعتمد عليها في الحسابات القادمة ايضا‪..‬‬

‫‪Q/Why do we make correlations? What are types of correlation? What is useful‬‬

‫?‪of each one‬‬
‫(الجواب موجود أعاله)‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 Water oil contact (WOC) or (OWC)
Q/What does mean by (SCAL)?

(Special Core Analysis Lab.) it is a report contains some properties such as (Pc,
Kro, Krw, Sw) and figures (Kro, Krw vs. Sw), (Sw vs. Pc).

Q/ What does FWL mean?

The Free water level (FWL) in a reservoir is the level at which the oil-water
capillary pressure vanishes (Pc=0). It is the oil water interface that would exist at
equilibrium in an observation borehole, free of capillary effects, if it were to be
drilled in the porous medium and filled with oil and water.

Q/ What does WOC mean? How do you determine it?

The Oil-water contact (WOC) is the level at which the hydrocarbon saturation
starts to increase from some minimum saturation. In a water-wet rock, that
minimum saturation is essentially zero. We can determine from:

First: plotting between depth and Sw as follow:

1- Get data from log (Sw, depth, K and Ø) then plotting between (Depth vs. Sw)
for each well, if the points are smooth, take Trindline (best fit line) then
determine depth at (Sw=100%) which represent (WOC) as following figure:

Sw vs. depth
SW%
3800
3820
3840
3860
Depth (m)
3880
3900
WOC=3918m 3920
3940
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

14
2- If the points are scatter as following figure, we must find (J-function):

Depth vs. Sw
3900
3910
3920
3930
3940
3950
3960
3970
3980
3990
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

√
∅

:‫) فتصبح المعادلة‬Depth( ‫) ب‬Pc/σ( ‫نبدل‬

√
∅

:‫ويمكن رفع الجذر‬

∅
:‫اما في حساباتنا سوف نستخدم‬

√
∅

Where Ø: predict porosity.

15
 As following steps:

a- Plot between (J vs. Sw) for each well.

b- Determine the value of (J) at (Sw=100%).

J vs. Sw%
418

416 y = 425.35x-0.01

414

412
J-function
410

408
(J) at (Sw=100%)=407
406

404
0 20 40 60 80 100
SW%

c- Plot between (J vs. depth) then inter by (J) at (Sw=100%) and determine the
depth (WOC) as following figure.

3890
Depth vs. J
y = 7.037x1.0479
3880
R² = 0.9625
3870
3860
3850
Depth (m)
3840
WOC=3820 m
3830
3820
3810
3800
405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414
J-Function

16
Q/ why is the plotting between (Depths vs. Sw) scatter?

Because the distribution of Sw along the depths depends on:

1- Pc. 2- σ. 3- K. 4- Ø.

Q/ why should we find (J-function)?

To correct the plotting between (Depths vs. Sw) since Sw is influence by (Pc, σ,
K, Ø).

Saturation cutoff (1-Sor)

Q/ What does Sor mean? How do you determine it?

The residual oil saturation (Sor) is the oil saturation level above which the oil
starts to be moveable. We can determine it from:

First: Cross plot between (Kro, Krw vs. Sw) as follow:

1- Get data (Pc, Kro, Krw) of each well from (SCAl report) and put them in
excel sheet.

2- Plot between (Krw and Kro vs. Sw) of all wells then takes average (Krw, Kro
and Sw).

3- Determine Sw cutoff from intercept between Kro and Sw.

1.2
Relative permeability and Sw
1
y = 0.0004x2 - 0.0604x + 2.3
R² = 0.9986
0.8
Krw
Kr 0.6
Kro
0.4 y = 0.0001x2 - 0.0023x - 0.0117
Poly. (Krw)
R² = 0.9980
0.2 Poly. (Kro)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
SW%

17
 Second: From plotting between (Pc vs. Sw) at intercept between (Pc=0 and Sw)
as follow:
6

3
Pc (bar) Sw cutoff=0.8, Sor =0.2
2

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

SW%

Third: From the following equation:

As following steps:
 Determine (Sxo) for invaded zones of each well from logs data:
SFL
√ MSFL
∅
LL8
Micro normal, micro inverse

 Calculate (Sor) for every well ( ) then find average (Sor)

for whole depths of the well.
∑ ( )
( )
 Calculate (Øaverage) and (h net) from the following eq. of each well:
∑ (∅)
∅

Where n: number of cells (depth items), interval=∆depth.

18
  Calculate (Sor) for all wells by using wighted average:
∑ ( ) (∅ ) ( )
( )
∑ (∅ ) ( )
Note here (n: number of wells).

Q/ What does Swc mean? How can you determine it?

The connate or irreducible water saturation (Swc): is the water saturation
level below which the water becomes immovable. We can determine from
the plotting between (Kro, Krw vs. Sw) at intercept of (Krw and Sw).

1.2
Relative permeability and Sw
1

0.8 Kro

Kr 0.6

0.4

0.2 Krw

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SW%

- Or from (Pc vs. Sw) plot as follow figure:

6

3
Pc (bar)
2
Swc
1

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

SW%
19
 Wettability
Q/ What does wettability mean? How does it calculate?

Wettability: Tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid

surface in presence of other immiscible fluids. It refers to interaction
between fluid and solid phases.
We can determine wettability from plotting between (Kro, Krw vs. Sw) at
intercept of Kro and Krw. If Sw>50, it is water-wet and if Sw<50, it is oil
wet as following figure:
1.2
Relative permeability and Sw
1

0.8

Kr 0.6
Kro
0.4
Krw
0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SW

Q/ What are wettability uses (Implications)?

 Wettability affects the shape of the relative permeability curves. Oil
moves easier in water-wet rocks.
 Primary oil recovery is affect by the wettability. A water-wet system will
exhibit greater primary oil recovery.
 Oil recovery under water flooding is affected by wettability. A water-wet
system will exhibit greater primary oil recovery under water flooding.

20
Q/ What does Pc mean? When get the pc data?
Capillary pressure is the pressure difference existing across the interface
separating two immiscible fluids. It is usually calculated as:

We can get data from (SCAL) Special Core Analysis.

Q/ What are Pc uses?

 Determine initial water saturation in the reservoir.
 Determine residual oil saturation for water flooding applications.
 Input for reservoir simulation calculations.
 Determine fluid distribution in reservoir by establishing the relation
between the capillary pressure and height above the free water
level.
 Determine pore size distribution index.
 May help in identify zones or rock types.
Q/ on what capillary pressure depend?
1- The value of capillary pressure is dependent on the saturation of each
phase, on which phase is the continuous phase.
2- The shape and size of the pores and pore throats.

Displacement pressure (PD): is the threshold or entry capillary pressure

needed for the non-wetting phase to displace the wetting phase from the largest
pores.

Drainage: is a process in which the wetting phase saturation decreases and the
non-wetting phase saturation increases.
Imbibition: is process in which the wetting phase saturation increases and the
non-wetting phase saturation decreases.

Q/ What is useful of plotting (Pc vs. Sw)?

To determine (Swc, Sor, WOC, FWL).

Q/ What is useful of plotting (Kr vs. Sw)?

To determine (Swc, Sor, Wettability).

21
 CPI
CPI (computer process interpretation) is a way to estimate (petro physical
properties: SW, Ø and Hnet) so as to estimate the initial oil in place (OOIP) in
the Mushrif structural in Buzurgan field. As following steps:

1. At first determine the thickness of hydrocarbon (Hnet):

2. The porosity and saturation cut-off should be ignored.

3. The arithmetic average porosity is estimated for every well
∑ (∅)
∅
4. The arithmetic average water saturation is estimated for every well.
∑ ( )
( )

Where n: number of cells (depth items).

5. The porosity weighted avg. calculated by:
∑ ( ) ( )
∑ ( )
6. The SW weighted avg. calculated by:

∑ ( ) ( ) ( )
∑ ( ) ( )

7. The total net hydrocarbon thickness can be obtained from:

∑ ( )

Note here (n: number of wells).

Q/ What are petro physical properties? How can get them?

Ans.: petro physical properties are (Ø, K and Sw). We can get them from (CPI
and Core analysis report)

22
Q/ What is the benefit of (CPI)?

Ans.: ‫موجود اعاله‬

PVT
The PVT report is very important to know the properties of crude oil
in the reservoir. These parameters are in useful to API of oil and can
make the studies of reservoir dependent to these properties and others.
These fluid properties are:
1- Oil formation volume factor (Bo).
2- Gas –oil ratio (Rs).
3- Viscosity (µ).
4- Density (ρ).
5- Compressibility (C).
Q/ What is Bo meaning? What is it useful?

Oil formation volume factor (Bo) can be defined as ratio of Volume at reservoir
condition to Volume at the surface condition (at 60F and 14.7psi). Its unit
(bbl/STB). It uses to convert volumetric equation from (bbl) to (STB).

We can determine these properties as following steps:

1) Get data of (Bo, Rs, ρ and µ) from PVT report of Buzurgan field and put
them in excel sheet.

2) Drawing Bo, Rs, ρ and μ values against pressure values for each well then for
every unit (mb21, mc1, mc2).

3) Find Average Bo, Rs, ρ, and μ and draw them vs. pressure values as shown in
(Fig-5, 6, 7, 8) this represent for total unit.

23
 BO Mishrif Formation
1.5

1.4

1.3
BO(BBL/STB)

1.2 Pb=2990 psig

1.1

0.9

0.8
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
P psig

(Fig-5)

RS Mishrif formation
700

600

500 Pb=2990 psig

RS(SCF/STB)

400

300

200

100

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
P psig

(Fig-6)

24
 viscosity of Mishrif Formation
3.5
3
2.5
2
µ (cp)

1.5 Pb=2990 psig

1
0.5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
P psig

(Fig-7)

{ρ} of Mishrif Formation

0.88

0.86 Pb=2990 psig

0.84
ρ (g/cc)

0.82

0.8

0.78

0.76
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
P psig

(Fig-8)

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Q/ What are interpretations of PVT figure?

The oil will first expand without losing the gas it contains, when it reaches the
bubble pressure the reservoir volume of the oil will decrease, consequently this
effect on formation volume factor by the same way, so the highest value of Bo
will be at bubble pressure while the density will adversely affect since it equal to
mass over volume. I.e. The density of oil is decreased with decreasing pressure
till the Pb after that the density is increased.

-During production, pressure will decrease, starting from (pi) the oil will be fully
saturated, and the value of Rs will remain constant until we reach bubble
pressure, at that point the gas will begin to liberate, decreasing the value of Rs
linearly until the pressure reaches atmospheric value.

-The state of viscosity is the same of density (it decreased until reached to Pb
because of the molecules expanding so the resistance of fluid to flow decrease
then it increased because of producing gas)

- When the pressure drops from (Pi) to bubble pressure, spacing particles from
each other and this leads portability of fluid to compress (I.e. increased
compressibility) and then liberated gas, causing convergence molecules from
each other, reducing the viability of the fluid on the compression (I.e. decreasing
compressibility)

Q/ what is the saturation pressure (bubble pressure Pb)? How can you determine
it?

It is the pressure of a vapor which is in equilibrium with its liquid (as steam with
water or gas with oil). We can it from the figures (Bo, Rs, ρ and μ values against
pressure).

‫) ثم لجميع‬mb21, mc1, mc2( ‫ في هذا التقرير يجب ايجاد الخواص لكل بئر ثم لكل وحدة‬:‫مالحظة‬
.‫الوحدات‬

‫ وهذه النماذج مكتوب عليها العمق الذي‬.‫) لالبار المعطاة نماذج‬PVT( ‫ولجل عمل ذلك توجد في تقارير‬
.‫اخذت منه وبمقارنة هذا العمق مع اعماق الوحدات يمكن عمل ذلك‬

Q/ Haw are the shapes of fluid properties versus pressure?

Ans.‫الجواب موجود اعاله‬

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 OOIP by volumetric method
Original Oil in place: is the total hydrocarbon content of an oil reservoir and is
often abbreviated STB (Stock Tank Barrel), referring to the oil in place before
the commencement of production. In this case, stock tank refers to the storage
vessel (often purely notional) containing the oil after production.

Oil in place must not be confused with oil reserves, which are the technically
and economically recoverable portion of oil volume in the reservoir.

We can determine (OOIP) or (IOIP) as following steps:

1- Made contour maps on the top and bottom for mb21 unit.
2- Determine contours area by digger program then plot contours area
versus contour depths for top and bottom every unit in the north dome
and same thing for south dome. As following figures:

north dome for unit (mb21)

3800

3850
depth (m)

3900

3950

4000

4050
0 20 40 60 80 100
area of contours (Km3)

south dome for unit (mb21)

3750

3800
depth (m)

3850

3900

3950

4000
0 20 40 60 80
3) 100 120
area of contours(Km

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3- Insert the given oil water contact depths for north and south domes of mb21
on the figures and complete the lines to (Y-axis). As following figures:

Q/ Why do we complete the lines to (Y-axis)?

‫) وهذا يعني‬Digger( ‫ألن مساحة أعلى كنتورللقبة تساوي صفر وهذه المساحة لم يحددها برنامج‬
.‫) للذلك قمنا بتوصيل الخطوط بايدينا‬Y-axis( ‫الخطوط يجب ان تقطع‬

WOC

WOC

4- Calculate the area under the curves of north and south domes which represent
the shaded part of figures by using (Digger program).
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5- Calculate the volume of oil region of the two domes from equation:

)OOIP( ‫) قبل تعويضه في معادلة‬bbl( ‫) بوحدة‬VB( ‫ يجب تحويل الحجم‬:‫مالحظة‬

6- Calculate (OOIP) from the following equation:

∅ ( ) ( )

Q/ What is [ ] benefit in volumetric equation?

:‫) كما اخذناها في مادة المكامن كانت بالصورة التالية‬OOIP( ‫*ان معادلة‬
∅ ( )

‫لماذا أدخل هذه النسبة في المعادلة؟‬

:‫الجواب‬

-To determine the net original oil in place (the oil which is able to produce).

Q/ Why is the volumetric method not accurate?

Because of these reasons:

1. The values of cutoffs (Ø, K, Sw) are not accurate.

2. The values of (Ø weighted average, Sw weighted average, total Hnet) are
not accurate.
3. It assumed that the reservoir as one block.
4. Etc.)‫(ابحث عن اسباب اخرى‬

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 OOIP by Material balance
Material balances are nothing more than the application of the law of
conservation of mass, which states that mass can neither be created nor
destroyed. Thus, One ton of total material input will only give one ton of
total output, i.e. total mass of input = total mass of output.
In reservoir management, the initial oil in place= accumulative oil
production+ oil still remaining.
We can determine (OOIP = N) as following steps (using production report):
1- Take average of pressure of each well.
2- Get (Bo) for each pressure from figures of mb21 (Bo vs. press.).
3- Calculated the initial oil (N) from this equation:

( )

4- Draw N vs. years as following figure.

5- Take best fit line of the curves and get (N).

2,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

N (STB)
1,000,000,000

500,000,000

0
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994
Time

30
Q/ Why is the Material balance equation not accurate?

Because of these reasons:

1. The pressure is considered the same for certain depth.

2. The compressibility (Ce) is ignored.
3. Water encroached (influx) and water production (We & Wp) are ignored
but in real there are many injection wells in buzurkan field such as (Bu-21,
Bu-22) .these parameters (Ce, We and Wp) insert in material balance
equation so the value of (N) is not accurate.
4. It assumed that the reservoir is closed tank.
5. Etc. )‫(هنالك اسباب اخرى ابحث عنها‬

Q/ What are the equations that we need in reservoir simulator?

1. Diffusivity equation.
2. Darcy equation.
3. Equation of state.

Q/What is BHFP?
Bottom Hole Following Pressure or Pw is the pressure at bottom of well
measured in its dynamic state of producing or injection.

Q/ What is reservoir simulation? What suitable mode type for buzurgan oil field
in terms of fluid type, dimension and porosity model?
Reservoir simulation is an area of reservoir engineering in which computer
models are used to predict the flow of fluids (typically, oil, water, and gas)
through porous media.
Fluid model type is black oil.
Dimension model is S.I (international system).
Porosity model is single.

31
What are reservoir simulation Steps?
1. Data gathering, data basic QC
2. Basic Reservoir Engineering & Data processing
- Rock properties and SCAL
- PVT properties
- Well test analysis
- Material balance, production data analysis, DCA
- Vertical Flow Performance analysis
- Production and completion data preparation
3. Building the Simulation Model.
4. History Matching the Simulation Model.
5. Forecast.

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