Main Report - Sisneghari - Final

Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project, Nuwakot 2020
Provincial Government
Bagmati Province
Ministry of Physical Infrastructure
Development Hetauda, Nepal
PREPARATION OF DETAIL PROJECT REPORT OF

SISNUGHARI MUHAN GARI DUMRE IRRIGATION
PROJECT, PALLOTAR
FINAL REPORT
Volume I. Main Report
Submitted by
Sentinel Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd.
Balaju, Kathmandu
May, 2020
i
Synopsis
The Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project has 19 Ha of net command area which lies in the
Tadi Rural Municipality in Nuwakot district. The source has limited water but it is perennial.
A core walls and single stage orifice is proposed as an intake. As per the demand of the user
and site condition, the main and branches are proposed HDPE pipeline. The length of the
main pipeline is 825m and branches is around 1200 m. The canal has the designed discharge
of the canal is 56 lps at the intake. The pipe has designed to accommodate the future water
demand as per the proposed cropping pattern. protection work in the intake also proposed.
Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project is a demand driven project. At present, only limited area
of the proposed command area has paddy, wheat and vegetables cultivation is carried out by
present physical infrastructure. With the construction of this project, the proposed command
area is expected to be provided with year round irrigation facility. Consequently, the
agriculture yield will be increased substantially and eventually, the living standard of the
people living within the command area will rise. The total cost of the project has been
estimated to be NRs. 63,11,000 (as per rates of 2076/77) and the internal rate of return is
18.01% and project is recommended for implementation.
ii
Salient Features
1. Project Name : Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation

Project
2. Sub Project Classification : New
3. Location
a. District : Nuwakot
b. Municipality : Tadi Rular Municipality ward
number 5
c. Province : Bagmati
d. Zone : Sisnughari Muhan
e. Elevation : 700 m & below.
4. Command Area : 19 ha
5. Source
a. Name of River : Sisnu ghari Khola
b. Type : Perennial
c. Catchment Area : 1.5 sq. km.
6. Discharge
a. Maximum : 22 Cumecs.
b. Measured : 30lps (22nd Feb 2020)
c. Water Right Problem : No
7. Head Works Type : Single orifice
8. Canal
a. Total length : 825 Km (main canal)
b. Lined Length : No, all unlined section
c. Designed Discharge : 56 lps
d. Type of Canal : HDPE pipe
9. Cropping Intensity
a. Present without project : 152%
b. Future with project : 261%
10. Food Situation : Inadequate
11. Marketing Facilities : Bidur, Nuwakot
12. Availability
a. Manpower : Unskilled & Semi-skilled
b. Materials : None
13. Beneficiaries Interest
a. Demand for project : very enthusiastic, as this project
will upgrade their livings due to increase in agricultural products.
b. Cost sharing on project : As per Irrigation Policy.
14. Total Project Cost : NRs. 63,11,000
a. EIRR of Total Project Cost : 18.01%
b. B/C Ratio at 10 % Discount Rate : 1.65
15. Conclusion & Recommendation : RECOMMENDED FOR
IMPLEMENTATION.
iii
Acronyms
AICC. Agriculture & Irrigation Coordination Committee

AMsl Above Mean Sea Level
AOs Association Organizers
APP Agriculture Perspective Plan
ASC Agriculture Service Centre
BS Bikram Sambat
CA Command Area
CBO Community Based Organization
COs Community Organizers
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Act
EPR Environmental Protection Regulation
FWRID Far Western Regional Irrigation Directorate
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FIRR Financial Internal Pate of Return
FMIS Farmers Managed Irrigation System
FY Fiscal Year
GCA Gross Committee Area
GO Government Organization.
GON Government of Nepal
ha Hectare
ID Institutional Development
IDE International Development Enterprise
IDP Institutional Development Plan
IGA Income Generation Activity
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ISF Irrigation Service Fee
Kg Kilogram
O&M Operation and Management
PAP Project Affected People
SCF Standard Conversion Factor
NISP Nepal Irrigation Sector Project
TOR Terms of Reference
WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
WUA Water Users Association
iv
Table of Content
List of figure................................................................................................................ viii
List of Table ................................................................................................................ viii
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background of the project ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Context of the present Study ........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Objective and Scope of the work .................................................................................. 2
1.4 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................... 2
1.5 Report structure ............................................................................................................ 3
2 Study area ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Project Area ................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Location and Accessibility ........................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Climate, Topography and Soil ..................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Socio-Economic background ....................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 Existing Irrigation Infra-structures .............................................................................. 5
2.1.5 Issues related to infra-structures and Institutions. .................................................... 5
3 Methodology.................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Inception meeting.......................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Field survey .................................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Hydrological study ......................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Estimation of Flow at Diversion/Intake Site .................................................................. 7
3.4.1 MIP Method ................................................................................................................ 7
3.4.2 Estimation of 80% Reliable Monthly Flow .................................................................. 7
3.4.3 Sharma and Adhikari (2004) ....................................................................................... 7
3.4.4 Mean Monthly Flow Calculation ................................................................................. 8
3.4.5 High Flood Estimation ................................................................................................. 8
4 Socio economic and Agriculture status ......................................................................... 11
4.1 Demographic Characteristics ....................................................................................... 11
4.2 Social Organization and Water User's Association:..................................................... 11
4.3 Economy and Occupation ............................................................................................ 11
4.4 Operational Land Holding and Tenancy Status ........................................................... 12
4.5 Crop water requirement .............................................................................................. 12
4.6 Agricultural Benefit ...................................................................................................... 19
5 Engineering System Design ........................................................................................... 22
5.1 Off take structure ........................................................................................................ 22
5.2 Canal Network ............................................................................................................. 27
v
5.3 Drainage Consideration ............................................................................................... 27

5.4 System Operation Plan ................................................................................................ 27
6 Institutional Aspect ....................................................................................................... 29
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 29
6.2 Beneficiaries Demand for the Sub-Project .................................................................. 29
6.3 Level of Cooperation / Enthusiasm among Beneficiaries............................................ 29
6.4 Conflict and Management at Beneficiaries level......................................................... 29
6.5 Resource Mobilization for System O&M ..................................................................... 30
6.6 Institutional Linkage to support Services .................................................................... 30
6.7 Level of Co-operation and Willingness to Contribute in System Improvement ......... 30
6.8 External Support .......................................................................................................... 30
6.9 NGO Support................................................................................................................ 30
6.10 CO Support ................................................................................................................. 31
6.11 Proposed Organization/Institutional Arrangements ................................................. 32
6.12 System Maintenance Plan ......................................................................................... 32
6.13 Needs for Training ..................................................................................................... 32
7 Initial Environment study .............................................................................................. 33
7.1 Purpose and objective of environmental study .......................................................... 33
7.2 Policy, legislation, guideline and institution ................................................................ 33
7.3 Description of the environment .................................................................................. 34
7.3.1 Impact on Environmental Condition ......................................................................... 34
7.3.2 Environmental Screening .......................................................................................... 35
8 Project cost and Economic analysis .............................................................................. 41
8.1 Quantity Estimates ...................................................................................................... 41
8.1.1 Site Clearance ........................................................................................................... 41
8.1.2 Earthworks ................................................................................................................ 41
8.1.3 Backfilling .................................................................................................................. 41
8.1.4 Reinforced Concrete Works ...................................................................................... 41
8.2 Rates and Prices ........................................................................................................... 42
8.2.1 Materials and Wage Rates ........................................................................................ 42
8.2.2 Locally Produced Materials ....................................................................................... 42
8.2.3 Imported Materials ................................................................................................... 42
8.3 Rate analysis and Item Rates ....................................................................................... 42
8.4 Construction Costs ....................................................................................................... 43
8.5 Financial Analysis ......................................................................................................... 45
8.6 Sensitivity Analysis....................................................................................................... 45
vi
9 Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................................. 46

9.1 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 46
9.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 46
Annex 1. Measured and Design Discharge

Annex 2. Crop water requirement
Annex3. Design of intake, Main and branches pipe lines and associates structure.
Annex 4. Rate Analysis and cost estimate
Annex 5. Financial analysis
Annex 6. Site photograph
vii
List of figure
Figure 2.1. Location of the Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project ........................................ 4

Figure 3.1. Methodology of the work .................................................................................... 6
Figure 3.2. Mean monthly flow and 80% reliable mean monthly flow in Sisnughari Muhan
by MIP method .................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4.1. Steps for calculating the irrigation water demand ............................................. 13
Figure 4.2. PET under present climatic condition ............................................................... 15
Figure 4.3. CWR and water available in the intake ............................................................ 18
Figure 5.1. Main canal/ pipe, branches, offtake, and command area of the Sisnughari Muhan
Irrigation System in site plan and google map. .................................................................... 28
List of Table
Table 3.1: Regional Equation Coefficients for Estimation of Monthly Flows ...................... 8
Table 3.3. 50 years flood in Sisnughari Muhan river by different methods .......................... 9
Table 3.4. Flow estimation in in seepage by MIP method..................................................... 9
Table 4.1. Demographic situation of the study area ............................................................ 11
Table 4.2. PET in the study area under present climatic condition ..................................... 15
Table 4.3. Scheme water calculated for future cropping intensity....................................... 16
Table 4.4. Proposed cropping pattern in study area ............................................................. 17
Table 4.5. Climatic data used to calculate the crop water requirement ............................... 18
Table 4.6. Average Yields of Major Crops at rain-fed and irrigated Condition (Mt/ha) ..... 19
Table 4.7. Market price of major items................................................................................ 19
Table 4.8. Net benefit after provide irrigation facilities ...................................................... 20
Table 4.9. Crop budget for proposed crops.......................................................................... 21
Table 5.1. Design of core wall ............................................................................................. 23
Table 7.1. Screening of Major Potential Impact .................................................................. 36
Table 8.1. Abstract of cost of the project ......................................................................... 43
Table 8.2. Economic indicator with sensitivity analysis ..................................................... 45
viii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project

Irrigation is one of the major contributors of the agriculture productivity. The Government
of Nepal has been emphasizing irrigation development in each of its plan and programs.
Department of water resources and irrigation which is a lead agency in irrigation
development and management is exploring the potential area for irrigation development as
per the irrigation policy. Many small, medium and large irrigation projects had been
implemented under the umbrella of Department of Irrigation to accelerate the irrigation
infrastructure development. Recently, as the nation has promulgated federal system, the
department has been restructured as department of water resources and irrigation and it takes
the responsibility of water induced disaster management as well. In the federal system, the
responsibility of implementation of then non-conventional irrigation technology project
(NITP) and medium irrigation project (MIP) has been transferred to the provincial
government.
Nepalese farmers have been practicing irrigation to accelerate agricultural production for
long time. More than half of the irrigated area in Nepal are built and still managed by the
farmers with little or no assistance from the government agency. These systems have been
contributing considerably in the national economy and have become the livelihood for the
farmers of Nepal. Increase in population has propelled intensification of human activities
with modern agriculture practice to meet food demand of population. To cope up the
additional food demand, and generate additional employment in agriculture sector,
Government of Nepal has prioritized this sector by allocating major portion of the annual
budget in this sector. In our country Agriculture sectors contributes 27% of the total GDP
employing about 60% of the labor forces.
Ministry of physical infrastructure development Bagmati province, aims to provide irrigation
assistance in demand driven mode wherein identified projects are initiated by farmers’ user
group and implemented according to established process. Soon after the completion of the
projects, water users’ committee takes over the responsibilities of operation and maintenance
(O & M). This project also aims to develop capability of water user in distributing irrigation
water efficiency and equitably, maintaining the system efficiently, solving conflicts
regarding water use among the users and mobilize necessary resources.
The Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project has 19 Ha of net command area which lies in the
Tadi Rular Municipality in Pallotar district.
1.2 Context of the present Study

The source of this project is water from Sisnughari River. The source is perennial having
little discharge throughout the year. Though there are no scheme downstream of proposed
1
intake extracting water from this source, the diversion of water does not affect the schemes
downstream.
1.3 Objective and Scope of the work

The main objective of Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation System is to irrigate the around 19 ha
land in the Tadi Rular municipality of Pallotar district. Farmers made small watercourse to
irrigate their land and every year it is washed out and need to maintain regularly. After
construction this project, people will free from the regular maintenance of the diversion
headworks in the Sisnughari river.
The development of the project is envisaged with the construction of physical system,
improved agricultural practice with intensive agricultural extension services, appropriate O
& M practice at the hand of the users themselves and environment friendly utilization of land
and water resources. The project has been selected based on genuine demand of farmers and
during this study; people’s participation was very active and encouraging. In future, the
WUA is expected to generate local resources also to carry effective O & M of the system.
The available water to the project has been determined considering the present usage of water
from the same source. The design discharge of the project and the potentially irrigable crop
areas has been determined based on this available water. The physical system has been
designed considering the maximum utilization of local materials and manpower,
environmental impact issues and compatibility for easier O & M. As per the site condition
and demand from the users, the whole system has designed by using the pipe for conveying
water. One main line and seven branches has proposed together with two reservoirs and one
intake.
The proposed works for the project development are:

Side intake, single orifice with core wall 1 No.
Main pipe line 800 m
branches line 8 Nos., 1500 m length
Reservoir 1 No.
Water collection chamber 1 No.
1.4 Approach and Methodology

The proposed Sisnughari Muhan irrigation Project was visited by the technical team. During
the visit, the team conducted walk- through survey along the canal alignment, command area
and the source with the help of WUA members. The team also conducted a meeting with
farmer beneficiaries and discussed about the project. After an intensive discussion with the
farmer beneficiaries, the team planned the work. The team collected and verified the survey
2
data, conducted a detail engineering study, hydrological, agricultural, socio-economic and

environmental studies. Moreover, the data regarding the possible future cropping patterns,
institutional developments, mode of construction and users anticipated participation in
construction and subsequent operation and maintenance of system after the completion of
construction were discussed in detail.
During the design and reporting phase, field data were plotted and analyzed using method
suggested by PDSP manuals and prevailing engineering practices. The estimate of physical
works is done using departmentally approved rate analysis norms and approved district rates
for F.Y. 2076/77. Financial and economic analysis of the project is performed.
1.5 Report structure

The report has three volumes. The first volume is the main report, second is annexes and the
third one is drawings. The report structure is as follow.
Volume I Main Report

Volume II Annexes
Annex 1. Measured and Design Discharge
Annex 2. Crop water requirement
Annex3. Design of intake, Main and branches pipe lines and
associates structure.
Annex 4. Rate Analysis and cost estimate
Annex 5. Financial analysis
Annex 6. Site photograph
Volume III Drawings
3
2 STUDY AREA
2.1 Project Area
2.1.1 Location and Accessibility

The source of water for the Sisnughari Muhan irrigation project is the Sisnughari river. It
lies in the Northern part of the Nuwakot district. The headwork location is around 20
kilometers from the Bidur. Net command area of the project is around 19 ha. The figure 2.1
shows the location of the Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project.
Figure 2.1. Location of the Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project
2.1.2 Climate, Topography and Soil

The command area is situated around 700 m altitude above mean sea level. This is influenced
by tropical climate and catchment's area experiences moderate temperate and cool climate.
The meteorological station located near the project area is in Bidur Pallotar Station number
(1004). Annual precipitation of area is about 1700 mm with about 80% occurring during the
monsoon. The relative humidity ranges from 35% to 75% during dry season and 65% to 85%
during the wet season. Average year temperature ranges from 260C (maximum) to 140C
(minimum). In study area, air temperature indicates that three crops per year can easily be
cultivated which is also provided by the existing cultivation practice of the farmers in the
command area. The topography of the command area is sloping terrain. The survey data
shows considerable elevation difference in main pipe line from intake to tail. The command
4
area is lies in one side of the main canal. Soil of the command area is suitable and fertile for
the production of food grains and vegetables. The proposed command area is composed of
plain and leveled land and soil depth is sufficient for various type of crop cultivation.
2.1.3 Socio-Economic background

The main settlement village in the command area is heterogeneous society of Brahmin-
Chhetri, Dalit, Madhesi etc. They have pet animals like goats, pigs and cows for their income
source and livelihood.
2.1.4 Existing Irrigation Infra-structures

There is no existing irrigation infrastructure in the proposed area.
2.1.5 Issues related to infra-structures and Institutions.

No water right conflicts have been noticed.
5
3 METHODOLOGY
The overall methodology of the study is shown in the figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1. Methodology of the work
3.1 Inception meeting

After contract sign, the inception meeting was done with the concern officer and the
stakeholders about the project work. The meeting finalizes the tentative schedule of the field
work and office work.
3.2 Field survey

The survey has done in field after signing the contract. The cropping pattern, socio-economic
data, hydrological data were collected in Falgun 2076.
3.3 Hydrological study

Hydrological and meteorological investigations shall be done for study area and which is
shown in the annex. It consists of field measurements to generate hydrological estimates and
predictions, such as firm flow, mean monthly flows and flood flows, required for hydraulic
design of project structures, confirm stage-discharge relationships. General procedure to be
followed shall be as follows;
The Consultant assessed the quality and reliability of the available information on hydrology,
meteorology and made arrangements for the collection of reliable data. The field
6
measurements of required hydrological, meteorological data and any additional information

to enhance the data base and ensure appropriate information needed for the detailed design
acquired according to requirement.
3.4 Estimation of Flow at Diversion/Intake Site

The river discharge was measured by velocity area method. This measured discharge was
used to determine available average flow, 80% reliable monthly flows at the intake using
MIP method. Also Sharma and Adhikari method was used to estimate mean monthly flow.
And high flood was estimated using Sharma and Adhikari method and other empirical
methods. A brief description of Methodology adopted is described below.
3.4.1 MIP Method

Region of the site is identified from maps given in MIP method and corresponding non
dimensional hydrograph values are obtained. And then April flow is estimated from observed
flow using these values. The April flow is later multiplied by these non-dimensional values
to compute corresponding monthly flow.
3.4.2 Estimation of 80% Reliable Monthly Flow

Similarly, for 80% reliable monthly flow, non-dimensional hydrograph values are given to
obtain 80% reliable monthly flows. Ratio of 80% reliable flow ordinate and mean flow
ordinate is estimated from the curve and that value is multiplied by mean April flow to
compute 80% reliable April flow as shown below.
80% reliable April flow = Mean April flow * (80% reliable flow ordinate /mean flow
ordinate)
Then the monthly flows for other month are estimated by multiplying respective values.
3.4.3 Sharma and Adhikari (2004)

Sharma and Adhikari (2004) method is used for estimating mean monthly flow. Monthly
flow is estimated using the following relationship
Qmean (month) = Coefficient*(basin area) A1*(basin area below 5000m+1) A2*(mean
monsoon precipitation) A3
Y = a +b(X1) +c(X2) +d(X3)
Where, Y = discharge for a given month after an appropriate transformation as given in
column 6 of the table and a, b, c and d are constant coefficients.
Values of coefficients are given in Table 3.1
7
Table 3.1: Regional Equation Coefficients for Estimation of Monthly Flows
Const Coefficient
Transformation
Month A Avg. Elev. Ann. Ppt. A3000 A5000
1 2 3 4 5 6
Jan -16.7 1.36 0.470 0.820 - Ln
Feb -17.2 1.42 0.456 0.814 - Ln
Mar 0.384 - - - 0.091 Sqrt
Apr 0.181 - - - 0.104 Sqrt
May 0.0001 - - - 0.136 Sqrt

Jun -19.5 1.61 0.709 0.872 - Ln
Jul -16.3 1.26 0.759 0.884 - Ln
Aug -14.7 1.24 0.622 0.871 - Ln
Sep 13.7 1.09 0.594 0.872 - Ln
Oct 15.3 1.21 0.600 0.846 - Ln
Nov 16.7 1.36 0.543 0.826 - Ln
Dec -17.0 1.39 0.504 0.822 - Ln
Source: Procedural Guidelines CMIASP - 2007
3.4.4 Mean Monthly Flow Calculation

The input data required for this method are Average elevation, Annual Rainfall, Catchment,
Area under 3000 m and Catchment area under 5000 m altitude.
3.4.5 High Flood Estimation

Sharma and Adhikari (2004) method can be used to estimate high flood as follows:
Q2  2.29 A300 
0.86
Q100  20.7 A3000 

0.72
Where,
Q2 = 2 year return period flood
Q100 = 100 year return period flood
A3000 = Catchment area under 3000 m
For estimating the floods of different return periods, the relationship used in the WECS and
DHM method can be used.
Qf = exp (Ln (Q2+Sơn)
Where, Qf = Flow for various return Periods
ơn = Ln(Q100/Q2)/2.326
S = Standard normal variant and is different for different return period
8
The calculation of the design discharge is shown in the annex 1. The summary of the
maximum discharge obtained from the different method shown in the table 3.2.
Table 3.2. 50 years flood in Sisnughari Muhan river by different methods
Method of Flood estimation 50 year flood, Cumecs

Ryves Formula 16
Modified Dicken's Formula 8
Regional Flood Relationship (WECS, 1989) Method 16
Hence, adopt design discharge 16
The discharge measured in the seepage water in the intake site on the date March 2 ,2020.
The discharge is 30 lps. The discharge throughout the year is converted by using the MIP
method. The calculation and the diagram of the mean monthly flow and 80% reliable monthly
flow of the seepage water is shown in the table 3.3 and figure 3.2. Although the seepage
water is not predicting in other months by MIP method, but for reference the value obtained
from the MIP methods is presented in the figure.
Table 3.3. Flow estimation in in seepage by MIP method
Measured Date 2 3 2020

MIP Region 3
Measured Flow (lps) 9
Non-dimesional Ordinate 1.6
April Flow (lps) 5.63 April flow 1.99
a. Mean Monthly Flows b. 80% Reliable Monthly Flows

Half monthly flow (lps) Half monthly flow (lps)
Non- Mean Non- 80%
Month dimensiona Monthly Month dimensiona Monthly
1st 2nd 1st 2nd
l Ordinate Flows (lps) l Ordinate Flows (lps)
January 2.71 15.26 17.00 14.00 January 2.47 4.93 5.00 5.00
February 1.88 10.58 12.00 10.00 February 1.82 3.63 4.00 3.00
March 1.38 7.77 8.00 7.00 March 1.35 2.69 3.00 3.00
April 1.00 5.63 6.00 7.00 April 1.00 1.99 2.00 2.00
May 1.88 10.58 9.00 12.00 May 0.82 1.64 2.00 2.00
June 3.13 17.62 16.00 32.00 June 1.29 2.57 2.00 4.00
July 13.54 76.23 62.00 92.00 July 4.71 9.39 8.00 17.00
August 25.00 140.75 125.00 135.00 August 20.59 41.06 33.00 40.00
September 20.83 117.27 123.00 103.00 September 17.65 35.19 37.00 30.00
October 10.42 58.66 73.00 51.00 October 7.65 15.25 20.00 14.00
November 5.00 28.15 36.00 26.00 November 4.82 9.61 11.00 9.00
December 3.75 21.11 23.00 20.00 December 3.53 7.04 8.00 7.00
9
Figure 3.2. Mean monthly flow and 80% reliable mean monthly flow in Sisnughari Muhan
by MIP method
The agriculture status, design, cost estimate and economic analysis will be discussed in the
coming chapter separately.
10
4 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURE STATUS
4.1 Demographic Characteristics

The command area of Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation project lies in ward number 5 of the
Tadi rular municipality Pallotar District. This project area is food surplus area but due to the
lack of irrigation the productivity of the land is decreased. People of this area have low
income and they go to outside to get temporary employment. The project after its completion
can raise the economic status of the people by increasing off-season vegetables and other
agricultural production to a great-extent. The total population in the Tadi rular municipality
is 17932. the total house hold is 3582 and the male and female population is 8977 and 8955
respectively. The table 4.1 and shows the demographic situation of the Tadi rular
municipality.
Table 4.1. Demographic situation of the study area
Ward number Household Total Male Female

1 768 4014 2036 1978
2 625 3009 1519 1490
3 666 3163 1559 1604
4 511 2411 1207 1204
5 520 2500 1236 1264
6 492 2835 1420 1415
Total 3582 17932 8977 8955
4.2 Social Organization and Water User's Association:

There is no other social organization. The local farmers had already formed the Water Users'
Association. WUA is active for the rehabilitation of the project. They are committed to
participate for construction and Operation & Maintenance of the system in future according
to government rules.
4.3 Economy and Occupation

The main occupation of the people in this area is farming. However, very few people are
engaged in civil service, teaching etc. Many young people are reluctant in agriculture and
they move to abroad in search of employment. Paddy and wheat are the main crops whereas
maize and potato are crops grown in the area. For meat and other products, people purchase
from nearest market areas. Figure 5.1shows the ethnic group composition of the project area.
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4.4 Operational Land Holding and Tenancy Status

Most of the farmers of the command area are landowners. There exist few tenant farmers in
the project area. As per information provided by the local people, average land holding is
around 1 ha per household. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people in the
command area before Sisnughari Muhan flood but now some people use that area for fish
farming and some people drop agriculture work and migrate to the other area for labour work.
Many farmers still doing agricultural work in the saved land during Sisnughari Muhan flood.
So still many peoples depend on agriculture as a prime source of income. However,
considering low yield per unit area and high population pressure, agriculture alone is not
sufficient to support the economic needs of the people. Most of the farmers have practiced
animal husbandry as a supplementary source of income. The land available is completely
used for agriculture production.
4.5 Crop water requirement

The Crop Water Requirement (CWR) is the total quantity of water required for the plant
throughout the life period. It is the compensate water to the crop which loss by plant through
evapotranspiration. There are various methods by which plant get compensation such as
water from the soil which is storage as the moisture, rainfall, irrigation etc. The CWR can
said a crop evapotranspiration (ETc). It can be calculating by equation 4.1.
ETc = Kc × ETo (4.1)

Where
ETc = Crop evapotranspiration
ETo = Reference evapotranspiration
Kc= Crop coefficient
The value of Kc varies mainly on the specific crop type and somehow depends on the soil
evaporation and climate condition. The value of Kc also varies with in the life period of the
plant. There is different value in growing period, maturity period and harvesting period. It
converts the reference evapotranspiration to the crop evapotranspiration. Kc approach is
accepted universally.
Scheme water requirement was calculating by using CROPWAT8.0. For that the first step is
to calculate the ETo. As describe in the equation 4.1, ETo can calculate by the CROPWAT
model. There are different methods to calculate ETo but Penman-Monteith method was used
in this study. After that the effective rainfall was calculated. Effective rainfall (P eff) was
calculated by the USDA soil conservation method where effective rainfall was calculated as
per following equations
12
Peff = (P* (125-0.2*3*P))/125 for P<=250/3 (4.2)

Peff = 125/3+0.1*P for P> 250/3
The next step is to define the cropping pattern. The cropping pattern of the study area was
collected from the past report and field visit. Both case collecting data from the field or
district level office. Some data were taken from the literature. The software calculates the
CWR of each crop. Than after deduction the effective rainfall from the CWR, irrigation water
requirement was obtained for each crop. Finally, after summing up the all water requirement
in corresponding time period, total scheme water requirement can be obtained. After
applying efficiency-coefficient in scheme water requirement, total water required in source
can be obtained. For this study, he cropping pattern was obtained from the field data. All
climatic data were obtained from DHM, Nepal. Figure 4.1 shows the steps to calculate the
irrigation water demand. The cropping pattern and the corresponding cultivated area were
taken from the field during field survey. The scheme water requirement or water required in
the source was calculated by using the scheme efficiency 30%.
The present water requirement will be calculated by using the present cropping system and
current climate scenario where as the future crop water requirement will be calculated by
using the future cropping pattern.
Figure 4.1. Steps for calculating the irrigation water demand

13
The study assumes that the climatic parameters, such as wind speed, sunshine hour and
humidity, are assumed to be the same in the future under different analysis scenarios. In case
of Sisnughari Muhan irrigation project, there is no meteorological stations inside the
command area so the nearby Nuwakot stations data are used.
The crop water requirement in present and future condition has calculated by Penman
equations. The evapotranspiration was calculated by using the Penman Monith equation. The
meteorological data from the Nuwakot stations was used to calculate the crop water
requirement in the present condition. The sunshine hour, wind speed and relative humidity
was also taken from the nearby Kathmandu airport. The proposed (future) cropping pattern
was used to calculate the crop water requirement during present and future condition. The
PET is very important factor to calculate the CWR. the table 4.2 and figure 4.4 shows the
PET of the study area under the present cropping condition.
Month PET (mm/day)

Jan 2.01
Feb 2.93
Mar 4.31
Apr 5.53
May 5.56
Jun 4.64
Jul 3.79
Aug 3.71
Sep 3.2
Oct 3.39
Nov 2.49
Dec 2.02
14
Table 4.2. PET in the study area under present climatic condition
Figure 4.2. PET under present climatic condition
15
The proposed cropping pattern and the meteorological data is shown in the table 4.4 and 4.5
respectively, in which traditional paddy remains the main monsoon crop, with supplementary
irrigation to increase yields. Other major seasonal crops are the wheat, maize, pulses, oilseed,
potato, seasonal vegetables etc. The choices of crops are made analyzing the land use
capability, water availability and preference made by the farming communities and also
taking account of market opportunities. The cropping intensity under the proposed plan is as
high as 274% from the current 152%.
After confirmed the present and future cropping pattern, the irrigation water requirement is
calculated. By taking the thirty percent of the scheme efficiency, scheme water for the project
is calculated. Table 4.3 shows the scheme water under future cropping pattern.
Table 4.3. Scheme water calculated for future cropping intensity.
Month CWR (LPS) Month CWR (LPS)

Jan_1 6.52 Jul_1 11.26
Jan_2 8.20 Jul_2 8.43
Feb_1 10.28 Aug_1 8.82
Feb_2 11.41 Aug_2 3.71
Mar_1 8.52 Sep_1 6.41
Mar_2 7.83 Sep_2 10.34
Apr_1 9.41 Oct_1 17.64
Apr_2 7.75 Oct_2 16.78
May_1 6.25 Nov_1 0.00
May_2 4.26 Nov_2 5.79
Jun_1 14.64 Dec_1 3.29
Jun_2 28.91 Dec_2 4.89
The maximum water demand is 28.9 lps in the June. Hence the system has been designed
for the 29 lps capacity.
16
Table 4.4. Proposed cropping pattern in study area
Total command area 19
Month Jan Jan Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Jul Agu Aug Sep Sep Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec
Area Area
Crop (ha) (%) I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II
Monsoon Paddy 11 58
Maize 7 37
Wheat 5 26
Potato 5 26
Musturd 1 5
winter Vegetable 8 42
spring Vegetable 7 37
Monsoon vegetable 8 42
Total cropping intensity (%) 274
17
Table 4.5. Climatic data used to calculate the crop water requirement
Lat 27.55 Long 85.10 Station No. 1004 (Nuwakot)

Humidity, sun shine hr. Wind speed
Lat 27.42 Long 85.22 Station No. 1030(Ktmairport)
Present climatic data to calculate Crop Water Demand by using CROPWAT8.0
Rainfall Wind speed Sunshine hour

Month Tmin ( C ) Tmax ( C ) Humidity (%)
(mm) (km/day) (hour)
January 13.54 7.60 19.40 79.00 154.46 7.20
February 19.92 8.50 21.40 71.00 193.08 9.10
March 30.46 13.20 26.90 61.00 220.11 8.40
April 48.89 17.30 30.00 53.00 239.42 7.70
May 107.98 17.80 30.30 57.00 227.83 7.40
June 269.48 19.50 29.40 73.00 212.39 6.20
July 462.42 18.90 28.50 81.00 193.08 4.40
August 442.20 18.80 28.80 83.00 166.05 5.10
September 230.27 18.20 27.70 82.00 150.60 4.40
October 48.99 16.00 27.00 79.00 150.60 8.10
November 5.77 11.00 24.00 85.00 146.74 8.10
December 10.62 7.60 20.30 80.00 142.88 8.10
Average value 1690.54 14.53 26.14 73.67 183.10 7.02
The CWR and water available in the intake is shown in the figure 4.5. The detail calculation
of the crop water requirement is shown in the annex.
Figure 4.3. CWR and water available in the intake
18
4.6 Agricultural Benefit

The agricultural benefit is calculated by using the crop yield market rate and input use in the
production. The table 4.6 shows the production in the command area under present condition
and future condition (after implementation the project). Similarly, the table 4.7 shows the
present market rate. And table 4.8 shows the agricultural revenue.
Table 4.6. Average Yields of Major Crops at rain-fed and irrigated Condition (Mt/ha)
Yield after provide Incremental

Crop Present yield
Irrigation yield
Paddy 2 3 1
Wheat 1.5 2.5 1
Maize 1 2.5 1.5
Mustard 0.5 0.7 0.2
Vegetable 3 7.5 4.5
Potato 5 14 9
Here are some difficulties to calculate the production cost. To calculate the total production
cost all costs should be measured, whether purchased or owner supplied. The basic concept
is that if it is necessary for production, then it must be valued. Cost items that are purchased
and expended during the production period include inputs such as seed, fertilizer and
pesticides. Farmer can also be hired capital expenses such as rented machinery or bullock
livestock. Costs also include all charges for labor whether paid for or not, hired or owner
provided, paid in kind or in cash or sourced to unpaid family members. Cost items whose
service life extends over several production periods, such as capital service costs
(depreciation on owned machinery and buildings), also need to be measured. In the present
study we have calculated the production cost as per the privilege norms and market price.
The table 4.9 shows the production cost for the different type of crops.
Table 4.7. Market price of major items
Particular Unit Price in NRs.

Paddy NRs./ton 20,000
Wheat NRs./ton 18,000
Maize NRs./ton 30,000
Mustard NRs./ton 85,000
Winter Veg. NRs./ton 35,000
Spring Veg. NRs./ton 35,000
Potato NRs./ton 25,000
19
Table 4.8. Net benefit after provide irrigation facilities
Present Future Incr. yield due Average Gross

Production Incrmental Production Market
Crop/Area cropping cropping to irrigation yield production Revenue
(Mt) area (ha) (Mt) Price /MT
area (ha) area (ha) (Mt/ha) (MT/ha) (MT)
Monsoon Paddy 10.4 11.0 1.00 10.4 0.6 3.00 1.8 12.2 20,000 244,000
Maize 5.8 7.0 1.50 8.6 1.3 2.50 3.1 11.8 30,000 352,500
Wheat 4.8 5.0 1.00 4.8 0.3 2.50 0.6 5.4 18,000 96,750
Potato 2.3 5.0 9.00 20.5 2.7 14.00 38.1 58.6 25,000 1,465,000
Musturd 1.0 1.0 0.20 0.2 0.0 0.70 0.0 0.2 85,000 19,125
winter Vegetable 2.9 8.0 4.50 12.8 5.2 7.50 38.6 51.5 35,000 1,800,750
spring Vegetable 1.9 7.0 4.50 8.6 5.1 7.50 38.3 46.8 35,000 1,638,000
Total revenue 5,616,125
29 44 Expenditure 4,438,062
Net benefit from project 1,178,063
20
Table 4.9. Crop budget for proposed crops
Crop Budget Form

Name of Project: Sisnu ghari Irrigation Project
District : Nuwakot H = Hybri d, I = Improved
Winter Summer Monsoon Monsoon Summer

Paddy Wheat Maize Oilseed Pulses Potato
S.N Particulars Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Maize Paddy
I I H+I I I I H+I H+I H+I H+I I
40.00 100.00 20.00 18.00 25.00 1,000.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 20.00 40.00
1 Seed
Price 50.00 50.00 50.00 60.00 60.00 20.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 50.00 50.00
Value 2,000.00 5,000.00 1,000.00 1,080.00 1,500.00 20,000.00 2,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 1,000.00 2,000.00
2 Organic Fertilizer 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00
Price 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00
Value 4,000.00 4,000.00 6,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 6,000.00 4,000.00
3 Nitrogen, N 100.00 100.0 60.00 60.00 35.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 60.00 100.00
Required Urea 191.87 174.86 104.91 104.91 54.82 109.64 109.64 109.64 109.64 104.91 191.87
Price 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42
Value 3,726.14 3,395.75 2,037.45 2,037.45 1,064.61 2,129.22 2,129.22 2,129.22 2,129.22 2,037.45 3,726.14
4 Phosphorus P 30.00 50.00 30.00 30.00 25.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 30.00 30.00
Required DAP 65.22 108.70 65.22 65.22 54.35 108.70 108.70 108.70 108.70 65.22 65.22
Price 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42 46.42
Value 3,027.39 5,045.65 3,027.39 3,027.39 2,522.83 5,045.65 5,045.65 5,045.65 5,045.65 3,027.39 3,027.39
5 Potassium K 30.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 30.00 30.00
Required MOP 50.00 41.67 50.00 50.00 50.00 66.67 66.67 66.67 66.67 50.00 50.00
Price 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42 32.42
Value 1,621.00 1,350.83 1,621.00 1,621.00 1,621.00 2,161.33 2,161.33 2,161.33 2,161.33 1,621.00 1,621.00
6 Pesticide 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 1,000.00 1,000.00
7 Farm Labour 100.00 96.00 90.00 60.00 60.00 144.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90.00 100.00
Price 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00 400.00
Value 40,000.00 38,400.00 36,000.00 24,000.00 24,000.00 57,600.00 40,000.00 40,000.00 40,000.00 36,000.00 40,000.00
8 Animal Labour 48.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 40.00 48.00
Price 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00
Value 24,000.00 20,000.00 20,000.00 20,000.00 20,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 20,000.00 24,000.00
Input per ha 79,374.53 78,192.23 70,685.84 54,765.84 53,708.44 125,436.21 89,836.21 90,836.21 90,836.21 70,685.84 79,374.53
21
5 ENGINEERING SYSTEM DESIGN
5.1 Off take structure

As per the site condition and taking account of the stream width and stream morphology, a
side intake structure to control the water diversion is suitable.
In general, the offtake should preferably be built in a straight reach of the river. When the
water is free from silt, the center line of the offtake canal could be at an angle to the center
line of the parent canal. When there is a lot of silt in the system, the offtake should have a
scour sluice to discharge sediments or should be put at a 90° angle from the parent canal. If
it is not possible to build the offtake in a straight reach of the river, one should select a place
on the outside of a bend, as silt tends to settle on the inside of bends. However, erosion
usually takes place on the outside of the bend and therefore protection of the bank with, for
example, concrete or gabions might be needed. The offtake can be perpendicular, at an angle
or parallel to the riverbank, depending on site conditions.
The functions of the offtake structures are:
 To pass the design discharge into the canal or pipeline
 To prevent excessive water from entering during flood
Considering these functions, the most important aspect of the structure is the control
arrangement, which can be a gate, stop logs, or other structures. When the gate is fully
opened, the intake behaves like a submerged weir
Sisnughari is an existing irrigation system inherently operated and maintained by the farmers
but the water receive by the farmer is very irregular. In the purposed work, control structures
such as intake, water collection chamber, water store reservoir, main pipe line, branches pipe
lines are proposed. Basic concept adopted for planning and design are as follows:
I. Existing canal and drainage alignment have been followed to avoid land acquisition
and resettlement issues.
II. The cropping pattern s obtained from the farmer level during side visit.
III. Continuous irrigation shall be applied to the paddy crops and for other crops irrigation
shall be applied following irrigation scheduling to meet the water requirement of the
crops.
The detail design is shown in the volume 2. As a sample design, the summary of the design
of core wall is shown in table 5.1. The main and branch pipe layout system and corresponding
command area is shown in the figure 5.1.
22
Table 5.1. Design of core wall
Design of Core wall
Name of Project : Sisnughari Irrigation Project

Location : Tadi-5, Nuwakot
Design discharge Q = 16.00 Cumecs

D50 for River bed D50 = 6.0 mm
Silt factor f = 4.31
Existing waterway P = 6.00 m
Intensity of discharge q = 2.67 cumecs/m
Normal scour depth, using Lacey's formula R = 1.35*(q 2/f) 1/3 = 1.59 m
Lacey's regime velocity, V = 0.738*q 1/3*f 1/3 = 1.666 m/s
Increased velocity due to concentration of flow = 2.165 m/s
Anticipated scour depth from HFL 1.5*R = 2.39 m
HFL at this section = 918.75 m
Average bed level = 917.076 m
Anticipated scour level = 916.36 m
Scour depth from river bed level D = 0.72 m
Adopt D = 1.00 m
at max. anticipated
Adopt, thickness of base slab = 0.20 m
scoured level
Considering ponding above river bed = = 0.20 m
Height of corewall H = 1.20 m
Width of foundation slab B = 1.25 m
Toe projection = 0.20 m
Assume thickness of wall at base t1 = 0.50 m
Assume thickness of wall at top t2 = 0.30 m
Angle of repose of gravel mixed soil Φ = 35 deg
Coefficient of Active earth pressure Ka = (1-sinΦ)/(1+sinΦ) = 0.271
SBC of foundation soil = 100 KN/m2
Specific weight of saturated soil, γ = 20 KN/m3
Specific weight of RCC, γ C = 25 KN/m3
Specific weight of water, γw = 9.81 KN/m3
Effective weight of sat.soil, γ1 =(Ka(γ-γw)+γw) = 12.57 KN/m3
Coefficient of friction between concrete and soil, µ = 0.55
0.55 0.50 0.20 D/S

U/S Flow 0.75
0.30
0.20
w3
Existing RBL
1.200
w1
w4
1.00
sat.
earth
P1 w2
D C B A Max. Anticipated scour
0.20 level
0.20
0.20
w5
D' C' B' A'
1.25
23
The worst condition arises when d/s bed is at max

Checking stability of wall at foundation level scoured level and upstream face experinced
saturated earth pressure
Particular Description Weight/ Force Lever arm Moment at A
w1 Rectangular portion of wall 9.000 0.350 3.150

w2 Triangular portion of wall 3.000 0.567 1.700
w3 Triangular portion of backfill 2.400 0.633 1.520
w4 Rectangular portion of backfill 13.200 0.975 12.870
w5 Base slab 6.250 0.625 3.906
ΣV 33.850 KN ΣMv 23.146 KN-m
P1 Pa = Ka*γs*h2 / 2 12.320 KN 0.467 5.75 KN-m
Overturning moment, Mo = 5.75 KN-m
Net stabilizing moment, ΣM = 17.397 KN-m
Factor of safety against overturning = Stabilizing moment / overturning moment
= 4.026 > 2.0 Ok
Factor of safety against Sliding = µ*∑V/ ∑H
= 1.511 > 1.50 Ok
Pressure distribution
Net moment ΣM = 17.4 KNm
Line of action of force, Lr = ∑M/∑V = 0.51 m
Eccentricity, e = ABS(L/2 -Lr ) = 0.11 m
L/6 = 0.21 m No tension at foundation level
Pressure at toe, p1 = ΣV/b(1+6e/b)
= 41.516 KN/m2 < 100KN/m2 OK
Pressure at heel, p2 = ΣV/b(1-6e/b)
= 12.644 KN/m2 < 100KN/m2 OK
0.55 0.50 0.20
D C B A
12.64
25.35
36.90
41.52
Pressure distribution
For RCC work,

Grade of concrete (M20) σc = 7.00 N/mm2
Grade of steel Fe 415 σst = 230.0 N/mm2
Modular Ratio m = 280/3σc = 13.33
Neutral axis factor k= m σc/(mσc+σst) = 0.289
Leaver arm factor j = 1-k/3 = 0.90
Moment resisting fator r = 1/2σc*k*j = 0.91
A) Design of heel slab

Consider a 1m wide strip,
The upward pressure intensityat D = 12.64 KN/m2
The upward pressure intensityat C = 25.35 KN/m2
Total upward soil pressure= Area of pressure trapezium CC'D'D = 10.45 KN
acting at a distance from junction with stem = 0.24 m
Downward pressure intensity due to self wt. = 2.75 KN 24
Downward pressure intensity due to weigt of backfill = 9.81 KN

Net BM at junction = BM due to downward pressure- BM due to upward pressure = 1.008 KNm
i) Design for Maximum Bending moment
Effective depth required d=√(M1/(r*1000)) = 33.23 mm
Available effective depth = 144.0 mm OK
2
Area of Steel required A st =M/(jxdxσst) = 33.68 mm
Minimum steel required (0.25% for balanced section) = 360 mm2
Spacing required for 12 mm dia bar = 314 mm
Provide 12 mm dia @ 240 mm c/c
Precentage of steel provided = 0.327 %
ii) Check for shear
Premisible Shear stress of concrete ( τc) for pt=0.327 % = 0.245 N/mm2 Form code
Maximu shear force in heel slab occur at junction point with stem = Total downward pressure- total upward pressure
Shear Force, V = 2.108 kN
Nominal shear stress τv =V/bd = 0.015 N/mm2 OK
Premisible Shear stress of concrete ( τc) = 0.245 N/mm2
iii)Distribution steel
Distribution reinforcement to be provided =0.12 % of x-area = 173 mm2
Area of steel provided = 314 mm2
B) Design of Toe Slab

Upward reaction at point A = 41.516 KN/m2
Upward reaction at point B = 36.896 KN/m2
Downward load due to self-weight and floor slab = 5.000 KN/m2
Hence the net upward reaction on toe slab at edge A = 36.516 KN/m2
Hence the net upward reaction on toe slab at edge B = 31.896 KN/m2
Consider 1m length of the wall
Maximum bending moment (M1) at junction with stem is given by =Area of the pressure trapezium * distance
of CG
M1 = 0.700 KN-m
Available effective depth = 144.00 Ok
Area of Steel required A st =M/(jxdxσst) = 23.37 mm2
Minimum steel required (0.25% for balanced section) = 460.80 mm2
Spacing required for 12 mm dia bar = 245.44 mm
Check for Shear at critical section
Premisible Shear stress of concrete ( τc) for pt=0.327 = 0.245 N/mm2
Pressure ordinate at critical section (at a distance =d away from junction with stem) = 35.222 KN/m2
Shear force at critical section, V = Area of pressure trapezium = 2.009 KN 25
2
Nominal shear stress τv =V/bd = 0.01 N/mm OK
For balanced section, τc=V/bd
Effective depth required, d = 8.21 mm

overall depth required at critical section = 66.21 mm
Available depth = 200.00 mm
OK
Distribution steel
Distribution reinforcement to be provided =0.12 % of x-area = 173 mm2
C) Design of Stem
Clear height of stem above base slab, l = 1.200 m
The pressure intensity at bottom,p = 15.1 KN/m2
Therefore, Maximum bending moment (M1) in the stem slab, near junction is
M1=γe*l 3/6 = 3.621 KN-m
Available effective depth = 442 mm Ok
Area of Steel required A st =M1/(jxdxσst) = 39 mm2
Minimum steel required (0.20% for balanced section) = 884 mm2
Premisible Shear stress of concrete ( τc) for pt=0.223 = 0.211 N/mm2
Shear Force V V=ka*γe*l 2/2 = 2.5 kN
τv =V/bd = 0.01 N/mm2 OK
At outer face of the stem
At outer faceof stem, provide temperature reinforcement
Area of steel required, A st required =0.12% of x-area = 530 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia @ 130 mm c/c on both ways
Distribution steel
Vertical Distribution steel =0.12 % of x-area = 530 mm2
26
5.2 Canal Network

The proposed main canal is aligned as a partly contour and partly ridge. The main canal /
pipe follows the almost East-West alignment. The total length of main canal/pipe is around
825 m and branches is 1150. And there are total 7 branches. 160 mm diameter pipe is
proposed for the main canal. The detail of designed has shown in the annex 3. The main and
branch pipe layout system and corresponding command area is shown in the figure 5.1.
5.3 Drainage Consideration

Local enquiries from the farmers and topographical condition of the command area show
that the runoff during rainy season does not have any problems like water logging and hence,
there exist no problem of drainage.
5.4 System Operation Plan

The farmers and WUA are very much enthusiastic to construct the Sisnughari Muhan
irrigation system to overcome their hardship for irrigation water; they are ready to maintain
the system through WUA. After the completion of the system, WUA will make the system
operation plan as per cropping pattern in the command area.
27
Figure 5.1. Main canal/ pipe, branches, offtake, and command area of the Sisnughari Muhan
Irrigation System in site plan and google map.
28
6 INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT
6.1 Introduction
The success of an irrigation project will often depend on various socio-economic factors. The
idea behind the active participation and cost sharing by the users in the development of
irrigation system is to develop a sense of ownership among users and subsequent efficient
operation and maintenance by them so as to make the project sustainable and effective. At
present, the entire command area is suffered by lack of irrigation facilities. As a result, the
cropping intensity is low and yield of the crop is also less than average of the district.
Therefore, the living standard of the farmers is low with less economic activities. The
production of the crops is not sufficient for fulfilling farmers demand. So the farmers are
compelled to buy food grains. To boost up economic status of the farmer's cash crops like
vegetables farming is proposed.
6.2 Beneficiaries Demand for the Sub-Project

The proposed sub-project is a demand driven project. Beneficiaries demanded by requesting
Nuwakot irrigation division office to help in the construction of this project. Leading farmer
beneficiaries arranged a mass meeting of all the beneficiaries in the proposed command area.
In the mass meeting they proposed the idea of seeking help for the proposed project. Almost
all beneficiaries were made aware about the rules and regulation of present irrigation policy
and are agreed to contribute their part of construction work.
6.3 Level of Cooperation / Enthusiasm among Beneficiaries

Beneficiaries’ cooperation was available to survey team in walk – through of the system,
gathering relevant sociological, agricultural, economical and also technical data. From the
observation, it can be said that the beneficiaries are willing to contribute their share of
contribution for the development of the proposed project. Beneficiaries have shown concern
about this project and are waiting impatiently to see that this project is implemented.
Beneficiaries are willing to contribute for their share for work in construction and are well
aware they have to operate and manage the system after commissioning of the project.
Beneficiaries in the command area are readily willing to contribute their share of work in
proportion to their land either in cash or labor or kinds.
6.4 Conflict and Management at Beneficiaries level

Beneficiaries in the command area are exposed to working in participatory approach. They
have worked together in constructing irrigation system contributing labor as well as cash in
the past. As the beneficiaries as used to work in participatory approach, conflicts that may
29
arise during any stage of implementation of project can easily be solved by the management
at the beneficiary's level.
6.5 Resource Mobilization for System O&M

Human labour, local materials such as boulders, brushwood are the major resources available
with the WUA. At least a farmer from each household has to contribute compulsory labour
donation for operation & maintenance of canal system as needed. They will collect financial
resources from the users as per their land holding and as penalties from the absentees during
labour contribution of canal work.
6.6 Institutional Linkage to support Services

Water user's organization is fully responsible to carry overall responsibilities of canal
operation, maintenance & to provide reliable irrigation services to the farmers. Similarly
branch committee and other subcommittee could be framed in the future to make water
delivery more reliable & dependable. The farmers as well as the WUA is in close contact
with other agricultural support services like AIC, Co-operatives and Agricultural Service
Center related to agricultural activities.
6.7 Level of Co-operation and Willingness to Contribute in System

Improvement
There is no any other reliable source of irrigation except this age-old irrigation system. All
farmers universally demand for better improvement of the system. Therefore, farmers are
found more cooperative as well as actively supportive towards the policy taken from
irrigation offices.
6.8 External Support

As being medium system, its proper improvement and system extension is merely possible
through local efforts. So, it needs external support from any development organization.
6.9 NGO Support

NGO is being mobilized to carry out the social mobilization activities, institutional
development activities, WUA development activities; institutional development activities of
WUA and other related all activities to develop this irrigation sub-project.
Basic Roles of NGO are as following:
 Assist to deployment of community Organizers COs) through WUA and train them
in all related aspects of sub-project development activities.
 Assist WUA to implement its institutional development activities with the help of
COs in coordination with SMU.
30
 Assist WUA with the help of COs to drafts constitutions, by-laws, rules and
regulations of WUA, approach of them through general assembly of WUA and
regulate them properly in practice.
 Assist WUA for organizational set - up and formal registration of WUA.
 Assist WUA with the help of COs for enrolment of members, information
dissemination organizes meetings of WUA and general assembly.
 Assist WUA with the help of COs to organize different subcommittee like
construction supervision, O&M, agricultural and livelihood enhancement and
facilitate training them in necessary subject matters.
 Assist WUA with the help of COs to appoint manager and treasurer and provide them
financial, administrative and accounting training as needed.
 Assist WUA with the help of COs to finalize and collect the contribution in cash,
kind and labour based on the beneficiary's list for developing sub-project.
 Assist to organize general assembly meeting to discuss and finalize the detail design
and cost sharing arrangements of sub-project development. The NGO will be a
signatory of the minutes of this meeting.
 Facilitate the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) by the concerned
parties. (SMU, WUA).
 Assist WUA to prepare and implement of the Resettlement Plan.
 Monitor and assist the COs to carry out all activities of social mobilization and
institutional development and implementation.
6.10 CO Support
The project has envisaged the concept of organization and strengthens of WUA through
deployment of COs among the competent beneficiaries. The basic roles of COs are as
follows:
 Motivate the project beneficiaries in cooperation with AO and NGO.
 Door to door visit within command area for all types of information campaign
regarding sub-project development.
 Prepare complete list of beneficiaries' households with landholdings and other related
data and information.
 Prepare list of other relevant stakeholders like landless people, dalits, and local
leaders. etc.
 Facilitate in organizational set of WUA, drafting constitution, by laws, rules and
regulation of WUA and approval by general assembly.
 Facilitate in organizing meeting of WUA, meeting of general assembly and
beneficiaries of different reaches as when needed.
 Assist in enrolment of beneficiaries ' membership.
31
 Assist to finalize beneficiaries' contribution arrangement and generate participation

for sub-project.
 Motivate the community in undertaking immediate works as identified.
 Assist WUA to maintain meeting minutes, record keepings, filling, etc. properly.
 Workout how much each household will contributes based on landholding.
 Assist in organizing different groups of WUA and different sub-committees as
needed.
6.11 Proposed Organization/Institutional Arrangements

The existing organization of WUA is according to irrigation policy and is governed by the
constitution and it will be continuous as per WUA constitution controlled by water user’s
association itself.
6.12 System Maintenance Plan

The farmers use to be organized for the system maintenance after each rainy season, during
monsoon period and also as needed at present and after the implementation of the project.
6.13 Needs for Training

Beneficiaries in the command area though exposed to participatory approach of development
activity are not experienced in it. They need strong awareness generating activities from the
office. Beneficiaries do not have experience in the construction activities, so they need
exposures to construction activities. They need training for proper and efficient operation
and management of irrigation system. Besides, these technical training, they need training
on the management aspect of the irrigation system.
32
7 INITIAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY
7.1 Purpose and objective of environmental study

The prevailing Environmental Protection Act. 1996 (EPA) and Environmental Protection
Regulation (1997, revised on 1999) provide the legal framework of environmental appraisal
in Nepal. Environmental assessment can be instrumental to integrate the development work
with environmental conservation imperatives in such a way that the anticipated benefits will
be obtained without causing serious environmental problems. The underlying objective of
Environmental assessment is therefore to gear the project as it evolves and takes shape to
"Make it environmentally sound, tailor it to and help fit in the local environment and
assimilate it in the social and instructional context."
 The primary objectives of Environmental assessment study are:
 Identify the major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical,
socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area;
 Recommended practical and site-specific environmental mitigation and
enhancement;
 Ascertain that Environmental assessment study is sufficient environmental study for
the proposed Irrigation Project; and
 Provides information on the general environmental social considerations of the area
subject to project implementation.
7.2 Policy, legislation, guideline and institution

As per the mandatory provision of Environmental Protection Act 1996 and Rules, extensive
review of act and policies were performed for the conducting the study. The major reviewed
legal documents related to the project are as follows:
 Environmental Policy
 Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1996
 Environmental Protection Rules (EPR), 1997 (First Amendment, 1999)
 Environmental Guidelines
 Forest Policy (1993), Forest Rules (1995), Forest Act (1993), and Amendments
(1995).
 Land Acquisition Act (1977)
 Plant Protection Act, (1951).
 National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973;
 Conservation Area Management Regulations, 2000;
 Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1986;
 National Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, 1993;
 EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 1995;
33
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES);
 World Heritage Convention, 1972;
 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992.
 Local Self-Governance Act (1999) and Rules (2000)
 Public Road Law
 Environmental and Social Management Frame Work 2004
7.3 Description of the environment

The rehabilitation of Irrigation system will have some changes in existing environmental
conditions in terms of physical (land, water, air, and soil), biological (flora and fauna), social,
and cultural aspects. The baseline information of environmental condition of the proposed
Irrigation system has been collected from various secondary sources, walkover survey
throughout the proposed Irrigation Project site, questionnaire survey and focused group
discussion and interaction with local people and representatives from various government
offices. The natural condition in terms of geo-physical characteristics, biological
characteristics and others are as follows:
7.3.1 Impact on Environmental Condition

The primary indicator of the types of environments that the project possesses can be
determined from its division of physiographic regions of Nepal. These zones, with their
unique geology, elevations and Flat characteristics, provide an indication of general climatic
conditions, slope stability and vegetation types. The study area lies in flat physiographic
region of Nepal. This physiographic region consists of flat covered with forest.
As the project is rehabilitation type there will be no major adverse environmental impact due
to project. It can be considered safe from land devastation, soil erosion, and soil
contamination. The change in hydrological parameters, atmospheric condition and water
quality will be negligible. The ground water table also will not be changed significantly.
There will certainly be enhancement in the use of agro-chemicals and fertilizers after the
supply of irrigation water is ensured by project implementation. This is considered as
negative impact of the project and this can be managed through trainings to the farmers
regarding the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides.
There will be hardly any adverse impact on social environment due to the implementation of
the project. Not a single household will be displaced. The implementation of the project will
improve the lively hood of the farmers and individual farmers would also socially lifted.
Hence, the project implementation would enhance the social environment.
34
7.3.2 Environmental Screening

The study is the detail-feasibility level study but the project is very small. However, due to
the considering of the importance of the environment, the following parameters and
corresponding remarks are listed in table 7.1.
35
Table 7.1. Screening of Major Potential Impact
IEE
Actions Affecting Environmental Damages to Environment Recommended Feasible (D)
Resources and Value (B) Protection Measures No Significant Significant Impact
(A) (C) Impact Small Moderate Major
D1 D2 D3 D4
a. Environmental Effects Due to site Selection
i Encroachment into forests/swamplands i Loss of precious natural resources i Careful planning /design/ 
operation plus offsetting
ii Impediment to movements of wildlife cadre ii Impediment of wildlife and ii Careful 
and people disruption of local economic /socio- planning/design/operation
economic
iii Impediment of historical/cultural iii Loss of precious value 
monuments, buildings and values
iv Conflicts in water supply rights iv Socio-economic inequities 
v Regional flooding/drainage hazards 
b. Problems from Oversight in Planning and
Design
i Watershed erosion i Project benefits impaired i Appropriate attention in 
project formulation
ii Downstream water quality problem ii Impairment of downstream ii Careful planning/design 
beneficial uses operation
iii Suitability of water supply quality for iii Project benefits impaired iii Careful planning/design 
irrigation operation
iv Land tenure problem iv Water right conflicts, salinization, iv Careful planning/design 
ground Subsidence operation
36
IEE
D1 D2 D3 D4
v Over pumping of groundwater v Project benefits impaired v Careful planning/design 
operation
vi Land tenure problems vi Project benefits impaired vi Careful planning/design 
operation
vii Farmer Credit Limitation vii Project benefits impaired vii Careful planning/design 
operation
viii Feasibility cooperatives viii Project benefits impaired viii Careful planning/design 
operation
ix Feasibility of water user’s association ix Project benefits impaired ix Careful planning/design 
operation
x Disruption of existing farmer cooperative x Project benefits impaired x Careful planning/design 
system operation
xi Use of agricultural chemicals xi Project benefits impaired plus xi Careful planning/design 
damage to downstream water quality operation
xii Selection of pesticides xii Project benefits impaired plus xii Careful planning/design 
environmental contamination operation
xiii Land use conflicts xiii Social conflicts/project benefits xiii Careful planning/design 
impaired operation
xiv Inequities in water distribution xiv Social conflicts/project benefits xiv Careful planning/design 
impaired operation
37
IEE
D1 D2 D3 D4
xv Canal maintenance xv Project benefits impaired xv Careful planning/design 
operation
xvi Passageways xvi Loss of wildlife plus disruption xvi Careful planning/design 
operation
c. Problems During Construction Stage
i Erosion control i Loss of soil plus damage to i Careful construction stage 
downstream water quality planning plus monitoring
ii Other construction stage hazards ii Adverse environmental effects ii Careful construction stage 
planning plus monitoring
iii Monitoring during construction iii Without this, serious adverse effects iii Provision of monitoring 
likely to occur
d. Problems Stemming from Deficiencies in
Operation
i Inadequate O & M i Loss in project efficiency i Careful operation plus 
monitoring
ii Adverse soil modification ii Loss in project efficiency ii Careful operation plus 
monitoring
iii Change in groundwater hydrology iii Adverse effects on other water and iii Careful operation plus 
land use monitoring
iv Water-oriented disease hazards iv Increase in communicable disease in iv Careful operation plus 
service area and region monitoring
38
IEE
D1 D2 D3 D4
v Toxic chemicals hazard v Adverse effects on aquaculture and v Careful use of agricultural 
downstream water quality chemicals including trainings
Vi Fertilizer runoff hazard vi Adverse effects on aquaculture and vi Careful use of agricultural 
downstream water quality chemicals including trainings
vii Operations monitoring vii If not provided, operations vii Provision of monitoring 
inefficiency is likely
viii Aquaculture water supply viii Serious aquaculture losses viii Careful operation to ensure 
continuing supply
e. Realization of Enhancement Potential
i Community water supply in service area i Nonrealization of very valuable i Project component for this 
socioeconomic gains
ii Aquaculture in service area ii Nonrealization of very valuable ii Project component for this 
socioeconomic gains
f. Overall Environmental Review Criteria
i Unwanted losses in precious resources i Long-term environmental and i Careful planning 
economic losses
ii Unwanted accelerated use of resources for ii Long-term environmental and ii Careful planning 
short term gains economic losses
iii Adverse effects on national energy iii Adverse effects on national iii Careful planning 
exchange situation economics
iv Unwanted hazards to undaunted species iv Long term environmental losses iv Careful planning 
39
IEE
D1 D2 D3 D4
v Undesirable population migration to urban v Identification of urban socio- v Careful planning 
sector economic problems
vi Increase in affluent/poor income gap vi Identification of national vi Careful planning 
socioeconomic imbalance
40
8 PROJECT COST AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Quantity estimates are based on the detailed measurements of structures and section in the
drawings presented in Volume III. Detailed calculation of quantities is given in Volume - II
and methods of estimates are described in following paragraphs. Cost estimate is based on
the rates prepared using GON, Norms for Rate Analysis and District rates presented in
Volume - II. The present rate adopted by the project in the nearby site also taken as a
reference during rate analysis.
8.1 Quantity Estimates

8.1.1 Site Clearance
Site clearance is assumed to be comprised of following items.
Tree Cutting
Tree cutting, uprooting and carriage up to the transport vehicle are included in the item for
trees up to girth diameter 30 cm. This item is assumed as provisional item and the trees are
delivered to the project.
Vegetation Clearance
Vegetation clearance consists of cutting and removal of bushes and grass within the
foundation excavation areas. The bush and grass removed are delivered to the project.
Stripping
Top soil striping is considered in foundation excavation areas in order to project the backfill
materials from contamination with organic matters and conservation of the top soil.
8.1.2 Earthworks
Earthworks mainly comprise of foundation excavation and roadway excavation for approach
road in boulder mixed soil.
8.1.3 Backfilling
The backfilling items mainly comprise of sand or granular materials excavated from the
foundation. The sand and find sand obtained from excavation is preserved to be used for
backfilling of the abutments. Whole backfilling shall be followed by ramming with portable
vibro-rammer.
8.1.4 Reinforced Concrete Works

The reinforced and plain concrete works for different items are calculated separately and
comprises of following separate items:
41
Cement Concrete Works

The reinforcing steel items comprising of Fe 500 steel are calculated according to the bar
schedules presented in the drawings. The summary of steel requirements is presented
according to the steel section.
Formwork work
The formwork works are categorized into vertical and horizontal formworks and are
measured in m2.
8.2 Rates and Prices

8.2.1 Materials and Wage Rates
The unit prices of the materials adopted for the purpose of rate analysis are adopted from the
District rates and analyzed according to GON Norms. Summary of rates of labors and
materials are presented in Annex.
8.2.2 Locally Produced Materials

The unit prices of the materials available locally are comprised of the following components:
1. Collection
2. Clearing and sorting
3. Stacking and storage
4. Transportation Road
5. Local Taxes and Royalty
6. Overhead and Profit
8.2.3 Imported Materials

Similarly, the unit prices of imported materials as cement, steel, timber etc. are comprise of
the following components:
1. Ex - factory or go down price
2. Handing Charges
- Transportation to Site
- Storage at site
- Local taxes
3. Overhead and profit on local handing charges
8.3 Rate analysis and Item Rates

Rate analysis for estimate purpose is based on the Norms published by DWRI. The rates
include all necessary expenses for completion of works to the standards as specified in DWRI
Specifications. The rates basically consist of direct expenses as cost of supply and delivery
of materials, hauling, storage, lifting, carrying, labor cost for erection, manufacturing,
42
workmanship and equipment hiring including their operation and maintenance. It also
includes all indirect expenses as contractor's profit at 15% of direct expenses.
8.4 Construction Costs

The construction cost of the bridge project comprises of all construction work items required
to complete the proposed box culvert silt trap and embankment as indicated in design plan,
drawings presented in Volume III. The table 8.1 shows the abstract of cost.
Table 8.1. Abstract of cost of the project
Abstractof Cost
Name of Sub-Project : Sisnughari Irrigation Project
Location : Tadi-5, Nuwakot
S.N. Particulars Quantity Unit Rate Amount Remarks
A Civil Works
Cutting thick vegetation, their roots & disposal
1 2,440.00 m2 32.20 78,568.00
upto 25m far from construction site.
E/W in excavation in hard clay and soil mixed with
2 soft moorum stones for foundation of pipeline 1,317.60 m3 663.32 873,990.43
with all lead and lifts.
E/W in Excavation at Foundation in boulder mixed
3 155.71 m3 1,318.35 205,280.27
soil.
E/W in Excavation at Foundation in Soft Moorum
4 63.86 m3 2,487.45 158,848.55
Rocks
Earthwork in filling with hand compaction from
5 1,040.10 m3 207.29 215,602.32
excavated soil .
6 Filling with stones at the foundation and levelling 3.48 m3 6,047.16 21,044.11
7 PCC (1:3:6)-M10 works for foundation 3.06 m3 20,046.03 61,340.85
8 PCC (1:2:4)-M15 concrete works for RCC works 15.72 m3 21,684.35 340,771.53
9 PCC (1:1:2)-M25 concrete works for RCC works 17.14 - 29,997.24 514,152.76
Supply, cutting, bending, binding, laying of

10 3,315.33 Kg 130.44 432,451.64
reinforcement steel
11 Formwork 177.70 m2 664.84 118,142.06
Supply of maccaferi gabion box ( Mesh size 10 x

12 12 cm, heavy galvanized, meshwire 3.0mm, 370.00 m2 826.32 305,738.40
selvedge wire 3.9mm and lacing wire 2.4mm dia.)
13 Boulder filling into GI crate box 55.00 m3 4,435.55 243,955.25
43
Supply and installation of MS fabricated steel

14 15.00 Kg 173.08 2,596.20
parts for Trash rack
Supplying, fitting, fixing of HDPE pipe of different

15 - - - -
diameters
a 125 mm ø 2.5 Kgf/cm2 702.50 Rm 583.57 409,957.92
b 90 mm ø 4 Kgf/cm2 220.00 Rm 337.39 74,225.80
c 75 mm ø 2.5 Kgf/cm2 649.00 Rm 249.33 161,815.17
d 40 mm ø 4 Kgf/cm2 464.20 Rm 83.55 38,783.91
e 40 mm ø 6 Kgf/cm2 163.90 Rm 113.45 18,594.45
f 50 mm ø 10 Kgf/cm2 499.40 Rm 250.41 125,054.75
Suppply and fitting of pipe fittings ( gate valves,

16 1.00 job 10,000.00 10,000.00
tee joints, etc
Supply and fixing of manhole cover and
17 1.00 job 20,000.00 20,000.00
regulation accessories
Total of civil works (A) 4,430,914.37
B Miscellaneous Items
1 Institutional Development and Training 100,000.00
2 Environmental protection @~2% of (A) 88,618.29
Total of Miscellaneous Items (B) 188,618.29
C General Items
1 Third Party insurance (0.15% of A) 6,646.37
2 Insurance of the work(0.15% of A) 6,646.37
Insurance against accident of the workmen (0.15%
3 6,646.37
of A)
4 Preparation of the as built drawing (0.05% of A) 2,215.46
5 Commission for performance bond(0.05% of A) 2,215.46
Total of General Items ( C ) 24,370.03
D Other Expenditures
Work Charge Staff & other Contingency @ 2.% of A 88,618.29
Other Minor Expenses @ 2.% of A 88,618.29
Physical Contingency @ 10% of A 443,091.44
Price Adjustment Contingency @ 10% of A 443,091.44
Total of Other Expenditures (D) 1,063,419.45
E VAT (13% of A+B+C) 603,707.35
Grand Total: 6,311,029.49
Say 6,311,000.00
Payable @~97 % of grand total: 6,121,670.00
WUA Contribution @~ 03 % of grand total: 189,330.00
44
8.5 Financial Analysis

The parameters considered for the financial analysis are:
S.N. Parameter Value (Rs. in Million) Remarks

1. Fixed Cost Rs. 6.311
2. Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost 2%
3. Annual Increment in O & M Cost 5%
4. Cost of Capital 10%
5. Annual Agricultural Benefit Rs. 1.178
6. Annual Increment in agricultural benefit 5%
The financial parameters for this option are summarized below:

S.N. Parameter Value (NRs. in Million) Remarks
1. Net Present Value (NPV) NRs. 4.6
2. B/C Ratio 1.65 More than 1
3. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 18.01% More than cost of capital
4. Simple Payback Period 4.12 years
5. Discounted Payback Period 7.68 years Recovered in project
duration
8.6 Sensitivity Analysis

The sensitivity analysis with 10% cost increase and 10% benefit decrease is carried out for a
period of 25 years including construction period of 2 years. The output of the sensitivity
analysis is presented in Table 8.3. The IRR of the project at 10% discount rate is 15.21. The
summary of the output is as given below.
Table 8.2. Economic indicator with sensitivity analysis
Discount rate 10
NPV (Benefit) million 10.52
NPV (Cost) million 7.76
NPV (million) 2.76
B/C Ratio 1.36
The sensitivity analysis shows the project benefits are low/disappointing in all the five
parameters including the B/C ratio. Hence, it can be summed that the project needs to be
cautiously looked upon and in the event of price fluctuation and benefits being downsized it
can only be justified from the social aspect and not from the economic aspect.
45
9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 Conclusions
Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project is a demand driven project. At present, only limited area
of the proposed command area has paddy, wheat and vegetables cultivation is carried out by
present physical infrastructure. With the construction of this project, the proposed command
area is expected to be provided with year round irrigation facility. Furthermore, the project
will be able to fulfill the demand of around 19 ha of command area. Consequently, the
agriculture yield will be increased substantially and eventually, the living standard of the
people living within the command area will rise.The total cost of the project has been
estimated to be NRs. 63,11,000 (as per rates of 2076/77) and the internal rate of return is
18.01%.
9.2 Recommendations
Since this Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project is new type. The study is carried out on the
different aspects of the project especially regarding the acquisition of land for headworks,
pipe for main and branch canals, reservoir tank etc. The need for implementing this sub
project is adequately reflected in study here and the benefits arising thereof is also
considerable. In view of the above points and the location of the project, the Sisnughari
Muhan Irrigation Project is therefore, technically feasible, economically justifiable,
environmentally acceptable and socially beneficial and hence recommended for
IMPLEMENTATION.
46

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Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project, Nuwakot 2020

PREPARATION OF DETAIL PROJECT REPORT OF

1. Project Name : Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation

AICC. Agriculture & Irrigation Coordination Committee

5.3 Drainage Consideration ............................................................................................... 27

9 Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................................. 46

Annex 1. Measured and Design Discharge

Figure 2.1. Location of the Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project ........................................ 4

1.1 Background of the project

1.2 Context of the present Study

1.3 Objective and Scope of the work

The proposed works for the project development are:

1.4 Approach and Methodology

data, conducted a detail engineering study, hydrological, agricultural, socio-economic and

1.5 Report structure

Volume I Main Report

2.1 Project Area

2.1.1 Location and Accessibility

Figure 2.1. Location of the Sisnughari Muhan Irrigation Project

2.1.2 Climate, Topography and Soil

2.1.3 Socio-Economic background

2.1.4 Existing Irrigation Infra-structures

2.1.5 Issues related to infra-structures and Institutions.

The overall methodology of the study is shown in the figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1. Methodology of the work

3.1 Inception meeting

3.2 Field survey

3.3 Hydrological study

measurements of required hydrological, meteorological data and any additional information

3.4 Estimation of Flow at Diversion/Intake Site

3.4.1 MIP Method

3.4.2 Estimation of 80% Reliable Monthly Flow

3.4.3 Sharma and Adhikari (2004)

Table 3.1: Regional Equation Coefficients for Estimation of Monthly Flows

May 0.0001 - - - 0.136 Sqrt

Source: Procedural Guidelines CMIASP - 2007

3.4.4 Mean Monthly Flow Calculation

3.4.5 High Flood Estimation

Q100  20.7 A3000 

S = Standard normal variant and is different for different return period

Table 3.2. 50 years flood in Sisnughari Muhan river by different methods

Method of Flood estimation 50 year flood, Cumecs

Table 3.3. Flow estimation in in seepage by MIP method

Measured Date 2 3 2020

a. Mean Monthly Flows b. 80% Reliable Monthly Flows

4 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURE STATUS

4.1 Demographic Characteristics

Table 4.1. Demographic situation of the study area

Ward number Household Total Male Female

4.2 Social Organization and Water User's Association:

4.3 Economy and Occupation

4.4 Operational Land Holding and Tenancy Status

4.5 Crop water requirement

ETc = Kc × ETo (4.1)

Peff = (P* (125-0.2*3*P))/125 for P<=250/3 (4.2)

Figure 4.1. Steps for calculating the irrigation water demand

Month PET (mm/day)

Figure 4.2. PET under present climatic condition

Table 4.3. Scheme water calculated for future cropping intensity.

Month CWR (LPS) Month CWR (LPS)

Table 4.4. Proposed cropping pattern in study area

Total command area 19

Lat 27.55 Long 85.10 Station No. 1004 (Nuwakot)

Peff = (P* (125-0.23P))/125 for P<=250/3 (4.2)