1

Electrical Machines
(EELE 3351)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

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Assad Abu-Jasser, PhD

Electric Power Engineering
The Islamic University of Gaza
ajasser@iugaza.edu.ps
Site.iugaza.edu.ps/ajasser

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

3

Chapter 1
Introduction To
Introduction
Machinery Principles
Machinery Principles

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Angular
4 Position, Velocity and Acceleration

Direction
of rotation   velocity
d
rsinrsin

 rad/s
dt


F
  acceleration
θ angle at which it is
oriented, radians/degrees d 2
+ve anticlockwise rotation
 rad/s
-ve clockwise rotation dt
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
5 Torque, Work and Power
Direction W  Work
of rotation

rsinrsin W    d   W  
work in joules


P  Power
d
P  F  
dt
  Torque (twisting force)
d
  Force  perpendicular distance P   dt
  F  r sin  P   watt

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

6 Newton’s Law of Rotation

F  ma newton
  J  N.m
 -- Force
F Torqueapplied
m
J - -moment
mass of of
object
inertia
a
-- angular
acceleration of object
acceleration
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
 The Magnetic Field
7 Production of a Magnetic Field

Ni
Hl c  Ni , H 
lc

Ampere's Law

B   H , r  

o I

 Ni


CSA


B  H 


H dl I
N turns
lc
  BdA ,   BA net
A
mean path length, lc

 NiA

lc
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
8 Magnetic Circuits


N
A

+ +
V R F=Ni Reluctance, R
-
(mmf) -

F   R similar to V  IR 1 F
P  ,   F P
Series Reluctances R R
 NiA A A
S
R eq  R 1  R 2  R 3  ...
  Ni F
Parallel Reluctances lc lc lc
1 1 1 1 A lc
    ... P  , R 
R eq R1 R2 R3 lc A
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
9 Example 1.1
2 of uniform
130 10
A ferromagnetic core is shown. Three sides of this core are

R 1
width, while the fourth side is somewhat
1  thinner. The depth of the core
 A 2500  4 10 15 10 10
(into the page) is 10cm, and the other dimensions are
1
7 shown in the 4
figure. There is a 200 turn coil wrapped around the left side of the core.
1 R  27586.86
Assuming relative permeability µr of 2500, how much flux will be
At/Wb
produced by a 1 A input current?
2 45 102
R2  
 A 2 2500  4 107 10 10 104
R 2  14323.94 At/Wb
R tot  R 1  R 2  41910.8 At/Wb
Ni 200 1
  10 3

R tot 41910.8
  4.77 mWb
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
10 Example 1.2
2
Figure shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length 40  is 40cm.
10 There is a
small gap of 0.05cm in the structureR cof the otherwise
c
 whole core. The csa of the
core is 12cm2, the relative permeability of A
thec 4000
core is  4 
4000,  10
and
7

the 12 
coil10
of
4
wire on
the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in the air gap increases the effective
R c  66314.56
csa of the gap by 5%. Given this information, findAt/Wb
(a) the total reluctance of the
flux path (iron plus air gap) (b) the current required to produce a flux density of
0.5T in the air gap. a 0.05 102
Ra  
 Aa 4 107 12.6 104
R a  315783.62 At/Wb
R tot  R c  R a  382098.18 At/Wb
Ni 400  i
  B A  
R tot 382098.18
B  A  R tot 0.5 12.6 104  382098.18
i 
400 400
i  0.602 103  602 mA
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
11 Example 1.3
Ni 50 10
200 1
Figure shows a simplified rotor and stator for a dc motor. The mean path 2 length of
R  
  A 
the stator is 50cm, and its csa is 12cm 2. Thesmean path length of the rotor is 5 cm,3
and its csa also may be assumed to be s
2000  4 10 1210
12cm 2. Each air gap between7the rotor and
10 4

R
R
 165786.4
The iron of the core has a relative permeability
750775.55
the stator is 0.05cm wide, and the csa of eachsair gap (including fringing) is 14cm 2.
totof 2000, and there are 200 turns of
At/Wb
wire on the core. If the current in sthe wire is adjusted to be 1A, what will the
  0.2664
resulting flux density in the air gaps be?
 mWb
5  10 2
Rr  r

 A r 2000  4 107 12
3  10
4
 0.2664 10
Br 16578.64
R  At/Wb 4
A  14  10 0.05  10 2
R a1  R a2  a 
B  0.1903  Aa T4 107 14 104
R a1  R a2  284205.26 At/Wb
R tot  R s + R r + 2R a
R tot  750775.55 At/Wb
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
12 Ferromagnetic Materials Behavior

Ni F
H  
c c
B  H
  B A  H A
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
13 Example 1.4

Find the relative permeability of the typical ferromagnetic material whose

magnetization curve is shown at (a) H=50, (b) H=100, (c) H=500, and (d) H=1000
A-turn/m.

BB
 
H
H
H 1000
at H 100
50
500A-turn/m BBB0.25
A-turn/mB
A-turn/m
A-turn/m 0.72
1.51
1.4 T
0.72
1.51
0.25
1.4
  0.0028
0.0072
0.00151
0.005 H/m H/m
H/m
H/m
1000
500
100
50
 0.00151
0.0072
0.0028
0.005
rr   1200
5730
3980
2230
ooo 44410
10
107777

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

14 Example 1.5
A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55cm and a csa of 150cm 2. A 200
turn coil of wire is wrapped around one leg of the core. The core is made of a
material having the magnetization curve shown below. Find: (a) How much current
is required to produce 0.012 Wb of flux in the core?, (b) What is the core’s relative
permeability at that current level?, and (c) What is its reluctance?

 0.012
B    0.8 T
A 0.015
B F 0.8 63.25
RH115 A-turn/m

H 
115
 0.00696
(from curve)
H/m
F  Ni   H  0.012
115  0.55
 0.00696
r 63.25
F  A-turn 7  5540
R Fo5270 4 A-turn/Wb
63.25
10
i    0.316 A
N 200

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Ferromagnetic Core Losses
15 Hysteresis and Eddy Losses

DC Excitation


1st Positive
Cycle

F
2nd Negative
Cycle

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Faraday’s Law of Induction
16 Time-varying Magnetic Field

If a flux passes through a turn of a coil of wire, voltage will be induced in

the turn of the wire that is directly proportional to the rate of change in
the flux with respect of time (Faraday’s Law)

d
e ind  
dt Video Animation
d
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC6E9J925pY
e ind   N
dt
The direction of the build-up voltage in the coil is as such that if the coils
were short circuited, it would produce current that would cause a flux
opposing the original flux change (Lenz’s Law)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

17 Example 1.6

The coil of wire wrapped around the iron core in the figure shown has 100 turns. If
the flux in the core is given by Φ=0.05 sin 377t Wb. Determine the voltage induced
at the terminals of the coil and its polarity when flux is increasing in the reference
direction shown.

d
e ind N
dt
d
e ind  100 (0.05sin 377t )
dt
e ind  1885cos 377t V
e ind  1885sin(377t  90) V

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Induced Force on a Wire
18 Left Hand rule

Video Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYPfjU2tBG4

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Induced Force on a Wire
19 Right Hand rule
Thumb
(resultant force)

Index Finger
(current direction)

Middle
Finger
(Magnetic Flux Direction)

F i l B θ angle between conductor and magnetic

field

F  ilB sin 
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
20 Example 1.7
The figure shows a wire carrying a current in the presence of a magnetic
field. The magnetic flux density is 0.25T, directed into the page. If the
wire is 1m long and carries 0.5A of current in the direction from the top of
the page to the bottom, what are the magnitude and direction of the force
induced on the wire?

F  Bli sin 
F  0.25  1 0.5sin 90
F  0.125 N (directed to the right)

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

 Induced Voltage on a Conductor
21 Moving in Magnetic Field

e ind     B   l
e ind     B  l cos 
 -angle between conductor and direction of (  B )
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
22 Example 1.8
The figure shows a conductor moving with a velocity of 5m/s to the right
in the presence of a magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5T into the page,
and the wire is 1m length, oriented as shown. What are the magnitude and
polarity of the resulting induced voltage?

e ind     B  l
e ind     B sin 90  l cos 0
e ind   Bl
e ind  5  0.5 1  2.5 V
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)
23 Example 1.9
Figure shows a conductor moving with a velocity of 10m/s to the right in a
magnetic field. The flux density is 0.5T, out of the page, and the wire is 1m
in length. What are the magnitude and polarity of the resulting induced
voltage?

e ind     B   l
e ind     B sin 90  l cos30
e ind   Bl cos30
e ind  10  0.5 1 0.866  4.33 V

Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)

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End Of
Chapter One
Dr. Assad Abu-Jasser, EE-IUGaza Electrical Machines (EELE 3351)