Sua samefos xanis xelovneba

(Zv.w. XXI-XIX s.)

Zv.w. 2400 wlisaTvis egviptis erTiani saxelmwifo daiSala. TiTqmis sami saukune
Zv.w. XXIV-XXI ss-ebi (VII-X dinastiebi) SinaaSlilobisa da ekonomikuri daqveiTebis periodia.
am dros nomarqebi damoukidebel politikas eweodnen. ukve Zv.w. XXI s-is dasawyisSi
iwyeba brZola egviptis gaerTianebisaTvis. erTmaneTs kvlav upirispirdeba CrdiloeTi da
samxreTi egvipte. samxreTi egviptis mmarTvelma gvarma amenemhet I-is meTaurobiT
Seadgina XI dinastia, gaaerTiana saxelmwifo da saTaveSi Caudga qveyanas. XI dinastiis
mmarTvelobiT XXI s-Si iwyeba Sua samefos xana. egviptis dedaqalaqad cxaddeba Tebe.
Sua samefos xana, romelic sam saukunes moicavs (Zv.w. XXI-XIX) sakmaod mdidaria
xelovnebis nimuSebiT.
axali, XI dinastiis faraonebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen, daemtkicebinaT TavianTi
xelisuflebis kanoniereba, xazi gaesvaT imisTvis, rom isini Zveli samefos xanis faraonTa
sruluflebiani memkvidreebi arian. amitomac TavianT didebul winaprebs baZavdnen. da ai,
sami saukunis Sesvenebis Semdeg kvlav iwyeba piramidebis mSenebloba. es piramidebi
verc zomiTa da masStabebiT, verc mSeneblobis teqnikiTa da xarisxiT, verc mxatvruli
STambeWdaobiT axlosac ver mivlen gizas piramidebTan. maTi mSenebloba tradiciisTvis
garkveuli xarkis gadaxdad unda miviRoT. pirvelad swored amenemhet I-ma daiwyo sakuTari
samarxis mSenebloba piramidis saxiT, amasTan, igi CrdiloeTiT gadaitana. riTac erTgvarad
gawyvita kavSiri Tavis winaprebTan (igi xom warmoSobiT samxreTeli iyo). es sakmaod
Tamami nabiji iyo. aseTi ram verc misma winamorbedebma da verc mis Semdgom
mosulma mmarTvelebma ver gabedes. maT TavianTi samarxebi TebeSi datoves, magram
Seecadnen SeenarCunebinaT Zveli samefos xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebi. maT Zveli
samefos xanis faraonTa samarxis _ piramidis forma daukavSires samxreTul tradicias,
nomarqTa kldeSi nakveTi akldamis tips. am saxis samarxTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania
mentuhotep II-sa da mentuhotep III-s samarxi deir-el-bahriSi, romelic Tebes mopirdapire
mxares, nilosis dasavleT napirze mdebareobs. nilosis napiridan taZrisken miemarTebod qvis
uzarmazari kedlebiT SemosazRvruli gza, romelic, SesaZloa, Zveli samefos ansamblebis
nilosidan momavali gadaxuruli derefnis analogi iyos. am gziT mimavali mnaxvelis winaSe
gadaiSleboda sakmaod did farTze terasebad ganlagebuli, piramidiT dagvirgvinebuli taZari,
magram Zveli samefos xanis masiur, maRal monumentur formebs naCvevi adamianis
TvalisaTvis es piramida saTamaSo figurad warmosdgeboda, Tumca, mTlianobaSi taZari
Tavisi formebiT aranakleb grandiozul STabeWdilebas axdenda, oRond es STabeWdileba sul
sxva xerxebiT miiRweoda. Tu Zveli samefos periodSi nagebobaTa STambeWdaoba maTi
simaRlis saSualebiT iyo xazgasmuli, axla, Sua samefos xanaSi (da Semdegac) isini TavianTi
monumenturi formebiT miwis zedapirze ganrTxmulni da sul sxvagvarad STambeWdavni
1
arian. aseTia, swored, mentuhotepebis taZaric. mTeli nageboba pirobiTad SeiZleba or
nawilad davyoT: misi erTi nawili (SedarebiT didi) kldis win mdebareobs, meore ki (ufro
mcire) kldeSia gamokveTili.
Zveli samefos xanis xuroTmoZRvrebidan am nagebobaSi SenarCunebulia samarxis
ZiriTadi nawilebi: piramida da sulis mosaxsenebeli taZari, magram Secvlilia mTi
urTierTmimarTeba. Tuki Zveli samefos periodSi samarxis ZiriTad nawils piramida
warmoadgenda, xolo sulismosaxsenebeli taZari SedarebiT mokrZalebuli zomisa iyo, Sua
samefos xanaSi sulismosaxsenebeli taZris roli gazrdilia: faqtobrivad, swored is
warmoadgens samarxis ZiriTad nawils. es kargad vlindeba mentuhotepebis taZarSi.
taZari terasebadaa ganlagebuli. winidan, aRmosavleTis mxridan, qveda terasa
morTulia portikiT, or mwkrivad ganlagebuli qvis svetebiT. portikis Sua nawili ukavia
panduss, romelsac zeda terasaze avyavarT. aq kvlav portikia, romlis Semdegac SevdivarT
e.w. hipostilur darbazSi. darbazis gadaxurva 140 hipostilur svets eyrdnoba, am mxridan es
darbazi Semofarglulia Ria galereebiT. darbazs zemodan piramida adgas.
ukana mxridan taZars uerTdeboda svetebiT garSemortymuli Ria ezo, romelic
nawilobriv kldeSi iyo gamokveTili. ezos Semdeg modioda kldeSi nakveTi kidev erTi
hipostiluri darbazi 80 svetiT da sul bolos _ Zalian mcire zomis samsxverplo. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mentuhotepebis taZarSi faraonebis akldama uSualod piramidaSi ki ar aris, aramed
gadatanilia da Camalulia kldeSi, hipostiluri darbazis qveS. amgvarad piramidas aq dakarguli
aqvs Tavisi uSualo, samarxis funqcia. miuxedavad amisa, arqiteqturuli tradiciebi imdenad
Zlieria, rom taZris centralur, damagvirgvinebel nawils funqciadakarguli da dekoraciad qceuli
piramida warmoadgens. tradiciaTa erTguleba mentuhotepebis taZarSi sxva detalebSic
vlindeba. sulismosaxsenebeli taZari aqac erT sigrZiv RerZze asxmuli sxvadasxvagvari
saTavsisagan Sedgeba, romelTa rigSi Ria ezocaa CarTuli. erTmaneTisagan yru kedlebiT
gamoyofili saTavsebi mxolod karebiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.
tradiciebis erTgulebasTan erTad mentuhotepebis samarxi mravali siaxliTac
gamoirCeva. rogorc ukve vTqviT is miwazea ganrTxmuli da ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. wina
nawilis mravalsarTulianoba da am sarTulTa pandusiT dakavSireba sruliad axali movlenaa
egviptur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. garda amisa, aq Tavs iCens mTavari, aRmosavleTis fasadis
gamoyofis tendencia, rac am mxridan pirvel sarTulze portikis damatebiT miiRweva.
amgvarad, es fasadi frontalurad aRiqmeba. wina periodis Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi
yru kedels ki ar warmoadgens, aramed yvela mxridan gaxsnilia svetebiT da TiTqos sivrces
erwymis. amitomac is naklebad pirquS STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca ar kargavs
grandiozulobas.
xuroTmoZRvris mTavari yuradReba, mimarTuli iyo fasadisadmi, Tumca Zveli samefos
xanis ZeglebTan SedarebiT, gaizarda interieris roli. magram Tuki taZari garedan mTlian,
Sekrul kompozicias warmoadgens, interierSi aseTi erTianoba jer ar aris miRweuli.
2
 taZris kedlebi Semkulia brwyinvale reliefebiT. SinaarsiTa da mxatvruli formiT isini
axlos arian Zveli samefos reliefebTan, gamoirCevian araCveulebrivi sinatifiTa da sirbiliT.
wyaroebis mixedviT, am kompleqsis wamyvani moqandake da reliefebis avtori irtiseni iyo.
marTalia Sua samefos xanis mrgvali qandakeba, reliefi da kedlis mxatvroba ZiriTadad
agrZelebs Zveli samefos periodis tradiciebs, magram maTSi mcireodeni siaxleebic Cndeba.
Sua samefos xanis mrgval qandakebaSi aSkarad vlindeba ori tendencia:
qandakebaTa erTi jgufi erTgulad agrZelebs winare xanis tradiciebs, meoreSi ki axali niSnebi
iCens Tavs. pirveli jgufis naTeli magaliTia mentuhotep I-is heb-sedis saritualo qandakeba.
kubze mjdomi figuris formebi mZime, tlanqi da monumenturia, moZraoba _ SeboWili, figuris
qveda nawili sagrZnoblad masiuri da mouqnelia. saxe erTdroulad portretulicaa da
arakonkretulic, mzera _ ganyenebuli. TeTri saritualo samosi mWidrod ekvris faraonis
monumenturi sxeulis daunawevrebel, erTian formas. samosis TeTr ferTan kontrastSi sxeulis
daufaravi, yavisfrad SeRebili nawilebi kidev ufro muqi gveCveneba. am mkacr
feradovnebaSi mkveTrad JRers faraonis Tavsaburavis aqtiuri wiTeli feri. rogorc vxedavT aq
SenarCunebulia winare xanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mTeli rigi: formaTa
monumenturoba, masiuroba, ganzogadebuloba da daunawevrebloba, moZraobis
SeboWiloba, niRbis msgavsi saxis gayinuli, araamqveyniuri gamometyveleba.
am tipis qandakebebis gverdiT gvxvdeba iseTebic, romlebSic vlindeba siaxleebi. maTi
gaCena SemTxveviTi rodia. Sua samefos xana egviptis istoriaSi rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse periodia, romlis drosac garkveulad eWvqveS dgeba winare xanis doqtrinebi. Sua
samefos xanis faraonebi aRar arian ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT aRWurvili despotebi, rogorc
maTi winaprebi _ piramidebis mSenebeli faraonebi. amas garda, Sua samefos xanis
qandakebebi iqmneba ara marto daluqul akldamebSi mosaTavseblad, aramed RvTaebaTa
gamosaxulebebTan erTad taZrebsa da Ria ezoebSi dasadgmeladac. yovelive aman
gamoiwvia is arsebiTi cvlilebebi, romlebic adamianis (faraonis) saxis axal interpretaciaSi
gamovlinda. am periodis portretebs aRar axasiaTebT is RvTaebrivoba, riTac ase
gamoirCeodnen Zveli samefos xanis qandakebebi. Tu winare periodis portretSi faraonis
RvTaebasTan gaigiveba iyo wamyvani, axla mis saxeSi adamianuri sawyisic Cndeba. amis
gamo, am nakadis Zeglebi meti individualobiTa da pirovnuli daxasiaTebiT gamoirCevian.
Sua samefos xanis qandakebis ayvavebis periodia senurset III-is mefobis xana.
SemogvrCa misi mravali portreti. isini ZiriTadad agrZeleben tradicias da faraonis saxis
RvTaebriobas erTgulad gadmogvcemen, magram am portretebSi SeimCneva zemoT
naxsenebi siaxleebic, romlebic erTi SexedviT arcTu TvalSi sacemia, magram TavisTavad
metad arsebiTia: mzeris gayinulobisa da simkacris miuxedavad, saxeSi Cndeba ganwyobisa
da pirovnebis xasiaTis erTgvari niSnebi. am mxriv gamoirCeva senurset III-is obsidianisgan
Sesrulebuli skulpturuli Tavi. gaocebas iwvevs saxis nakvTebis plastikuroba. obsidianis priala
zedapirze areklili sinaTlis aTinaTebi moculobaTa kontrastulobas aZliereben da saxis cocxal
3
struqturas TvalnaTliv warmoaCenen. saxis Caweuli da amoweuli nawilebi mkveTradaa
dapirispirebuli, anu saxe sakmaod detalizebulia, rac mis zedapirze mkveTri Suq-Crdilis
TamaSs iwvevs da Taviseburad acocxlebs kidec. gamometyveleba mkacria, magram ar aris
iseTi ganyenebuli da araamqveyniuri, rogorc adre. aq pirovnebis Zlier naturaSi odnavaa
Separuli melanqoliuri, sevdiani ganwyoba. es imdenad mcire raodenobiTaa portretSi, rom
am niuansis aRqma mnaxvelis ufaqizessa da mgrZnobiare Tvals moiTxovs.
mxtvrulma xelosnobam Zveli samefos xanaSi ufro didi ganviTareba hpova, vidre es
manamde iyo. am periodSi ostatebma bevri axali ram Semoitanes TavianT
SemoqmedebaSi. faiansis damuSavebis daxvewilma teqnikam maT saSualeba misca
SeeqmnaT lurj da firuzisfer tonebSi gadawyvetili mSvenieri WurWeli da aseve SeesrulebinaT
WiqurqveSa moxatuloba. saocrad mZafri realisturi gamomsaxvelobiTaa savse faiansis
behemotebis SesaniSnavi figurebi. Zalian sainteresoa amenemhet III-is kverTxi,
sxadasxvaferi minis joxebisgan Semdgari, romlebiTac joxis gadanaWrelSi mefis saxeli
iwereba. ganviTarda aseve brinjaos warmoebac, gvxvdeba axali tipis WurWeli.
gansakuTrebul warmatebas miaRwies iuvelirebma, romelbmac axali _ cvar-namis teqnika
SeimuSaves. Semonaxuli samkauli gamoirCeva faqizi SesrulebiT, formaTa
mravalferovnebiT, ornamentis Wkvianuri SerCeviTa da ganlagebiT TiToeul nivTze. am
periodSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia lotosisa da papirusis ornamenti.
xalxur xelovnebasTan pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli Sua samefos periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli samarxebSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCenili xis qandakebebi, romlebic arcTu
iSviaTad gamoxataven egviptis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mTel scenebs: mxvnels xarebiT,
navebs meniCbeebiT, an meTevzeebiT, SeiraRebuli meomrebis armiasa da sxv. es primitiuli
qandakebebi Zalian Sors dganan profesionaluri xelovnebisagan, Tumca xSirad imeoreben
gamosaxulebis agebis sqemebsa da xerxebs. samagierod maTSi didi doziT aris
gadmocemuli ubralo da cxovrebiseuli sianmdviliT aRsavse sinatife.
Tebedan CrdiloeTiT ganlagebul centralur nomebSi _ beni hasanSi, meirSi, berSeSi da
sxvagan SemogvrCa Sua samefos xanis kedlis mxatvrobis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi. Tuki Zveli
samefos periodSi upiratesoba reliefs eniWeboda da moxatulobas mis damatebad
aRiqvamdnen, Sua samefos xanidan moxatuloba damoukidebel mniSvnelobas iZens.
saritualo scenebSi igive Tematika meordeba, romelic jer kidev winare xanis reliefebze
gvxvdeboda. Cndeba axali siuJetebic: tyveebisa da nadavlis Camotarebis, orTabrZolaTa
scenebi. gansakuTrebiT popularulia sasaxlis karis cxovrebis amsaxveli kompoziciebi _
dedoflis morTvis, misi garTobisa da sxv. akldamebSi sartylebad gadmocemul scenebSi
araCveulebrivi plastikiTaa gadmocemuli adamianTa, cxovelTa da frinvelTa gamosaxulebebi.
maTi moZraobebi aqtiuria, cocxali da zogjer bunebrivic ki, rac miT ufro TvalSisacemi da
gasaocaria, rom es yovelive winare xanaSi SemuSavebuli mkacri kanonebis sruli dacvis
farglebSi xdeba. saocari harmoniulobiT gamoirCeva freskebis feradovani gadawyvetac.
4
nomarq xnumhotep II-is samarxis (beni-hasani) cnobil moxatulobebSi, romlebic asaxaven
nilosis napirebze nadirobis scenebs, buneba sruliad axleburadaa warmodgenili _ papirusebi
mfrinavi da mjdomare CitebiTa da monadire gareuli katebiT. cxovelebi mocemulia
sxvadasxvanair cocxal pozaSi. siaxlea aseve saRebavebis ferTa simdidrec.
egviptis istoriis sxva Zlier epoqebTan SedarebiT Sua samefos xana gacilebiT nakleb
dros moicavda. XII dinastia warmatebiT axorcielebda dapyrobiT politikas, misi
mmarTvelobis dros kulturis aRmavlobac SimCneva, magram qveyana mtkiced
gaerTianebuli mainc ar aris. XIII-XIV dinastiebis mmarTvelobiT Zv.w. XIX s-is miwurulidan
Zveli egviptis meored daSlis periodi iwyeba. amas hiqsosebis mier egviptis dapyrobac
emateba. Zv.w. 1720-1600 wlebSi, mTeli XVII-XVI ss-is ganmavlobaSi, daSlil-daqucmacebuli
egvipte maTi batonobis qveSaa. mxolod Zv.w. XVI s-is miwuruls hiqsosebis qveynidan
gandevnis Semdgom XVIII dinastia aerTianebs qveyanas Tebes garSemo da iwyeba axali
samefos xana _ yvelaze xngrZlivi da rTuli periodi egviptis istoriaSi.