murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

murpayikg;G vd;gJ ekJ ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhFk;. ,r;rl;lk; rpy mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
(Basic Principles) mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa ek; ehL eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
murpayikg;ghdJ murpd; gy;NtW mq;fq;fs; vt;thW nrayhw;w Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> mt;tq;fq;fs;
topelj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tpjpfisAk; jd;Ds; mlf;fpaJ. NkYk; muRk; Fbkf;fSk; jq;fSf;Fs;
fye;JiuahLk; KiwapidAk; $WfpwJ.

Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd;d gy Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; murapy; rl;lq;fs; cUthf fhuzkhf mike;jd.

mjpy; Kjyhtjhf> rpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp gy rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp ,e;jpahit Mz;lJ.

Mq;fpNyah; fhy tshr;rp

fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp Ml;rp (1773 –

1858) gphpl;b\; Neub Ml;rp (1858 – 1947)

1. xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; > 1773 1. ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk;> 1858

2. gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; , 1784 2. ,e;jpafTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1861
3. gl;la rl;lk;, 1883 3. ,e;jpafTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1892
4. gl;la rl;lk;, 1853 4. ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1909
5. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;> 1919
6. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;> 1935
7. ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk;> 1935

5. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;> 1919

fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;n
6. gdp
,e;jMl; rp
pa muRr; rl;lk;> 1935
7. ,e;jpar; Rje;jpur; rl;lk;> 1947

xOq;FKiwr;rl;lk;> 1773
 ,r;rl;lk; tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;diu gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk;> 1784
n[duyhf khw;wpaJ. mtUf;F cjtpahf
ehd;F Ngh; mlq;fpa eph;thff; FO  ,r;rl;lk; Mq;fpyNya fpof;fpe;jpaf;
xd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. fk;ngdpapd; th;j;jf kw;Wk; murpay;
 thud; N`];bq;]; tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; eltbf;iffisg; gphpj;jJ.
fth;zh; n[duy; Mthh;.  ,af;Feh; FO - th;j;jf eltbf;if
 ,r;rl;lk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; (1773)  fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;FO -murpay;eltbf;if
fy;fj;jhtpy; mika toptif nra;jJ.
,jpy; xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk;. 3  ,uz;L Kf;fpa \uj;Jfs;
,iz ePjpgjpfisAk; mikj;jJ.
 Kjd; Kiwahf fk;ngdpapd; ,e;jpa
 ,r;rl;lk; Kjy; Kiwahf ika murhq;fk;
‘gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gFjpfs;’
miktjw;fhd mbj;jskhdJ.
vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

 gphpl;b\; muRf;F fk;ngdpapd; ,e;jpa ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk;> 1858

eph;thfj;ij Nkw;ghh;itapLk; jFjp
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,r;rl;lk; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp
mjpfhuq;fisg; gwpj;J Mq;fpy murpd;
Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,e;jpahitf; nfhz;L
gl;lar; rl;lk;> 1833 te;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy;> it];uha;
 ,r;rl;lk; eph;thfj;ij ikag;gLj;Jtjd; Mf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
filrp Kaw;rp MFk;.  mg;NghjpUe;j f.n[. fhdpq; gpuG (Canning)
 tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; n[duiy ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; it];uha; Mf
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duhyhf;fpaJ> mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
NkYk; mtUf;F midj;J eph;thf kw;Wk;  khepyq;fspd; nrayh; (Secretary of State)
,uhZt mjpfhuq;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. vd;w Nfgpdl; mikr;rh; gjtp
 ,t;thwhf> ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpah cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mth; gphpl;b\;
KOikf;Fkhd Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpahit gpujpepj;Jtk;
gphpl;b\hUf;F toq;fpaJ. nra;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;w
 mg;NghJ ,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;f; gpuG mq;fj;jpdh; Mdhh;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; vd  mth; gjpide;J egh; nfhz;l FOtpd;
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. %yk; Ml;rp nrYj;Jthh;.
 ,r;rl;lk; gk;gha; kw;Wk; nkl;uh];  mf; FO mwpTWj;Jk; gzpia (Advisory
khfhzq;fspd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; role) kl;LNk nra;jJ. ,Wjp KbT
mjpfhuq;fis gwpj;J> ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; ghuhSkd;wj;jhNyNa vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
n[duYf;F rl;lkpaw;Wk; midj;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; toq;fpaJ. ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1861
 NkYk;> ,r;rl;lk; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd;
th;j;jf mjpfhuq;fisg; gwpj;J mjid  ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpah;fis Kjd;Kiwahf
‘ntWk; eph;tfpf;Fk; mikg;ghf’ khw;wpaJ. rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij mila top
nra;jJ.
gl;lar; rl;lk;> 1853  mjhtJ> itu];uha;fSf;F ,e;jpah;fis
rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;F epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
 ,r;rl;lk;> Kjy; Kiwahf fth;dh; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
n[duYila fTd;rpypd; (Governer General  ,jidg; gpd;gw;wp> 1862- Mk; Mz;by;
Council) Ml;rp nrYj;Jk; kw;Wk; fhdpq; gpuG thudhrp kw;Wk; ghbahyh
rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fisg; gphpj;jJ. murh;fisAk; rh; jpdfh; uht; vd;gtiuAk;
 ,r;rl;lk; 6 Gjpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; epakpj;jhh;.
cWg;gpdh;fis (legislative members)  NkYk;> ,r;rl;lk; %yk; it];uha;f;F
fth;dh; n[duypd; fTd;rpy; Nrh;j;jJ. tpjpKiwfis (Governing Rules)
 fth;dh; n[duypd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; fTd;rpy; cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa rl;lkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ. ,J ,t;tpjpKiwfs; rl;l mitia elj;j
‘Fl;b ghuhSkd;wkhf‘ khf mike;jJ. VJthf tFf;fg;gl;ld.
NkYk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpKiw tpjpfis  ,r;rl;lk; fhdpq; gpuG mwpKfk; (1859)
gpd;gw;wpaJ. nra;j Jiw rhh;e;j (Portfolio system)
 Ml;rpg; gzpf;fhd Nghl;bj; Njh;T eph;thfj;ij mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;jJ.  NkYk;> ,r;rl;lk; it];ua;f;F mtrur;
 NkYk;> ,r;rl;lk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; rl;lq;fis gpufldk; nra;aTk; mjpfhuk;
kiwKfkhf ,e;jpah;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mspj;jJ. ,t; mtru epiyg; gpufldq;fs;
Vw;gLj;j toptif nra;jJ. khfhzq;fspd; xg;Gjy; ,d;wpAk;
mikayhk;> ,r;rl;lk; MW khj fhyk;
mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;.
gphpl;b\; muR nghWg;ghl;rpapy; rl;l
tsh;r;rp (1858 – 1947) ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1892

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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fspd;  ,r;rl;lk; khfhz rl;lj;Jiwfis

murpay; rhh;gw;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; ,uz;lhf gFj;jJ.
vz;zpf;if cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;  fth;dh; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. –
murpay; rhh;Gs;s cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if (Reserved Subjects) xJf;fPl;Lg; gFjpfs;.
ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.  mikr;rh;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ –
 rl;lkd;wq;fspd; gzp mjpfhpj;J NkYk; (Transferred Subjects) khw;wg;gl;l
gl;n[l; njhlh;ghf Nfs;tp vOg;Gk; chpik nghUz;ikfs; ,J ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
mspf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; Nfs;tpfSf;F vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mikr;rh;fs; gjpyspf;Fk; KiwAk;
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ,r;rl;lk; Neubj; Njh;jy; Kiwia
 mury;yhj epakpf;fg;gl;l (un-official) mwpKfk; nra;jJ. NkYk; ,uz;L
cWg;gpdh;fs; ,U tifapy; mitfs; nfhz;l kj;jpa mikr;ruit
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. mikf;fg;gl;lJ (bicameralism).
 it];uhapd; topahf khfhz rl;l kd;wk;  tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> rPf;fpah;fs;>
kw;Wk; tq;fhs th;j;jf mikg;gpd; fpwpj;Jth;fs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh -
(commercial board) ghpe;Jiuapd; gb ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
mikAk;.  ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd cah; Mizah;
 fth;dh; topahf khtl;l mikg;gpd;gb> (High Commissioner) vd;w Gjpa mYtyh;
efuikg;G> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;> th;j;jf gjtpia yz;ldpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
fl;likg;G [kPd;jhuh;fs; ghpe;Jiuapd;  ,r;rl;lk; 1926-,y; Njh;thizaj;ij
gbAk; mikAk;. (Public Service Commissioner) vd;w Gjpa
mYtyh; gjtpia yz;ldpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;> 1909  ,r;rl;lk; kj;jpa gl;n[l;bypUe;J khfhz
gl;n[l;ilg; gphpj;jJ.
 kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz rl;lkd;wj;jpd;
cWg;gpdh; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kj;jpa rl;l kd;wk; 60 cWg;gpdh; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; - 389
cilajhdJ. (Kd;ghf 16).
 kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; muR
cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik jf;f
itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; khfhzj;jpy;
mury;yhj cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik
(un-official majority) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah (296) kd;dh; khepyq;fs; (93)
 cWg;gpdh;fs; gl;n[l; kPJ jizf;
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fTk;> jPh;khdk;
fth;dh; jiyik Mizah;
epiwNtw;wTk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
khfhzq;fs; (292) fl;Lg;ghl;by;
 rj;Nae;jpu> rpd;`h> it];uha; fTd;rpypd;
Kjy; ,e;jpah; Mdhh;. mth; rl;l cs;sit – 4
cWg;gpdh; Mdhh;. 1. m[;kPh; - Nkhthh;
2. GJjpy;yp
 ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tFg;Gthhp
3. $h;f;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;> Kjypy; ,];yhkpah;fSf;F
4. gYrp];jhd;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
 kpd;Nlh gpuG tFg;Gthhpg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W ,e;jpa muRr;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. rl;lk;, 1935
 ,r;rl;lk;
,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;> 1919 mjpfhuj;ij
%d;whfg;
gphpf;fpwJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; 1921-Mk; Mz;L mKYf;F
te;jJ. ,J khz;NlF (,e;jpa muR
1. kj;jpa gl;bay; (Central list)
nrayh;) – nrk;];/Nghh;L (,e;jpa
2. khfhzg; gl;bay; (State list)
itrpuha;) rl;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

3. nghJg; gl;bay; (Concurrent list) ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig etk;gh; khjk; 1946
- ,y; mikr;ruit JhJf;FO jpl;lg;gb
 vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; it];uhaplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.  murpay; eph;za rig etk;gh; khjk; 1946 -
,y; Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,J ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwapid KbTf;F
nfhz;Lte;J> khfhzj;jpw;F jd;dhl;rp  kf;fs;njhif mbg;gilapy;
khfhzq;fSf;F cWg;gpdh;fs; vz;zpf;if
(Provincial autonomy) me;j];J toq;fpaJ>
eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. gj;J yl;rk;
 nkhj;jKs;s 11 khfhzq;fspy;> 6- ,y; kf;fs;njhiff;F xU cWg;gpdh; vd;w
,uz;L mitfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mit tpfpjj;jpy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;
1. ngq;fhy; 2. gk;gha; vz;zpf;if mike;jJ.
3. nkl;uh]; 4. gPfhh;
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpag; gFjpapy; kiwKfj;
5. m];]hk;
Njh;jy; %ykhf cWg;gpdh;fs;
6. xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; (United Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
Princes)  NkYk; cWg;gpdh;fs; tpfpjg;
 tFg;Gthj gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngz;fs;> gpujpepjpj;Jtk; (Proportional Representation)
jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; kw;Wk; mbg;gilapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.  kd;dh; khepyq;fs; epakhd mbg;gilapy;
 1858 – Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gb epWtg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fis Njh;e;njLj;jJ.
,e;jpa fTd;rpiy ,r;rl;lk; fiyj;jJ.  [_iy> Mf];l; 1946-,y; murpay; eph;zar;
 kj;jpa tq;fp (Reserve Bank) rigf;fhd Njh;jy; ele;jJ.
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ehl;bd; gzg;
gof;fj;ij Nkw;ghh;itapl cjtpaJ. K];yPk; gpw kd;dh;
fhq;fpu];
 ,r;rl;lk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; mika yPf; fl;rpfs; khepyq;fs;
toptFj;jJ (1937). 208 73 15 0

,;e;jpar; Rje;jpur; rl;lk;> 1947

murpay; eph;za rigapd; nray;ghL
 gpg;uthp 20> 1947 - ,y; gphpl;b\; gpujk
ke;jphp fpskz;l; ml;yp ,e;jpahtpy;  Kjy; $l;lk; brk;gh; 9>1946
gphpl;b\; Ml;rp KbTf;F tUfpwnjd;Wk;.  K];yPk; yPf; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
mjd; Ml;rp mjpfhuk; nghWg;Gs;th;fsplk; nfhs;stpy;iy 211 cWg;gpdh;fs; kl;LNk
(responsible persons) mspf;fg;gLk; vd;W fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
mwptpj;jhh;.  tp. rr;rpjhde;j rpd;`h ,ilf;fhyj;
 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuT [_d; 3> 1947 - ,y; jiyth; Mdhh;.
,e;jpa gphptpidj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.  brk;gh; 11> 1946-,y; [p. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
 ,j;jpl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; - jiyth;.
yPf; Mfpait Vw;Wf; nfhz;ld.  brk;gh; 11>1946-,y; vr;.rp.Kfh;[p –
 ,j;jpl;lk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lj;ij Jizj;jiyth;
epiwNtw;w cjtpaJ.  rh; gp.vd;.uht; murpayikg;G MNyhrfh;
 ,j;jpl;lk; ,e;jpahit Rje;jpu ehlhf (Constitutional advisor) (,e;jpah kw;Wk;
mwptpj;jJ. Mf];l; 15> 1947> ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;)
Rje;jpuk; mile;j ehshdJ.
 kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; (Objective Resolution)
Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; Mdhh;. mth;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhd [t`h;yhh; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPh;khdk; brk;gh; 13, 1946 – Mk;
NeUtpw;F gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra;J Mz;by; [tfh;yhy; NeU mth;fshy;
itj;Jhh;. epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J Kfg;Giu (Preamble) apd;
mbg;gilahf cs;sJ.
murpayikg;G cUthd Kiw
 ,e;jpahit Rje;jpukhd ,iwahz;ik
tha;e;j Fbaurhf (Sovereign independent
republic) cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

 murpd; gFjpfSf;F jd;dhl;rp kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpid vOj KO chpik

kf;fshl;rpAld; $ba $l;lhl;rpia mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;;.  murpay; eph;za rig rl;l kd;wkhfTk;
 murpd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; kf;fsplk; nray;gLk;. ,t;thW murpay; eph;za rig
,Ue;Nj jUtpf;fg;gl;lit. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ghuhSkd;wkhf
 midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; nray;glj; Jtq;fpaJ.
 murpay; eph;za rigahf nray;gLk;NghJ
tp.,uhN[e;jpu gpuhrhj;ijAk;> rl;l
kd;wkhf nra;ygLk;NghJ [p.t.
 rKjha, murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu ePjp kt;yq;fiuAk; (G.V.Mavlankar)
mspg;gJ. jiytuhff; nfhz;lJ.
 jFjpepiy kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfspy;  ,e;j ,U mitsfSf;Fkhd gzp etk;gh;
midtUf;Fk; rkj;Jtk; mspg;gJ. 26>1949-Mk; Mz;L tiu ele;jJ.
 rpe;jidahy;, rpe;jid ntspg;gl;lhy;,
ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; topghl;by; Rje;jpuk; murpay; eph;za rigapd; kw;w gzpfs;
mspg;gJ.
 Njrpaf; nfhb – [_iy 22>1947
 rpWghd;ikapdh;, gpw;gL;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk;
kiytho; kf;fs; kw;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;  ,e;jpahtpd; fhkd;nty;j; cWg;gpdh; KbT
eyidg; ghJfhj;jy;. – Nk> 1949
 ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ikia epy, ePh; kw;Wk;  Njrpa fPjk; - [dthp 24> 1950
Mfha vy;iyfisf; nfhz;L fhf;f  Njrpa ghly; - [dthp 24> 1950
Ntz;Lk;. ,J cyf ePjp kw;Wk;  Kjy; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiytuhf tp.
rl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;L ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpa cyf muq;fpy; nghUj;jkhd  murpay; eph;za rig 2 Mz;Lfs; 11
kw;Wk; cah;e;j ,lj;ij mila Mtz khjq;fs; kw;Wk; 18 ehl;fs; $baJ. 11
nra;jy;. Kiw ,e;j mitf; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ.
 cyf mikjpf;Fk; , kdpj ed;ikf;Fk;  mWgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfspd;
chap nray;fisr; nra;jy.; murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk;> 1947  filrpf; $l;lk; - [dthp> 24> 1950.
 1950 [dthp> 26-,y; ,e;jpah FbauR
 ,r;rl;lg;gb murpay; eph;za rigf;F ehisf; nfhz;lhbaJ.
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.  nkhj;j nryT – 64 yl;rk;.
gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jpa
rl;lq;fisj; jpUj;jTk;> khw;wTk; mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ehl;bw;fhd

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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

tiuTf; FO

Mf];l;29> 1949-,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

jiyth; : lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fh;

gpw cWg;gpdh;fs; : 1. Nfhghyrhkp Iaq;fhh;
2. my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp ma;aq;fhh;
3. lhf;lh; Nf.vk;. Kd;;\p
4. raj; KfkJ rhJy;yh
5. khjt uhk; - (gp.vy;. kpy;lh; vd;gtUf;F gjpyhf)
6. B.B. fpU\;zrhkp – (b.gp. nfa;jhid ,lkhw;wk; nra;jhh;)

 murpay; rhrdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNghJ> mjpy; 395 gphpTfSk;> 8 ml;ltizfSk; kw;Wk; 22

gFjpfSk; ,Ue;jJ.
 lhf;lh; gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; mth;fs; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; je;ij
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;. NkYk; mth; ‘jw;fhy kD’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

murpay; eph;za rigapd; FOf;fs;

vz; FO jiyth;
1. eilKiw tpjpfs; tp. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
2. jiyikf; FO tp. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
3. tUtha; kw;Wk; Copah;fs; mDf;u` ehuhaz; rpd;`h
4. ew;rhl;rpf; FO (Credential) my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp ma;aq;fhh;
5. mitf;FO (houses) gl;lhgp rPj;jhuhikah
6. mYty; FO (Business) Nf.vk;.> Kd;\p
7. Njrpaf; nfhbf;fhd ,ilf;fhy FO tp. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
8. murpay; eph;zar; rigapd; NtiyfSf;fhd [p.tp. kt;yd;fhh;
FO
9. khepyq;fs; FO [t`h;yhy; NeU
10. mbg;gil chpikfs;> rpWghd;ikapdh;>
kiytho; kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;fhf ty;ygha; gNly;
mwpTiuf; FO. ,J ,uz;L Jizf;
FOf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
m. mbg;gil chpikfs; Jizf; FO n[.gp. fpUgshdp
M. rpWghd;ikapdh; Jizf; FO b. Kfh;[p
11. xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;fhd Jizf;FO (tl Nfhgpehj; gh;Njhyha;
fpof;F kw;Wk; m];]hk;)
12. gpw xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;fhd Jizf; FO V.tp. jhf;fh;
13. kj;jpa mjpfhuq;fs; FO [t`h;yhy; NeU
14. kj;jpa murpayikg;Gf; FO [t`h;yhy; NeU
15 tiuTf; FO lhf;lh; gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh;

murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; jiyg;G nghUs;fSk;

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 murpayikg;G cUthd tuyhW

tifAiu (Provisions) gFjp (Part) gphpT

(Article)
Kfg;Giu - -
xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ml;rp vy;iyAk; I 1-4
FbAhpik II 5-11
mbg;gil chpikfs; III 12-35
muRf; nfhs;ifapid newpg;gLj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; IV 36-51
mbg;gilf; flikfs; IVA 51A
xd;wpa murhq;fk; V 52-151
khepy murhq;fq;fs; VI 152-237
a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; VIII 239-242
Cuhl;rpfs; IX 243-243-O
efuhl;rpfs; IX A 243P –
243ZG
$l;LwT rq;fq;fs; IX B 243ZH –
243ZT
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; X 244-244A
xd;wpa khepy cwTfs; XI 245-263
ejp> nrhj;J> tof;F kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fs; XII 264-300A
,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; tpahghuk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; tzpfg; XIII 301-307
Nghf;Ftuj;J
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfspd; fPo;tUk; gzpfs; XIV 308-323
jPh;g;ghaq;fs; XIV A 323 A-323
B
Njh;jy;fs; XV 324-329 A
rpy tFg;gpdh; njhlh;ghd rpwg;G rl;l tifKiwfs; XVI 330-342
Ml;rpnkhop XVII 343-351
neUf;fb epiy rl;l tifKiwfs; XVIII 352-360
gytifg;gl;lit XIX 361-367
murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk; XX 368
jw;fhypf> ,ilkhW fhy kw;wk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;l tpjpfs; XXI 369-392
murpayikg;gpd; njhlf;fk;> jyg;G kw;Wk; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;l XXII 393-395
tpjpfs;

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 murpayikg;G tiffs;

ml;ltizfs; (Schedules)  khepy mikr;rh;fs;.

 rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;.
Kjy; ml;ltiz  cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;.
 ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; ngah;fSk;> ehd;fhk; ml;ltiz
Ml;rp vy;iyfSk;>
 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; ngah;fSk;>  khepyq;fSf;Fk;> a+dpad;
mtw;wpd; vy;iyfSk;. gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; khepyq;fs;
mitapy; (Rajya Sabha) ,l xJf;fPL.
,uz;lhk; ml;ltiz
Ie;jhk; ml;ltiz
 fPo;f;fz;lth;fspd; Cjpak;> gbfs;
kw;Wk; rpwg;Ghpikfs; njhlh;ghd rl;l  jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;
tiuKiwfs;. gFjpfis eph;tfpf;Fk; kw;Wk;
 FbauRj; jiyth; kw;wk; khepy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; rl;l tif Kiwfs;.
MSeh;fs;
 kf;fsitj; jiyth; kw;Wk; MwhtJ ml;ltiz
Jizj; jiyth;.
 m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh kw;Wk;
 khepyq;fsitj; jiyth;
kw;Wk; Jizj; jiyth;. kpNrhuk; khepyq;fspy; cs;s
goq;Fbapdhpd; eph;thfk; njhlh;thd
 khepy rl;lg;Nguitj; rl;l tifKiwfs;.
jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Jizj;
jiyth;fs;. Vohk; ml;ltiz
 khepy; rl;lNkyitapd;
jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Jizj;  kj;jpa murpw;Fk;> khepyq;fSf;Fk;
jiyth;fs; ,ilapyhd mjpfhug; gfph;T
 cr;r ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; cah;  kj;jpa muRg; gl;bay; - 100
ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;. Jiwfs; (Kd;ghf 97)
 ,e;jpaf; fzf;fha;T kw;Wk;  khepyq;fs; gl;bay; - 61
jzpf;ifj; Jiwj; jiyth;. Jiwfs; (Kd;ghf 66)
 nghJg; gl;bay; - 52 Jiwfs;
%d;whk; ml;ltiz (Kd;ghf 47)
 fPo;f;fz;lth;fspd; gjtpg; gpukhz vl;lhtJ ml;ltiz
cWjpnkhopfs;:
 kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs;.  murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jhy;
 ghuhSkd;w Njh;jy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs; - (22
Ntl;ghsh;fs; nkhopfs;)
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;.
xd;gjhk; ml;ltiz
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;.
 ,e;jpa fzf;fhsh; kw;wk;  rl;lkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
jzpf;ifj; Jiwj; jiyth;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jk;

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 murpayikg;G tiffs;

kw;Wk; [kPd;jhhp Kiw xopg;G  Cuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; mjpfhuk;>

njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs;> xOq;F nghWg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;
tpjpfs; gw;wpa ml;ltiz. ml;ltiz.
 Kjy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;l  ,jpy; Cuhl;rpfspd; 29 tifahd
jpUj;jj;jpd; (1951) %yk; ,t; gzpfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltiz ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.  murpayikg;gpd; 73-MtJ
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; (1992) %yk;
gj;jhtJ ml;ltiz ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
 fl;rpj; jhty; jilr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd gd;dpnud;lhtJ ml;ltiz
tpjpKiwfs;.
 52-MtJ rl;lj; jpUj;jj;jpd; (1985)  efuhl;rpfspd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
%yk; ,e;j ml;ltiz nghWg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ml;ltiz.

gjpNdhuhtJ ml;ltiz

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